Yorkshire 1

Yorkshire
Yorkshire

Flag of Yorkshire

Yorkshire within England, showing traditional counties

Geography

1831 area [1]

3669510 acres (14850 km2)

1901 area [1]

3883979 acres (15718 km2)

1991 area [1]

2941247 acres (11903 km2)

HQ York

Chapman code YKS

History

Origin Kingdom of Jórvík

Created In antiquity

Succeeded by Various

Demography
1831 population [1]
1,371,359
- 1831 density 0.37/acre
1901 population [1]
3,512,838
- 1901 density 0.9/acre
1991 population [1]
3,978,484
- 1991 density 1.35/acre
Subdivisions

Type Ridings
Yorkshire 2

Units 1 North • 2 West • 3 East

Yorkshire is a historic county of northern England and the largest in Great Britain.
Because of its great size, functions were increasingly undertaken over time by its
subdivisions, which have been subject to periodic reform. Throughout these changes,
Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as a geographical territory and cultural region.[2]
[3]
The name is familiar and well understood across the United Kingdom and is in common
use in the media, the military[4] and also features in the titles of current areas of civil
administration such as Yorkshire and the Humber and West Yorkshire.
Within the borders of the historic county of Yorkshire are areas which are widely
considered to be among the greenest in England, due to both the vast stretches of
unspoiled countryside in the Yorkshire Dales and North York Moors and the open aspect of
some of the major cities.[5] [6] Yorkshire has sometimes been nicknamed God's Own
County.[3] [7] The emblem of Yorkshire is the white rose of the English royal House of York,
and the most commonly used flag representative of Yorkshire is the White Rose on a dark
blue background,[8] which after years of use, was finally recognised by the Flag Institute on
29 July 2008.[9] Yorkshire Day, held on 1 August, is a celebration of the general culture of
Yorkshire, ranging from its history to its own language.[10]

History

Celtic tribes
Early inhabitants of Yorkshire were Celts, who formed two separate tribes, the Brigantes
and the Parisii. The Brigantes controlled territory which would later become all of the
North Riding of Yorkshire and the West Riding of Yorkshire. The tribe controlled most of
Northern England and more territory than any other Celtic tribe in England.[11] That they
had the Yorkshire area as their heartland is evident in that Isurium Brigantum (now known
as Aldborough) was the capital town of their civitas under Roman rule. Six of the nine
Brigantian poleis described by Claudius Ptolemaeus in the Geographia fall within the
historic county.[12] [13] The Parisii who controlled the area that would become the East
Riding of Yorkshire, may have been related to the Parisii of Lutetia Parisiorum, Gaul (known
today as Paris, France).[14] Their capital was at Petuaria close to the Humber estuary. The
Roman conquest of Britain began in 43 AD, however the Brigantes remained in control of
their kingdom as a client state of Rome for an extended period, reigned over by the
Brigantian monarchs Cartimandua and her husband Venutius. Initially, this situation suited
both the Romans and the Brigantes who were known as the most militant tribe in
Britain.[15]
Yorkshire 3

Roman Yorkshire
Queen Cartimandua left her husband for Vellocatus,
setting off a chain of events which would change the
ownership of the Yorkshire area. Cartimandua, due to
her good relationship with the Romans was able to keep
control of the kingdom, however her former husband
staged rebellions against her and her Roman allies.[16]
At the second attempt Venutius took back the kingdom,
but the Romans under general Petillius Cerialis
conquered the Brigantes in 71 AD.[17] Under Roman
rule, the high profile of the area continued; the fortified
Statue of Constantine I outside York
Minster. city of Eboracum (now known as York) was named as
capital of Britannia Inferior and joint-capital of all
[18]
Roman Britain. For the two years before the death of Emperor Septimus Severus, the
entire Roman Empire was run from Eboracum by him.[19]

A second Emperor Constantius Chlorus died in Yorkshire during a visit in 306 AD, this saw
his son Constantine the Great proclaimed Emperor in the city; he would become renowned
due to his contributions to Christianity.[20] In the early 400s, the Roman rule ceased with
the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops, by this stage the Empire was in heavy
decline.[19]

Second Celtic period and Angles

After the Romans left, small Celtic kingdoms arose in Yorkshire; the Kingdom of Ebrauc
around York and more notably the Kingdom of Elmet in West Yorkshire.[21] [22] Elmet
remained independent from the Northumbrian Angles until some time in the early 7th
Century, when King Edwin of Northumbria expelled its last king, Certic, and annexed the
region. At its greatest extent, Northumbria stretched from the Irish Sea to the North Sea
and from Edinburgh down to Hallamshire in South Yorkshire.[23]

Kingdom of Jórvík
An army of Danish Vikings, the Great Heathen Army[24]
as its enemies often referred to it, invaded
Northumbrian territory in 886 AD. The Danes
conquered and assumed what is now modern day York
and renamed it Jórvík, making it the capital city of a
new Danish kingdom under the same name. The area
which this kingdom covered included most of Southern Coin from Eric Bloodaxe's reign
Northumbria, roughly equivalent to the borders of
Yorkshire extending further West.[25]

The Danes went on to conquer an even larger area of England which afterwards became
known as the Danelaw; but whereas most of the Danelaw was still English land, albeit in
submission to Viking overlords, it was in the Kingdom of Jórvík that the only truly Viking
territory on mainland Britain was ever established. The Kingdom prospered, taking
advantage of the vast trading empire of the Viking nations, and established commercial ties
with the British Isles, North-West Europe, the Mediterranean and the Middle East.[26]
Yorkshire 4

Founded by the Dane Halfdan Ragnarsson,[27] ruled for the great part by Danish kings, and
populated by the families and subsequent ancestors of Danish Vikings, the kingdom
nonetheless passed into Norwegian hands during its twilight years.[27] Eric Bloodaxe, a
Norwegian who was the last independent Viking king of Jórvík, is a particularly noted figure
[28]
in history, and his bloodthirsty approach towards leadership may have been at least
partly responsible for convincing the Danish inhabitants of the region to accept English
sovereignty so readily in the years that followed.
After around 100 years of its volatile existence, the Kingdom of Jorvik finally came to an
end. The Kingdom of Wessex was now in its ascendant and established its dominance over
the North in general, placing Yorkshire again within Northumbria, which retained a certain
amount of autonomy as an almost-independent earldom rather than a separate kingdom.
The Wessex Kings of England were reputed to have respected the Norse customs in
Yorkshire and left law-making in the hands of the local aristocracy.[29]

