Chapter #13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy Big Picture Themes 1.

. Andrew Jackson felt hed been robbed the presidency in 1824. This motivated the regular folks to political action. He vowed to win for the peoples sake, and did so. 2. A conflict started to brew between the north and the south. The issue was the tariff (import tax) and whether the south had the right to nullify or wipe it out. The trouble was worked out, but it foreshadowed bigger trouble to come, over slavery. 3. Jackson distrusted bankshe thought they were tools for the rich to milk money off the poor. He killed the National Bank and threw the whole banking system into chaos. 4. By the time William Henry Harrison ran for president in 1840, popular, mass politics had grown into the circus-like monster that its known as today. IDENTIFICATIONS: American System Henry Clays system that promoted industry. It included a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a federally funded transportation network. Corrupt Bargain A political scandal that arose when the Speaker of the House, Henry Clay, met with John Quincy Adams before the House election to break a deadlock. Adams was elected president against the popular vote and Clay was named Secretary of State. Tariff of Abominations The bill favored western agricultural interests by raising tariffs or import taxes on imported hemp, wool, fur, flax, and liquor, favoring the Northern manufacturers. The South had raised costs of manufactured goods causing more sectionalist feelings. Nullification Theory that a state has the right to invalidate any federal law which that state deemed unconstitutional. Force Bill 1833. Authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. It was never invoked because it was passed by Congress on the same day the Compromise Tariff of 1833 so it was unnecessary. Five Civilized Tribes Tribes that were numbered by the whites and embraced the new understanding of civilization. They included the Cherokee, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles.

Trail of Tears The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands and they traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas(more than 800 miles) to the Indian Territory. More than 4000 died of illness and starvation during the journey. Nicholas Biddle Ran the bank from 1832. He had done much to put the institution on a sound and prosperous basis, but many Americans including Andrew Jackson, wanted to destroy it. Democrats vs. Whigs Whigs were a new party that formed in opposition to President Jackson. The Democrats supported Jackson and believed that the federal government should be limited in power, except to the degree that it worked to eliminate social and economic arrangements that stifled opportunity. They supported territorial expansion. South Carolina Exposition and Protest 1828 by Calhoun. A protest against the tariff of abominations. South Carolina threatened to secede if the tariff wasnt repealed, and they said that a state had the right to reject federal law. Martin Van Buren A man who led a dissident political faction in New York(Buck tails or Albany Regency). In the years after the War of 1812 ended, the group challenged the established political elite led by the aristocratic governor, Clinton. They argued that only an institutionalized party, based on populace, could ensure democracy. Specie Circular Executive order that required payment in gold/silver in order to buy land since paper money was inflating. It produced a financial panic that began in the first months of Van Burens presidency. It caused banks and business to fail and unemployment grew. Hayne-Webster Debate series of unplanned debates between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina that took place on January 19-27, 1830 regarding protectionist tariffs. The Alamo Battle between Mexican Santa Anna and Texan rebels. The Mexicans won. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:

The "Corrupt Bargain or 1824 Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain 1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824? John Quincy Adamss victory in the presidential election of 1824 was unusual because he did not win by popular votes or electoral votes. He won with the support of Henry Clay, and later set Henry as the Secretary of State. A Yankee Misfit in the White House Know: John Quincy Adams 2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain. John Quincy Adams was not well suited to be president because he was even more frigidly austere than his father, John Adams. He shunned people and rather than a politician, he was a sarcastic, irritable, and tactless closeted thinker. Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828 Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards 3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election. In the 1828 election, there were a lot of low tactics and mudslinging used. Old Hickory as President Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob 4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people? Andrew Jackson was viewed as a man of the people because he was early orphaned, and had the same prejudices as the people. The Spoils System Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office 5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System. The Spoils System stated that everyone is equal to their neighbors. It cemented loyalty to a party. The Tricky Tariff of Abominations Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey 6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations? The early tariffs that were passed before Jacksons presidency and then continued during his presidency led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations.

"Nullies" in South Carolina Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill 5. Describe the nullification crisis. The nullification crisis was when South Carolina claimed that the states had the right to deem an act unconstitutional, and reject it. South Carolina also proclaimed that they were going to secede if the Tariff of Abomination is not repealed. The Trail of Tears Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles 8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe?

The treatment of the Cherokee Tribe was particularly unfair because they had tried to embrace a new way of civilization, but were deemed not good enough. They were then forced to travel from their lands to the Indian territory, and along the way, many lost lives to starvation and disease. The Bank War Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle 9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I? Explain. I agree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I because he had a type of monopoly over the bank and was able to use his power to get things done his way. "Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832 Know: Anti-Masonic Party 10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832? Two things that were unique about the election of 1832 were that for the first time a third party entered the field (Anti-Masonic party). The election also called national nominating conventions to name candidates. Burying Biddles Bank Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular 11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess. After killing the Bank of United States, Andrew Jackson had to issue the Specie Circular because the death of the bank led to a financial vacuum in the American economy. The Birth of the Whigs Know: Democrats, Whigs 12. What is so alluring about being associated with the common man? What was so alluring about being associated with the common man was that the publics view could be turned to view an enemy of the party as they wanted the enemy to be viewed.

The Election of 1836 Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren 13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836. From 1828-1836, the second party system was developed as a disorganized system, and the Whigs were unable to procure a candidate while the Jacksonites were full of Jacksons yes men who supported Martin Van Buren. Big Woes for the "Little Magician" Know: Martin Van Buren 14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular? Martin Van Buren was unpopular because was a machine-made candidate and the people felt let down as he was unable to fill the shoes that Jackson left him. Jackson had also left him many enemies, and the beginnings of a depression. Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury 15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it? The Panic of 1837 was caused by rampant speculation, the Bank War, and the Specie Circular. The president during this time, Van Buren, tried to fix the problem by passing the Divorce Bill, leading to the passing of the Independent Treasury Bill, which was repealed a year later. Gone to Texas Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett 16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans? Texas was so appealing to Americans because the prospect of more land and the intolerance the Texans had for the Mexicans. The Lone Star Rebellion Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto 17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both? Texas became independent of both Mexico and America through many battles. Additional heroes such as Davy Crockett emerged and spurred more loyalty towards Texas.

Makers of America: Mexican or Texan? Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos 18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land? Texans never really intended to become Mexican citizens, they took up arms when Mexico tried to impose their will on Texas. The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" 19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time? The election of 1840 states that politics and voters in America at that time was still very disorganized and that the political parties still could not guarantee they would do the best they could for America as a whole. The Two-Party System 20. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs? The Democrats supported Jackson and states rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs. The Whigs tended to favor a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms.