NOMENCTATURE

weted surfoce oreo ofthe ionk, m2

m3

C ionk copociiy,

F enrlronmeniol foclor

Understanding Atmospheric Storage Tanks

Severalsourees of information are available to helP the engineer specify storage tanks
f ar particular applications. A sound hasis for understallding
TABLE

I
M
Q"

lotent heoi of voporizotion of siored liquid ot relre"ing Pressure ond

temperolure,

L/kg

mcleculor weight of the stored liq uid, kg/kmol ionk emptying roie, m3/hr temperofure of relieving vopor,'K ve lling rore o! frec oi- correcled for siored liquids oiher thon hexone

Qg tonk filling role, m3/hr

f 4.'

,,6,3/hr
Vr.^. ''" veninq ,ole ol f'ee oir folelerence

liquidlhe,one,

std

m:/hr

V1 emergency veniing rote, std

m3/hr

V;5 inbreothing, std m3/hr

Vo5 outbreothing, std m3/hr

FIGUI
b) porl

I.

CTASSIFICATION OF LIAUIDS

-F,

Clossifi-

Type ol

Choroclerislics
Liquids ihot hove o flosh Point below 22.8'C, ond boiling Poinl below 37.8'C Liquids lhqt have o flosh Poinl betow 22.8"C, ond boiling Point oi or obove 37.8'C Liouids thot hove o flosh Poinl ot or obove 22.8"C bul below 37.8"C Liquids thol hove o flosh Point obove 37.8'C ond below 60'C Liquids thot hqve q flqsh oa;.l ol or obove 60'C qnd below 9J'C Liquids lhql hove o flosh Poinl qt or qbove 93"C

cdlion

Liquid
Flqmmoble
Liquid

.R

pl

Closs lA Liquid Closs lB

-i.

l:

Fldmmobl
Liquid

tiquid
Clqss lC Liquid

.Ti
-

1,

Flommqble
Liquid

pa

the various considerations is given here

Siddhartha Mukherjee. Lirrgi lndia Co. Ltd.

te:
1:

closs ll
l-iquid Closs lllA Liquid Closs lllB Liquid

Combuslible

liquid
combustible
Liquid

.Tl
ca
S,

Combuslible
Liquid

iquids are accumulated a:rd stored in tanks of various

shapes and sizes throughout the chemical process industries (CPI). A small number of companies have made the design, fabricatron and prection ofrhese ve.sels lheir specialry. Initialll', however, it is the process engineer r.r'ho sizes and specifies tarks according to a specific ap-

(NFPA) has published several volumes on recommended practices for frre prorection, r,r'herein guidelines pen aining

tanks are used to store materials l-vjill ,,-l, 'I a true vapor pressure ofless'uha+ 10.3

a(

to the storage of hydrocarbon liquids

are included.

Erternal-floating roof design.

LPa absolute l3l.

bt

floatilg-roof storage tanls, the roof is

made to rest on the stored iiquid and is {iee to move with the level of the liquid These tadis reduce evaporation losses

I I

Tank classifications According to the NFPA [2], atmospheric storage

Ini
Tir
sic is

talts

are

defrned as

plication's needs. In order to develop a data sheet for tank specifrcations, it is importani for a process engineer to have a basic ulderstanding of talks
and the related requirements. Tanks are used to store manY kinds of liquids. The focus here is on hydrocarbons, s'hich deserve particular cale because of thei flammable or combus-

those tar]rs that are designed to operaTe al pressures between armospheric and 6.9 kFa gage, as measured at the top ofthe tank. Such tanks are built in detwo basic desigrs - the cone-roof sign where the loofremains fixed, and the floating-roof design where rhe roof

and control breathing losses while filling. They are preferred for storage of petroleurD products with a true vapol pressure of 10.3 to 76.5 k.Pa absolute [3]. There are principally three different i]?es of extel.Ilai floating roofs and an intemal floating-roof talli. Figrre 1 illustrates each of them.

tar
sn.
QI

feL

sp

floats on top of the liquid arrd rises and falls with ihe liquid levei Fixed. roof design' Flxed-roof tanks