Norman conquest
In the weeks immediately leading up to the Battle of
Hastings in 1066 AD, Harold II of England was
distracted by events in Yorkshire. His brother Tostig
and Harold Hardrada King of Norway were attempting
a take over bid in the North and had already won the
Battle of Fulford. The King of England marched North
and the two armies met at the Battle of Stamford
Bridge. Tostig and Hardrada were both killed and their
army was defeated decisively. However, Harold
Godwinson was forced immediately to march his army
back down to the South where William the Conqueror
was landing. The King was defeated at Hastings and
this led to the Norman conquest of England.

York Minster, Western elevation

The people of the North rebelled against the Normans

in September 1069 AD, enlisting Sweyn II of Denmark;
they tried to take back York but the Normans burnt it
before they could.[30] What followed was the Harrying
of the North ordered by William, from York to Durham
all crops, domestic animals and farming tools were
scorched. Many villages between the towns were burnt
and many local Northerners were indiscriminately
murdered.[31] During the winter that followed, whole
12th century Cistercian abbey
families starved to death, thousands of peasants died of
(Fountains Abbey, Studley Royal Park).
cold and hunger; Orderic Vitalis put the estimation at
"more than 100,000" people from the North dead from
hunger.[32]
Yorkshire 5

In the centuries following, many abbeys and priories were built in Yorkshire. The Norman
landowners were keen to increase their revenues and established new towns such as
Barnsley, Doncaster, Hull, Leeds, Scarborough, Sheffield and others. Of the towns founded
before the conquest only Bridlington, Pocklington and York carried on at a prominent
level.[33] The population of Yorkshire was booming, until it like the rest of Britain was hit by
the Great Famine in the years between 1315 and 1322.[33] In the early 1300s the people of
Yorkshire also had to contest with the Battle of the Standard at Northallerton with the
Scots, representing the Kingdom of England led by Archbishop Thurstan of York soldiers
from Yorkshire defeated the more numerous Scots.[34] The Black Death reached Yorkshire
by 1349, killing around a third of the entire population.[33]

Wars of the Roses

For more information: House of York, Wars of the Roses
When King Richard II was overthrown in 1399,
antagonism between the House of York and the House
of Lancaster, both branches of the royal House of
Plantagenet, began to emerge. Eventually the two
houses fought for the throne of England in a series of
civil wars, commonly known as the Wars of the Roses.
Some of the battles took place in Yorkshire, such as
those at Wakefield and Towton, the latter of which is
known as the bloodiest battle ever fought on English
soil.[36] Richard III was the last Yorkist king. Henry
Tudor of the House of Lancaster, defeated and killed
Richard at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He then
became King Henry VII and married Elizabeth of York
daughter of Yorkist Edward IV, ending the wars.[37] The
two roses of white and red, emblems of the Houses of
York and Lancaster respectively, were combined to
form the Tudor Rose of England.[a][38]
Yorkist king Richard III grew up at
[35]
Middleham.

Saints, Civil War and textile industry

The wool textile industry which had previously been a
cottage industry centred on the old market towns
moved to the West Riding where budding
entrepreneurs were building mills that took advantage
of water power gained by harnessing the rivers and
streams flowing from the Pennines. The developing
textile industry in general helped Wakefield and Halifax
grow.[39] The industrial revolution led to the
building of slums in industrial
Yorkshire such as these in Wetherby.
Yorkshire 6

When Henry VIII started the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1536 a popular uprising
known as Pilgrimage of Grace started in Yorkshire as a protest. Due to the Protestant
Reformation of this period England became a Protestant country, however some of the
Catholic contingent in Yorkshire continued to practice their religion and those caught were
executed during the reign of Elizabeth I. One such person was a York woman named
Margaret Clitherow who was later canonised.[40]
During the English Civil War, which started in 1642
between king and parliament, Yorkshire had divided
loyalties; Hull famously shut the gates of the city on the
king when he came to enter the city a few months
before fighting began, while the North Riding of
Yorkshire in particular was strongly royalist.[41] [42]
York was the base for Royalists, and from there they
captured Leeds and Wakefield only to have them
Battle of Marston Moor in 1644
recaptured a few months later. The royalists won the
Battle of Adwalton Moor meaning they controlled
Yorkshire (with the exception of Hull). From their base in Hull the Roundheads
(parliamentarians) fought back, re-taking Yorkshire town by town, until they won the Battle
of Marston Moor and with it control of all of the North of England.[43]

In the 16th and 17th centuries Leeds and other wool industry centred towns continued to
grow, along with Huddersfield, Hull and Sheffield, while coal mining first came into
prominence in the West Riding of Yorkshire.[44] Canals and turnpike roads were introduced
in the late 1700s. In the following century the spa towns of Harrogate and Scarborough
also flourished, due to people believing mineral water had curing properties.[45]

Modern Yorkshire
The 19th century saw Yorkshire's continued growth, with the
population growing and the Industrial Revolution continuing
with prominent industries in coal, textile and steel (especially
in Sheffield). However, despite the booming industry, living
conditions declined in the industrial towns due to
overcrowding, this saw bouts of cholera in both 1832 and
1848.[46] Fortunately for the county, advances were made by
the end of the century with the introduction of modern sewers
and water supplies. Several Yorkshire railway networks were
introduced as railways spread across the country to reach
remote areas.[47] County councils were created for the three
ridings in 1889, but their area of control did not include the
Lister's Mill, Manningham,
large towns, which became county boroughs, and included an
Bradford.
increasing large part of the population.[48]
Yorkshire 7

