The Great Commission is a commandment, not a suggestion.

No wonder then, that Matthew 28:19-20 is such a debated passage of Scripture.

Controversy, contention, and contradiction are words that readily come to mind
when discussion begins. Usually the debate is focused upon the words of Jesus
concerning baptism. Those who espouse the Trinitarian mode of baptism use verse
19 as their proof text, but seem to ignore or gloss over the abundant biblical
support for baptism in the name of Jesus. As for those who claim that Jesus name
baptism is the clear scriptural norm, Matthew 28:19 represents a hurdle that must
be examined and reconciled.

As an advocate for Jesus name baptism, I am alarmed by the methods and

explanations that we have asserted in order to prove our point. We live in an age
that demands and deserves integrity in our presentation of biblical truth, but
when it comes to this one verse we are desperately in need of some correction and
redirection.

Specifically, we are suffering with respect to our grammar, the use of logic and
the application of hermeneutic principles. What we risk losing in the process is
credibility, and possibly the very souls we hope to reach. We really need to take
a closer look at the text, and handle it with the care and honor deserving of
God's precious Word. Paul understood how important this was when he wrote:

"But [we] have renounced the hidden things of dishonesty, not walking in
craftiness, nor handling the word of God deceitfully; but by manifestation of the
truth commending ourselves to every man's conscience in the sight of God." II
Corinthians 4:2

According to the Message paraphrase of the Bible, not handling the Word of God
deceitfully means that "we don't twist God's Word to suit ourselves." Yet without
using sound principles of interpretation, we can easily fall prey to this self-
serving mindset. We may reach the right conclusions, but our methods will fail
the test. And lest we become tempted to justify a less than honest approach, we
should remember that in theology and in life, the ends never justify the means.

The Apostle Paul, who wrote to the church at Corinth above, elsewhere admonished
Timothy to "rightly divide" the word of truth (II Timothy 2:15). This was a
challenge not only to understand the scriptures properly, but to teach them with
integrity. We have the same mandate today. This article is not meant to be
condemning or condescending, but to challenge us to a more honest approach in our
effort to explain Matthew 28:19. To do so will not only make us more effective in
our presentation of the Gospel, but will also make us more God honoring in the
process.

When discussing the meaning and application of Matthew 28:19, especially with
regard to Jesus' instructions concerning baptism, we Oneness Pentecostals have
traditionally appealed to the grammar of the text as our saving grace. We
challenge the mainstream Christian view on baptism based upon the use of a single
word. Let's look at the verse:

"Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father,
and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost"

Notice that Jesus said "in the name" as opposed to "in the names." We insist that
because the word "name" is singular and not plural, Jesus is suggesting that only
one name, not three, is being spoken of. We have apparently lost sight of the
proper use and interpretation of the common prepositional phrase.
In the latter half of our verse, there are three prepositional phrases: 1) of the
Father, 2) of the Son, and 3) of the Holy Ghost. The parallel structure allows
the noun "name" to refer to all of the succeeding prepositional phrases. Therefore
our verse would mean exactly the same thing if it were written the following way:

"Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father,
and in the name of the Son, and in the name of the Holy Ghost."

There is no difference between the actual wording of Matthew 28:19 and the above
illustration. If I were to ask you to take your Sunday School attendance sheet and
give me the name of the teacher, the secretary and the substitute you would not
think for a moment that I was speaking of just one name. It would be clear that I
wanted three names, even though I used the word "name" in singular form.

Furthermore, if the verse actually did say "names" instead of "name" it would
imply two or more names for each prepositional phrase that follows. We would be
potentially speaking of several names of the Father, several of the Son, and
several of the Holy Ghost. This is not a matter of interpretation or even
application. This is simply a matter of properly understanding the grammar of the
text.

