Design of Composite Slabs using Profiled Steel Decking

Construction stage: combined web crippling and bending Composite stage: shear bond failure

Chiew Sing Ping

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Profiled steel decking

Trapezoidal Trapezoidal
Re-entrant

Site welding of headed shear connectors

Profiled steel decking

Placing of concrete over profiled steel decking

Scope

Effective use of profiled steel decking. Temporary formwork during construction stage. Permanent formwork during composite stage. Testing of profiled steel decking section failure under combined web crippling and hogging moment. Performance tests of composite slabs shear bond failure at concrete-steel interface. Structural behaviour of composite slabs with profiled steel decking. Fire resistant design of composite slabs. Innovative profiled steel decking with high inherent fire resistance.

Modern floor construction

Advantage of composite slabs Fast track construction as no formwork and temporary supports are needed. Easy installation of building services underneath using anchorage attachment. Slab openings for building services can be formed easily.

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Typical configurations
Materials 0.75 to 1.2 mm thick steel strips Yield strengths at 235 to 550N/mm2 Cross-section configuration h = 38 to 75 mm bb = 150 to 300 mm Spanning capacities 2.7 to 4.5 m

h t bb

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Typical design loads

Construction stage

Construction load (4.5 / span or 1.5 kPa minimum) Self weights of concrete slab and decking
(125 mm thick concrete slab + 1.0 mm thick decking)

1.5 kPa 3.0 kPa 3.0 kPa

Storage loads

Composite stage

Superimposed dead loads (screeding & services) Live loads partition loading allowance

1.2 + 0.5 kPa 1.0 kPa 3.0, 5.0, 7.5 kPa

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Floor construction using profiled steel decking

Temporary formwork during construction stage

Support all construction loads and dead loads. Stabilize supporting beams against lateral buckling. Act as a working platform for construction activities. Provide protection to workers below.

Permanent formwork during composite stage

Support all superimposed dead load and imposed loads. Act as tensile reinforcement to concrete slab to form a composite section.

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Profiled steel decking as temporary formwork

Ultimate limit state Decking under loads in various support conditions:

Single span or Multi-span: double span or triple span

Possible modes of failure

Shear failure at end support Moment failure near mid-span region Section failure over internal support under combined action of web crippling force and hogging moment critical Section failure over internal support under combined action of shear force and hogging moment

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Structural performance as temporary formwork during construction stage

Serviceability limit state Deflection limits
Span / 180 < 20 mm Span / 130 < 30 mm when ponding is allowed Often not critical in multi-span condition, but likely to be critical in single span condition

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Construction stage
Shear failure Combined bending and web crushing Combined bending and shear

Moment failure

BMD

SFD

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Construction Stage
Local buckling is often critical in profiled steel decking, hence, all calculations based on effective section properties before concrete gains its strength.
Gross section

Effective section under sagging moment

Compression

Effective section under hogging moment

Compression

Compression
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Testing of profiled steel decking

Combined bending and web crushing

BMD

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Typical set-up of profiled steel decking under one point load

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Typical failure of profiled steel decking under one point load

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Section failure under combined web crippling force and hogging moment
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a) Bearing length = 150mm and span = 1200mm

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Applied load (kN)

20

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10 Test H01 5 Test H02 Test H03 0 0

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10

15

20

c) Bearing length = 50mm and span = 1200mm

25 30 35 40 Mid-span deflection (mm)

45

50

55

60

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Applied load (kN)

20

15

10 Test H07 5 Test H08 Test H09 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Mid-span deflection (mm) 45 50 55 60

Typical failure mode

Alternatively, design to BS5950: Part 6 and Eurocode 3: Part 1.3 may be adopted.
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Design of profiled steel decking

Double span

W20

W21 W22

W20 W21

W22

Max. hogging moment

Notes:
W20 = 1.6 x 2/3 LLconst W21 = 1.4 DLconc + 1.6 x 2/3 LLconst W22 = 1.4 DLdeck

Max. sagging moment

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Design of profiled steel decking

Triple span

W20

W21

W22

Max. hogging moment

W20 W21

W22

Max. sagging moment

Notes:
W20 = 1.6 x 2/3 LLconst W21 = 1.4 DLconc + 1.6 x 2/3 LLconst W22 = 1.4 DLdeck 23

Profiled steel decking as permanent formwork

During composite stage

Support all superimposed dead loads and imposed loads. Act as tensile reinforcement to concrete slab to form a composite section against applied moment under lateral loads. Act as transverse reinforcement to composite beams. Distribute shrinkage strains of concrete slabs. Transfer in-plane loads, depending on connection details.