During the Second World War, Yorkshire became an

important base for RAF Bomber Command and
brought the county into the cutting edge of the
war.[49] In the 1970s there were major reforms of
local government throughout the United Kingdom.
Some of the changes were unpopular,[50] and
controversially Yorkshire and its ridings lost status in
1974[51] as part of the Local Government Act 1972.[52]
The East Riding was resurrected with reduced
Titus Salt's mill in Saltaire, Bradford is boundaries in 1996 with the abolition of Humberside.
an UNESCO World Heritage Site. With slightly different borders, the government office
entity which currently contains most of the area of
Yorkshire is the Yorkshire and the Humber region of England.[51] This region includes a
northern slice of Lincolnshire, but omits Saddleworth (now in Greater Manchester); the
Forest of Bowland (Lancashire); Sedbergh and Dent (Cumbria); Upper Teesdale (County
Durham) as well as Middlesbrough, and Redcar and Cleveland.[50]

Geography

Physical and geological

Main articles: Geology of Yorkshire and list of places in Yorkshire
Historically, the northern boundary of Yorkshire was
the River Tees, the eastern boundary was the North Sea
coast and the southern boundary was the Humber
Estuary and River Don and River Sheaf. The western
boundary meandered along the western slopes of the
Pennine Hills to again meet the River Tees.[53] It is
bordered by several other historic counties in the form
of County Durham, Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire,
Derbyshire, Cheshire, Lancashire and Westmorland.[54]
In Yorkshire there is a very close relationship between
Geology of Yorkshire
the major topographical areas and the geological period
in which they were formed.[53] The Pennine chain of
Hills in the west is of Carboniferous origin. The central vale is Permo-Triassic. The North
York Moors in the north-east of the county are Jurassic in age while the Yorkshire Wolds to
the south east are Cretaceous chalk uplands.[53]
Yorkshire 8

Yorkshire is drained by several rivers. In western and

central Yorkshire the many rivers empty their waters
into the River Ouse which reaches the North Sea via
the Humber Estuary.[55] The most northerly of the
rivers in the Ouse system is the River Swale, which
drains Swaledale before passing through Richmond and
meandering across the Vale of Mowbray. Next, draining
Wensleydale, is the River Ure, which joins the Swale
east of Boroughbridge. The River Nidd rises on the
The main rivers of Yorkshire
edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park and flows
along Nidderdale before reaching the Vale of York.[55]

The Ouse is the name given to the river after its confluence with the Ure at Ouse Gill Beck.
The River Wharfe, which drains Wharfedale, joins the Ouse upstream of Cawood.[55] The
Rivers Aire and Calder are more southerly contributors to the River Ouse and the most
southerly Yorkshire tributary is the River Don, which flows northwards to join the main
river at Goole. In the far north of the county the River Tees flows eastwards through
Teesdale and empties its waters into the North Sea downstream of Middlesbrough. The
smaller River Esk flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to
reach the sea at Whitby.[55] The River Derwent rises on the North York Moors, flows south
then westwards through the Vale of Pickering then turns south again to drain the eastern
part of the Vale of York. It empties into the River Ouse at Barmby on the Marsh.[55] To the
east of the Yorkshire Wolds the River Hull flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at
Kingston upon Hull. The western Pennines are served by the River Ribble which drains
westwards into the Irish Sea close to Lytham St Annes.[55]

Natural areas
The countryside of Yorkshire has acquired the common
nickname of God's Own County.[3] [7] In recent times,
North Yorkshire has displaced Kent to take the title
Garden of England according to The Guardian.[56]
Yorkshire includes the North York Moors and Yorkshire
Dales National Parks, and part of the Peak District
National Park. Nidderdale and the Howardian Hills are
designated Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty.[57]
Spurn Point, Flamborough Head and the coastal North
Nidderdale, Yorkshire Dales
York Moors are designated Heritage Coast areas, [58]
and are noted for their scenic views with rugged
cliffs[59] such as the jet cliffs at Whitby,[59] the limestone cliffs at Filey and the chalk cliffs
at Flamborough Head.[60] [61] Moor House - Upper Teesdale, most of which is part of the
former North Riding of Yorkshire, is one of England's largest national nature reserves.[62]

The Royal Society for the Protection of Birds runs nature reserves such as the one at
Bempton Cliffs with coastal wildlife such as the Northern Gannet, Atlantic Puffin and
Razorbill.[63] Spurn Point is a narrow, 3 miles (4.8 km) long sand spit. It is a National
Nature Reserve owned by the Yorkshire Wildlife Trust and is noted for its cyclical nature
whereby the spit is destroyed and re-created approximately once every 250 years.[64] There
Yorkshire 9

are seaside resorts in Yorkshire with sand beaches; Scarborough is Britain's oldest seaside
resort dating back to the spa town-era in the 17th century,[65] while Whitby has been voted
as the United Kingdom's best beach, with a "postcard-perfect harbour".[66]

Economy
Yorkshire largely has a mixed economy. Leeds is Yorkshire's largest
city and the main centre of trade and commerce. Leeds is one of the
UK's largest financial centres. Leeds' traditional industries have been
mixed between the service based industries as well as textile
manufacturing and Coal mining to the South and East of the city.
Sheffield traditionally has had heavy industrial manufacturing, such as
Coal mining and the Steel industry, since the decline of such industries,
Sheffield has attracted a tertiary and administrative businesses
including a growing retail trade, particularly with the development of
Meadowhall. Bradford, Halifax, Keighley and Huddersfield are Bridgewater Place,
traditional centres of Wool milling. These have since declined, and in a symbol of Leeds'
areas such as Bradford, Dewsbury and Keighley have suffered a decline growing financial
importance.
in their local economy. York and Scarborough have established tourist
industries and such an industry is growing in Leeds. Kingston upon
Hull is Yorkshire's largest port and has a large manufacturing base, its fishing industry has
however declined somewhat in recent years. The North still has an agricultural backdrop,
although this is much more diversified than once was the case, with tourism to help support
local businesses.