. The pan.tjpe rool Figur- L' is a

single-cleck roof and has tl.re follow-

ir,
7;
o1

ing cilaracteristics:
- Ful1 contact

tible properties. Hydrocarbon liquids can be classified per Table 1 [1]. The

consist of a cylindical shell ivith a perrnerlently welded roc'f that can be

with liquid surface

\arional Fire Protection Associatio

?4

'

flat. conical or

dome-shaPed. Such

- Has a deck. hence a:ry leah rlrough the deck $'i1l cause it to sink

CHEMICALENGJNEERING WWW.CHE'COII APRIL2006

;-f
red To sale

,----)
location

fo(

FIGURE l. Types ol tloating-roof tanks include a) pan b) ponloon c) double-deck and d) internal
- Has no buoyancy other

than that

provided by the deck - Rain or snow may cause deforma-

tion
- Is the least expensive

ofthe floating

FTGURE 2. A typical P&lD for a tank that is blanketed with an inerl-gas;s shown here. Ll represents level indication, and PC, pressure control

qt
'l

Thp ponroon-t1 pe .oof F

roofs

grr' 1 b

i"

'c
t
'!

vith
10.3

a significant improvement over the pan roof It has the foliowing characteristics: Increased buoyancy and stabilitY - Pontoons occupy about 20 - 4091 of toof area The double-deck roof (Fizure 1.c) comprises upper and lower decks separated by bulkheads and trusses. These roofs have the follorving characterisiics:

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Internal-fToating roof d'esign' These ra,r ks Figure 1.d, hare an inside floating deck above which, there is a permanently attached roof. Such

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rlute

application assistance

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Physical criteria Tank copttcity. Three different tlpes ol tank capacii,r ar" detined nominal, gross and net capacitl'.

Circle 50 on p, 93 or go to adlinks.che.com/s828'5()
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WWWCHE.COM

For fixed-roof tanks. the nominal

capacit)' is the geometric volume from the bottom of the lank uP to the curb angle, which is a metallic angle that is v'elded along the periphery at the top of the cylindrical portion of the tank. In the case of floating-roof tanks, the nominal capacity is defrned as the volume from the underside ofthe roof decl up to rhe moimum floati18 Do'irion of the roof. The gross capacity (sometimes referred to as the total capacity) is the volume {iom the bottom ofihe tank up to jr. ma-rimum. safe fill ng beight The net capacity is the volume of the tank contents between the lowtiquid level (LLL) and the high-iiquid level (HLL). Tank d.imensions. Various factors can affect the choice of tank dimen-

justifiable to go for larger diameters in preference to height. As the tank

height increases, u all thickness plal's a more important role. Higher tanks also put a greater load on the soil If the pressure becomes more than the soii-alloq'able bearing pressure, pile-supported foundations becone necessary and are exPensive. This concern is particularly applicable for poor soi1s. In general, tanks that are higher than 15 m are not commonlY
used in industry

and controls the flow ofinert gas (usually nitrogen) into the vapor space to maintain the tank pressure \\'ithin the

desired limits. Blankeiing pressures are t1pica1ly in the range of 200-250

mm HoO.

\\be'n liquid is moved out of a tank or ifthe temperature decreases, a tank can experience vacuum conditions. In this case, the blanketing valve provides primarv tacuum relief to the tank by opening to allow gas flow.
and then resealing when the pressure

Tank-blanketing requirements
In many instances, the vapor space of tanks is blanketed $'ith an inert gas
This may be needed rthen the liquid's vapors are harmful to health or when contact with air could lead to the formation of harardo,rs compourd5 or
product degradation. To achiere an inert atmospher in a tank, a blanketing valve senses ihe pressure in the vapor space ofthe tank

has increased sufficientl,v Secondarl' vacuum relief is provided b1'pressure/ vacllum vents idescribed later in the

section on Pressure/r'acuum vents). Figure 2 illustrates a t]'pical process

and instrumentation diagram (P&ID)

for a blanketed tank that contains

hydrocarbon mixture.

sions.

not exceed one and a half times the diameter. In cases where availability of iand is not a constraint, it is

In

general. tank heights do

Tank venting
Several conditions that subject a tank to r.enting include the followirg:

Circle 62 on p.93 or go to adlinks.che.com/s828"62

76

CHEMICAL ENGINEEFIlNG WWW.CHE'Co[''l APRIL 2006

Ftolling

iu"oJ!,"tr""x

Rollins

!-ri^rEE:--r la:lg:FEl

where Q. represents venting capacity due toliquid movenent and

the second component represents

that due to thermal inbreathing C is the tank capacitv The total rentrng requrrement due to bobh iiquid novement as q'e1l as thermalvent-

soiral jng is needcd to pnsure that the siaircase .,rrlr'n, arrangemenl is desigred
for the u'orst-case scenanoOutbreathing ' Whereas venting Shell due to inbreathing is independent manhole of flash point, the requirements

oulet
Sgil
F]GURE

for outbreathing differ

o.uin

3'

lhese tyPes ot An external floating-roof tank may include

accessories

"uJp

point. For liquids I'ith a flash point above 3l-.8'C or a normal il"iii"e p"r"t above 149"c' the requireJ venting capacitl for maxi-

I'ith

flash

''a'.'o't:t . Inbreathinq due to liquid mor emenL lv'o Inbrearh:nqduetoliquidmoremenL I :'' " ,' : ll:: --^^-rcaoac- 1#;ff;ti:::::: i;';,ttJffil: our oltnetank JFortankslargerthan3'J00nrtapar-l;;;;i;;i;*;;i;"rQ,m34rr.Lhetenl. inb.euLl,:nq duo to contracrion or I it1: ins capacity should' be 1'069Q1 std u condensation of vapors caused bt lV,o = Q" + 320C0651 m3,&rr.
decrease in the atmospheric tenlper-

mum liqujd mo"ement into a tank should ie equivalent t'o 0 1?0 sd

ature (also called thermal inbreathinq)

OuLbreatning due ment into the tank

io liquid motP

.l;,]}#til1t'''i::.".:fi:;t; ;; fire

Ar I rvrrxrr'rc & DRYING

WWW.aVa-amefiCaS.COm

tTiry
co
KG

g' Accord:ngtolheAmen'l Petroleum lnstirute (API)l4l the | r'*#|*e1we v'Fririne capacity for maximum lig"ld I lG*1Effiffiffi movem"ent'out of a tank should be I 'lruTZJffi-E%Sr: equi",ale'rt ro 0.1b9 std m3,4u of air I &r^NffiZlEffi,.,:ig
In hreol hi
n

m:*ffi* \ **,r,=tr!,;f.?!.^^ AllA

nal

.\

FOR TURBULENI ACTION

Ava-Huep GmbH u. Ter.: +4e s1s2 s3e2-0

rax: ++e 8152 essz'el

E-Ma
: inro@ava-huep com

for each 0.159 m3,4rr of the ma-timum

i"i'r-*'"i"'"r riquids. rhis Tli: I ffi lll,T]ll;::,,,, ro.iii.'ii"ofanyflashpoint.l"^"'h"j,I|m'"',-.,ii!]!.i,,, *"G.r".anempt]-ingrateofQ"rn3/|reilii"il'li".."*"."''....."' should be Q"
hr. the venting capacity std m3ALr.

There are also requirements for thermal inbreathing The API [4] fur-

nishes these requirements as a function of tank caPacitY in the form of tabies. This information can also be

expressed as an <quaL'on wh^rern the rhernral renting is exlre"scd as a function of tank capacity The total venting capaeity can be exores.pd as a :utr-r .'f liquid nrove,r,.nt and thermal inbreathing
For tanks uP to 3,500 m3 caPacitY:

Circle 46 on p.93 or 90 to adlinks'che'com/5828'46 APRIL

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WWWCHE'CO[4

2006

There are also requirements for thermal outbreathing The total venting capatir5. orpres"ed as a 'um ofliquid movement and thermal outbreathing can be expressed as follo*'s.
For tanks up to 3,500 m3 caPacitY:

For tanks iarger than 3,500 m3 caPac

itJ:
'i,',b

the roofand shell tenperatures cannot rise as rapidly as they can fa1l, for example, dudng a sudden rain shorl'er'

1.069Q/ + 192C065i

%a = 1069Qr

+ 0107C

For these liquids with a high flash poini, the tnermal outbreathing i" ioughJy 60i of the t hermal inbreathing requirement. The reason for lhis is that

Liquids rvith a lower flash Point, below 37.8'C. or a normal boiling point belos' 149"C, have the following guidelines- The requirement of venting capac-

itv for maximum liquid moven-rent into a tank should be equilalent to 0 340 std m3,&u of air for each 0.159 m3,&rr of
mariimum filliag rate. In other words' fo' a filling rare ofQ, m3/hr. the vent 'ng capacitv ohould be 2.138Q,:td m3/hr Ofcourse, there are additional requirements fot thermal outbreathing The total venting capacitli expressed as a sum of liquid movement arrd lhermal outbreathing, cart be expressed by the

folloning equations
For tanks uP to 3,500 m3 caPacitY:

