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Although it would be great to have a single, worldwide standard for 3G, differing
engineering philosophies and (mostly) politics have kept this admirable objective from
being realized. Interestingly, though, the other major implementation of 3G, CDMA2000,
isn't all that different from UMTS. Both, after all, are based on Code-Division Multiple-
Access (CDMA), which is a fascinating if somewhat counterintuitive technology and
certainly the most important in cellular today.
Now, suppose we pick the codes that are orthogonal to one another, meaning that two
properly designed orthogonal codes can actually exist in the same spectrum at the same
time and not -- really! -- interfere with each other. We'd give one code to one user and
another to a second user and so on, and then, assuming everyone transmits at the same
power level relative to one another so that no one station drowns out the others – voila,
the multiple-access technique CDMA.
CDMA2000 (you can, by the way, find a lot of information on this subject at
http://www.cdg.org/), while basically the same in concept as UMTS, has one very
important difference from UMTS -- it is designed to operate in a 1.25 MHz channel, the
same as is used in the 2G CDMA standard, which is known as IS-95. This means that
carriers need not rearrange their spectrum as the GSM community has had to do, and the
rollout of CDMA is thus quite nondisruptive to the carriers' existing operations. There is,
by the way, a 5 MHz version of CDMA2000, but it seems unlikely that this technology
will be available anytime soon.
That's because, though more spectrum is always better in terms of capacity and
throughput (the key drivers behind 3G to begin with), CDMA2000 operators (primarily
Sprint and Verizon Wireless in the U.S.) are doing just fine with what's available today.
The key CDMA2000 technology is called 1XRTT, and it's a replacement for IS-95,
featuring improved spectral efficiency and higher data rates (40-60 Kbps is typical). But
CDMA2000 also includes technology called 1xEV-DO, which stands for 1x Evolution,
Data-Optimized (or Data-Only). The "x," by the way, is the number of individual radio
carriers in the channel; the 5 MHz version of CDMA is called 3XRTT.
EV-DO (often just called "dee-oh") is very important because it allows downlink data
rates of (in theory) up to 2.4 Mbps in the current Release 0. A new version of DO, Rev A,
will be available next year, boosting downlink throughput to 3.1 Mbps and uplink speeds
up to 1.8 Mbps. As always, realizable throughput will vary -- I assume you'll see no more
than a third of these numbers, and usually a lot less. The carriers can't and won't
guarantee throughput because they have no control over prevailing radio conditions, user
traffic types and loads, network latency, and the many other factors that ultimately
determine effective data rates.
There is a noticeable gap between HSDPA's peak of 14.4 Mbps and the 3.1 Mbps of EV-
DO Rev A, and WiMAX's peak of about 75 Mbps. Not to be outdone, the CDMA2000
community has announced EV-DO (the "1x" is now gone) Rev B, which promises 73.5
Mbps peak downlink speeds via the aggregation of 15 1.25 MHz channels into a 20 MHz
Rev B channel -- the same amount of spectrum WiMAX uses, and with similar results. A
pre-emptive strike against WiMAX, or a service we'll probably have in a few years? It's
too early to tell. Nevertheless, these numbers are amazing considering the 2.4 Kbps
barely available when I started working wireless just 15 years ago.
Push to talk
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
GSM (2G)
• GPRS
• EDGE (EGPRS)
o EDGE Evolution
• CSD
o HSCSD
UMTS (3G)
• HSPA
o HSDPA
o HSUPA
o HSPA+
• UMTS-TDD
o TD-CDMA
o TD-SCDMA
• FOMA
UMTS Rev. 8 (Pre-4G)
• LTE
cdmaOne (2G)
CDMA2000 (3G)
• EV-DO
UMB (Pre-4G)
AMPS Family
AMPS (1G)
• TACS / ETACS
D-AMPS (2G)
Other Technologies
Pre Cellular
• PTT
• MTS
• IMTS
• AMTS
• OLT
• MTD
• Autotel / PALM
• ARP
1G
• NMT
• Hicap
• CDPD
• Mobitex
• DataTAC
2G
• iDEN
• PDC
• CSD
• PHS
• WiDEN
Pre-4G
• iBurst
• HIPERMAN
• WiMAX
• WiBro
• GAN (UMA)
• FDMA
o OFDMA
• TDMA
• SSMA
o CDMA
Frequency bands
• Cellular
o GSM
o UMTS
o PCS
• SMR
Contents
[hide]
• 4 References
More recently, the PTT concept has been adopted by cellphone carriers as a way to
instantaneously send transmissions to other users on the system, emulating walkie-talkie
communications on a mobile phone network.