Many large British companies are based in Yorkshire such as Asda (Leeds), Morrisons
(Bradford), Comet, (Hull), Halifax Bank (Halifax), Yorkshire Bank (Leeds), Jet2.com (Leeds),
Tetley's Bitter (Leeds), Optare (Leeds), Wharfedale (Leeds), Plaxton (Scarborough),McCains
(Scarborough), John Smith's (Tadcaster) and formerly Yorkshire Television (Leeds).

Transport
The most prominent road in Yorkshire, historically
called the Great North Road, is known as the A1.[67]
This trunk road passes through the centre of the county
and is the prime route from London to Edinburgh.[68]
Another important road is the more easterly A19 road
which is also prominent for travelling up and down
England. The M62 motorway crosses the county from
east to west from Hull towards Greater Manchester and
Merseyside.[69] The M1 carries traffic from London and
The A1(M) and M62 junction at
the south of England to Yorkshire. In 1999 about
Ferrybridge, West Yorkshire
8 miles (13 km) was added to make it swing east of
Leeds and connect to the A1.[70] The East Coast Main
Line rail link between Scotland and London runs roughly parallel with the A1 through
Yorkshire and the Trans Pennine rail link runs east to west from Hull to Liverpool via
Leeds.[71]
Yorkshire 10

Before the advent of rail transport, seaports of Hull and

Whitby played an important role in transporting goods.
Historically canals were used, including the Leeds and
Liverpool Canal, which is the longest canal in England.
Nowadays mainland Europe (the Netherlands and
Belgium) can be reached from Hull via regular ferry
services from P&O Ferries.[72] Yorkshire also has air
transport services from Leeds Bradford International
Airport. This airport has experienced significant and
Leeds Bradford International Airport,
rapid growth in both terminal size and passenger
Yorkshire's largest airport
facilities since 1996, when improvements began, until
the present day.[73] South Yorkshire is served by the
Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield, based in Finningley.[74] Sheffield City Airport
opened in 1997 after years of Sheffield having no airport, due to a council decision in the
1960s not to develop one because of the city's good rail links with London and the
development of airports in other nearby areas. The newly opened airport never managed to
compete with larger airports such as Leeds Bradford International Airport and East
Midlands Airport and attracted only a few scheduled flights, while the runway was too short
to support low cost carriers. The opening of Doncaster Sheffield Airport, effectively made
the airport redundant and it officially closed in April 2008.

Culture
The culture of the people of Yorkshire is an accumulated product of various different
civilisations who have directly controlled its history, including; the Celts (Brigantes and
Parisii), Romans, Angles, Norse Vikings and Normans amongst others.[75] The western part
of the historic North Riding had an additional infusion of Breton culture due to the Honour
of Richmond being occupied by Alain Le Roux, grandson of Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany.[76]
The people of Yorkshire are immensely proud of their county and local culture and it is
sometimes suggested they identify more strongly with their county than they do with their
country.[77] Yorkshire people have their own distinctive dialect known as Tyke, which some
have argued is a fully fledged language in its own right.[78] The county has also produced a
unique set of Yorkshire colloquialisms, which are in use in the county. Among Yorkshire's
unique traditions is the Long Sword dance, a traditional dance not found elsewhere in
England. The most famous traditional song of Yorkshire is On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at ("On Ilkley
Moor without a hat"), it is considered the unofficial anthem of the county.[79]
Yorkshire 11

Architecture
Throughout Yorkshire many castles were built during
the Norman-Breton period, particularly after the
Harrying of the North. These included Bowes Castle,
Pickering Castle, Richmond Castle, Skipton Castle, York
Castle and others.[80] Later medieval castles at
Helmsley, Middleham and Scarborough were built as a
means of defence against the invading Scots.[81]
Middleham is notable because Richard III of England
spent his childhood there.[81] The remains of these
Castle Howard
castles, some being English Heritage sites, are popular
tourist destinations.[81] There are several stately homes
in Yorkshire which carry the name "castle" in their title, even though they are more akin to
a palace.[82] The most notable examples are Allerton Castle and Castle Howard,[83] both
linked to the Howard family.[84] Castle Howard and the Earl of Harewood's residence,
Harewood House, are included amongst the Treasure Houses of England, a group of nine
English stately homes.[85]

There are numerous other Grade I listed buildings

within the historic county including public buildings
such as Leeds Town Hall, Sheffield Town Hall, the
Yorkshire Museum and Guildhall at York. Large estates
with significant buildings were constructed at
Brodsworth Hall, Temple Newsam and Wentworth
Castle. In addition to this there are properties which
are conserved and managed by the National Trust, such
as Nunnington Hall, the Rievaulx Terrace & Temples
and Studley Royal Park.[86] Religious architecture Whitby Abbey
includes extant cathedrals as well as the ruins of
monasteries and abbeys. Many of these prominent buildings suffered from the Dissolution
of the Monasteries under Henry VIII; these includes Bolton Abbey, Fountains Abbey,
Gisborough Priory, Rievaulx Abbey, St Mary's Abbey and Whitby Abbey among others.[87]
Notable religious buildings of historic origin still in use include York Minster, the largest
Gothic cathedral in northern Europe,[87] Beverley Minster, Bradford Cathedral and Ripon
Cathedral.[87]
Yorkshire 12

Literature and art

When Yorkshire formed the southern part of the
kingdom of Northumbria there were several notable
poets, scholars and ecclesiastics, including Alcuin,
Cædmon and Wilfrid.[88] The most esteemed literary
family from the county are the three Brontë sisters,
with part of the county around Haworth being
nicknamed Brontë Country in their honour.[89] Their
novels, written in the mid-1800s, caused a sensation
when they were first published, yet were subsequently
accepted into the canon of great English literature.[90]
Among the most celebrated novels written by the
sisters are Anne Brontë's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall,
Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre and Emily Brontë's
Wuthering Heights.[89] Wuthering Heights was almost a
source used to depict life in Yorkshire, illustrating the
type of people that reside there in its characters, and
The Brontë sisters emphasizing the use of the stormy Yorkshire moors.
Nowadays, the parsonage which was their former home
is now a museum in their honour.[91] Bram Stoker authored Dracula while living in
Whitby[92] and it includes several elements of local folklore including the beaching of the
Russian ship Dmitri, which became the basis of Demeter in the book.[93]

