Chapter #13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy Big Picture Themes 1.

. Andrew Jackson felt hed been robbed the presidency in 1824. This motivated the regular folks to political action. He vowed to win for the peoples sake, and did so. 2. A conflict started to brew between the north and the south. The issue was the tariff (import tax) and whether the south had the right to nullify or wipe it out. The trouble was worked out, but it foreshadowed bigger trouble to come, over slavery. 3. Jackson distrusted bankshe thought they were tools for the rich to milk money off the poor. He killed the National Bank and threw the whole banking system into chaos. 4. By the time William Henry Harrison ran for president in 1840, popular, mass politics had grown into the circus-like monster that its known as today. IDENTIFICATIONS: American System Henry Clay greatly supported industry and he wanted to do this by having a strong banking system, protective tariffs, and a federally funded transportation network in the United States. Corrupt Bargain The event where John Quincy Adams came into office during the election of 1824 thanks to the bribing with Henry Clay. Henry Clay would become the Secretary of State while Adams was awarded with a seat in presidency. Tariff of Abominations The tariff which Andrew Jackson used initially to get support from the wealthy supporters. He did not believe it would pass but in the end it did and greatly angered the South, especially South Carolina, who were scared that the government would end up abolishing slavery. Nullification South Carolinas John C. Calhoun believed in the idea of nullification for when the government imposes a law, a state should have the right to declare it null and void. This was in response to the extremely high Tariff of Abominations. Force Bill This authorized Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. It was never enacted because the Compromise Tariff of 1833 made it unnecessary. South Carolina nullified this bill. Five Civilized Tribes

The Five civilized tribes were the Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, Seminoles, and Cherokee. They were greatly antagonized by Andrew Jackson. They were removed by the Indian Removal Act and tortured in the Trail of Tears. Trail of Tears The Indian Removal of the five civilized tribes and other Indian nations. They were forced to leave their lands. Many Indians suffered from this long journey and thousands died due to its cruel conditions. Nicholas Biddle Biddle was the president of the Second Bank of the United States. Jackson did not like him and aimed to destroy his bank. His private bank had the power over the financial economy of the United States. The bank was dry after Jackson moved the federal funds. Democrats vs. Whigs Democrats were from Jacksonians era. They believed that the government should glorify an individuals liberty and were against the rich and wealthy in politics. They valued states rights. Whigs wanted the natural harmony of society and valued community. They favored a national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms. South Carolina Exposition and Protest In this essay, Calhoun was able to voice his opinions about the right to nullify an unconstitutional act of Congress. It was in reply to the Tariff of 1828 which in his mind posed dangers to the South and stripped them of their states rights. Martin Van Buren The president who was supported greatly by Andrew Jackson as his future predecessor. This would backfire as many of the Democrats did not like him. His term was unfortunate as he had to deal with the economic crises and other severities left to him by Jackson. Specie Circular Jackson in 1836 was forced to have its treasury demand that all lands were to be bought by hard or metallic money. This was one of the major reasons for the financial crash. Hayne-Webster Debate The argument between Hayne and Webster about states rights against national power. Webster said that the Liberty and the Union were inseparable. But Hayne believed that they should be separate, along with the theory of nullification to support it.

The Alamo The mission in San Antonio, Texas. This was where the Mexicans and American rebels fought to make Texas independent of Mexico, who had their forces under Santa Anna. The Mexicans massacred the American rebels. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The "Corrupt Bargain or 1824 Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain 1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824? John Quincy Adams had bribed Henry Clay for the electoral votes to become president in exchange for a seat of Secretary of State for Clay. This bargain was known as the corrupt bargain in which Jeffersonians were highly angered towards. A Yankee Misfit in the White House Know: John Quincy Adams 2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain. As a president, Adams was not very successful. He did not have great politician skills and was not very popular with the masses at all. To many of his followers dissent, he did not award them with political offices like other presidents. His nationalistic views were also very controversial towards many Americans as they did not agree with his budget spending. Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828 Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards 3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election. More intense mudslinging was seen as people called Adams a dishonest man, even though his morals were very high, and Jacksons opponents attacked his wifes past adultery. It was much more aggressive than previous elections. Old Hickory as President Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob 4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people? Americans viewed Jackson as a man of the people because he came from being a poor orphaned farmer into a wealthy and well respected man, despite his rowdiness. He was a frontiersman and to them, he had risen from the masses. The Spoils System Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office 5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System. Andrew Jackson said everyman is as good as his neighbor so he believed that each man could do his neighbors job. Any job was simple enough for any American. Each American should have their own turn in office.