Push-to-talk calls are half duplex communications — while one person speaks, the
other(s) listen(s). Traditional mobile phone networks and devices utilize full-duplex
communications, allowing customers to call other persons on a mobile or land-line
network and be able to simultaneously talk and hear the other party. Such
communications require a connection to be started by dialing a phone number and the
other party answering the call, and the connection remains active until either party ends
the call or the connection is dropped due to signal loss or a network outage. Such a
system does not allow for casual transmissions to be sent to other parties on the network
without first dialing them up, as is provided by two-way radios. Full-duplex operation on
mobile phone networks is made possible by using separate frequencies for transmission
and reception.
Mobile Push-to-Talk service, offered by some mobile carriers, adds functionality for
individual half-duplex transmissions to be sent to another party on the system without
needing an existing connection to be already established. Since the system is half-duplex
(utilizing a single frequency), only one user can transmit by PTT at a time; the other party
is unable to transmit until the transmitting user unkeys their PTT button. Currently, PTT
service is supported only between parties on the same mobile carrier service, and users
with different carriers will be unable to transmit to each other by PTT. However, the
advancement of this service will likely bring interconnectivity of PTT traffic between
different networks in the near future.
When used with GSM and CDMA networks, the PTT service commonly does not use up
the regular airtime minutes that are available for general voice calls.
Nextel Communications introduced mobile push-to-talk in August 1993 using iDEN. The
first system was turned on in Los Angeles with 134 sites and a capacity for 50,000
dispatch subscribers. The "MOTO Talk" feature by Nextel (called Beep-beep or chirp by
teenagers[citation needed]) includes both on- and off-iDEN network walkie-talkie service for
newer Motorola phone models. The off-iDEN-network handset-to-handset Direct-Talk
feature works for a radius of up to six miles.
The Mobile Tornado, Motorola, Nokia, Ericsson, Siemens, Sonim, Wireless Technologies
Finland, Wireless ZT, Clarity, etc. versions of PTT are based on 2.5G or 3G packet-
switched networks and use SIP and RTP protocols. These particular versions of PTT are
called Push to Talk over Cellular, which is abbreviated PoC.
The Open Mobile Alliance is defining PoC as part of the IP Multimedia Subsystem, and a
first version of OMA PoC standard was finalized in first half of 2005. There are few full-
fledged commercial deployments of OMA PoC. It is very unclear whether OMA PoC will
be seriously launched in the European market.
Brazil - Claro
Canada Aliant, Bell Mobility, NorthernTel, SaskTel Mobility (known as 10-4 service -
compatible with Sprint PCS ReadyLink[1])
Cyprus - Areeba
Europe - Orange
Finland - Saunalahti
Germany - Talk-IP
Guatemala
India - Vodafone, Airtel, Idea, Tata Indicom Currently under dispute in the country. Not
provided by any provider.
Italy - TIM
Mexico - Telcel
Nigeria - Visafone
Paraguay - Personal
Russia - MegaFon
United Kingdom - Orange (Branded as "Talk now"), In UK, Push To Talk UK Ltd
launched its YouPoC Service, specifically aimed at helping businesses and enterprises get
the most out of wide area one to many communications: goto www.youpoc.net [1])
• IP Multimedia Subsystem
• IMPS
Reliance
3G CDMA2000
Third Generation (3G) is the term used to describe the latest generation of mobile
services which provide advanced voice communications and high-speed data
connectivity, including access to the Internet, mobile data applications and multimedia
content. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), working with industry
standards bodies from around the world, has defined the technical requirements and
standards as well as the use of spectrum for 3G systems under the IMT-2000
(International Mobile Telecommunications-2000) program.
The ITU requires that IMT-2000 (3G) networks, among other capabilities, deliver
improved system capacity and spectrum efficiency over 2G systems and that they support
data services at minimum transmission rates of 144 kbps in mobile (outdoor) and 2 Mbps
in fixed (indoor) environments.
Based on these requirements, in 1999 the ITU approved five radio interface modes for
IMT-2000 standards (Recommendation 1457). Three of the five approved standards
(CDMA2000® , TD-SCDMA, WCDMA) are based on CDMA. CDMA2000 is also
known by its ITU name, IMT-2000 CDMA Multi-Carrier (MC).
The world's first 3G commercial system was launched by SK Telecom (South Korea) in
October 2000 using CDMA2000 1X. By the end of 2006 there will be more than 430
million 3G users across all six continents, In Korea, Japan and North America there are
already more 3G users than 2G subscribers, and globally the number of 3G subscribers is
expected to surpass 2G in 2011, ten years since 3G’s inception and 5 years less than it
took 2G to surpass 1G.