The novelist tradition in Yorkshire continued into the 20th century, with authors such as J.
B. Priestley, Alan Bennett and Barbara Taylor Bradford being prominent examples.[94] [95]
Taylor Bradford is noted for A Woman of Substance which was one of the top-ten best
selling novels in history.[96] Another well known author was children's writer Arthur
Ransome who penned the Swallows and Amazons series.[95] James Herriot, the best selling
author of over 60 million copies of books about his experiences of some 50 years as a
veterinarian in Thirsk, North Yorkshire, the town which he refers to as Darrowby in his
books[97] (although born in Sunderland), has been admired for his easy reading style and
interesting characters.[98] Poets include Ted Hughes, W. H. Auden, William Empson and
Andrew Marvell.[95] [99] [100] Two well known sculptors emerged in the 20th century;
contemporaries Henry Moore and Barbara Hepworth. Some of their works are available for
public viewing at the Yorkshire Sculpture Park.[101] There are several art galleries in
Yorkshire featuring extensive collections, such as Ferens Art Gallery, Leeds Art Gallery,
Millennium Galleries and York Art Gallery.[102] [103] [104] Some of the better known local
painters are William Etty and David Hockney;[105] many works by the latter are housed at
Salts Mill 1853 Gallery in Saltaire.[106]
Yorkshire 13

Sport
Yorkshire has a long tradition in the field of sports, with
participation in football, rugby league, cricket and
horse racing being the most established sporting
ventures.[107] [108] [109] [110] Yorkshire County Cricket
Club represents the historic county in the domestic first
class cricket County Championship; with a total of 30
championship titles, 12 more than any other county,
Yorkshire is the most decorated county cricket
club.[109] Some of the most highly regarded figures in
the game were born in the county[111] amongst them
Geoff Boycott, Len Hutton and Herbert Sutcliffe.[111] Badge of the world's oldest football
club; Sheffield FC.
England's oldest horse race, which began in 1519, is
run each year at Kiplingcotes near Market
Weighton.[110] Continuing this tradition in the field of horse racing, there are currently nine
established racecourses in the county.[112] Britain's oldest organised fox hunt is the
Bilsdale, originally founded in 1668.[113] [114] Yorkshire is officially recognised by FIFA as
the birth-place of club football,[115] [116] as Sheffield FC founded in 1857 are certified as the
oldest association football club in the world.[117] The world's first inter-club match and local
derby was competed in the county, at the world's oldest ground Sandygate Road.[118] The
Laws of the Game which are now used worldwide were drafted by Ebenezer Cobb Morley
from Hull.[119]

The most successful football clubs founded in Yorkshire are Leeds United, Sheffield
Wednesday, Huddersfield Town, Middlesbrough F.C. and Sheffield United.[120] , four of
which have been the league champions with Huddersfield being the first club to win three
consecutive league titles.[121] Middlesbrough F.C. recently came to prominence by reaching
the 2006 UEFA Cup Final.[122] Noted players from Yorkshire who have had an impact on
the game include World Cup-winning goalkeeper Gordon Banks[123] and two time European
Footballer of the Year award winner Kevin Keegan,[124] as well as prominent managers
Herbert Chapman, Brian Clough, Bill Nicholson, George Raynor and Don Revie.[125] The
Rugby Football League and with it the sport of rugby league was founded in 1895 at the
George Hotel, Huddersfield, after a North-South schism within the Rugby Football
Union.[126] The top league is the engage Super League and the most decorated Yorkshire
clubs are Huddersfield Giants, Hull FC, Bradford Bulls, Hull KR, Wakefield Trinity Wildcats,
Castleford Tigers and Leeds Rhinos.[127] In total six Yorkshiremen have been inducted into
the Rugby League Hall of Fame amongst them is Roger Millward, Jonty Parkin and Harold
Wagstaff.[128] In the area of boxing "Prince" Naseem Hamed from Sheffield achieved title
success and widespread fame,[129] in what the BBC describes as "one of British boxing's
most illustrious careers".[129] Yorkshire also has an array of racecourses, in North
Yorkshire, there is Thirsk, Ripon, Catterick and York in the East Riding of Yorkshire there is
Beverley, in West Yorkshire there is Wetherby and Pontefract, while in South Yorkshire
there is Doncaster.
Yorkshire 14

Cuisine
The traditional cuisine of Yorkshire, in common with
the North of England in general, is known for using rich
tasting ingredients, especially with regard to sweet
dishes, which were affordable for the majority of
people.[130] There are several dishes which originated
in Yorkshire or are heavily associated with it.[130]
Yorkshire pudding, a savoury batter dish, is by far the
best known of Yorkshire foods. It is commonly served
with roast beef and vegetables to form part of the
Sunday roast.[130]
Yorkshire puddings, served as part of a
traditional Sunday roast. Other foods associated with the county include:
Yorkshire curd tart, a curd tart recipe with
[131] [132]
rosewater; Parkin, a sweet ginger cake which is different from standard ginger
cakes in that it includes oatmeal and treacle;[133] and Wensleydale cheese, a cheese
associated with Wensleydale and often eaten as an accompaniment to sweet foods.[134] The
beverage ginger beer, flavoured with ginger, came from Yorkshire and has existed since the
mid 1700s. Liquorice sweet was first created by George Dunhill from Pontefract, who in the
1760s thought to mix the liquorice plant with sugar.[135] Yorkshire and in particular the city
of York played a prominent role in the confectionery industry, with chocolate factories
owned by companies such as Rowntree's, Terry's and Thorntons inventing many of Britain's
most popular sweets.[136] [137] Another traditional Yorkshire food is pikelets which are
similar to crumpets but much thinner.[138] The Rhubarb Triangle is a location within
Yorkshire which supplies most of the rhubarb to locals.