The Bible is replete with examples of singular expressions referring to plural

objects, so Matthew 28:19 is certainly not an anomaly. Here's just a few examples:

"And in all things that I have said unto you be circumspect: and make no mention
of the name (singular) of other gods (plural), neither let it be heard out of thy
mouth." (Exodus 23:13)

"And the name of the man was Elimelech, and the name of his wife Naomi, and the
name (singular) of his two sons (plural) Mahlon and Chilion" (Ruth 1:2a)

"For unto us a child is born, unto us a son is given: and the government shall be
upon his shoulder: and his name (singular) shall be called Wonderful Counselor,
The Mighty God, The Everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace (several names)."
(Isaiah 9:6)

That last one is particularly noteworthy because it raises another point.

Typically, after we "prove" that Jesus can only be speaking of one name, we embark
on a biblical quest to define what that name actually is. After all, "Father, Son
and Holy Ghost" are not names, but titles, right? The Bible suggests otherwise.
Father is not simply a title, it's who God is. It's a Name of God. Not the Name,
of course, but a biggie, nonetheless. Isaiah 9:6 (above) makes that point. But we
never get that far. No, we insist that the singular name Jesus is speaking of must
be discovered elsewhere, and so we ask the question, "What is the one name that
Jesus is talking about that represents the Father, the Son and the Holy Ghost?"
Here is where our argumentation goes from bad English to bad logic and poor
hermeneutics.

After deciding that Jesus can only be speaking of a single name in Matthew 28:19,
we then begin some strenuous logical and hermeneutical gymnastics. We begin by
addressing the first prepositional phrase, which begs the question, "What is the
name of the Father?" Turning to John 5:43, we point with confidence to the
immutable words of Jesus Himself:

"I am come in my Father's name, and ye receive me not: if another shall come in
his own name, him ye will receive." (emphasis added)

Jesus said, "I am come in my Father's name." Somehow we think that this statement
is just like saying, "Hey guess what? My name is Jesus! I have come in my
Father's name! So that must mean that the Father's name is Jesus!"

Are we twisting the Word of God to suit ourselves? The fact is, for Jesus to say
"I am come in my Father's name" has nothing to do with His own name being Jesus,
or the Father's name being Jesus. He is making a clear claim to the authority of
Heaven. As a man, Jesus had His commission from His Father, and did all for His
glory. He said over and over that His words and His works were not His own, but
were of and from the Father (John 5:19, 5:30, 5:36, 8:26-29, 10:25, 10:38, 12:49-
50, 14:10 and 14:24). Of these many references, one of the most telling in our
discussion is John 10:25:

"Jesus answered them, I told you, and ye believed not: the works that I do in my
Father's name, they bear witness of me."

If the name of the Father is Jesus, wouldn't that imply that Jesus was healing and
teaching in the name of Jesus? Why then would He say that He was not representing
Himself (John 5:30), if all He did and said were prefaced by and credited to His
own name? Logically it makes no sense, and hermeneutically it just doesn't fly.
He was saying that His works were done by the authority and power of Heaven, and
as such testified that He was who He said He was. In other words, Jesus' central
message and claim to Messiahship was confirmed by the signs and wonders that
accompanied His ministry.

Consider the fact that while Jesus was claiming to do miracles in the name of the
Father, he was not actually saying "in the name of the Father" as an injunction
over His deeds. Clearly, doing the works that Jesus did, and saying the things
that Jesus said, was only "in the name of the Father" inasmuch as He acted and
spoke by the authority and on the behalf of the Father.

The scripture is clear that Jesus, as a man, was the physical representation of
the invisible God (Hebrews 1:3). He did not rely on His deity for His message or
His miracles, but on the anointing of the Holy Ghost (Acts 10:38, Luke 4:1). He
was completely submitted to the purpose and calling of God (Philippians 2:5-8).
And so when Jesus claimed to have come in His Father's name, He was claiming to be
under the Father's authority, and to be operating in both word and deed on His
behalf, by His command and for His glory.

From John 5:43 we move quickly to Matthew 1:21 where we make fast work of pointing
out that the name of the Son is Jesus. In almost the same breath, we then turn
our attention to the last prepositional phrase containing "and of the Holy Ghost."
As with the name of the Father, we have a ready text:

"But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name,
he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance,
whatsoever I have said unto you." John 14:26

Following our former cue, we quickly deduce that the name of the Holy Ghost must
be Jesus. Once again, we have done violence to the text. Why did Jesus say that
the Holy Ghost would come "in His name"?

