CBSE CLASS X SCIENCE SOLUTIONS

(ALL INDIA)
(31/1, 2, 3) Series LRH

1. 1.

SET 1 SECTION A What change in colour is observed when white silver chloride is left exposed to sunlight? State the type of chemical reaction in this change. White silver chloride when exposed when to sunlight changes to grey as per the following reaction:
2AgCl
Silver chloride
( white )

Sunlight 2Ag+ Silver

( grey )

Cl 2 Chlorine gas

2. 2. 3. 3.

This is a type of photo- decomposition reaction. Which bases are called alkalis? Give an example of alkalis. The bases which are soluble in water are said to be alkalis. For example, NaOH, KOH Write the names and chemical formula of the products formed by the action of chlorine on slaked lime. Chlorine acts on slaked lime as per the following reaction:
Ca(OH) 2 + Cl 2
Slaked lim e Chlorine

CaOCl 2 + H 2 O Bleaching powder water

Name of the product Bleaching powder/ calcium hypochloride Water 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. 6. 7.

Chemical formula CaOCl2 H2O

7.

A person is advised to wear spectacles with concave lenses. What type of defect of vision is he suffering from? Myopia What will be the observed colour of the sky on a planet where there is no atmosphere? Why? Dark, because no light would be scattered to the observers eye Name the component of white light that deviates the least and the component that deviates the most while passing through a glass prism. Least Red Most Violet. When the powder of a common metal is heated in an open china dish, its colour turns black. However, when hydrogen is passed over the hot black substance so formed, it regains its original colour. Based on the above information answer the following questions: (i) What type of chemical reaction takes place in each of the given steps? (ii) Name the metal initially taken in the powder form. Write balanced chemical equations for both reactions. (i) Heating up of the metal in an open china dish results in the formation of metal oxide i.e. gain of oxygen by the metal, so is an oxidation reaction. Regain of original metallic colour on passing hydrogen gas results in the loss of oxygen by the metal; so is the reduction reaction. (ii) Metal taken in powdered form : Copper (Cu)
heat 4Cu + O2 2Cu 2 O
(black )

Cu2O + H2 2 Cu + H2O

www.steps.TCYonline.com

Page : 1

8.

8.

Write the name and molecular formula of an organic compound having its name suffixed with ol and having two carbon atoms in the molecule. With the help of a balanced chemical equation indicate what happens when it is heated with excess of conc. H2SO4. Name and molecular formula of the organic compound with suffix ol and having two carbon atoms is ethanol C2H5OH When ethanol is heated with conc. H2SO4, then dehydration reaction takes place with the formation of ethene as per the following reaction. C2H5OH
conc .H2SO 4 H2 C = CH2 + H2 O ethene

9. 9. 10.

What happens when wood is burnt in a limited supply of oxygen? Name the residue left behind after the reaction and state two advantages of using this residue as a fuel over wood. When wood is burnt in limited supply of oxygen, volatile materials are expelled. The residue left is called charcoal. Charcoal burns without smoke and has higher calorific value. In an experiment with a rectangular glass slab, a student observed that a ray of light incident at an angle of 55o with the normal on one face of the slab, after refraction strikes the opposite face of the slab before emerging out into air making an angle of 40o with the normal. Draw a labeled diagram to show the path of this ray. What value would you assign to the angle of refraction and angle of emergence? Strictly according to the situation given in the question paper, when is erroneous The diagram would be

10.

55o

40o

Angle of incidence = 550 Angle of refraction = cannot be determined Angle of emergence = 400 But if we ignore the language used by CBSE and interpret in usual way the diagram is

55o

40o

Angle of incidence = 550 Angle of refraction = 400 Angle of emergence = 550

www.steps.TCYonline.com

Page : 2

11.

In an experiment to study the relation between the potential difference across a resistor and the current through it, a student recorded the following observations: Potential difference V (volts) Current I (amperes) 1.0 0.1 2.2 0.2 3.0 0.6 4.0 0.4 6.4 0.6

On examining the above observations the teacher asked the student to reject one set of readings as the values were out of agreement with the rest. Which one of the above sets of readings can be rejected? Calculate the mean value of resistance of the resistor based one the remaining four sets of readings. 11. Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. V (V) 1.0 2.2 3.0 4.0 6.4 (I) (A) 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.6 R= 10 11 5 10 10
2 3 V () I

Reading 3 is to be rejected. Average value of R =

10 + 11 + 10 + 10 2 3 4

12. 12.

13.

13.

5 = 10 5 12 =10.42 12 State in brief the reaction involved in harnessing nuclear energy from uranium. Mention any two environmental hazards involved in harnessing nuclear energy. Uranium atom is bombarded with slow moving neutrons which split the uranium nuclei into two daughter nuclei and liberation of tremendous amount of energy. This reaction is called nuclear fission reaction. Environmental hazards (a) The nuclear wastes are radio active and may cause radio active pollution if not disposed if properly. (b) Accidental leakage of radiation from the reactor also poxes a grave dhuat. An ester has the molecular formula C4H8O2. Write its structural formula. What happens when this ester is heated in the presence of sodium hydroxide solution? Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction and name the products. What is a saponification reaction? Structural formula of the ester with the molecular formula C4H8O2 is:

= 10 +

H O H H | || | | H C C O C C H | | | H H H

Esters in the presence of an acid or a base, give back alcohol and carboxylic acid as per the following reaction of the ester in the presence of sodium hydroxide solution
NaoH CH3COOC2H5 C 2H5 OH+ CH3 COOH ethanol ethanoic acid

The above reaction of esters with an acid or a base to give back the parent alcohol and carboxylic acid is used in the preparation of soap, so is known as saponification reaction.

www.steps.TCYonline.com

Page : 3

14.

14.

Atoms of seven elements A, B, C, D, E, F and G have a different number of electronic shells but have the same number of electrons in their outermost shells. The elements A and C combine with chlorine to form an acid and common salt respectively. The oxide of elements A is liquid at room temperature and is a neutral substance, while the oxides of the remaining six elements are basic in nature. Based on the above information answer the following questions: (i) What could the element A be? (ii) Will elements A to G belong to the same period or same group of the periodic table? (iii) Write the formula of the compound formed by the reaction of the element A with oxygen. (iv) Show the formation of the compound by a combination of element C with chlorine with the help of electronic structure. (v) What would be the ratio of number of combining atoms in a compound formed by the combination of element A with carbon? (vi) Which one of the given elements is likely to have the smallest atomic radius? (i) The element A combines with chlorine is form an acid and its oxide is liquid at room temperature and is neutral also so this element could by hydrogen (H) Acid formed by combining with chlorine: HCl Oxide formed: H2O (ii) The elements as per the given information have the same number of valence shell electrons but have different number of shells so the elements A to G belong to same group. (Group 1) (iii) Element A is hydrogen Formula of oxide of A : H2O (iv) Element C when reacts with chlorine gives common slat i.e. NaCl so element is Na.
Cl 2,8, 7

Na
2, 8,1

2, 8,1

Na Na + + e
2, 8

2, 8 , 7

Cl + e Cl

2 , 8, 8

Na + Cl

15.

NaCl Element A is hydrogen with valency 1 Valency of carbon is 4. so the ratio of number of combining atoms in a compound formed by combination of element A with carbon is 4 : 1 (vi) Element A as the atomic radius keeps on increasing with an increase in the number of shells How far should an object be placed from a convex lens of focal length 20 cm to obtain its image at a distance of 30 cm from the lens? What will be the height of the image if the object is 6 cm tall? (v)
1 1 1 = v u f 1 1 1 = v f u 1 f v = u vf u= vf = 20 f v

15.

www.steps.TCYonline.com

Page : 4

and hi =

hi v = ho u

vh o u CASE-1

If the image h virtual f = 20 cm = 30 cm ho = 6 cm here u = =

20 30 20 + 30

600 50 = 12 cm hi = 15 cm CASE-2

if the image is real f = 20 cm = 30 cm ho = 6 cm here u = = 60 hi =

30 6 60 20 30 20 30

16.

= 3 cm For the circuit shown in the diagram given below:

16.