In recent years curries have become popular in the county largely due to the immigration
and successful integration of Asian families. There are many famous curry empires with
their origins in Yorkshire including the 850-seater Aakash restaurant in Cleckheaton which
has been described as "the world's largest curry house".[139]

Beer and brewing

Yorkshire has a number of breweries including Black Sheep, Copper Dragon, John Smith's,
Sam Smith's,Tetley's, Theakstons and Timothy Taylor.[140] The beer style most associated
with the county is bitter.[141] When served through a handpump, a sparkler is used giving a
tighter, more solid head.[142]
Brewing has taken place on a large scale since at least the twelfth century, for example at
the now derelict Fountains Abbey which at its height produced 60 barrels of strong ale
every ten days.[143] Most current Yorkshire breweries date from the Industrial Revolution of
the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century.[140]
Yorkshire 15

Music and film

Yorkshire has a rich heritage of folk music and folk
dance including particularly Long Sword dance.[144]
Yorkshire folk song was chiefly distinguished by the use
of dialect, particularly in the West Riding and
exemplified by the song ‘On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at’,
probably written in the later nineteenth century and
using a Kent folk tune (almost certainly borrowed via a
Methodist hymnal), but often seen as an unofficial
Yorkshire anthem.[145] The most famous folk
performers from the county are the Watersons from
Hull, who began recording Yorkshire versions of folk
songs from 1965.[146] Other Yorkshire folk musicians
include Heather Wood (b. 1945) of the Young Tradition,
Kate Rusby on stage 2005
the short-lived electric folk group Mr Fox (1970–2), The
Deighton Family, Julie Matthews, Kathryn Roberts, and
Kate Rusby.[146] Yorkshire has a flourishing folk music culture, with over forty folk clubs
and thirty annual folk music festivals.[147] In 2007 the Yorkshire Garland Group was formed
to make Yorkshire folk songs accessible online and in schools.[148]

During the 1970s David Bowie, himself of a father from Tadcaster in North Yorkshire,[149]
hired three musicians from Hull in the form of Mick Ronson, Trevor Bolder and Mick
Woodmansey; together they recorded Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars, an album
that went on to become widely considered as one of the greatest and most influential of all
time.[150] In the following decade, Yorkshire had a very strong post-punk scene which went
on to achieve wide spread acclaim and success, including; The Sisters of Mercy, The Cult,
Vardis, Gang of Four, ABC, The Human League, New Model Army, Soft Cell,
Chumbawamba, The Wedding Present and The Mission.[151] Pulp from Sheffield had a
massive hit in the form of Common People during 1995, the song focuses on working-class
northern life.[152] The 2000s saw popularity of indie rock and post-punk revival bands from
the area with the Kaiser Chiefs, The Cribs and the Arctic Monkeys, the latter of whom hold
the record for the fastest-selling debut album in British music history with Whatever People
Say I Am, That's What I'm Not.[153]
The three most prominent British television shows filmed in (and based around) Yorkshire
are sitcom Last of the Summer Wine, drama series Heartbeat, and soap opera Emmerdale,
the latter two of which are produced by Yorkshire Television. Last of the Summer Wine in
particular is noted for holding the record of longest-running comedy series in the world,
from 1973 until the present.[154] Other notable television series set in Yorkshire include The
Beiderbecke Trilogy, Rising Damp, Fat Friends and The Royal. Several noted films are set
in Yorkshire, including Kes, This Sporting Life, Room at the Top, Brassed Off, Mischief
Night, Rita, Sue and Bob Too and Calendar Girls. A comedy film set in Sheffield named The
Full Monty, won an Academy Award and was voted the second best British movie of all-time
by ANI.[155] The county is also referenced in Monty Python's The Meaning of Life during a
segment on birth where a title card read, "The Miracle of Birth, Part II—The Third World".
The scene opens into a mill town street, subtitled "Yorkshire".[156] Monty Python were also
performed the Four Yorkshiremen sketch live, which first featured on At Last the 1948
Show.[157]
Yorkshire 16

Governance

Politics
From 1290, Yorkshire was represented by two
Members of Parliament of the House of Commons of the
Parliament of England. After the union with Scotland
two members represented the county in the Parliament
of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 and of the
Parliament of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1832.
In 1832 the county benefited from the disfranchisement
of Grampound by taking an additional two
members.[158] Yorkshire was represented at this time
[158]
as one single, large, county constituency. Like other
counties, there were also some county boroughs within
Yorkshire, the oldest was the City of York which had
existed since the ancient De Montfort's Parliament of
1265. After the Reform Act 1832, Yorkshire's political
William Wilberforce, slavery abolisher, representation in parliament was drawn from its
was the MP for Yorkshire in subdivisions, with Members of Parliament representing
1784–1812.
each of the three historic Ridings of Yorkshire; East
Riding, North Riding and West Riding
constituencies.[158]

For the 1865 general elections and onwards, the West Riding was further divided into
Northern, Eastern and Southern parliamentary constituencies, though these only lasted
until the major Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.[159] This act saw more localisation of
government in the United Kingdom, with the introduction of 26 new parliamentary
constituencies within Yorkshire, while the Local Government Act 1888 introduced some
reforms for the county boroughs, of which there were 8 in Yorkshire by the end of the 19th
century.[160]

With the Representation of the People Act 1918 there was some reshuffling on a local level
for the 1918 general election, revised again during the 1950s.[161] The most controversial
reorganisation of local government in Yorkshire was the Local Government Act 1972,[162]
put into practice in 1974. Under the act, the Ridings lost their lieutenancies, shrievalties,
administrative counties. County boroughs and their councils were abolished, to be replaced
by metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties with vastly changed borders.[52] Although
some government officials[163] and Prince Charles[164] have asserted such reform is not
meant to alter the ancient boundaries or cultural loyalties, there are pressure groups such
as the Yorkshire Ridings Society who want greater recognition for the historic
boundaries.[165] In 1996 the East Riding of Yorkshire was reformed as a unitary authority
area and a ceremonial county. The Yorkshire and the Humber region of government office
covers most, but not all of the historic county.Yorkshire and the Humber is a constituency
for European elections, returning six MEPs to the European Parliament.
Yorkshire 17

