Chapter 6 Miscellaneous Problems

C06S0M.001: The net distance is

_
3
0
v(t) dt =
_
1
3
t
3

1
2
t
2
2t
_
3
0
=
3
2
0 =
3
2
.
Because v(t) < 0 for 0 < t < 2, the total distance is

_
2
0
v(t) dt +
_
3
2
v(t) dt =
_
10
3
0
_
+
_

3
2
+
10
3
_
=
31
6
5.166667.
C06S0M.002: Because t
2
4 < 0 for 1 < t < 2 but t
2
4 > 0 for 2 < t < 4, whereas v(t) 0 for 1 t 4,
the net and total distance are both

_
2
1
(t
2
4) dt +
_
4
2
(t
2
4) dt =
_
1
3
t
3
4t
_
2
1
+
_
1
3
t
3
4t
_
4
2
=
5
3
+
32
3
=
37
3
12.333333.
C06S0M.003: Because v(t) < 0 for 0 < t <
1
2
but v(t) > 0 for
1
2
< t <
3
2
, the net distance is
_
3/2
0
v(t) dt =
_
cos
_
1
2
(2t 1)
__
3/2
0
= 1 0 = 1
and the total distance is

_
1/2
0
v(t) dt +
_
3/2
1/2
v(t) dt = (1 0) + (1 (1)) = 3.
C06S0M.004: The volume is
_
1
0
x
3
dx =
_
1
4
x
4
_
1
0
=
1
4
0 =
1
4
.
C06S0M.005: The volume is
_
4
1
x
1/2
dx =
_
2
3
x
3/2
_
4
1
=
16
3

2
3
=
14
3
4.666667.
C06S0M.006: The volume is
_
2
1
x
3
dx =
_
1
4
x
4
_
2
1
= 4
1
4
=
15
4
= 3.75.
C06S0M.007: The volume is
_
1
0
(x
2
x
4
) dx =
_
1
3
x
3

1
5
x
5
_
1
0
=
2
15
0.4188790205.
C06S0M.008: The volume is
_
1
1
x
100
dx =
_
1
101
x
101
_
1
1
=
2
101
0.0198019802.
C06S0M.009: Between time t = 0 and time t = 12, the rainfall in inches is
_
12
0
1
12
(t + 6) dt =
_
1
2
t +
1
24
t
2
_
12
0
= 12 0 = 12.
C06S0M.010: The curves meet at (0, 0) and at (1, 1), and the quadratic is higher than the cubic between
those points. A cross section of the solid perpendicular to the x-axis is a square of base length 2x x
2
x
3
and thus the cross section has area A(x) = (2x x
2
x
3
)
2
. Hence the volume of the solid is
1
V =
_
1
0
A(x) dx =
_
4
3
x
3
x
4

3
5
x
5
+
1
3
x
6
+
1
7
x
7
_
1
0
=
22
105
0.2095238095.
C06S0M.011: The region R of Problem 10 is bounded above by the graph of f(x) = 2x x
2
and below
by the graph of g(x) = x
3
for 0 x 1. A cross section of the solid S of Problem 11 perpendicular to the
x-axis at x is an annular region with outer radius f(x) and inner radius g(x), thus of cross-sectional area
A(x) = [f(x) ]
2
[g(x) ]
2
. Therefore the volume of S is
V =
_
1
0
A(x) dx =
_
4
3
x
3
x
4
+
1
5
x
5

1
7
x
7
_
1
0
=
41
105
0 1.2267171314.
C06S0M.012: The region R of this problem is bounded above by the graph of f(x) = x
2
+ 1 and below
by the graph of g(x) = 2x
4
for 1 x 1 and (important) is symmetric around the y-axis. If R is rotated
around the x-axis, the solid S that it generates has as cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis at x annular
regions with outer radius f(x) and inner radius g(x), thus of cross-sectional area A(x) = [f(x) ]
2
[g(x) ]
2
.
Therefore the volume of S is
V
1
=
_
1
1
A(x) dx =
_
x +
2
3
x
3
+
1
5
x
5

4
9
x
9
_
1
1
=
64
45

_

64
45
_
=
128
45
8.9360857702.
If R is rotated around the y-axis to form the solid T, then (using the symmetry of R around the y-axis) the
method of cylindrical shells yields the volume of T as
V
2
=
_
1
0
2x[f(x) g(x) ] dx =
_
x
2
+
1
2
x
4