%a = 2138Qr+ 0178C
and for tanks larger than 3'500 m3
capacity:

%a= 2.138Qt+ 320C0651 Emergency Venting on Fire ErPoszre. iVhen storage tanks are exposed to f1re. the venting rate may exceed the inbreathing or outbreathing rate that results from a combination of

SOUTCE
Your corporate knowledge is your most valuable asset'

thernal effects and liquid movement' For tanks subjected to frre exposure' the required venting capacities are given in Table 2 [4], for the reference
Ii.tuid, hexane.

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The enrironmcntal facto-, F. is iaken as 1.0 for bare-metal tanks'

For insulated tanks, F varies between 0.025 and 0.30, dePending upon the insulation conductance. The details are furnished in API 2000 [4]' The values in Table 2 are for hexcorrected venting rate is applied

combines high-accuracy

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5'

L)

where M is the molecular'weight of the

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stored liquid and .L is the latent heat of vaporization of the stored hquid Emergencl r enrs can be in rhc ibrm of a gauge hat ch r hat pprm ir. r he cole r

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manhole cover tlat hfts when exposed ro high venting loads (Figure 2) Ooen renls' TanLs that sL"re harmlc.s ,r non-roxic lrqutds. -r'ch as t r' !\,ater or service water, are vented to the atmosphere. These tanks operate

lifr under high venring

loads. or a

Circle 48 on p. 93 or go to adlinks'che'com/5828-48
NG WWWCHE'COM APRIL2006

a1

\ en1alnlospherlc prp-sure and lhe

ilAT.IZ'

EMERGENCYVENIING

irrs js calied open vFnl Lng

\\l:ile belnl
18<qrgo<93 93<oreq<260

E-A"I*Y *"ti,t,

rqte, std m3/hl

,l

i'fJ.
,.n"

,h"

vent Lanh brearbes in through rhe enterlng' To orevent rain or snow fTom

Jt" tunk bt"uthes our thrcugh t"nt. Wh"n liquid is pLrmped out'

irr"'"".i oio" is usuaLty provided with thp *""tftjt ft""O. or alternatiuely of a ^ rhe form o,o" iil"rr i" shaped in
soose neck.

open According 1o API 2000 14l' hp ma] arre'lors flame t"",t " lir'"l, tblloltrng u.ed for rpnring under the

circurnstances:

pet'oFol storage of perroleum or

i""-

or peFor ianks holding petroleum iemperalure a a1 rroleum Products h.1ow that ofthe flash Point . fo, of anl ProducL in tanks ' 5,,oru*" m3 li6 f."i""i,v oiless than 9 +6\^ith t""6 16 ls u5qi

"t"O:""t or above .i?.8'C

ojth a fla'h Point of

:'Pnr:5

r!:'-1

trtroducing Va-por Conirol Svsterns,{roT-Ytl:^,lll provide -;oets in t'ne product line

efr-a ,r-t".,"tt
a

petroooer lenring oftanks thal slore iJ,,- o. o"t'iot"ot producrs t hat have

;ffi";r;ili i"liotr'"n li..

:^l:;l;;

;;;;;,i';l;,*" ' ^ uenrs' Pressr''e/ are usuallY emPlol ed ro "*"'. ""*". prot"., Uiurtl*"a larJis ln siruation: and i'""t"""i" uir.rt*ing ralve fails tank r'he poslrion l" t}r" "p"n ""i..i*i. ian be pressurized b1 the conltnttous iiii"* e*. '{ pressure vent u'i1l "ii""tt nn".r ,o orot".i,t't ialk from rupture ii,,".-Lirn;" situat'onq where a tank i. t.,"n ".pti"a and the blanl<eling \ rlve fails, rhe tan-L- car rpach acuum
A
vacuLlm \ aive

flash Point belorv 37 8'C

rne i";;;; veni.to'rt-osphere svslems steer srainress ;:i: ;;;;;b;',; uti*'n.,"' 't"rln a w'0e valety l.ii,"","ir.,.on'iqrations 1or use .esisn alr.'r!s ;i'r;;f;:;;t l;; uni.ueeconomicar'v 'n00Jra' upsraded i'r quicr'rl, ono ;;r";;iJi;;; q'eate' c0rtr0l or meet slricler