One commentator writes, "The Father will send him in my name; that is, for my
sake, at my special instance and request” or, “as my agent and representative.” He
[Jesus] came in his Father's name, as his ambassador: the Spirit comes in his
name, as resident in his absence, to carry on his undertaking, and to ripen things
for his second coming. Hence he is called the Spirit of Christ, for he pleads his
cause, and does his work." (Matthew Henry's Commentary of the Whole Bible)
Well said. In John chapters 14-16, Jesus was preparing His disciples for both His
eminent departure and the Holy Spirit's arrival. He made it clear in John 16:7
that He had to depart before He could impart. He said, "If I don't go, the Holy
Ghost won't come." We can understand why when we consider what He had already
told them in John 14:16-18:

"And I will pray the Father, and he shall give you another Comforter, that he may
abide with you for ever; Even the Spirit of truth; whom the world cannot receive,
because it seeth him not, neither knoweth him: but ye know him; for he dwelleth
with you, and shall be in you. I will not leave you comfortless: I will come to
you." (Emphasis added)

Let's look more closely at the italicized portions of the above text, "another
Comforter...the Spirit of truth...he dwelleth with you, and shall be in you...I
will come to you."

It should be clear from the above text that Jesus was identifying Himself with the
Holy Spirit. Not in His humanity, but in His deity, hence the designation,
"another Comforter." As a man, Jesus lived among them. But as the Spirit, He
would live within them. The baptism of the Holy Spirit would be "the same spirit
that raised Christ from the dead," or as Paul also wrote, "Christ in you, the hope
of glory" (Romans 8:10-11, Colossians 1:27).

The fact that the Spirit would come "in the name of Jesus" means that while Jesus
would be absent physically, He would be present spiritually. The Holy Spirit would
come "in His place" and "on His behalf." That is why He first had to depart. He
would ascend, so the Holy Spirit could descend. And just as Jesus represented His
Father, the Holy Spirit would represent Jesus. As with the name of the Father, the
"name" implies authority and representation.

Over and over in scripture the principle of authority and representation is

equated with the use of God's name. In several Old Testament passages prophets
were warned not to presume to speak in the Lord's name, or to falsely speak in His
name. Invoking God's name was tantamount to claiming to speak on His behalf, as
His agent. In Deuteronomy 18:20, the warning against this false representation was
made clear:

"But the prophet, which shall presume to speak a word in my name, which I have not
commanded him to speak, or that shall speak in the name of other gods, even that
prophet shall die."

Acts of service, not words only, could be conveyed in the name of the Lord. Jesus
promised that "whosoever shall give you a cup of water to drink in my name,
because ye belong to Christ, verily I say unto you, he shall not lose his reward."
(Mark 9:41). Given with the love of God and for the glory of Christ, a simple act
of kindness is said to be done in His name.

When we do what we do because Jesus has commissioned us to do it, and because it

is our pleasure to please Him, we are acting (or speaking) in His name. This is
what the Apostle Paul spoke of when he wrote:

"And whatsoever ye do in word or deed, do all in the name of the Lord Jesus,
giving thanks to God and the Father by him." Colossians 3:17

Some suggest that we should actually say "in Jesus name" as an injunction over all
that we do or say. That is not only unpractical, but it misses the point. This
commandment means wherever you are, whatever you do and whatever you say should be
governed by an understanding that you represent the Master. Whether in word or
deed, you should do all things as His ambassador. You have been given authority to
represent His purpose in the world (Luke 10:19, II Corinthians 5:20), and
ultimately all that you do and say should give glory to God (I Corinthians 10:31).
Simply put, doing all in the name of Jesus means that we act as his legal
representative, for His sake, on His behalf and for His glory.

The notion that simply saying the name of Jesus, whether in prayer or in baptism,
is enough to effect the power of Heaven is an idea that borders on magic. I've
seen people, well intentioned, who chant the name of Jesus in prayer as if saying
it long enough and loud enough would eventually produce the miraculous. The name
of Jesus is not a magic word. To treat it like an "abracadabra" or "open sesame"
is not only insulting, it simply will not work. This is a lesson that the seven
sons of Sceva learned the hard way (Acts 19:13-16). And worse than making fools of
ourselves, it must surely grieve the heart of God.