2
3
x
6
_
1
0
=
5
6
2.6179938780.
C06S0M.013: Each cross section perpendicular to the x-axis has area A(x) =
1
16
, so the total mass of
the helix is
m =
_
20
0
(8.5) A(x) dx =
_
17
32
x
_
20
0
=
85
8
33.3794219444 (grams).
C06S0M.014: Most of the natural ways to solve this problem involve algebraic diculties. For example,
the side of the frustum should not be part of the graph of y = mx, even though this would seem to yield the
simplest choice. In each case, both the method of cross sections and the method of cylindrical shells lead
to diculties. Heres the simplest solution weve found. Write r for r
1
and s for r
2
. Sketch a trapezoid in
the rst quadrant with vertices at (0, 0), (h, 0), (h, s), and (0, r). Then an equation of the top edge of the
trapezoid is
y = r +
s r
h
x.
The frustum is produced by rotating the trapezoidal region around the x-axis, and its volume is
V =
_
h
0

_
r +
s r
h
x
_
2
dx =
_
h
0
_
r
2
+
2r(s r)
h
x +
_
s r
h
_
2
x
2
_
dx
=
_
r
2
x +
r(s r)
h
x
2
+
1
3
_
s r
h
_
2
x
3
_
h
0
=
_
r
2
h +r(s r)h +
1
3
(s r)
2
h
_
=
1
3
h(3r
2
+ 3rs 3r
2
+s
2
2rs +r
2
) =
h
3
_
r
2
+rs +s
2
_
=
h
3
_
r
2
1
+r
1
r
2
+r
2
2
_
.
2
C06S0M.015: Let z denote the distance from P to the origin. A horizontal cross-section of the elliptical
cone at z (thus at distance z from P) is an ellipse with major axis and minor axis each proportional to z.
So the area A(z) of this cross section is proportional to z
2
: A(z) = kz
2
where k is a positive constant. But
A(h) = kh
2
= ab
by the result of Problem 47 of Section 5.8, and hence k = ab/h
2
. Therefore A(z) = abz
2
/h
2
. So the
volume of the elliptical cone is
V =
_
h
0
ab
h
2
z
2
dz =
_
ab
3h
2
z
3
_
h
0
=
1
3
abh,
one-third the product of the area of the base and the height of the elliptical cone.
C06S0M.016: Because (a h, r) lies on the ellipse,
_
a h
a
_
2
+
_
r
b
_
2
= 1. Therefore r
2
=
2ah h
2
a
2
b
2
.
And so
V =
_
a
ah
y
2
dx =
_
a
ah
b
2
_
1
x
2
a
2
_
dx =
b
2
h
2
3a
2
(3a h) .
But r
2
=
b
2
a
2
h(2a h), so
b
2
a
2
h =
r
2
2a h
. Therefore
V =
1
3
r
2
h
3a h
2a h
.
C06S0M.017: Because (a +h, r) lies on the hyperbola,
(a +h)
2
a
2

r
2
b
2
= 1.
It follows that
r
2
=
b
2
(2ah +h
2
)
a
2
. (1)
Moreover, the equation of the hyperbola may be written in the form
y
2
=
b
2
a
2
(x
2
a
2
).
Therefore the segment of the hyperboloid has volume
V =
_
a+h
a
y
2
dx =
b
2
a
2
_
a+h
a
(x
2
a
2
) dx =
b
2
a
2
_
1
3
x
3
a
2
x
_
a+h
a
=
b
2
3a
2
_
x
3
3a
2
x
_
a+h
a
=
b
2
3a
2
_
a
3
+ 3a
2
h + 3ah
2
+h
3
3a
3
3a
2
h a
3
+ 3a
3
_
=
1
3

b
2
a
2
h
2
(3a +h).
But by Eq. (1), b
2
=
a
2
r
2
2ah +h
2
. So V =
1
3

h
2
a
2
(3a +h)
a
2
r
2
h(2a +h)
=
1
3
r
2
h
3a +h
2a +h
.
3
C06S0M.018: V (t) =
_
t
1
(f(x))
2
dx =
_
1
1
t
_
, so V