Pil0i 0perated

Jttk !liilStltn-ll

irl iri.rr'1."p'.ti.,
regulaiions.

a'e supooled by a nelwork Tne full rine o{ VCI pr00dcts Ihal will feature ^,'",''",.","ri" localed Service Celters

i".ilili:#;;
,rort]i.t,rri

tiui tp*ao'ns;n
today

venr carib'ati.n ard

vcr

lor complete ini0rmali0n'

\ ill.open'

-.rndjrions. !he lank fi'om collapse thus " proleding b" arid ua'uu- enl -uY
,.'^idhr-

;;J;;;;

.r

' sorine-loaded. Springs are

'

""'t?r"fr, ; i,;"-;"""*a nr at sacuum

ai s"t P'o'sutes

aboue

below -7

the ip"" **""Tr-'" pres<ure sel tin of tank the r""*"i."1*o. siightly aboue the Li-r,"t-* Pressure but below the rank can with-

ln*Jt--tio.""tut"
at a

setflng ls srand. Similarly. r'he vacuum keot higher rhan rhe Dormaloperatlng

'acuum ';:;;;,|"t UIlo" tft" rrr*rn"m vacuum

level.rhat,is

tbai the
A Cashco, lnc. CompanY

tank * can \\ ithstand gu""u." these \ ents are designod t o tn remain closed unr'il thcy must open ,n" 1'61i' 3ns1ber ad-

")i"t i" t.","n los:"" and ""-'""" i. tit.t .'t.poration minimized 6s i"gi,ii" "*i*1""t-qan vent's bli or"."rr" and 'acuurn .This reloase
is acl,ieued by prevenring the

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manhole

Emergency hatch

She:i manho

lnlet
as FIGURE 4, An internal lloating-roof tank would typically include accessories shown here

Outlet

of vapors that \\'ould otherwise occur during minor variations in tempera-

ture, pressure or
Please visit us ai ACHEMA Hall 8 0, L33-L35

1evel.

Circle 56 on P. 93 or 90 to edlinks.che.com/5828'56

Instrumentation

Pro' idirg proper instrumenLation in tanks is an impodant consideration, especially for large tanks that are subjected to frequent filling and empt1.ing. The follorving guidelines may be useful for selecting tank instrumentation. LeaeI. Al least t\a'o level instruments should be included - one rvith locai inrlication and the other in the control room. In many cases, tu'o level instrunents r.ith borh local and remote indications are used. High and low level
alarros are recommended.

ing-roof tanks are normally provided with a iadder that automaticallY adjucts s0 thar acce"s to the roof is al-r'ays provided. Tl.Lis type of ladder is illustrated in Figure 3 for a rypical external-fl oating tank.

Roof Drain' According to API Standard 650 li. Prim.rrY roof d-ain'

shoutd be ofthe hose,jointed or siphon type. A check valve should be prolided near the roof end of the hose to Prevent backllorv ofstored product in case of a leak (Figure 3).

Manholes. Shell manholes are nornially 600 mm in drametar' Th" mrn;mum nunrbpr olrequired manholes is deppnd.nr on rhe tank dian'ter' T)Tlcal guidelines are as follot's: . Tanks with a diameter of less than 12 m: 1 manhole .Tanks with diameters ol 12-44 m:
2 manholes, sPaced 180 deg. apart

Temperalure. Both local indicatjon and remote indication with an alarm in case of high storage temperatures Pressure and f\ow. In blanketed tanks. it is advisable to instali a flow and a pressure indicator with alarms to rvarn of problems in the blanketing
gas line.

should be included

.TaDks lvith diameters of 45-59 m:

3 manholes, sPaced 120 deg. aPart
.

Tanks ivith a diameter over 60 m:

Ladd.ers and others. Auxiliary items such as ladders, staircases, handrails

Structural accessories

4 manholes, sPaced 90 deg aPart Guidelines for roofmanholes are: .For tanks iess than 12 m in diameter, one roofrnanhole is enough .For tanks larger than 12 m, two roof manholes are recommended

rnd'ralkriols. are part'cu'arly'rnportani lbr tank maintenance. Generallr', tanks ]ess ihan 6 m in height are provided rvith a ladder thai is not caged. Tanks that are taller than 6 m require a spiral stairu'ay l5l Float-