His name is powerful because He is powerful. His name is beautiful because He is

beautiful. His name can and should be invoked in prayer, in baptism and in praise,
not because of some formulaic or mystical power that we attribute to the word, but
because in saying His name we are acting as His agents, speaking by His authority
and being motivated by an unyielding passion for His glory.

Shedding light on the proper meaning and application of John 5:43 and John 14:26
takes courage considering that to do so means letting go of two major weapons in
the "Jesus Name" arsenal. But the truth is, when taken out of context these
verses hurt our credibility. So what was Jesus saying? Consider again the flow of
Jesus' words:

"Go and make disciples...baptize them...teach them to do all that I have

commanded"

These imperatives reveal the tone of Jesus' command. He did not say "repeat after
me" with His injunction to baptize, but rather commissioned them to do so "in the
name of the Father, and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost." They were to act as
God's personal representatives in the world. As His ambassadors, they were to go
and "do," not simply to go and "say." If quoting the words of Jesus was the
intention of either Jesus Himself or the Gospel writers, one would expect to find
it referenced in another of the Gospel accounts of the Great Commission, or in one
of the many references to baptism in the book of Acts. No such reference exists.
Instead, Luke's Gospel offers an alternate version of Jesus' words. His version of
the Great Commission reads,

"Then opened he their understanding, that they might understand the scriptures,
And said unto them, Thus it is written, and thus it behooved Christ to suffer, and
to rise from the dead the third day: And that repentance and remission of sins
should be preached in his name among all nations, beginning at Jerusalem." (Luke
24:45-47, emphasis added)

Here Jesus instructs His disciples to preach repentance and remission of sins in
His name. While baptism is not mentioned specifically, it is nevertheless alluded
to by the phrase "remission of sins" which is enjoined to baptism in both the
ministry of John (Mark 1:4) and the practice of baptism in the early church (Acts
2:38, 22:16). And here, the injunction to do so is in His (Jesus) name. Why the
disparity? Why the seeming contradiction? Perhaps there is more to consider than
mere names and titles. Each Gospel writer is capturing a unique perspective on a
singular event, and both versions are worthy of our attention and understanding.

First, where Matthew 28:19 is concerned, it is clear that Jesus is not telling the
disciples what to say, but what to do. They were to go and make disciples,
baptizing them because of and into the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy
Ghost. It may well be that this speaks of only one name, as even some Trinitarians
suggest. That is because Father, Son and Holy Ghost can be understood as one name,
not three, speaking of God as we understand, perceive and experience Him; as the
Father, in the Son and through the Holy Ghost. Some churches understand and apply
this truth by saying:

"I now baptize you in the name of Jesus Christ, who brings you to His Heavenly
Father, who graciously gives you the Holy Ghost."

From Matthew's perspective, Jesus is commanding His disciples to go and baptize

new disciples with an understanding of the spiritual dynamic that the above
example captures. We all come to God at the foot of the cross. The broken body and
shed blood of Jesus is the only way any of us can approach the Father. Jesus said
so Himself:

"Jesus saith unto him, I am the way, the truth, and the life: no man cometh unto
the Father, but by me." (John 14:6)

And when be come back into fellowship with God the Father through Jesus Christ His
Son, we can expect with full faith the promised gift of the Holy Ghost:

"Therefore being by the right hand of God exalted, and having received of the
Father the promise of the Holy Ghost, he hath shed forth this, which ye now see
and hear." (Acts 2:33,39)

Regarding Luke 24:45-47, it would seem that Luke remains focused on the function
of baptism, i.e. remission of sins, and the focus of baptism, i.e. the atoning
work of Jesus Himself. This theme is what is emphasized throughout the book of
Acts, as well as in the many references to baptism in the Epistles:

"Then Peter said unto them, Repent, and be baptized every one of you in the name
of Jesus Christ for the remission of sins, and ye shall receive the gift of the
Holy Ghost." (Acts 2:38)

"Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was
raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in
newness of life." (Romans 6:4)

"For as many of you as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ." (Gal
3:27)

Many of the events and teaching of Jesus are repeated in two, three and sometimes
all four of the Gospel records. And while the Bible does not contradict itself, it
often reveals very different perspectives based on the writer, the audience and
the leading of the Holy Spirit. We would do well not to try and discredit one
version in order to approve of another.