(t) = (f(t))
2
=

t
2
. Therefore f(x) =
1
x
.
C06S0M.019: V =
_
t
1
(f(x))
2
dx =

6
_
(1 + 3t)
2
16

. Thus
(f(x))
2
=

6
[(2)(1 + 3x)(3)] = (1 + 3x).
Therefore f(x) =

1 + 3x.
C06S0M.020: V (t) =
_
t
1
2xf(x) dx =
2
9

_
_
1 + 3t
2
_
3/2
8
_
, so
V

(t) = 2tf(t) =
2
9

_
3
2
_
1 + 3t
3
(6t)
_
= 2t
_
1 + 3t
2
.
Therefore f(x) =

1 + 3x
2
.
C06S0M.021: The graphs of f(x) = sin
_
1
2
x
_
and g(x) = x cross at (0, 0) and (1, 1), and g(x) < f(x) if
0 < x < 1. When the region they bound is rotated around the y-axis, the method of cylindrical shells yields
the volume of the solid thus generated to be
V =
_
1
0
2x[f(x) g(x) ] dx = 2
_
1
0
_ _
xsin
x
2
_
x
2
_
dx.
Now let u =
x
2
, so that x =
2u

. This substitution yields

V = 2
_
/2
0
_
2

usinu
4

2
u
2
_

du =
_
/2
0
_
8

usinu
16

2
u
2
_
du
=
_
8

(sinu ucos u)
16
3
2
u
3
_
/2
0
=
8

16
3
2


3
8
=
8

2
3
0.4520839871.
C06S0M.022: If 1 x 2, then a thin vertical strip of the region above x is rotated in a circle of radius
x + 2. Therefore the volume generated is
V =
_
2
1
2(x + 2)(x + 2 x
2
) dx =
_
8x + 4x
2

2
3
x
3

1
2
x
4
_
2
1
=
56
3

_

23
6
_
=
45
2
70.6858347058.
C06S0M.023:
dy
dx
=
1
2
x
1/2

1
2
x
1/2
, so
1 +
_
dy
dx
_
2
=
_
1
2
x
1/2
+
1
2
x
1/2
_
2
. (1)
So the length of the curve is
L =
_
4
1
_
1
2
x
1/2
+
1
2
x
1/2
_
dx =
_
x
1/2
+
1
3
x
3/2
_
4
1
=
14
3

4
3
=
10
3
.
4
C06S0M.024: We use the result in Eq. (1) in the solution of Problem 23: ds =
_
1
2
x
1/2
+
1
2
x
1/2
_
dx. The
graph of f(x) =
1
3
x
3/2
x
1/2
lies below the x-axis for 1 x 3 and above it for 3 x 4. Hence the
radius of the cirle of rotation is f(x) in the former case and f(x) in the latter case. So the area of the
left-hand part of the surface is
A
L
=
_
3
1
2f(x) ds = 2
_
3
1
_
1
2
+
1
3
x
1
6
x
2
_
dx
= 2
_
1
2
x +
1
6
x
2

1
18
x
3
_
3
1
= 2
_
3
2
+
3
2

3
2

1
2

1
6
+
1
18
_
=
16
9
.
The area of the right-hand part of the surface is
A
R
=
_
3
1
2f(x) ds = 2
_
1
18
x
3

1
6
x
2

1
2
x
_
4
3
= 2
_
32
9

8
3
2
3
2
+
3
2
+
3
2
_
=
7
9
.
Therefore the total area of the surface of revolution around the x-axis is
A
L
+A
R
=
16
9
+
7
9
=
23
9
8.0285145592.
There is no such diculty in part (b), in which the graph of f is rotated around the y-axis. The area
of the surface thereby generated is
A =
_
4
1
2x ds = 2
_
4
1
_
1
2
x
1/2
+
1
2
x
3/2
_
dx
= 2
_
1
3
x
3/2
+
1
5
x
5/2
_
4
1
= 2
_
8
3
+
32
5

1
3

1
5
_
=
256
15
53.6165146213.
C06S0M.025: Let x = f(y) =
3
8
(y
4/3
2y
2/3
). Then
1 + [f

(y) ]
2
= 1 +
9
64
_
4
3
y
1/3

4
3
y
1/3
_
2
=
1
4
y
2/3
+
1
2
+
1
4
y
2/3
=
(1 +y
2/3
)
2
4y
2/3
,
and therefore ds =
1
2
(y
1/3
+y
1/3
) dy. Hence the length of the graph of g from y = 1 to y = 8 is
L =
_
8
1
1 ds =
_
8
1
1
2
(y
1/3
+y
1/3
) dy =
_
3
8
y
4/3
+
3
4
y
2/3
_
8
1
= 9
9
8
=
63
8
= 7.875.
C06S0M.026: Let x = g(y) =
3
8
(y
4/3
2y
2/3
), 1 y 8. As in the solution of Problem 25, we nd that
ds =
1
2
(y
1/3
+y
1/3
) dy. So the surface area generated by revolving the graph of g around the x-axis will be
A =
_
8
1
2y ds =
_
8
1
(y
4/3
+y
2/3
) dy =
_
3
7
y
7/3
+
3
5
y
5/3
_
8
1
=
2592
35