Calculate: (i) the total effective resistance of the circuit, (ii) the total current drawn from the battery, and (iii) the value of current through each resistor. The question just shows 4 cells but is silent about the net potential difference. We may assume that each cell offers a potential difference of 1.5 V Hence the net voltage in 6 V (However, CBSE should have explicitly mentioned the potential difference as all cells are not of 1.5 V) (i)
1 1 1 Total effective resistance = + + ohms 12 18 30
7 .5 + 5 + 3 = 90
1

15.5 = 90

= 5.81

www.steps.TCYonline.com

Page : 5

(ii)

Current though 12 register = Current though 18 register = Current though 30 register = Total current =

6 1 = A 12 2 6 1 = A. 18 3 6 1 = A 30 5

1 1 1 15 + 10 + 6 31 + + = = A 2 3 5 30 30

17.

17.

What happens when an iron strip is put into separate beakers containing aqueous solutions of copper sulphate and zinc sulphate? Where is iron placed in the activity series with respect to copper and zinc? Describe the steps involved in the extraction of zinc from its sulphide and carbonate ores. Support your answer with balanced chemical equation for the chemical reactions involved in the process. OR (a) Given an example of a metal which (i) is a liquid at room temperature. (ii) is kept immersed in kerosene for storing. (iii) is both malleable and ductile. (iv) is the best conductor of heat. (b) Name the process of obtaining a pure metal from an impure metal through electrolysis. Suppose you have to refine copper using this process, then explain with the help of a labelled diagram the process of purification, mentioning in brief the materials used as (i) anode, (ii) cathode and (iii) electrolyte When an iron strip is put into a beaker containing aqueous solution of copper sulphate, then displacement reaction takes place and the blue colour of the copper sulphate solution fades away. When an iron strip is put into a beaker containing aqueous solution of zinc sulphate, there does not take place any change. As per the above observations, iron is place above copper and below zinc in the activity series. ore Concentration of ore

Carbonate ore

Sulphide ore

Calcinations

Roasting

Oxide of metal

Reduction of metal

Purification of metal

www.steps.TCYonline.com

Page : 6

It is easier to obtain a metal from its oxide therefore, prior to reduction, metal sulphide and carbonates ore are converted into metal oxides. The sulphide ore is converted into oxide by heating strongly in presence of excess air. The process is known as roasting
Heat 2 Zn S (s) + 3O2 (g) 2Zn O (s) + 2SO2 (g)

The carbonate ores are changed into oxides by heating strongly in limited air. The process is known as calcination.
Heat Zn CO3 (s) Zn (s) + CO2 (g)

The zinc oxide is then reduced by using reducing agent the like carbon ZnO(s) + C(s) Zn (s) + CO (g) The metal such obtained is not pure and is purified by electrolytic refining of the metal OR (a) (i) Mercury (Hg) is the metal liquid at room temperature (ii) Sodium (Na) being highly reactive is kept immersed in kerosene. (iii) Silver (Ag) is both malleable and ductile (iv) Silver (Ag) (b) Electrolytic refining of metal

18.

18.

Many metals such as copper, zinc etc. are refined electrolytic ally. In this process, the impure copper metal is made anode and a thin strip of pure copper metal is made the cathode. A solution of copper sulphate is taken as electrolyte. The apparatus is set up as shown in the figure. On passing the current through the electrolyte, the pure metal from the anode dissolves into the electrolyte. An equivalent amount of pure. Metal from the electrolyte is deposited on the cathode the soluble impurities go into the solution whereas, the insoluble impurities settle down at the bottom of the anode and are known as anode mud. Describe an activity to (i) demonstrate the pattern of magnetic field lines around a straight conductor carrying current, and (ii) find the direction of the filed produced for a given direction of current in the conductor. Name and state the rule to find the direction of magnetic field associated with a current carrying conductor. Apply this rule to determine the direction of the magnetic field inside and outside a current carrying circular loop lying horizontally in the plane of a table. Assume that the current through the loop is clockwise. OR What is electromagnetic induction? State different ways of inducing current in a coil. Suggest the most convenient for inducing current in a coil. State the situation in which the induced current in the coil is found to be the highest. Name and state the rule used to known the direction of the induced current. (i) Acitivity 13.5 NCERT book. (ii) Activity 13.4 NCERT book. (iii) Outside out of the table Inside into the table OR
Page : 7