Monarchy and peerage

When the territory of Yorkshire began to take shape as a result of the invasion of the
Danish vikings, they instituted a monarchy based at the settlement of Jórvík , York.[166] The
reign of the Viking kings came to an end with the last king Eric Bloodaxe dying in battle in
954 after the invasion and conquest by the Kingdom of England from the south. Jórvík was
the last of the independent kingdoms to be taken to form part of the Kingdom of England
and thus the local monarchal title became defunct.[167]
Though the monarchal title became defunct, it was
succeeded by the creation of the Earl of York title of
nobility [168] by king of England Edgar the Peaceful in
960.(The earldom covered the general area of Yorkshire
and is sometimes referred to as the Earl of
Yorkshire)[168] The title passed through the hands of
various nobles, decided upon by the current king of
England. The last man to hold the title was William le
Gros, however the earldom was abolished by Henry II
as a result of a troubled period known as The
Anarchy.[169] The White Rose of York remains as the
prime symbol of Yorkshire identity.
The peerage was recreated by Edward III in 1385, this
time in the form of the prestigious title of Duke of York which he gave to his son Edmund of
Langley. Edmund founded the House of York; later the title would be merged with that of
the King of England. Much of the modern day symbolism of Yorkshire , such as the White
Rose of York, is derived from the Yorkists, [170] giving the house a special affinity within the
culture of Yorkshire. Especially celebrated is the Yorkist king Richard III who spent much of
his life at Middleham Castle in Yorkshire.[35] [171] Since that time the title has passed
through the hands of many, being merged with the crown and then recreated several times.
The title of Duke of York remains prestigious and is given to the second son of the British
monarch.[172]

See also
• 1931 Dogger Bank earthquake
• List of collieries in Yorkshire 1984-present with dates of closure
• Yorkshire Ambulance Service
• Yorkshire Building Society
• Yorkshire Forward
• Yorkshire Regiment
• Yorkshire Society
• Yorkshire Terrier
• Yorkshire Wolds
• East Riding of Yorkshire
• North Yorkshire
• South Yorkshire
• West Yorkshire
Yorkshire 18

Notes
a
 Though the Wars of the Roses were fought between royal houses bearing the names
of York and Lancaster, the wars took place over a wide area of England. They were a
dynastic clash between cadet branches of the House of Plantagenet.The most
prominent family in Yorkshire, below the monarchy, the Nevilles of Sheriff Hutton and
Middleham fought for the Yorkists, as did the Scropes of Bolton, the Latimers of Danby
and Snape, as well as the Mowbrays of Thirsk and Burton in Lonsdale. Yet some fought
for the Lancastrians such as the Percies, the Cliffords of Skipton, Ros of Helmsley,
Greystock of Henderskelfe, Stafford of Holderness and Talbot of Sheffield.

External links
• The History of Yorkshire [173]
• Samples of Yorkshire Dialect [174]
• Yorkshire Inquisitions 1275–1295 [175]
• Visitor's Guide to Yorkshire [176]
• Yorkshire [177]: historical and genealogical information at GENUKI
Geographical coordinates: 54°00′N 1°30′W

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Article Sources and Contributors

Yorkshire  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=303383584  Contributors: 100110100, 24-7group, 5iron2, 80.255, Acalamari, Achmelvic,
Adam.J.W.C., AdeMiami, AdultSwim, Agüeybaná, Ahoerstemeier, Alsybaby, Andreasegde, AndrewHowse, Andrwsc, Angela, Angusmclellan, Ant, Aquilina,
Aranel, Arch dude, Arteyu, Arthur7171, AxG, BRG, Badagnani, Badgernet, Barticus88, Beachyboy, Benyon3, Bkpip, Blotwell, Bluemoose, Bongwarrior,
Booyabazooka, Borderer, Borofan4ever, Bretagne 44, BrownHairedGirl, Bryan Derksen, CJ King, CW - U.T., CalcioSalvo, Camembert, Canis Lupus,
Capricorn42, Casper Gutman, Catterick, Cawhitfield77, Cbuckley, Chickenboney, Chillly, ChrisO, Chrisinsheffield, Chrism, Cnyborg, Computerjoe,
Connectyorkshire, Daddy Kindsoul, Dakpowers, Danio, Bibliophylax, DaveGorman, Davecrosby uk, David Parker, David.padgett, Davidbethell, Dejvid,
Dekimasu, DerHexer, Devlinator, Dimitrii, Discospinster, DocWatson42, Dpaajones, DuncanHill, Dupont Circle, Dusimpson, Dylanandcormac, ESkog,
Eipl01, Endofinfinity, Epa101, Epbr123, Eric-Wester, Everyking, Finn-Zoltan, Firsfron, Fl1942, Fouloleron, Furius, Fys, G-Man, Gail, Gaius Cornelius,
Garik, Gensanders, Gogo Dodo, GraemeL, Grand Dizzy, Ground Zero, Grstain, Guaca, GuillaumeTell, Gunnar Larsson, Gwen Gale, Haldraper, Harkey
Lodger, Heavens To Betsy, Herbythyme, Heron, Hippo43, Howard Alexander, Husond, Ijanderson977, Ipankonin, Iridescent, Isabella 143, J Milburn,
J.delanoy, JDB128, JGXenite, JNW, James26, Jameshfisher, Jammy0002, Jauerback, Jcuk, Jdrum00, Jef-Infojef, Jeff79, JeremyA, Joe p15, John Kenney, John
Sutcliffe, JohnCD, Johnasher, Johnbibby, Joshurtree, Jowan2005, Jude55, Jza84, Keegos, Keith D, Kenneth Alan, Kenneth Alansson, KingoftheClaxsons,
Kotra, Ktsquare, Kukini, Kyosti55, Lancsalot, Lankiveil, Laurencooper, Lavateraguy, LeaveSleaves, Lee M, Lemonade100, Leslie Mateus, Lfh,
Lightmouse, Llyodg, Lofty, Lord Loxley, Lordbriggs, Lucky guy64 2002, LunarLander, Lupin, M avenger, MBisanz, MER-C, MRSC, Mais oui!,
Malcolmxl5, Manufracture, Marc Venot, MarcusPan, Marlkiy, Martin H., MartinSpamer, Martinp23, Matt Brennen, Mattis, MaxSem on AWB wheels,
Maximus Rex, McGeddon, Mic, MichaelTinkler, MightyWarrior, MikeLeeds, Mintguy, Mooquackwooftweetmeow, Morwen, Mr. Absurd, MrMarshmallow,
Mtaylor848, Mulad, Mysid, Nate1481, Neilbeach, Neon white, Neutrality, Nev1, NickShaforostoff, Nicolapleasants, Nigholith, Nix D, Nommonomanac,
Nono64, NorthernSole, Nsaa, Ocee, Od Mishehu, OlderBrother, Oliver Chettle, Olivier, Orioane, Oscarthecat, Otolemur crassicaudatus, Otto ter Haar,
Owain, PReDiToR, Palica, PamD, Panovathia, Paul S, Paul-L, Pauly04, Peanut4, Pengopia, Peppery, Persian Poet Gal, Pharillon, PhilKnight, Phirst,
Pictouparker, Pink!Teen, Pre1mjr, Puget Sound, QuartierLatin1968, Radomund, Rafbuffeditor, Raven in Orbit, RedWolf, Renata, Riceowl, Richard
Harvey, RichiH, Rjwilmsi, Rmwalton, RobertG, Roke, Rror, Ryulong, S Acaster, SGGH, SMC, Sabrebd, SchuminWeb, Schzmo, Scrabbler, Seeme323,
Shalom Yechiel, Shimlad, Shoeofdeath, Shoessss, Signalhead, Silverhorse, Sionus, Smalljim, Smile a While, Snigbrook, Snowmanradio, Soliloquial,
Squash, Srushe, SteinbDJ, Steinsky, Stemann, Stephenb, Stringops, Supersweetfagchild, Tabletop, Tagishsimon, Tanthalas39, Tarquin, Tassedethe,
TerriersFan, The Rambling Man, TheUnforgiven, Tkynerd, Trevor MacInnis, Tubs uk, Vastman33, Vedek Dukat, Vidkun, WAS 4.250, Wavelength,
Wereon, Wikityke, Wneedham02, Womble casserole, Woohookitty, Yamamoto Ichiro, Yeast Power, Yohan euan o4, Yorkshire Phoenix, Yorkshirian,
Zydeco joe, 494 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and