36
35
=
2556
35
229.4260235022.
But the graph of x = g(y) crosses the y-axis where y = a = 2

2, so two integrals are required to nd the

surface area generated by rotating the graph around the y-axis. They are
5
A
1
=
_
a
1
2g(y) ds =
3
8
_
a
1
(y
5/3
y 2y
1/3
) dy =
_
9
64
y
8/3

3
16
y
2

9
16
y
4/3
_
a
1
=
57
64
and
A
2
=
_
8
a
2g(y) ds =
3
8
_
8
a
(y
5/3
y 2y
1/3
) dy =
_
9
64
y
8/3

3
16
y
2

9
16
y
4/3
_
8
a
=
33
2
.
Therefore the answer in part (b) is A
1
+A
2
=
1113
64
54.63425974.
C06S0M.027: Let f(x) =
1
3
x
3/2
x
1/2
, 1 x 4. Then
1 + [f

(x)]
2
= 1 +
_
1
2
x
1/2

1
2
x
1/2
_
2
=
1
4
x +
1
2
+
1
4
x
1
=
_
1
2
x
1/2
+
1
2
x
1/2
_
2
.
Therefore ds =
1
2
_
x
1/2
+x
1/2
_
dx. Therefore the area of the surface generated when the graph of f is
rotated around the vertical line x = 1 is
A =
_
4
1
2(x 1) ds =
_
4
1
(x
3/2
x
1/2
) dx =
_
2
5
x
5/2
2x
1/2
_
4
1
=
44
5

_

8
5
_
=
52
5
32.6725635973.
C06S0M.028:
dy
dx
=
x

r
2
x
2
, so 1 +
_
dy
dx
_
2
=
r
2
r
2
x
2
. Therefore
A =
_
b
a
2
_
r
2
x
2
r

r
2
x
2
dx =
_
b
a
2r dx =
_
2rx
_
b
a
= 2r(b a) = 2rh.
C06S0M.029: This is merely a matter of substituting 2r for h in the area formula A = 2rh derived in
Problem 28. Thus the area of a sphere of radius r is A = 2r 2r = 4r
2
.
C06S0M.030: Let f(x) = 2x
3
and g(x) = 2

x. The region R bounded by the graphs of f and g lies in

the rst quadrant and the two curves cross at the origin and at (1, 2). The graph of f is also the graph of
x = h(y) = (y/2)
1/3
and the graph of g is also the graph of x = j(y) = (y/2)
2
. The graph of g is above
the graph of f on the interval 0 x 1 and the graph of j is to the left of the graph of h on the interval
0 y 2.
Part (a): R is rotated around the x-axis, generating a solid of volume V
1
. To nd V
1
by the method of cross
sections, we rst simplify
[g(x)]
2
[f(x)]
2
= 4x 4x
6
,
and therefore
V
1
=
_
1
0
(4x 4x
6
) dx =
_
2x
2

4
7
x
7
_
1
0
=
10
7
4.4879895051.
To nd V
1
by the method of cylindrical shells, we evaluate
6
_
2
0
2y [h(y) j(y)] dy =
_
2
0
_
2
2/3
y
4/3

1
2
y
3
_
dy =
_
3 2
2/3
7
y
7/3

1
8
y
4
_2
0
=
10
7
.
Part (b): R is rotated around the y-axis, generating a solid of volume V
2
. To nd V
2
by the method of
cylindrical shells, we evaluate
V
2
=
_
2
0
2x[g(x) f(x)] dx =
_
1
0
(4x
3/2
4x
4
) dx =
_
8
5
x
5/2

