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Self-extracting files for most widely used vendor specific models are available for all PSSE releases from 29 to 32. Models of Acciona, Enercon, GE wind turbines, and the WT3 and WT4 user written generic model can be directly downloaded, others will be provided upon manufacturers authorization. All communications related to downloading the PSSE wind models have to go via the PSSE support.
Your request to download PSSE Wind Farm models has been submitted. You will receive an email from PSSE Support with further instructions.
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2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved. Siemens Power Technologies International
2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved. 2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved.
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The user is responsible for aggregating the actual wind turbines into equivalent machines. For N lumped machines, the output of the equivalent machine cannot exceed N times the rated output of the individual units. The power factor correction shunt capacitors must be added (if available) and connected to the terminals of the equivalent machine by the user. For example, for the original Vestas V80 machine, the total compensation available is 12 capacitors of 72 kVAr each. After compensation, the reactive power flow from the terminal bus to the system should be in the range of +40/-40 kVAr per machine.
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The user prepares a dynamic input data file by following the example files included in the modeling package documentation. All vendor specific models are provided in the format of users written (defined) models. The dynamic simulation models implemented by Siemens PTI are self-initializing, as with all other PSSE simulation models.
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The following additional data items, appended to the end of the record, are specified for wind machines: 0 if this is not a wind machine (this is the default value). 1 if this is a wind machine which participates in voltage control, with the values of QT and QB on the data record specifying the machines reactive power limits. 2 if this is a wind machine which participates in voltage
control, with the specified power factor (see below) and the machines active power setting (PG on the data record) used to set the machines reactive power limits.
3 if this is a wind machine which operates at a fixed power,
with the machines reactive power output and reactive power upper and lower limits all equal, and set based on the specified power factor (see below) and the machines active power setting (PG on the data record).
Power factor: ignored if the wind control mode is 0 is used in setting the machines reactive power limits when the wind control mode is 2 or 3 negative value may be specified when the wind control mode is 3, and is interpreted as a leading power factor (i.e., the wind machine produces active power and absorbs reactive power).
2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved. Siemens Power Technologies International
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New variables of two categories have been added to support the wind models in PSSE: Variables accessible for users, e.g., model outputs Variables not accessible for users: primarily for model developers.
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2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved. Siemens Power Technologies International
Simulating Manufacturer Specific PSSE Wind Models using Python Module pssewindpy The idea is to allow for a quick and automatic model setup process for manufacturer specific wind generation models in order to help users in their familiarization with these models
2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved. 2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Module pssewindpy
Provides Python functions to simulate PSSE manufacturer specific wind models: Acciona AW15/AW30, Fuhrlaender FL2500, GE 1.5/2.5/3.6 MW, Mitsubishi MWT 92/95/100, Mitsubishi MPS1000A, Vestas V47/V80/V82/NM72, Generic WT3. Provides demo Python functions to simulate these models. Provides example Python scripts which can be edited/modified to select/specify desired wind model: To add a WTG to any PSSE load flow case To create WTG model dyre records (.dyr file created).
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Demo Simulation
5 bus demo test work Demo run python scripts: Add selected WTG, its GSU and other components if required (like fixed shunt, switched shunt etc.) Update the base case and base snapshot Simulate WTG response to bus fault or complex wind input (if applicable)
99971 BUSWTG
99972 COLLECTORBUS
99973 LVBUS
99974 HVBUS
99975 SWINGBUS G
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# Number of WTG Units # % dispatch, e.g. 100.0 for 100% # Shaft Model, =1 for Single, =2 for Double mass freq = 60 # Network base freq in Hz pssewindpy.wtg_init(psse version) cnvsavfile, snpfile = pssewindpy.wtg_demo_ge(wtg_mdl, wtg_units, pct_dispatch, wtg_mass, freq)
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Adding WTG model to PSSE Case (continued) Python function to create converted case and snapshot
-From base snapshot:
cnvsavfile, snpfile = pssewindpy.wtg_create_cnvsav_snp_files(chngpyfile, dyrfile, basesnpfile=bassnpfile, convertpyfile=None )
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Adding WTG model to PSSE Case (continued) Python function to add Voltage or Frequency protection model
pssewindpy.add_protection_relay(dyrfile, relaymdl, bus_mon, bus_gen, gen_id, threshold, t_pickup, t_breaker=0.08)
For Voltage protection, model names are: 'vtgdca', 'vtgtpa' For Frequency protection, model names are: 'frqdca', 'frqtpa
'vtgdca' -> Under Voltage / Over Voltage Bus Disconnection Relay 'vtgtpa' -> Under Voltage / Over Voltage Generator Disconnection Relay 'frqdca' -> Under Frequency / Over Frequency Bus Disconnection Relay 'frqtpa' -> Under Frequency / Over Frequency Generator Disconnection Relay
bus_mon = Bus number where voltage or frequency is monitored bus_gen = Bus number of generator bus where relay is located gen_id = Generator ID threshold= Voltage (pu) or Frequency (Hz) threshold (upper or lower threshold) t_pickup = Relay pickup time (sec) t_breaker= Breaker contact parting time (sec), default = 0.08 sec.
