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These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off during normal operation by manual command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short-circuit. Basically an electrical substation consists of No. of incoming circuits and outgoing circuits connected to a common Bus-bar systems. A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers elect. power via the outgoing transmission lines. Sub-station are integral parts of a power system and form important links between the generating station, transmission systems, distribution systems and the load points.
MAIN TASKS
Associated with major sub-stations in the transmission and distribution system include the following: 1. Protection of transmission system. 2. Controlling the Exchange of Energy. 3. Ensure steady State & Transient stability. 4. Load shedding and prevention of loss of synchronism. Maintaining the system frequency within targeted limits. 5. Voltage Control; reducing the reactive power flow by compensation of reactive power, tap-changing. 6. Securing the supply by proving adequate line capacity. 7. Data transmission via power line carrier for the purpose of network monitoring; control and protection. 8. Fault analysis and pin-pointing the cause and subsequent improvement in that area of field. 9. Determining the energy transfer through transmission lines. 10. Reliable supply by feeding the network at various points. 11. Establishment of economic load distribution and several associated functions.
TYPES OF SUBSTATION
The substations can be classified in several ways including the following : 1. Classification based on voltage levels, e.g. : A.C. Substation : EHV, HV, MV, LV; HVDC Substation. 2. Classification based on Outdoor or Indoor : Outdor substation is under open skv. Indoor substation is inside a building. 3. Classification based on configuration, e.g. :
4.
Conventional air insulated outdoor substation or SF6 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) Composite substations having combination of the above two
Classification based on application Step Up Substation : Associated with generating station as the generating voltage is low. Primary Grid Substation : Created at suitable load centre along Primary transmission lines. Secondary Substation : Along Secondary Transmission Line. Distribution Substation : Created where the transmission line voltage is Step Down to supply voltage. Bulk supply and industrial substation : Similar to distribution sub-station but created separately for each consumer. Mining Substation : Needs special design consideration because of extra precaution for safety needed in the operation of electric supply.
An important function performed by a substation is switching, which is the connecting and disconnecting of transmission lines or other components to and from the system. Switching events may be planned or unplanned. A transmission line or other component may need to be de-energized for maintenance or for new construction; for example, adding or removing a transmission line or a transformer. To maintain reliability of supply, no company ever brings down its whole system for maintenance. All work to be performed, from routine testing to adding entirely new substations, must be done while keeping the whole system running. Perhaps more importantly, a fault may develop in a transmission line or any other component. Some examples of this: a line is hit by lightning and develops an arc, or a tower is blown down by a high wind. The function of the substation is to isolate the faulted portion of the system in the shortest possible time. There are two main reasons: a fault tends to cause equipment damage; and it tends to destabilize the whole system. For example, a transmission line left in a faulted condition will eventually burn down, and similarly, a transformer left in a faulted condition will eventually blow up. While these are happening, the power drain makes the system more unstable. Disconnecting the faulted component, quickly, tends to minimize both of these problems.