4
5
x
5
_
1
0
=
4
5
2.5132741229.
To nd V
2
by the method of cross sections, we rst simplify
[h(y)]
2
[j(y)]
2
=
y
2/3
2
2/3

y
4
16
=
1
16
_
8 2
1/3
y
2/3
y
4
_
.
Then
V
2
=
_
2
0

1
16
_
8 2
1/3
y
2/3
y
4
_
dy =

80
_
24 2
1/3
y
5/3
y
5
_
2
0
=
4
5
.
Part (c): R is rotated around the horizontal line y = 1, generating a solid of volume V
3
. To nd V
3
by
the method of cross sections, we simplify
[g(x) + 1]
2
[f(x) + 1]
2
= 4x
1/2
+ 4x 4x
3
4x
6
.
Then
V
3
=
_
1
0
(4x
1/2
+ 4x 4x
3
4x
6
) dx =

21
_
56x
3/2
+ 42x
2
21x
4
12x
7
_
1
0
=
65
21
9.7239772611.
To nd V
3
by the method of cylindrical shells, we rst simplify the integrand:
2(y + 1) [h(y) j(y)] =
1
2
(y + 1)(2 2
2/3
y
1/3
y
2
) =
_
2
2/3
y
1/3
+ 2
2/3
y
4/3

1
2
y
2

1
2
y
3
_
.
Then
V
3
=
_
2
0
_
2
2/3
y
1/3
+ 2
2/3
y
4/3

1
2
y
2

1
2
y
3
_
dy
=
_
3 2
2/3
4
y
4/3
+
3 2
2/3
7
y
7/3

1
6
y
3

1
8
y
4
_2
0
=
65
21
.
Part (d): Finally, R is rotated around the vertical line x = 2, thereby generating a solid of volume V
4
. To
evaluate V
4
by the method of cross sections, we rst simplify
[2 j(y)]
2
[2 h(y)]
2
= 2
5/3
y
1/3

y
2/3
2
2/3
y
2
+
y
4
16
.
Then
7
V
4
=
_
2
0
_
2
5/3
y
1/3

y
2/3
2
2/3
y
2
+
y
4
16
_
dy
=
_
3 2
2/3
2
y
4/3

3 2
1/3
10
y
5/3

1
3
y
3
+
1
80
y
5
_2
0
=
38
15
7.9587013891.
To evaluate V
4
by the method of cylindrical shells, we rst simplify
(2 x) [g(x) f(x)] = 4x
1/2
2x
3/2
4x
3
+ 2x
4
.
Then
V
4
= 2
_
1
0
_
4x
1/2
2x
3/2
4x
3
+ 2x
4
_
dx = 2
_
8
3
x
3/2

4
5
x
5/2
x
4
+
2
5
x
5
_
1
0
=
38
15
.
C06S0M.031: Denote the spring constant by K. The information given in the problem yields
_
5
2
K(x L) dx = 5
_
3
2
K(x L) dx;
_
5
2
(x L) dx = 5
_
3
2
(x L) dx;
_
1
2
(x L)
2
_
5
2
= 5
_
1
2
(x L)
2
_
3
2
;
(5 L)
2
(2 L)
2
= 5(3 L)
2
5(2 L)
2
;
25 10L +L
2
4 + 4L L
2
= 45 30L + 5L
2
20 + 20L 5L
2
;
4L = 4.
Therefore the natural length of the spring is L = 1 (ft).
C06S0M.032: Set up a coordinate system in which y = 50 is the position of the windlass and the lowest
point P of the cable is initially at y = 0. When P is at location y (0 y 50), the length of the cable is
50 y, so the total weight on the windlass is 1000 + 5 (50 y) (lb). Therefore the work to wind in 25 feet
of the cable is
W =
_
25
0
(1000 + 250 5y) dy =
_
1250y
5
2
y
2
_
25
0
= 29687.5 (ftlb).
C06S0M.033: Set up a coordinate system in which the center of the tank is at the origin and the y-
axis is vertical. A horizontal cross section of the oil at positive y (R y R) is circular with radius
x =
_
R
2
y
2
, so its area is (R
2
y
2
). Hence the work to pump the oil to its nal position y = 3R is
W =
_
R
R
(3R y)(R
2
y
2
) dy =
_
R
R
(y
3
3Ry
2
R
2
y + 3R
3
) dy
=
_
1
4
y
4
Ry
3

1
2
R
2
y
2
+ 3R
3
y
_
R
R
=
_
7
4
R
4
+
9
4
R
4
_
= 4R
4
.
8
C06S0M.034: Set up a coordinate system with the axis of the cone lying on the y-axis and with a diameter
of the base of the cone lying on the x-axis. Now a horizontal slice of the cone at height y has radius given
by x =
1
2
(1 y); the units here are in feet. Therefore the work done in building the anthill is
W =
_
1
0
1
4
(150y)(1 y)
2
dy =

