CHAPTER 3

VECTOR quantities: Vectors have magnitude and direction. Representations: (x, y) (r, !)
x

Two-Dimensional Motion and Vectors

(x, y)

Other vectors: velocity, acceleration, momentum, force

Vector Addition/Subtraction

Vector Components Cartesian components are projections along the xand y-axes Ax = A cos! Ay = A sin !

2nd vector begins at end of first vector Order doesnt matter

Vector addition

Vector subtraction

A B can be interpreted as A+(-B)

Going backwards,
2 2 A = Ax + Ay

and ! = tan "1

Ay Ax

Example 3.1a

Example 3.1b

The magnitude of (A-B) is :

The x-component of (A-B) is: a) <0 b) =0 c) >0

a) <0 b) =0 c) >0

Example 3.1c
The y-component of (A-B) > 0

Example 3.2 Alice and Bob carry a bottle of wine to a picnic site. Alice carries the bottle 5 miles due east, and Bob carries the bottle another 10 miles traveling 30 degrees north of east. Carol, who is bringing the glasses, takes a short cut and goes directly to the picnic site. How far did Carol walk? What was Carols direction?

a) <0 b) =0 c) >0

Carol

Bob

14.55 miles, at 20.10 degrees Alice

Arcsin, Arccos and Arctan: Watch out!

2-dim Motion: Velocity

v = "r / "t It is a vector (rate of change of position)

same sine

same cosine

same tangent

Trajectory Graphically,

Arcsin, Arccos and Arctan functions can yield wrong angles if x or y are negative.

Multiplying/Dividing Vectors by Scalars, e.g. "r/"t

Principles of 2-d Motion X- and Y-motion are independent Two separate 1-d problems To get trajectory (y vs. x) 1. Solve for x(t) and y(t) 2. Invert one Eq. to get t(x) 3. Insert t(x) into y(t) to get y(x)

Vector multiplied/divided by scalar is a vector Magnitude of new vector is magnitude of orginal vector multiplied/divided by |scalar| Direction of new vector same as original vector

Projectile Motion

Projectile Motion
Acceleration is constant

X-motion is at constant velocity ax=0, vx=constant Y-motion is at constant acceleration ay=-g

Note: we have ignored

air resistance rotation of earth (Coriolis force)

Pop and Drop Demo The Ballistic Cart

1. Write down x(t)

x = v0, x t

Finding Trajectory, y(x)

Example 3.3 v0
An airplane drops food to two starving hunters. The plane is flying at an altitude of 100 m and with a velocity of 40.0 m/s. How far ahead of the hunters should the plane release the food?

2. Write down y(t)

y = v0, yt !

1 2 gt 2

3. Invert x(t) to find t(x)

t = x / v0, x v0, y v0, x

4. Insert t(x) into y(t) to get y(x)

y=

x!

1 g 2 x 2 2 v0, x

Trajectory is parabolic

181 m

Example 3.4a v0 ! D h

Example 3.4b v0 ! D h

The Y-component of v at A a) b) c)

is : <0 0 >0

The Y-component of v at B is a) <0 b) 0 c) >0

Example 3.4c v0 ! D h

Example 3.4d v0 ! D h

The Y-component of v at C is: a) <0 b) 0 c) >0

The speed is greatest at: a) b) c) d) A B C Equal at all points

Example 3.4e v0 ! D h

Example 3.4f v0 ! D h

The X-component of v is greatest at: a) b) c) d) A B C Equal at all points

The magnitude of the acceleration is greatest at: a) b) c) d) A B C Equal at all points

Range Formula
Good for when yf = yi

Range Formula
R= vi2 sin 2! g

x = vi, x t

1 y = vi, yt ! gt 2 = 0 2 2 vi, y t= g x= x= 2 vi, x vi, y g vi2 g sin 2" = 2 vi2 cos" sin " g

Maximum for !=45

Example 3.5a
A softball leaves a bat with an initial velocity of 31.33 m/s. What is the maximum distance one could expect the ball to travel?

Example 3.6

v0 ! D

A cannon hurls a projectile which hits a target located on a cliff D=500 m away in the horizontal direction. The cannon is pointed 50 degrees above the horizontal and the muzzle velocity is 100 m/s. Find the height h of the cliff?

100 m

299 m

Example 3.7, Shoot the Monkey

A hunter is a distance L = 40 m from a tree in which a monkey is perched a height h=20 m above the hunter. The hunter shoots an arrow at the monkey. However, this is a smart monkey who lets go of the branch the instant he sees the hunter release the arrow. The initial velocity of the arrow is v = 50 m/s. A. If the arrow traveled with infinite speed on a straight line trajectory, at what angle should the hunter aim the arrow relative to the ground?

Must find v0,y/vx in terms of h and L 1. Height of arrow

Solution:

yarrow = v0, yt ! ymonkey = h !

1 2 gt 2 1 2 gt 2

2. Height of monkey

3. Require monkey and arrow to be at same place

h!

!=Arctan(h/L)=26.6
B. Considering the effects of gravity, at what angle should the hunter aim the arrow relative to the ground?

1 2 1 gt = v0, yt ! gt 2 2 2 L , vx v0, y vx = h L Aim directly at Monkey!

h = v0, yt = v0, y

Shoot the Monkey Demo

Relative velocity
Velocity always defined relative to reference frame.

All velocities are relative

Relative velocities are calculated by vector addition/ subtraction. Acceleration is independent of reference frame For high v ~c, rules are more complicated (Einstein)

Example 3.8
A plane that is capable of traveling 200 m.p.h. flies 100 miles into a 50 m.p.h. wind, then flies back with a 50 m.p.h. tail wind. How long does the trip take? What is the average speed of the plane for the trip?

Relative velocity in 2-d Sum velocities as vectors velocity relative to ground = velocity relative to medium + velocity of medium.

vbe = vbr + vre

boat wrt river

1.067 hours = 1 hr. and 4 minutes 187.4 mph

Boat wrt earth

river wrt earth

2 Cases

Example 3.9 An airplane is capable of moving 200 mph in still air. The plane points directly east, but a 50 mph wind from the north distorts his course. What is the resulting ground speed? What direction does the plane fly relative to the ground?

pointed perpendicular to stream

travels perpendicular to stream

206.2 mph 14.0 deg. south of east

Example 3.10 An airplane is capable of moving 200 mph in still air. A wind blows directly from the North at 50 mph. The airplane accounts for the wind (by pointing the plane somewhat into the wind) and flies directly east relative to the ground. What is the planes resulting ground speed? In what direction is the nose of the plane pointed?
193.6 mph 14.5 deg. north of east

Example 3.11a
Three airplanes, A, B and C, with identical air speeds y from Williamston, MI, towards Tallahassee, FL, which is directly south. A ies on Monday when there is a strong wind from the west. A aims the plane south but is blown off course. B also leaves Monday, but aims a bit into the wind and lands in Tallahassee. Cies on Tuesday, a calm and windless day, and ies directly to Tallahassee. Which plane(s) has(have) the HIGHEST ground speed? A) B) C) D) E) A B C A and B B and C

Example 3.11b
Three airplanes, A, B and C, with identical air speeds y from Williamston, MI, towards Tallahassee, FL, which is directly south. A ies on Monday when there is a strong wind from the west. A aims the plane south but is blown off course. B also leaves Monday, but aims a bit into the wind and lands in Tallahassee. Cies on Tuesday, a calm and windless day, and ies directly to Tallahassee. Which plane(s) has(have) the LOWEST ground speed? A) B) C) D) E) A B C A and B B and C