The Tricky Tariff of Abominations Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey 6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations? Many people from the North and the West supported tariffs to help with the increasing industry boom. To gain support of these people, Jackson planned to enact a bill which he knew would not pass. When it did, it sparked great tensions, especially with South Carolinas John C. Calhoun. "Nullies" in South Carolina Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill 1.Describe the nullification crisis. Legislature in South Carolina worked hard to pass the 2/3s vote for nullification of the tariff, however the unionists, or submission men, stopped this from happening. This was later changed when the government enacted the lower Tariff of 1832, but this didnt appease the Souths demands. The vote eventually passed and the existing tariff was nullified. The much lower Tariff of 1833 by Henry Clay which lowered the tariff by 10 percent. The Trail of Tears Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles 8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe? The Cherokee Tribe made an especially commendable effort of assimilating into the American society, they even had a constitution. However, Georgias legislature ignored this and asserted themselves over their lands and affairs. The Bank War Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle 9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I? Explain. Nicolas Biddle in a sense was like Czar Nicholas I. He held much of the nations economic power since the Bank of the United States was a private institution which had a lot of power over the nations financial affairs. Profit was his first priority, and this lead to many foreclosures in the Western farms. "Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832 Know: Anti-Masonic Party 10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832? A third party ( the Anti-Masonic Party) entered the election. The election was also changed as the candidates publicized with conventions and platforms. Burying Biddles Bank

Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular 11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess. This was money in the form of coins rather than notes. Andrew Jacksons pet banks flooded the country with paper notes which increased inflation. All public lands had to be bought with hard money, which lead to a panic and financial crash in 1837. The Birth of the Whigs Know: Democrats, Whigs 12. What is so alluring about being associated with the common man? Being associated with the common man would gain many votes from the farmers and merchants. This meant that the candidate or party wanted to protect them and did not go against them to side with powerful and wealthy supporters. This ensured trust between the masses and the president. The Election of 1836 Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren 13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836. In the Whig party, they chose favorite sons among each with a different regional appeal. The deadlock of the many candidates would then be broken in the House of Reps. However, Van Buren, Jacksons main choice, was elected over the favorite son of the Whigs, William Harrison. Big Woes for the "Little Magician" Know: Martin Van Buren 14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular? The democrats did not necessarily choose Van Buren, but only did so to appease Jackson. They werent too fond of Van Buren, and then he inherited the enemies of Jackson himself. Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury 15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it? Its basic cause was the overspeculation of get-rich quick scams. Land, slaves, canals, roads, and railroads were all apart of this. The Bank war and specie circular also added to the panic. Van Buren issued the Divorce Bill which would separate the bank and the government all together. Federal money would be put in vaults in larger cities, called Independent Treasury. Gone to Texas Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett 16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans? Americans were extremely greedy for land wand wanted to colonize Texas. They brought their prideful American ways and ignored much of the Mexicans demands. They wanted a new life in a seemingly adventurous place.

The Lone Star Rebellion Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto 17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both? They were able to defeat Santa Anna thanks to Sam Houston. They wanted to be a part of the union with the United States, but the issue of slavery bogged down this deal. Texans were then left to leave a life on their own. Makers of America: Mexican or Texan? Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos 18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land? Texans never really intended to become Mexican citizens. They stuck to their own prideful American ways and ignored the ways of the Mexicans. They came to Texas with the only thought of land in their heads. The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" 19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time? The falsities of the Hamiltonian campaign by the Whigs emphasized the love of log cabins and hard cider in Americans. This shows that the Americans were very easily swayed by the belief of the common man. The Two-Party System 20. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs? Democrats were from Jacksonians era. They believed that the government should glorify an individuals liberty and were against the rich and wealthy in politics. They valued states rights. Whigs wanted the natural harmony of society and valued community. They favored a national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms (no liquor and slavery abolition).