4
_
75
2
y
4
100y
3
+ 75y
2
_
1
0
=
25
8
9.82 (ftlb).
C06S0M.035: Set up a coordinate system in which the center of the earth is at the origin and the hole
extends upward along the vertical y-axis, with its top where y = R, the radius of the earth in feet. A 1-pound
weight at position y (0 y R) weighs y/R pounds, so the total work to lift the weight from y = 0 to
y = R is
W =
_
R
0
y
R
dy =
_
y
2
2R
_
R
0
=
R
2
=
3960 5280
2
= 10454400 (ftlb).
The assumption of constant density of the earth is required to draw the conclusion that the gravitational
force is proportional to the distance from the center of the earth.
C06S0M.036: Set up a coordinate system in which the center of the earth is at the origin and the hole
extends along the nonnegative y-axis from y = 0 to y = R = 3960 5280, the radius of the earth in feet.
Imagine a thin cylindrical horizontal slab of dirt (or basalt, or whatever) in the hole at distance y from the
center of the earth. As it moves from its initial position y to its nal position R, its weight varies: If it is at
position u, y u R, then its weight will be
(350)
_
u
R
_
du
where du denotes its thickness. The total work required to lift this slab from its initial position (u = y) to
the surface (u = R) is then
_
R
y
350
u
R
du = 350
_
u
2
2R
_
R
y
=
350
2R
_
R
2
y
2
_
.
Therefore the total work required to lift all the dirt (or basalt, or whatever) from the hole to the surface of
the earth is
W =
_
R
0
350
2R
_
R
2
y
2
_
dy =
350
2R
_
R
2
y
1
3
y
3
_
R
0
=
350R
2
3
1.6023407560 10
17
(ftlb).
It is intriguing to note that the answer may be written in the form
W =
_
R
0
_
_
R
y
350
u
R
du
_
dy.
C06S0M.037: If the coordinate system is chosen with the origin at the midpoint of the bottom of the dam
and with the x-axis horizontal, then the equation of the slanted edge of the dam is y = 2x 200 (with units
in feet). Therefore the width of the dam at level y is 2x = y + 200. Let = 62.4 be the density of water in
pounds per cubic foot. Then the total force on the dam is
F =
_
100
0
(100 y)(y + 200) dy =
_
20000y 50y
2

1
3
y
3
_
100
0
=
3500000
3
= 72800000 (lb).
9
C06S0M.038: The answer may be obtained from the answer to Problem 37 by multiplying the latter by
sec 30

: The force is 2/

3 times as great, or approximately 8.4062199194 10

7
pounds. The analytical
approach here is to introduce the additional factor sec(/6) into the integral in the solution of Problem 37,
but because this factor is a constant, one may as well simply multiply the answer by the same factor.
C06S0M.039: The volume of the solid is
V =
_
c
0
2
_
y +
1
c
_
2
c

y dy =
4
c

_
2
5
y
5/2
+
2
3c
y
3/2
_
c
0
= 8
_
1
5
c
3/2
+
1
3
c
1/2
_
.
It is clear that there is no maximum volume, because V + as c 0
+
. But V + as c + as
well, so there is a minimum volume; V

(c) = 0 when c =
1
3

5, so this value of c minimizes V .

C06S0M.040: Here we have
1 +
_
dy
dx
_
2
=
_
x
4
+
1
4x
4
_
2
.
Therefore
L =
_
2
1
_
x
4
+
1
4x
4
_
dx =
3011
480
,
M
y
=
_
2
1
_
x
5
+
1
4x
3
_
dx =
339
32
, and
M
x
=
_
2
1
_
1
5
x
5
+
1
12x
3
_

_
x
4
+
1
4x
4
_
dx =
_
2
1
_
x
9
5
+
x
20
+
x
12
+
1
48x
7
_
dx
=
_
x
10
50
+
x
2
40
+
x
2
24

1
288x
6
_
2
1
=
1057967
51200
= 20.66341796875.
Therefore
x =
M
y
L
=
5085
3011
1.68880770508 and y =
M
x
L
=
3173901
963520
3.294 6862388.
C06S0M.041: Here,
L =
_
2
1
1
2
(y
3
+y
3
) dy =
33
16
,
M
y
=
_
2
1
1
2

