Module No.

3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 2 - Engineering drawings

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UNITS IN THIS COURSE

UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 UNIT 5 UNIT 6 INDUSTRIAL DRAWINGS. ENGINEERING DRAWINGS. ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWINGS. ISOMETRIC DRAWINGS. P & ID SYMBOLS. DIMENSIONS AND SCALES.

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Module No. 3 : Basic Technical Drawings

Unit No. 2 - Engineering drawings

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Para 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 COURSE OBJECTIVES ENGINEERING DRAWINGS BLOCK DIAGRAMS PLOT PLANS PROCESS EQUIPMENT DRAWINGS 2.4.1 2.4.2 2.4.3 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Piping Diagrams Fluid Power Diagrams Electrical Diagrams Page 2 4 4 5 6 7 8 10 12 14 16 18 19 20 21

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS PIPING AND INSTRUMENT DIAGRAMS ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS SPECIAL DRAWINGS 2.8.1 2.8.2 2.8.3 Exploded Views Cutaways Sectional Views

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2.0

COURSE OBJECTIVES This course explains the reasons why industrial drawings are needed, and the different types of industrial drawings which are used. Other units in this course give more detailed information so that, on completion of the course, the student will be able to: Identify and explain the basic information given on industrial drawings, blueprints and engineering drawings. Recognise an orthographic drawing and be able to draw an object in orthographic views. Recognise an isometric drawing and be able to draw an object in isometric view. Identify and explain the reasons for exploded and assembly drawings. Recognise and explain the symbols used on piping and instrumentation diagrams. Take dimensions off a drawing and understand the use of scale drawings.

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2.1 ENGINEERING DRAWINGS

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There are a great many different types of engineering drawings. Each type has a specific purpose. Many of the different types of drawings are useful to operators. The different types of engineering drawings which will be shown in this unit are; Block Diagrams Plot Plans Process Equipment Drawings Process Flow Diagrams Piping and Instrument Diagrams Assembly Drawings Special Drawings.

Two specific types of engineering drawings, called orthographic drawings and isometric drawings, are described in Units 3 and 4 of this course. Note that engineering drawings may also be called 'diagrams' or 'plans'. 2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAMS Block diagrams are the first drawings you do when you plan a system. They must be completed before anything else can be decided about the system. All other drawings are based on the block diagrams. In block diagrams the components of the system and other important information are shown by a block (or rectangle) with writing in it. The blocks can show many different things, depending on the type of system they represent. Figure 4-9 shows a simple block diagram of an oil process. Block diagrams can give the following information;

The total amount of space needed for a system. The main components of a system.
o The

main direction of flow in a process.

The relative positions of the, parts in a system.

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Figure 2-1 Simple Block Diagram The block diagram can be used to see which part of the plant you are interested in. Then the key words in the block diagram can be used to get other drawings with that word in their titles. 2.3 PLOT PLANS Plot plans show a top view of existing equipment, main pipelines, control buildings and traffic ways. An example of a plot plan is shown in Figure 2-2. Plot plans are used when new buildings must be built or large equipment has to be installed. Their purpose is to help in planning where to put the new buildings or equipment. Plot plans are used to; Decide where new buildings or new equipment can go in an existing plant making the most economical use of existing utility supplies, piping and equipment. Show the best place for a new building or new equipment with respect to controls, traffic and transportation. Provide information about the distance between equipment and buildings.

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Figure 2-2 Example of a Plot Plan 2.4 PROCESS EQUIPMENT DRAWINGS Process equipment drawings (or diagrams) are drawings that provide information about the equipment used in a process plant. From these drawings an operator can learn where components are and how they are connected to each other. They also show the size of piping, the parts in hydraulic and pneumatic systems and the parts of electrical circuits. To get all this information we must study the three main types of process equipment drawings: Piping Diagrams which deal with valves, connections and the size of piping. Fluid Power Diagrams which show how hydraulic and pneumatic systems are arranged and what they do. Electrical Diagrams which show the arrangement of electrical circuits in a system.

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2.4.1

Piping Diagrams

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Piping is found in every area of a process plant. Therefore, piping diagrams are very useful for operators. Piping diagrams show how the flow of fluid is controlled in different parts of the plant, and how pipelines and pipe sections are connected together. There are two kinds of piping diagrams; single line piping diagrams which use one line to show the pipes, double line piping diagrams which use two lines to show the pipes.

Figure 2-3 shows a simple piping diagram as both single line and double line. The information given by the two diagrams is the same. he single line piping diagram is much simpler and cheaper to produce so it is used much more often. However, pipe sizes of 38 mm (1.5 in) diameter and smaller are always drawn in single line because a double line diagram for that size of pipe is impossible to draw.

Figure 2-3 Simple Piping Diagrams of the Same System

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2.4.2

Fluid Power Diagrams

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Fluid power diagrams represent and describe fluid power systems. A fluid power system is a piping circuit which carries fluid under controlled pressure to provide a source of power. The fluid can be either gas or liquid. Air is the most commonly used gas and a special type of oil (hydraulic oil) is the most commonly used liquid. There are three types of fluid power diagrams; 1. Cutaway Diagrams, which are double line drawings of a fluid power system. (These diagrams should not be confused with the cutaways as described in 'Special Drawings, paragraph 2.8.) Pictorial Diagrams, which are single line drawings which use pictures to represent the components. Schematic Diagrams, which use symbols and single lines to represent the parts of the system. Schematic diagrams are the most common type of fluid power diagrams. Figure 2-4 gives examples of the three types of fluid power diagrams.