Bottom clrains. Bottom drains, also referred to as u'ater draq-off sunps, should be provided in all tanks for draining t'ater They are also needed

for tanks that store petloleum products in order io empty the tarks for cleaning. API Standard 650 l5l Prc-'vides di-

AO

CHEMICAL ENGINEEB]NG WWWCHE

CO[/ APF]L2006

j
I

ile-3JtilNrtiluMTANKsPAclNGr
drainage of the discharge !o a remote impou nding area The followrng guidelines should be foliowed: . A slope ofnot less than 17r should be pro.'id"d fot at ieast 15 m towards the impounding area . The impounding area should have a caoacirv that can, at minimurn bold ,h" contenrs olrh" largesr tank that nav drain into it . Where it is nol Practical to have a 1007, capacity remote impounding'

AllTonks nol over 45 m in diometer: l/6 sum of odio-

cent tqnk diom-

l/6 sum ol qdjqcenl tqnk diomelers but not less thon 0.9 m
I

eters bul nol less

lhon 0.9 m m in diometer; 45 lhon l/6 sum of odjolf remole imcenl tonk diompounding is Proelers vided cent lqnk diqmelers
1/4 sum of odio-

cent tonk diomelers but nol less thon 0.9 m

l/6

sum of odio-

cent tonk diqmetets l/3 sum ol odiocenl tqnk diometers

/4 sum of odiq-

l/6 sum ol odioceni lqnk diomelers cent ionk diomelers

l/4

sum of odjq-

oarljal iemoie imPounding should i,e nrovid"d. The remainder of lhe

imoounding v,,rJume sbould be Proliied by dlking as discussed below

'"',;b.ff$fiii"iJ;;;i;;i;d'ori[
Yensional details

b5'

the standard

ir

jts entiretv'

of such drains'

.lie.hcrop ol anv Class

FinLrres 3 and 4 show trTical struct,r.aiaccessories for both external and internal fl oating-roof tanlis'

l, lI or IIIA roads adjoining orovidine di}ed enclosures with enia,'g"'ing li;;i; i-followirg dre enclosure. rhe aro,-urd all ,,rooertv. National Fire Codes [6] ouidelines shouid be followed: describp the rPquirements in derail' i rn" diL"d enclosure should be able There are two types of facilities that
can be provided

lmpounding by dihing. ln cases u here ihe adjoining propeny is prore(ted by

Spill control

tankage area to prevent accidental

FaciliLies shoL,ld be prorjded

in the

Remote imPoundins'' In this the adioining property is prolecled by

case'

to contain the compiete contents of rhe larsesl tank in tbe tank farm in

"u."

of- urtY

Pmergency The caPac-

Simple and ingenious

shear Samhwa's high quality helical and high static mixers are used worldwide for a variety of aDolicdtions, including food/pharmaceLltical' polymerizaton gases, Iiquid/gas, and powders' s well as qeneral chemical applications' r., r<inos Ian be built to ANSI/ASME, JIS, DIN' 2 mm to KS. or CE standards. Sizes range from

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with

pilot morethan 2 meters in diameter' Special plant units are also available with glass' hose'
and acrylic housings.

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or so to adlinks'che'com/5828'l 03 APBIL 2006 8I CHEMICAL ENGINEERING WWWCHE'COM

IABLE 4. TANK DATA SHEET. AN EXAMPLE

03

0esignalion
Type

HeaYy Naphlha Tank

04

Floalino nool Tyte

l;-idedianeter
Pmducl slored Cnifnsi!c cnmDonents Hererdn s rlass

N.minrl

rrnacilv

mJ

rrnl

flel woikino caoacilv d Tvii=nlricatnCioht mm

Sinole
461

7000

Heaw Naphlha
N0ne

FDerali[a

Tiiii-limoressure
Flash ooinl Liooio densilv al ooemti Vissositv rt operalino tel lnerl tras blanketinq reot

lemDeraturc "l kPalqLL

ri lemncrrl

;;;Gl--kPa(oI lii
oas mediurn

re lmin/max) 'C

40

'c
CP

0.41

i@n@--*#+
Fillino
Embtvino

mm

lnternals
nl

rale rate

nor/rnar nodmax

anf,qlirclinn
sna0e ves las DerAPl620l

nvtanrin
Mal.rial{lank)
31

lvpe

n0ne

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mn
CS

0esionation

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on p.93 or go to adlinks.che.com/5828'51
CHEMICAL ENG]NFERING WWWCHE.COM APRIL