When we understand the spirit and intention of Jesus' words in Matthew 28:19, it
begins to make sense when we discover that nowhere in the Bible do we read of any
of Jesus' followers baptizing people while actually quoting Him. The book of Acts
reveals how the disciples understood and obeyed the command of Jesus. They above
all others knew what Jesus was talking about, and they consistently baptized new
Christians in the name of Jesus. Were they wrong? Did they disobey? Clearly not,
for over and over, when people were baptized in the name of Jesus, God honored
their obedience by baptizing them with the gift of the Holy Spirit (See Acts 2,
Acts 8, Acts 10 and Acts 19).
Even though we have discussed at modest length the meaning of the term "in the
name" as it is used in scripture, it should remain clear that baptism in the early
Church did include the invocation of a name over the recipients. And when we
examine the evidence of both the biblical record and early historians, we find
that over and over it is the name of Jesus that is invoked, declared and
commanded.

Historians and biblical encyclopedias all agree that it was the name of Jesus that
was invoked in baptism for the first 100 years of the newly founded Church. Some
(such as Eusibius of Caesarea) contend that Matthew 28:19 originally did not
contain the triune formula at all, but rather stated, "Go ye and make disciples of
all the nations in my name." While all extant manuscripts contain the triune
formula, some early church records seem to indicate that the text was changed
within the first 100 years to reflect the emerging doctrine of the Trinity.
However, we will surely gain more ground in the long run by letting the text read
as it stands, and then simply asking better questions.

What did the disciples actually do?

The witness of scripture is clear. From the birth of the Church on the Day of
Pentecost and throughout the book of Acts, baptism was consistently preached and
administered by the apostles in the name of Jesus Christ, sometimes recorded
simply as, "in the name of the Lord, or Lord Jesus".

What name did they invoke audibly over those who they baptized?

Again, it is the name of Jesus invoked or implied in many scriptures. No appeal is

made to a triune formula in any of the references to baptism in the Epistles,
though many are made which support baptism in the name of Jesus. (See Acts 2:38,
8:16, 10:48, 19:5, 22:16, Romans 6:3-4, 1 Corinthians 1:13, Galatians 3:27 and
Colossians 2:12)

What does the Scripture teach us that baptism symbolizes?

Baptism in the name of Jesus is likened to our identification and personalization

of the death and burial of Christ. (Romans 6:1-4 and Colossians 2:12). It is how
we ‘put on’ Christ (Galatians 3:27). It is called the ‘circumcision of Christ,’
and reflects our ‘putting off’ of the man of sin, thus becoming a ‘new creature in
Christ Jesus.’ (Col. 2:11-12, 2 Cor. 5:17). Baptism in the name of Jesus expresses
faith in the Incarnation, the authentic human life of Jesus, the death of the Son
of God on the cross for our sins, and the remission of sins through His name.
Baptism which invokes the threefold name misses the point of Jesus' command
(exception given to the example used above), and can be said only to express faith
in the Trinitarian doctrine itself, an idea never associated with baptism anywhere
in the Scriptures.

When we look at the whole counsel of God's Word, it is clear that baptism in the
name of Jesus was the consistent scriptural norm, as it should continue to be
today.

This article is by no means exhaustive. The evidence for Jesus name baptism has
been collected and presented in many outstanding books by Apostolic writers, and I
commend them to you. The purpose of this article has been to address the ways
that I feel we fall short in presenting this beautiful truth with biblical
integrity. We can do better. I welcome your feedback, and desire your input. In
the end, it is my sincere desire that the message of the mighty God in Christ will
reach this world in unimagined splendor before the soon return of our Lord and
Savior Jesus Christ.
May His name of Jesus be ever exalted.