_
1
8
y
4
+
1
4
y
2
_
(y
3
+y
3
) dy =
1179
512
, and
M
x
=
_
2
1
1
2
(y
4
+y
2
) dy =
67
20
.
Therefore
x =
393
352
1.116477 and y =
268
165
1.624242.
C06S0M.042: First,
10
1 +
_
dy
dx
_
2
=
_
1
2
x
1/2
+
1
2
x
1/2
_
2
.
Therefore
L =
_
4
1
1
2
(x
1/2
+x
1/2
) dx =
10
3
,
M
y
=
_
4
1
1
2
(x
3/2
+x
1/2
) dx =
128
15
, and
M
x
=
_
4
1
1
2

_
1
3
x
3/2
x
1/2
_
(x
1/2
+x
1/2
) dx =
1
2
.
Therefore
x =
128
15

3
10
=
64
25
and y =
1
2

3
10
=
3
20
.
C06S0M.043: To begin with,
1 +
_
dx
dy
_
2
=
_
1
2
y
1/3
+
1
2
y
1/3
_
2
;
it follows that the length of the curve is L =
63
8
. Next,
M
y
=
_
8
1
3
8

1
2
(y
4/3
2y
2/3
) (y
1/3
+y
1/3
) dy =
999
128
= 7.8046875 and
M
x
=
_
8
1
1
2
(y
4/3
+y
2/3
) dy =
1278
35
36.51428571.
Therefore
x =
111
112
0.991071427 and y =
1136
245
4.636734694.
C06S0M.044: The two curves meet at (0, 0) and at (1, 1). So
A =
_
1
0
(2x x
2
x
3
) dx =
5
12
,
M
y
=
_
1
0
(2x
2
x
3
x
4
) dx =
13
60
, and
M
x
=
_
1
0
1
2
(2x x
2
x
3
)
2
dx =
41
210
.
Therefore
x =
13
25
= 0.52 and y =
82
175
0.4685714286.
11
C06S0M.045: The curves meet at (2, 1), at (0, 0), and at (2, 1). It follows that y = 0 by symmetry and
that we may compute x by using only the upper half of the gure. In that case we have
A =
_
1
0
(y
2
+ 1 2y
4
) dy =
14
15
and
M
y
=
_
1
0
1
2
_
(y
2
+ 1)
2
(2y
4
)
2

dy =
32
45
.
Therefore x =
16
21
0.7619047619.
C06S0M.046: Given a triangle in the plane, set up a coordinate system in such a way that the lowest
vertex of the triangle is at the origin, there is a vertex in the rst quadrant at (a, b), and a vertex in the
second quadrant at (a, c). Thus the y-axis passes through the midpoint of the side opposite the vertex at
the origin, and hence a median of the triangle lies on the y-axis. We will show that the y-coordinate of the
centroid also lies on the y-axis. Then, by rotating the triangle to plane the other two vertices at the origin
in a similar way, we may conclude that y lies on all three medians. Then interchange the roles of x and y to
conclude that x lies on the intersection of the medians as well.
The left side of the triangle has equation y = h(x) = cx/a, the right side has equation y = g(x) = bx/a,
and the top side has equation
y = f(x) = b +
b c
2a
(x a).
Hence the moment of the triangle with respect to the y-axis is M
x
= M
L
+ M
R
where M
L
denotes its
moment to the left of the y-axis and M
R
its moment to the right. Now
M
R
=
_
a
0
_
bx +
b c
2a
x
2

b c
2
x
b
a
x
2
_
dx
=
_
1
2
bx
2
+
b c
6a
x
3

b c
4
x
2

b
3a
x
3
_
a
0
=
1
2
ba
2
+
b c
6
a
2

b c
4
a
2

b
3
a
2
=
6b + 2b 2c 3b + 3c 4b
12
a
2
=
b +c
12
a
2
.
Moreover,
M
L
=
_
0
a
_
bx +
b c
2a
x
2

b c
2
x +
c
a
x
2
_
dx = =
b +c
12
a
2
by extremely similar computations. Thus the triangle balances on the y-axis, and therefore y = 0. In light
of the opening remarks, this completes the proof.
C06S0M.047: 2y
ab
2
=
4
3
ab
2
, and it follows that y =
4b
3
.
C06S0M.048: Note that x = y. The area of the quarter ring is
A =
1
4
(b
2
a
2
) =