2006 83

of the diked area should be calculated after deducting the volume of the tanks (other than the largest tankl below the height of the dike The height ol the dike $'a1l should be a minimum of 1 m and not more than 1.8 m from that of t1.re internal grade The minimum distance bet$'eeo the rank shell and the base of the inre-

itl'

rior dike u'all shouid be 1.5 m

with individual capacities that do not

exceed 476 m3 and are in production facilities in isoLated locations. In such
cases,

Layout and design NFPA provides detailed guidelines for layout and installation of aboveground storage tanks. Tanks storing Class I.II or IIIA stable liquids should be separated in accordance u'ith Table 3 16l. An exception to this is the case of crude-petroleum siorage tanks

the tanks Deed not be scparated

by more than 0.9 m. After the process engineer has considered the basic tank recluirements, a tank data sheet can be qenerated. A tl'pical tank data sheet. such as thai shori'n in Table 4 ip. 83), illustrates all pi''rcrs: I' al.trpc .,1 a tar \ inclLdin-

ri r '.i':'6 : '.!
i

:r

'

i*ir i .'.
-

i,,.''\:'I : i.:ri ri;

,,*:.

;
!_...

the dimensions, t1ae, capacitl,, operating and desigr conditions, ph1'sical properties of the liquid stored, materials of r:onstr'uction. corrosion allor_ ances and insulation. ln addition. it (onlaini lhe d"r:il. ol l.l t"zu I' i in the tank, iheir designations, sizes and ratings- A process slietch should also be included as palt of the data sheet. The process engineer should also specif)' instrumentation needs, such as pressure, level and iemperature

sensors.

Edited

bJ,

Darcth) Laz.rushr

-i
..!

References
1. I'iational fire Protecrion -{ssociation- "l'lam nable and Combustiblc Liquids Codc. \:oL 2.

2.

\arional Fi.e Prorection Association.

I 3^ l0 QJ ").l\1.' .

199o

'F)am mable and Combuslible Liqujds Code."\rol 2, 1996 p. 30-8 Quinc\: l{ass.,

3 ,{mrouche.\'., et.al . General Rules forAbo{eeround Slorase Tanl: Design and Operaiion," Cien.Ilng Proe..rtp a4 58. Decenbr 2002 4. An1eican Peiroleunr Institute VeDtingAtnrG '

'p1 r.. 'nJ La.. I c".-u " 5r"r'. API Sandard.2000. Octoher 1992

- t

i An,.rican 6

P-"troleum In-.titute. "\\'elded Sieel Tanks for Oil Storage, aPl Siandard 650. Il]th Edition. Nolenrlcr 1998 N'ti.nal El.e Protecl-ion Associalion. 'Flanr_ mable and Combusiible Liquids Code, \J01 2, p. il0-15, Qu'nc\, Xlass.. 1996

Author
depui\. general ma.age. rro_ ctss ai Lurgl lndia ConplnrLrd. lA 30 l'lohan Coopeutile
Road,

Siddhartha MuHrerjee

is

Indust.ial [siale. \lathura Ph.ner +91-11-.1259-50501 Fd: +91-11-.1:59 5051i Enaii:

NeNDtlhr
110 044.lndia.

roh ina LhernLal polv.I plants. iUulherje! erm.d his BTech and I'h.D ch.,mical .,ineeriis dc-

orinr ',n . , 'n.. . . . .A I.''r' '1d I'' n. . rn rn l'., - r pli'ql' nr. ..,.n"", lrot u., no.Ebr i...Jol"o1.n ' 1 $h.. .r .u,J. t "r.n 11 . \l-l^. e ,. e" mr,n,,r,-a .-- -n.r ' h I ""'1"L llerelolNnt Consullanls LrC. (aalcul.:1. do!19 c: . , . : - r "o1n . ' : .' J -- .'6. t
s
.

siddhariha-nrukherjee@lurgj .der. For the pasr sil Ycars, he has been inrohed as a lead endesiln, prccon! gineer in the desrlni !'rneer rn

hl . ..,' L J rle nxd i

lnsin.ut-" ol Chenical Englneers

d.

Lr,.,

Ini,"' ln i: ' o l lr"'r1, r.'r . .l',r' ,n tn;,ne -",l \",, l .

84

Circle 53 on p.93 or go to adlinks.ehe'com/5828'53

CI-]FMICAI ENGNEEBING WWWCHE CO[4 APRLL2006