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The WT4 generic model includes the special entry for Siemens 2.3 MW wind turine. It was carefully parameterized jointly by Siemens PTI and Siemens Wind Power. We are planning to separate the Siemens wind turbine model as a separate standard model. Per SWPs request we have converted the WT4 generic model to earlier PSSE releases as a user written model. This is the example of parameterization of the WT4 generic model to match the response of the vendor specific model of the Siemens 2.3 MW wind turbine.
Oscillations in Pel from the vendor specific model cannot be replicated by the WT4 model because it does not take the machine dynamics into account
2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved. Siemens Power Technologies International
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Generic wind models as a basis for manufacturer specific models Some manufacturers approached us with the request to Try to parameterize the generic model in order to match their benchmark - Availability of the benchmark is a must! If testing with the adjusted parameters shows a significant mismatch add new features to the generic model and make a new vendor specific model
Example: for the Fuhrlaender 2.5 MW wind turbine model the active power up-ramping was added to the WT3
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Hot issues
2009 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved. 2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved.
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2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved. Siemens Power Technologies International
Terminal bus voltage angle is uncertain because the reference frame is lost: no machine flux dynamics for WT3 or PLL for WT4 Many planners use PSSE setups that include the so called Shut down model: it calculates a number of Network not converged (NNC) events and stops the simulation if it exceeds the given threshold, e.g. 6 NNCs.
2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved. Siemens Power Technologies International
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The existing model for GE WTs of 1.5 MW , 1.6, 3.6 MW (Type 3) and 2.5 MW (Type 4): two NNCs were observed when testing the 1.5 MW and 2.5 MW WTs, with 3-phase bolted fault applied to the POI bus 2 one at the fault inception, another at the instant of fault clearing The upcoming model for GE WTs of 1.5 MW, 1.6 MW (Type 3) and 2.5 MW, 2.75 MW, 4.0 MW (Type 4) no NNCs with SCR as low as 3.
s1
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Slide 30 s1
stykayu1, 6/30/2011
Frequency Events
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Test System
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Under sudden low frequency conditions, when load demand exceeds the generation, increase of the machine active power output by means of converting the rotor kinetic energy into the electrical energy is a sound response. For a conventional generation unit, the under-speed protection may shut it down.
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The GEWT (DFIG) vendor specific model: drop the GT unit, no Hydro governor
Great difference between the WT rotor speed and the system frequency. Note: the initial WT rotor speed is about 1.2 pu (72 Hz). For conventional machines, rotor speed follows the frequency. For DFIG it stays constant.
After the GT was dropped off, all the lost power was picked up by a Hydro. WTs power does not change.
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The GEWT (DFIG) vendor specific model: drop the GT unit, no Hydro governor; WindInertia enabled
WindInertia increased WTG Pelec by 4% at the expense of the rotor deceleration very different physics.