www.steps.TCYonline.com

The process, by which a changing magnetic field in a conductor induces a current in another conductor, is called electromagnetic induction. In practice we can induce current in a coil either by moving it in a magnetic field or by changing the magnetic field around it. It is convenient in most situations to move the coil in a magnetic field. The induced current is found to be the highest when the direction of motion of the coil is at right angles to the magnetic filed. In this situation, we can use a simple rule to know the direction of the induced current. Stretch the thumb, forefinger and middle finger of right hand so that they are perpendicular to each other, as shown in figure. If the forefinger indicates the direction of the magnetic field and thumb shows the direction of motion of conductor, then the middle finger will show the direction of induced current. This simple rule is called Flemings right hand rule.
SET 2

1.

SECTION A A person is advised to wear spectacles with concave lenses. What type of defect of vision is he

suffering from? 1. 2. Hyper metropia Why do different components of white light deviate through different angles when passing through a triangular glass prism? 2. Since the speed of light in glass is different for different components of white light, the refraction index of glass is different for different colours. Hence, they deviate thought different angles. 4. 4. 5. 5. Write the name and chemical formula of the products formed by heating gypsum at 373 K.
1 1 373 K CaSO 4 . 2H2 O CaSO 4 . H2 O + 1 H2 O 2 2 Gypsum
Plaster of paris
Water

The pH of a sample of vegetable soup was found to be 6.5. How is this soup likely to taste? pH < 7 acidic pH > 7 basic pH = 7 neuteal As the pH is 6.5 i.e. below 7, so the soup is acidic in nature is sour to taste.

9.

Write the names and molecular formula of two organic compounds having functional group suffixed as oic acid. With the help of a balanced chemical equation explain what happens when any one of them reacts with sodium hydroxide.

9.

HCOOH CH3COOH CH3 COOH+

ethanoic acid

NaOH
sodium hydroxide

methanoic acid ethanoic acid

CH3 COONa+ H2 O
sodium ethnoate water

When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium hydroxide, sodium ethanoate is formed along with water 11. In an experiment with a rectangular glass slab, a student observed that a ray of light incident at an angle of 50o with the normal on one face of the slab, after refraction strikes the opposite face of the slab before emerging out into air making an angle of 38o with the normal. Draw a labeled diagram to show the path of this ray. What value would you assign to the angle of refraction and angle of emergence? 11. Strictly according to the situation given in the question paper, when is erroneous The diagram would be

www.steps.TCYonline.com

Page : 8

50o

38o

Angle of incidence = 500 Angle of refraction = cannot be determined Angle of emergence = 380 But if we ignore the language used by CBSE and interpret in usual way the diagram is

50o

38o

12.

Angle of incidence = 50 Angle of refraction = 380 Angle of emergence = 500 In an experiment to study the relation between the potential difference across a resistor and the current through it, a student recorded the following observations: Potential difference V (volts) Current I (amperes) 1.0 0.25 2.0 0.65 3.0 075 4.0 1.0 5.0 1.25

On examining the above observations the teacher asked the student to reject one set of readings as the values were out of agreement with the rest. Which one of the above sets of reading can be rejected? Calculate the mean value of resistance of the resistor based on the remaining four sets of readings. 12. Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. V (V) 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 (I) (A) 0.25 0.65 0.75 1.0 1.25 R= 4 3.1 4 4 4 V () I

Reading 2 is to be rejected. Average value of R =

4+4+4+4 4

= 4 ohms

www.steps.TCYonline.com

Page : 9

13.

An object is placed at a distance of 20 cm from the optical centre of a convex lens of focal length 30 cm. Find the distance of the image from the lens. What will be the height of the image if the object is 2 cm tall?
1 1 1 = v u f

13.

v= And

uf f +u hi v = ho u

hi =

vh o s u

u = -20 cm f = 30 cm ho = 2 cm Here v = =
600 10 20 30 20 + 30

= 60 cm
60 2 20 = 6 cm An organic compound A is an essential constituent of wine and beer. Oxidation of A yield an organic acid B which is present in vinegar. Name the compounds A and B and write their structural formula. What happens when A and B react in the presence of an acid catalyst? Write the chemical equation for the reaction. Comound A : ethanol : C2H5OH Compound B : ethanoic acid : CH3COOH

hi =

14.