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Structural performance as permanent formwork during composite stage

Ultimate limit state

Concrete slab and decking act together as a composite section. Composite slab in single span condition with anticracking steel meshes over internal supports. Possible modes of failure

Shear failure at end support Moment failure near mid-span region Debonding within shear span along the interface between concrete slab and decking, i.e. shear bond failure critical
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Structural performance as permanent formwork during composite stage

Serviceability limit state

Deflection limits

Span / 350 20 mm under imposed loads only Span / 250 30 mm under total loads

Deflection is unlikely to be critical in multi-span condition.

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Shear bond failure

How can concrete stick with decking after deformed?

How reliable is the shear bond along the interface between concrete and decking ? Surface bonding due to chemical reaction
non-ductile failure, hence, not reliable Mechanical interlocking due to re-entrant shape or shear keys ductile failure with rational provision, hence reliable.
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Shear bond resistance

How reliable is the shear bond ?
Full moment resistance of the composite section is not readily mobilized due to shear bond failure. The load carrying capacity of the composite slab is limited by the shear bond resistance, Vs :

Vs =

Bs d s 1 . 25

mr Ap B L + kr s s

f cu

Depending on the values of mr and kr, typically only 30 to 70 % of the moment resistance of the composite section may be safely mobilized. The values of mr and kr are obtained from full size performance tests of composite slabs.
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Performance tests of composite slabs

Dynamic tests

10,000 cycles of 0.5Ww < P < 1.5Ww

Static tests

Up to failure or deflection span /50. Load carrying capacity, WTEST, determined according to modes of failure. Additional safety factors applied to WTEST.

Typical test set-up

All four point load tests

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Performance tests of composite slabs Dynamic tests

v

80

Mid-span deflection, v (mm)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 No. of cycles 7000 8000 9000 10000 Test 1 Test 2 Test 3

Ls/50

Mid-span deflection under dynamic tests

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Performance tests of composite slabs Dynamic tests

SL SR

2.0 1.5
End-slippage, h (mm)

1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -1.0 -1.5 -2.0 No. of cycles

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000
GL01 SL GL01 SR

10000

End-slip under dynamic tests

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Performance tests of composite slabs Static tests P = 212 kN assuming no shear bond failure
Test
120 110 100 90 80

Elastic linear design

L = 3600mm

Ptest = 97.5kN

Applied load (kN)

70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

CS01 CS02 CS03

Mid-span deflection (mm)

Load deflection curves of long span composite slabs under static tests
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Performance tests of composite slabs Static tests

L100A CS 01 120 Applied load (kN) 100 80 60 40 20 0 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 End slip (mm)

L100B CS 02 120 Applied load (kN) 100 80 60 40 20 0 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 End slip (mm)

CS 03
120 Applied load (kN) 100 80 60 40 20 0 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3 -1

L100C

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End slip (mm)

Load end-slip of long span composite slabs under static tests.

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Graphical determination of mr and kr

0.07

VE Bs d s f cm 0.06
0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 A 1 Regression line

Reduction line mr

kr

Bd Vs = s s 1.25
1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

mr A p B L + kr s s
Ap Bs Lv f cm

f cu

0.5

1.0

3.5

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Typical values of mr and kr

mr 180 ~ 300 kr 0.02 ~ 0.2 Span (m) 2.5 ~ 3.6 Imposed load (kPa) 10 ~ 20

100 ~ 200

0.01 ~ 0.1

3.5 ~ 4.5

5 ~ 7.5

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Conclusions

Profiled steel decking is effectively used as temporary formwork during construction stage, and permanent formwork during composite stage. Design methods for both temporary formwork and permanent formwork are presented. Structural behaviour of profiled structural decking is also described

Section failure under combined web crippling and hogging moment Shear bond failure under high applied load

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