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Replace vendor specific GEWT (DFIG) model by generic WT3 model; drop GT unit; no hydro governor
Full Load
Partial load
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For under-frequency events, the system response shown by generic models is very close to one shown by vendor specific models. For under-frequency events, the system response shown by both models seems realistic Results from the field and from full order models are badly needed to verify the stability model performance
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PSS/E Implementation
Irradiance Model
Irradence Model
1.2
PV Panel Model
Converter Model
Rest of System
0.8 Irradence
0.6
0.4
0.2
Irrad (I)
1 2 3 4 5 Time 6 7 8 9 10
Pdc (I)
Voltage
PSS/E
IR, IQ
IrradU1
PANELU1
PVGU1, PVEU1
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Irradiance Model
Standard Model that allows user to vary the amount of solar irradiance. User enters up to ~10 data points (time(s), irradiance(W/m2)) as cons Initializes based on steady state P/Pmax For each time step, outputs linearized irradiance level
Irradence Model
1.2
0.8 Irradence
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5 Tim e 6 7 8 9 10
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PV Panel Model
Standard Model for a PV panels I-V curves PV panels output varies with Irradiance, temperature, terminal voltage (set by MPPT) User enters maximum Pdc (per unitized) for different irradiance levels as cons For each time step, reads irradiance level, outputs linearized power order
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Largely ignores dynamics from DC side. Different reactive control modes: Voltage control, PF control, Q control For each time step, outputs linearized irradiance level
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Overview
Introduction Importance of proper modeling of wind energy projects in system studies Wind Turbines Equipment Models Case Study - System Modeling Analysis Performed - Power Flow - Short Circuit - Transient Stability Conclusions
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Introduction
The US is geographically large Areas with rich wind resources US Department of Energy in 2008 estimated the wind generation that can be technically developed: 300 GW needed for a 20% wind scenario Estimates of the number of buses required to represent each wind turbine in detail in a load flow model would be 200,000 buses (average size of 3 MW) Computers of 2030 will likely have no problem doing the calculations Unlikely that the engineers will be overjoyed at the efforts required to validate, maintain, and perform studies with this vast amount of extra data.
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Group 1 2 3 4 5 Total
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Turbine Type 3 3 4 3 4 -
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Analysis Performed
Power Flow Determine flows on transmission lines and transformers and voltage profile - Voltage Control - Losses in the Collector System Short Circuit Analysis Wind Turbine Generators contribution on the system side Transient Stability Check synchronism after disturbances, damping of oscillations, and voltage recovery following fault clearing are adequate - Stability transfer Limit - Power System Oscillations - Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT)
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Power Flow
Steady State System Studies The similarity of both aggregate and detailed models in terms of wind farm responses to contingencies in the system is dependent on the accuracy of the equivalent model. From the system studies standpoint, an equivalent model is sufficient Optimal voltage control strategy A detailed model is desirable. It reflects the voltage profile variation along the feeders. Reactive power generated or absorbed. For the same terminal voltage setpoint, a WTG at the far end of a given feeder will not respond the same way as the ones closer to the collector bus.
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2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved. Siemens Power Technologies International
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Transient Stability
Stability simulations were performed for two contingencies involving 345 kV transmission lines in the area surrounding the POI: - Substation 1 to Substation 2, ckt 1 - POI to Substation 3, ckt 1 All contingencies simulated are three-phase faults cleared by line tripping with a total clearing time of 6 cycles
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Time (seconds)
238 - POWR 70461 TO 7046 CKT 1 : 720MW_CTG 1-2_EQV Model 4555 - POWR 70461 TO 7046 CKT 1 : 720MW_CTG 1-2_Detailed Model
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Time (seconds)
62 - VOLT 7046 [L_KENDAL345.00] : 212.5MW_CTG SB1 to SB2_EQV Model 62 - VOLT 7046 [L_KENDAL345.00] : 212.5MW_CTG SB1 to SB2_Detailed Model
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of the wind turbines to provide the necessary reactive support to restore the post contingency voltages inside the plant. Results indicates that, in marginally stable cases, it is essential to use the
Time (seconds)
2 38 - POWR 70 461 TO 7 046 CKT 1 : 72 0MW_ C TG POI to SB3_ EQV Model 4 555 - POWR 7 0461 TO 704 6 CKT 1 : 7 20MW_CTG POI to SB3 _Detailed Mode l
1.5
detailed model
WTG Terminal Voltages (pu)
A detailed model better takes into account the WTG responses along the feeders A higher voltage profile along the feeders may help prevent the turbine trips
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Time (seconds)
1733 - VOLT 61248 [G103 0.5750] : 720MW_CTG POI to SB3_Detailed Model 3369 - VOLT 62268 [K-61 0.5750] : 720MW_CTG POI to SB3_Detailed Model
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Conclusions
The case studies presented are useful in making decisions on the level of modeling needed to evaluate the wind farm performance. There is trade-off in accuracy versus complexity of wind park modeling Intent of aggregated model is to reflect the response of the wind farm as seen from the system For the majority of the steady state studies to evaluate the impact in the system of a given wind farm, an equivalent representation is sufficient For detailed steady state studies like the design of voltage control or reactive power strategies in the wind farm, a detailed model is desirable A detailed modeling effort is justified in stability studies, since the models must represent accurately the plant dynamics and its response, particularly for large wind farms in weak systems A detailed representation can lead to more realistic results, especially when the dynamic transfer capability is limited Obviously, in planning practice detailed layout and data are not available.
2011 Siemens Energy, Inc. All rights reserved. Siemens Power Technologies International
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