14.

H H | | H C C OH | | H H

Structural formula of ethanol

H O | || H C C OH | H

Structural formula of ethanoic acid When ethanol and ethanoic acid react in the presence of an acid, a fruity smelling compound is formed as per the following reaction
H O H O H H | || | || | | conc .H2SO 4 H C C OH + H C C OH H C C O C C H | | | | H H H H

www.steps.TCYonline.com

Page : 10

SET 3 SECTION A

1. 1. 4. 4. 7.

Between which two points related to a concave mirror should an object be placed to obtain on a screen an image twice the size of the object? between C & F Write the name and chemical formula of the main product formed by heating baking soda. Sodium carbonate Na2 CO3 is the main product formed by heating baking soda. What is a homologous series? Which two of the following organic compounds belong to the same homologous series? C2H6, C2H6O, C2H6O2, CH4O

7.

Homologous series is a series of organic compounds which are having same functional group, similar chemical properties and show a gradation their physical properties al the member of a homologous series have the same basic general formula CH4O and C2H6O are the compounds which belong to same homologous series. What is biomass? Name the process by which biogas is prepared from biomass. Why is this gas called gobar gas?

9.

9.

10.

Biomass is the sum total of the plant and animal waste materials which can be used as fuel. The process of preparing biogas from biomass is known as anaerobic decompositions of cow dung. Using a biogas plant. Biogas such produced is said to be gobar gas as the starting material used is mainly codung. In an experiment to study the relation between the potential difference across a resistor and the current through it, a student recorded the following observations:

Potential difference V (volts) Current I (amperes)

1.5 0.05

3.0 0.10

4.5 0.18

6.0 0.20

7.5 0.25

10. Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. V (V) 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 (I) (A) 0.05 0.10 0.18 0.20 0.25 R= 30 30 25 30 30
V () I

12.

Reading 3 is to be rejected. Average value of R = 30 In an experiment with a rectangular glass slab, a student observed that a ray of light incident at an angle of 600 with the normal on one face of the slab, after refraction strikes the opposite face of the slab before emerging out into air making an angle of 420 with the normal. Draw a labelled diagram to show the path of this ray. What value would you assign to the angle of refraction and angle of emergence?

12.

Strictly according to the situation given in the question paper, when is erroneous The diagram would be

www.steps.TCYonline.com

Page : 11

60o

42o

Angle of incidence = 600 Angle of refraction = cannot be determined Angle of emergence = 420 But if we ignore the language used by CBSE and interpret in usual way the diagram is

60o

42o

Angle of incidence = 600 Angle of refraction = 420 Angle of emergence = 600 13. An object is placed at a distance of 24 cm from the optical centre of a convex lens of focal length 18 cm. Find the distance of the image from the lens. What will be the height of the image if the object is 3.0 cm tall? 13. 1 1 1 = v u f v= And
uf f +u hi v = ho u vh o u

hi =

u = -24 cm f = 18 cm ho = 3 cm here v =
24 18 24 + 18

www.steps.TCYonline.com

Page : 12

= 72 cm hi =
72 3 24

= -9 cm 14. What is ethanol? State its two properties. What happens when it is heated with excess of conc. H2SO4 at 443 K? What role does conc. H2SO4 play in this reaction? Write chemical equation of the reaction involved and the structural formula of the main product formed. 14. Ethanol is an organic compound with the functional group as alcohol. Properties of ethanol are: 1. It is liquid at room temperature. 2. It is soluble in water in all proportion. When heated with excess of conc. H2SO41 at 443K, it undergoes dehydrations. CH3 CH2OH CH2 = CH2 + H2O H SO
2 4

Hot conc.

H2SO4 acts as dehydrating agent in the reaction i.e. helps in the removal of water from alcohol. The main product formed in the reaction is ethene

www.steps.TCYonline.com

Page : 13