CDMA2000 Technologies
• CDMA2000 1X
• CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Technologies
o CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rel 0
o CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev A
o CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Rev B
• Ultra Mobile Broadband - UMB
CDMA2000 Advantages
3G Keywords
:: 2G (Second Generation)
:: 2.5G (Interim GSM Generation before 3G, after 2G - GPRS)
:: GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
:: 3G (Third Generation)
:: IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000)
:: UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephony System)
:: CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)
:: W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA)
:: FOMA (Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access)
:: cdma2000
License Costs
Country Issue Date In Billions Per Capita
Finland 3/99 0 0
Spain 3/00 0.5 11.2
Britain 4/00 35.4 594.2
Japan 6/00 0 0
Netherland 7/00 2.5 158.9
Germany 8/00 46.1 566.9
Italy 10/00 10 174.2
Austria 11/00 0.7 86
Norway 11/00 0.9 20.5
S. Korea 12/00 3.3 69.6
Australia 3/01 1.2 30.3
Singapore 4/01 0.2 42.6
:: 3G Overview
:: 3G Defined
3G (Third Generation) is a generic name for a set of mobile technologies set to be launched by
the end of 2001 which use a host of high-tech infrastructure networks, handsets, base stations,
switches and other equipment to allow mobiles to offer high-speed Internet access, data, video
and CD-quality music services.
:: 2G/2.5G Defined
GSM for example is a 2G technology. It uses TDMA technology, proving data speeds of
9.6kbps/14.4kbps. The packet radio upgrade to GSM, called GPRS, can have speeds of up to
114kbps. GPRS an interim technology towards 3G, and hence is known as 2.5G. GSM might go
the same way as the older first generation (1G) NMT and AMPS networks in 8-15 years because
of the use of newer and better UMTS technology (More on GSM) ; (More on GPRS)
Current 2G services using the original CDMA "IS-95" technology are know as cdmaOne. 3G
services will use new high-speed versions of CDMA called W-CDMA, or its competing technology,
cdma2000. (More on CDMA)
IMT-2000
In all, these technologies fall under the ITUs generic name of IMT-2000 (International Mobile
Telecommunications 2000). But when the ITU tried to unify and standardise 3G technologies, no
consensus was reached. There were thus five terrestrial standards developed as part of the IMT-
2000 program. Instead, depending on where in the world 3G will be implemented, the 3G standard
will be based on CDMA variants cdma2000 or W-CDMA.
UMTS (W-CDMA)
In Europe, 3G W-CDMA networks are known as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telephony System)
another name for w-CDMA/3G services. Governments in the region held UMTS auctions for 3G
licences netting $108 billion in 2000.
FOMA (W-CDMA)
Japanese giant NTT DoCoMo Inc brand name for 3G services is FOMA (Freedom of Mobile
Multimedia Access). Based on the W-CDMA format, FOMA services for a limited number of users
is to begin at the end of May, with full commercial services due in October 2001.
That is why cddma2000 is considered slightly more technologically advanced than the competing
W-CDMA standard. CDMA2000 is not constrained to only the IMT band; it is defined to operate in
existing cellular and PCS spectrum as well as IMT spectrum, thereby maximizing flexibility for
operators. Cdma2000 is expected to be compatible with with CDMA and GSM/TDMA networks
so that GSM networks can "overlay" a cdma2000 network over their GSM networks.more
[more...]
More than 700 GSM mobile networks have been established in Europe, the North
America, South America, Iceland, Asia, Africa and Australasia up untill now, woven
together by international roaming agreements and a common bond called the
"Memorandum of Understanding" (MoU) which defines the GSM standards and the
different phases of its world-wide implementation.
• Nordic Telecom and Netherlands PTT propose to CEPT (Conference of European Post and
Telecommunications) the development of a new digital cellular standard that would cope with the ever a
burgeoning demands on European mobile networks.
• The European Commission (EC) issues a directive which requires member states to reserve frequencies in
the 900 MHz band for GSM to allow for roaming.
1986
1987
• September - 13 operators and administrators from 12 areas in the CEPT GSM advisory group sign the
charter GSM (Groupe Spéciale Mobile) MoU "Club" agreement, with a launch date of 1 July 1991.
• The original French name was later changed to Global System for Mobile Communications, but the
original GSM acronym stuck.
• GSM spec drafted.
1989
• The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) defined GSM as the internationally accepted
digital cellular telephony standard
• GSM becomes an ETSI technical committee
1990
1991
1992
1993
• GSM demonstrated for the first time in Africa at Telkom '93 in Cape Town
• Roaming agreements between several operators established
• December 1993 - 32 networks on air in 18 areas
• GSM World Congress Lisbon with 760 Participants
• Telkom '93 held in Cape Town. First GSM systems shown.
1994
1995
• GSM MoU is formally registered as an Association registered in Switzerland - 156 members from 86 areas.
• GSM World Congress Madrid with 1400 Participants
• December 1995 117 networks on air in 69 areas
• Fax, data and SMS roaming started
• GSM phase 2 standardization is completed, including adaptation for PCS 1900 (PCS)
• First PCS 1900 network live 'on air' in the USA
• Telecom '95 Geneva - Nokia shows 33.6 kbps multimedia data via GSM
• Namibia goes on-line
• Ericsson 337 wins GSM phone of the year
• US FCC auctions off PCS licenses
1996
1998
1999
2000
2001