Name_________________________________________________ Date _____/_____/_____ Period _______ UNIT: Matter and Measurement Lesson 1: Analyzing Data Standard: SCSh5.

Students will demonstrate the computation and estimation skills necessary for analyzing data and developing reasonable scientific explanations. b. Consider the possible effects of measurement errors on calculations. c. Recognize the relationship between accuracy and precision. d. Express appropriate numbers of significant figures for calculated data, using scientific notation where appropriate. e. Solve scientific problems by substituting quantitative values, using dimensional analysis and/or simple algebraic formulas as appropriate. NOTES/OUTLINE Data Collection Types of Data: Qualitative: data in words/descriptions Quantitative: numerical data

(shape, color, texture, function, smell, hardness) (mass, volume, density, temperature, time, speed, weight)

Measuring Data: Standard (English) system- only used in the United States (feet, gallons, miles, inches, etc) SI Units (Systme Internationale dUnits)- an international system of units that is standard for scientists around the world. Why is having an international system of units important?

SI Base Units- a unit that is based on an object or event in the physical world. These are the most commonly used unit

Mass vs. WeightMass is the measurement of the amount of matter of an object. Weight is a measurement of the effect of Earths gravitational pull on matter. Weight is a force determined by the magnitude of the gravitational force.

Name_________________________________________________ Date _____/_____/_____ Period _______

Temperature Measurements Temperature can be measured in one of three units. Fahrenheit- Used in the United States to measure temperature Celsius- Used in most of the rest of the world to measure temperature Kelvin- the SI unit for temperature (0K represents the temperature where molecular motion stops)

Temperature Conversions

F to C C to F C to K K to C

(F 32) 1.8 (C x 1.8) + 32 C + 273 K - 273

SI Prefix Conversions The SI (metric) system is based on powers of 10. Moving a decimal place is the same as multiplying or dividing by 10. Partial List of Prefixes

Name_________________________________________________ Date _____/_____/_____ Period _______

Derived Units- a combination of base units Volume- the space occupied by an object a. Solids- length x width x height Unit is cm3 or m3 b. Liquids are measured in L (liters) or mL (milliliters) 1cm3 = 1 mL also a cc (dosage in medicine)

Density- a physical property of matter that is defined as the mass per unit volume D= m/V (D= mV)

Solids: g/cm3 Liquids/Gases: g/mL

REMINDER: How do we find the mass of an object?

How do we can we find the volume of a regular solid?

Name_________________________________________________ Date _____/_____/_____ Period _______

Irregular Solids- How to find Volume and Density using Displacement The volume of an irregularly shaped object can be easily determined using water displacement. A graduated cylinder is set up with a known volume of water. The object is placed in the cylinder and the new volume is read. Subtract the original volume of water from the final volume to determine the volume of the object.

To obtain the objects density, divide the mass of the object by the volume determined in the previous step.

Example: The object above has a mass of 20 grams. Based on the diagram, determine the volume of the object and its density.

Scientific Notation- A way to shorten numbers based on significant digits.

M x 10n
M is the coefficient (must be written so that only one digit is to the left of the decimal) n is the exponent (it represents the number of places the decimal has been moved) n is positive if the original number was greater than one (200 = 2 x 10 3) n is negative if the original number was less than one (0.002= 2x10 -3) How to take numbers out of Scientific Notation -Look at the exponent. If the exponent is positive, move to the right. If the exponent is negative, move to the left.

Uncertainty in Data: Accuracy and Precision Accuracy- how close a measurement is to an accepted value (how correct the measurement is) Precision- how close a series of measurements are to one another (consistency in your measurements)

Name_________________________________________________ Date _____/_____/_____ Period _______

Percent Error: The percentage of error in your measurement as compared to the accepted value. = (experimental value- accepted value) accepted value x 100

Significant Figures- all known digits plus one estimated digit RULES: Nonzero digits are always significant (312 has THREE significant digits.) Zeros between nonzero digits are significant. (3003 has FOUR) Zeros to the right of the decimal AND at the end of the number are significant. (52.70 has FOUR) Zeros to the right of a nonzero number and to the left of a decimal are significant. (400. has THREE) Placeholders are NEVER significant. (500 only has ONE and 0.002 only has ONE) (see page 51 in text for more help with the rules) Rounding with Significant Figures Addition/SubtractionThe answer can have as many digits to the right of the decimal as the part of the problem with the fewest digits to the right of the decimal.

Name_________________________________________________ Date _____/_____/_____ Period _______

Multiplication/ DivisionThe answer can have as many significant digits as the measurement with the fewest number of significant digits.

Unit 1 Classificationof MatterandMeasurement Part B: Classification Properties of Matter Matter- Anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter can be natural or synthesized by humans. Pure Substance- matter that has a definite and uniform composition (also called chemicals)

Liquids-

Chemistry focuses on the composition of substances Definite volume and how they interact with one another.

Indefinite shape-Takes shape of

States of Mattercontainer matter on earth is classified into one of three are physical forms called states of matter Particles not packed tightly together

(allows liquids to take the shape of the container and be fluid) Virtually Incompressible

Name_________________________________________________ Date _____/_____/_____ Period _______ SolidsDefinite shape Definite volume Particles are tightly packed Incompressible Vibrational motion (little particle energy) GasesIndefinite shape- takes shape of container Indefinite volume Particles are spread far apart (allows gases to take the shape of the container and be fluid) Particles have a lot of motion (energy) Compressible due to space between molecules Vapor- the gaseous state of a substance that is solid or liquid at room temperature

Physical Properties - characteristics that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance - Examples: density, color, hardness, melting point, boiling point Extensive properties- dependent on the amount of substance present (mass, length, volume) Intensive properties- independent on the amount of substance present (density, color, melting point, boiling point) Chemical Properties -the ability of a substance to combine with or change into one or more other substances these are not obvious unless the substance has changed composition as a result of its contact with other substances Ex. The ability of iron to form rust when in contact with oxygen is a chemical property of the iron. Every substance has its own unique set of chemical and physical properties. Changes in Matter Physical ChangesA change in a substance that does not change its identity Ex. Cutting, breaking, All phase (state) changes Phase changes- the transition of matter from one state to another Melting- S to L Freezing- L to S

Name_________________________________________________ Date _____/_____/_____ Period _______