4
(b
2
a
2
),
and the volume generated by rotating it around the x-axis is
V =
2
3
b
3

2
3
a
3
.
12
Therefore V =
2
3
(b
3
a
3
) = (2y)

4
(b
2
a
2
).
Part (a): Consequently
y =
2
3
(b
3
a
3
)
1
2

2
(b
2
a
2
)
=
4(b
2
+ab +a
2
)
3(b +a)
= x.
Part (b): lim
ba
x =
12a
2
(3)(2a)
=
2a

= lim
ba
y.
C06S0M.049: (a) The area A of the triangle T can be computed in several ways; we chose the most direct
which, elementary, is easy to do by hand. Let O denote the vertex of the triangle at (0, 0), C = C(c, 0),
A = A(a, 0), B = B(a, b), and D = D(c, d). Then A is the area of triangle OCD plus the area of trapezoid
CABD minus the area of triangle OAB:
A =
cd
2
+
(a c)(b +d)
2

ab
2
=
cd
2
+
ab
2
+
ad
2

bc
2

cd
2

ab
2
=
ad bc
2
.
(b) In Problem 46 we saw that the centroid of a triangle lies on the intersection of its medians. From
plane geometry we also know that the point of intersection is two-thirds of the way from any vertex to the
midpoint of the opposite side. The midpoint of L has y-coordinate (b +d)/2, and hence
y =
2
3

b +d
2
=
b +d
3
.
(c) V = 2yA = 2
b +d
3

ad bc
2
=
1
3
(b +d)(ad bc).
(d)
1
2
pw = A =
ad bc
2
, so p =
ad bc
w
.
(e) S = 2
b +d
2
w = w(b +d).
(f) V = 2yA = 2
b +d
3

1
2
pw = pw
b +d
3
=
1
3
pS.
C06S0M.050: Let n = 2k. Inscribe the 2k-gon with opposite vertices on the x-axis. Let T be one of the
triangles formed by a side of the polygon and two radii of the circle. The perpendicular from the origin to
the midpoint of the side of the polygon has length (in the notation of Problem 49)
p = r cos
_

k
_
.
By part (f) of Problem 49,
V =
1
3
_
r cos

k
_
S.
Now let k + and replace S with 4r
2
to obtain Archimedes result
V =
4
3
r
3
.
C06S0M.051: A Mathematica solution: First let f(x) = x
m
and g(x) = x
n
where m and n are positive
integers and n > m.
13
a = Integrate[ f[x] - g[x], { x, 0, 1 } ]
1
m+ 1

1
n + 1
area = a /. m 1
1
2

1
n + 1
Formulas (11) and (12) in the text give the moments
my = Integrate[ x(f[x] - g[x]), { x, 0, 1 } ];
mx = Integrate[ (1/2)*((f[x])2 - (g[x])2), { x, 0, 1 } ];
My = my /. m 1
n 1
3(n + 2)
Mx = mx /. m 1
1
3

1
2n + 1
2
Hence the centroid has coordinates
{ xc, yc } = { My/area, Mx/area } // Simplify
{
(n + 1)
3(n + 2)
,
2(n + 1)
3(2n + 1)
}
Limit[ { xc, yc }, n Infinity ]
{
2
3
,
1
3
}
Obviously this is the centroid of the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (1, 0), and (1, 1)which the area of the
region bounded by the graphs of f and g exhausts as n +.
C06S0M.052: By Example 1 in Section 6.6, the semicircular disk has area and centroid
a1 = 9Pi/2;
c1 = { 0, 4/Pi };
Hence its moment with respect to the x-axis is
mx1 = a1c1[[2]]
18
(Recall that the Mathematica command list[[n]] extracts the nth entry from the k-dimensional array
list = { a1, a2, a3, . . . , ak }.)
The square are area and centroid
a2 = 4;
14
c2 = { 0, 1 };
so its moment with respect to the x-axis is
mx2 = a2c2[[2]]
4
Therefore the region R has area and x-moment
a = a1 + a2
4 +
9
2
mx = mx1 + mx2
14
So the y-coordinate of its centroid is
yc - mx/a // Simplify
28
8 + 9
A numerical approximation to this result is
N[yc]
0.771896
The radius of revolution around the line y = 4 is
r = 4 + yc // Together
12(5 + 3)
8 + 9
So the volume of revolution is
v = 2Pira // Simplify
12(3 + 5)
15