Contributors
Image:FlagOfYorkshire.PNG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:FlagOfYorkshire.PNG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: The
Yorkshire Ridings Society and The Flag Institute
Image:EnglandYorkshireTrad.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EnglandYorkshireTrad.png  License: GNU Free
Documentation License  Contributors: Joao Xavier, Michiel1972, Thomas Gun
Image:Yorkshire Ridings.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yorkshire_Ridings.png  License: GNU Free Documentation
License  Contributors: Liftarn, S kitahashi, Thomas Gun
Image:yorkconstantine.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yorkconstantine.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License
 Contributors: G.dallorto, Kurpfalzbilder.de, Mattes, Saperaud, Shakko
Image:EricBloodaxeCoin.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:EricBloodaxeCoin.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
Yorkshirian
Image:YorkMinsterWest.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:YorkMinsterWest.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: User:Big
Smooth
Image:Fountains Abbey view02 2005-08-27.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fountains_Abbey_view02_2005-08-27.jpg
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Image:Richard III of England.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Richard_III_of_England.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: Yorkshirian
Image:Bishopgate.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bishopgate.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: User:Mtaylor848
Image:Marston Moor JBarker.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Marston_Moor_JBarker.jpg  License: unknown
 Contributors: AnRo0002, Goldfritha, Kjetil r, Man vyi, Oneblackline, Shakko
Image:Lister's Mill.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Lister's_Mill.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original
uploader was Shax at en.wikipedia
Image:Saltaire from Leeds and Liverpool Canal.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Saltaire_from_Leeds_and_Liverpool_Canal.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:
Original uploader was Markj 87 at en.wikipedia
Image:Yorksgeology.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yorksgeology.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: Harkey Lodger,
Yorkshirian
Image:Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors:
Debresser, Harkey Lodger, Yorkshirian, 1 anonymous edits
Image:Upper Nidderdale.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Upper_Nidderdale.JPG  License: unknown  Contributors:
Cyclopaedic, Ö
Image:BridgewaterPlace2007h.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:BridgewaterPlace2007h.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: User:Chemical Engineer
Image:A1&M62.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A1&M62.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5
 Contributors: Adambro, Harkey Lodger
Image:Leeds Bradford International Airport terminal.jpg  Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Leeds_Bradford_International_Airport_terminal.jpg  License: unknown  Contributors: User:Dbenbenn
Image:England1 144.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:England1_144.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:
User:Pwojdacz
Image:Whitby Abbey North Yorkshire.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Whitby_Abbey_North_Yorkshire.jpg  License:
unknown  Contributors: Stephen McCulloch
Image:Painting of Brontë sisters.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Painting_of_Brontë_sisters.png  License: unknown
 Contributors: User:Mr. Absurd
Image:Sheffield FC.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sheffield_FC.svg  License: logo  Contributors: User:Arteyu
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 26

Image:Roastbeef with yorkshire puddings.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Roastbeef_with_yorkshire_puddings.jpg

 License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was HotBabyHot at de.wikipedia
Image:KateRusbylive.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:KateRusbylive.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0
 Contributors: Dbenbenn, FlyingToaster, Madmedea
Image:Wilberforce john rising.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg  License: Public Domain
 Contributors: John Rising (1753–1817). Original uploader was Agendum at en.wikipedia
Image:TheSingleWhiteRose.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TheSingleWhiteRose.jpg  License: Creative Commons
Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: Finavon, MPF, TCY, 1 anonymous edits

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