ELECTRICAL MACHINES LABORATORY EEEB28

SEMESTER 1, 2013/2014 ASSIGNMENT

GROUP MEMBERS: 1. MUHAMMAD ZAKWAN BIN AB MUTALIB 2. MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ BIN ZAINAL IBRAHIM 3. NURUL SYAHIDAH BT RAMLI EP087815 EP087813 EP087831

LAB INSTRUCTOR: MS KUAN TZE MEI SECTION: 06 Due Date: 6th September 2013

INTRODUCTION

Synchronous machines are principally used as alternating current (AC) generators. They supply the electric power used by all sectors of modern societies: industrial, commercial, agricultural, and domestic. Synchronous generators usually operate together (or in parallel), forming a large power system supplying electrical energy to the loads or consumers. If the voltages are not exactly the same in each conductor being tied together, there will be a very large current flow when the switch is closed. To avoid this problem, each of the three phases must have exactly the same voltage magnitude and phase angle as the conductor to which it is connected. Thus, paralleling 2 or more generators must be done carefully as to avoid generator or other system component damage. Some conditions are required for paralleling two synchronous generators. One of it is the rms line voltages of the two generators must be same and equal. Next, both of the generators must have same phase sequence and the phase angle of the two of generator output phase must be equal. Besides, the oncoming generator (the new generator) must have a slightly higher operating frequency as compared to the system frequency. This is done so that the phase angles of the incoming machine will change slowly with respect to the phase angles of the running system. This condition also required because to avoid a very large current flow when the switch is closed if the voltages are not exactly same in each conductor being tied together. Operating many synchronous generators operated in parallel is good and has it owns advantages. Several generators can supply a bigger load than one machine by itself. Having many generators also increases the reliability of the power system. Individual generators may be removed from the power system for maintenance without shutting down the load and a single generator not operating at near full load might be quite inefficient. While having several generators in parallel, it is possible to turn off some, and operate the rest at near full-load condition.

PART B: MATLAB SIMULINK The diagram below is constructed by using MATLAB and the diagram is run by using MATLAB simulink.

Figure 1 1. Line voltage is the voltage across any two phases of the output of generator. Phase voltage is the voltage across each phase winding. Relationship between the line-to-line voltages and the phase voltage is generally: VL= |VP| We assume a positive, or ABC, sequence. We arbitrarily choose the line-to-neutral voltage of the a phase as the reference; Van = |VP| 0 Vbn = |VP| -120 Vcn = |VP| -240 |Vp| represents the magnitude of the phase voltage (line-to-neutral voltage).

2. If the incoming generator to be increase to 300V, the line to line voltages also increase. The graph in Figure 2 showed the graph of magnitude, there are match with the balance frequency applying.

Figure2

3. If the incoming generator decreases to 100 V, the line-to-line voltages also decreases. Even the incoming generator decrease the line-to-line voltage is still in good condition. The graph in Figure 3 showed the graph of magnitude, there are match with the balance frequency applying.

Figure 3

4. If the incoming frequency generator to be increase to 70 Hz. The result shown in Figure 4 The magnitude of line-to-line voltages will become unstable. There is unstable operation on voltage because the frequency is not match, even the frequency increase the speed also will increase, but the magnitude is not match. It is not suitable to supply the power on transmission.

Figure 4

5. If the incoming frequency generator to be decrease to 50 Hz. The result is shown in Figure 5. The graph is also showing the same unstable result for line-to-line voltage. The speed will decrease even the frequency to be decrease.

Figure 5

6. If the phase sequence of the incoming generator is change, there also given the same result, as shown in figure 6. The line-to-line voltage showing the unstable graph. It is also not suitable to supply the power on transmission.

Figure 6

CONCLUSION
The conditions that must be satisfied for parallel connection of synchronous generators are, the two generators must have the same phase sequence, the rms line voltages of the two generators must be equal and the phase angles of the two a phases must be equal as well. The frequency of the new generator, called the oncoming generator must be slightly higher than the frequency of the running system. The other methods of comparing the phase sequence of two running systems instead of using analogue voltmeters is by alternatingly connect a small induction motor to the terminals of each of the two generators. If the motor rotates in the same direction each time, then the phase sequences differ. Thus, the two conductors on the incoming generator must be reversed. The phase sequence also can be checked by the three-light-bulb method. In this approach, three light bulbs are stretched across the open terminals of the switch connecting the generator to the system. As the phase changes between two systems, the light bulbs first get bright which indicates large phase difference and then get dim which indicates small phase difference. If all three bulbs get bright and dark together, then the systems have the same phase sequence. During synchronisation, the generator terminal voltage and the system voltage are unequal. The terminal voltage and line voltage can be adjusted to be equal by adjusting the field current. Once the frequencies are very equal, the voltages in the two systems will change phase with respect to each other very slowly. The phase changes are observed, and when the phase angles are equal, the switch connecting the systems together will be shut. The frequency and the phase angle of the generator voltage can be adjusted by first watching a frequency meter until the frequencies are close enough and it can be done by observing changes in the phase between the systems. The oncoming generator is adjusted to a slightly higher frequency so that when it is connected, it will come on the line supplying power as a generator, instead of consuming it as a motor. To change a phase sequence, simply swap the connections on any two of the three phases on one of the machines. The frequencies of the two machines must be very nearly equal but not exactly equal. They must differ by a small amount so that the phase angles of the oncoming machine will change slowly with respect to the phase angles of the running system. The angles between the voltages than can be observed and the switch can be closed when the systems are exactly in phase.