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Figure 2-4 Three Types of Fluid Power Diagram

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2.4.3

Electrical Diagrams There are electrical circuits in almost every part of a process plant. The drawings which show the electrical circuits are called electrical diagrams. There are two major types of electrical drawings, examples of which are shown in Figure 2-5; 1. 1. Wiring Diagrams show where the components are in the circuit. Because of this, wiring diagrams are very useful for maintenance or repair work. Schematic Diagrams use single lines and symbols to show the components and their connections. These drawings are used to show the flow of current through the circuit. A schematic diagram helps you to see how an electrical system works.

The positions of contacts, circuit breakers, etc. shown on electrical schematic diagrams are almost always shown with the circuit de-energised. If the circuit is shown energised it will be clearly stated on the drawing. Both wiring diagrams and schematic diagrams show the components of an electrical circuit. The most common components are listed below. 1. 1. 1. Switches. These start, stop, or change the flow of electricity in a circuit. Power sources. These can be transmission lines from the power company, generators, or batteries. Loads. These are the components which actually use the electricity supplied by the circuit; for example, motors and heaters. There are many different kinds of loads. Coils, Inductors and Transformers. These are components used to make changes in electrical power using electromagnetism. Fuses, Circuit Breakers and Ground Connections (earth connections). These are devices used to protect electrical systems. Resistors. These are used to control the voltage or the current in an electrical circuit. Contacts. These are used to join two or more components in an electrical circuit.

1. 1. 1. 1.

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Figure 2-5 Examples of Electrical Drawings

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2.5

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS

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Process Flow Diagrams (often called PFD) show the operator how process fluids flow through different areas of the plant. They provide important information about; The normal operating conditions. They show thing like temperature, level, pressure and flow in each part of the plant and at each stage in the process. The main instruments used in each part of the plant, and where they are located. The type of equipment and piping used in each step of the process. The utilities used in the different stages of operation in the plant. Process flow diagrams provide information about what happens in each stage of a process. Because of this, they are useful when you need to change operating conditions. They also help prevent accidents by showing critical flow control points. Process flow diagrams must include information on; Vessels, Heat Exchangers, Pumps and Compressors, Heaters, Instruments, Valves, Piping. There are three main types of process flow diagram; Process Flow Sheets, Mechanical Flow Diagrams, Utility Flow Diagrams.

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Mechanical flow diagrams and utility flow diagrams are more usually called 'Piping Page 26/21

and Instrument Diagrams'; shortened to P & ID. These types of drawings are described separately in Paragraph 2.7 in this Unit. Process flow sheets show the main stages in a process. They show all major equipment and piping. They also give temperatures, pressures and other operational information at critical points in the process. They show how material moves through a process. Because they include only the main pieces of equipment, these drawings are easy to read and to understand. You will learn the symbols for equipment later in this course. Figure 2-6 shows an example of a process flow sheet for the depropanizing stage of a refining process.

Figure 2-6 Example of a Process Flow Diagram

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2.6

PIPING AND INSTRUMENT DIAGRAMS

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Piping and Instrument Diagrams (P & ID) give more detail than process flow sheets. They give information on; Sizes and types of piping used (manufacturers provide schedules of specifications for pipes). Operating conditions at every step of the process. All the equipment used, not just the main components. All the instruments used. Piping and instrument diagrams are also called mechanical flow diagrams and utility flow diagrams. The difference between the two types of drawings is that mechanical flow sheets show the main equipment of the process. Utility flow sheets show the utility services such as air, water, steam, drains, etc. which are supplied to the process. Examples of piping and instrument diagrams are shown in Figures 2-7 and 2-8. Compare the detail on these to the process flow diagram shown in Figure 2-6.

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Figure 2-7 Example of a Piping and Instrument Diagram (Mechanical Flow Diagram) Because of the detail shown on them, piping and instrument diagrams use a lot of symbols and abbreviations to save space on the drawing. There are a great many symbols and abbreviations which you will learn with practice. Every set of drawings has a list of the symbols and abbreviations used. You should always get a copy of this list to help you understand the drawings. It will also help you learn the symbols. Because there are so many symbols on a P & ID, many of the symbols are almost the same. Make sure you read the symbols correctly and understand what they mean. You will learn the symbols for instruments later in this course.

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Figure 2-8 Example of a Piping and Instrument Diagram (Utility Flow Diagram) 2.7 ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS Assembly drawings show how the different parts of a piece of equipment are put together (assembled) to make a complete unit. They show where each part goes in relation to other parts.

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Figure 2-9 Two Types of Assembly Drawing

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2.8

SPECIAL DRAWINGS

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The following types of drawings can be classified as 'special' drawings; Exploded views, Cutaways, Sectional views.

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2.8.1

Exploded Views Figure 2-10 shows an exploded view. As the name suggests, the parts of a component are 'exploded' (separated) to show how they fit together. There are guidelines in the drawing to make sure that all the parts are shown in their correct positions.

Figure 2-10 An Exploded View

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2.8.2

Cutaways

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Figure 2-11 shows an example of a cutaway drawing. The drawing is produced in either isometric view or perspective view. Usually one quarter of the outer casing of the equipment is removed to show what is inside. The amount of casing removed on the drawing can vary.

Figure 2-11 Cutaway Drawing

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2.8.3 Sectional Views

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Figure 2-12 shows an example of a sectional view of a valve. The separate parts which make up the valve are shown with different hatch markings. A sectional view can be used as an assembly drawing. Sometimes only half of the piece of equipment is shown in sectional view. The other half is an external view. The centre line of the equipment is used to divide the drawing into these two halves.

Figure 2-12 Sectional View

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