BFC 31901 OPEN ENDED QUESTION 1.

How to determine the absolute maximum shear and absolute moment using influence lines variation? Due to a given system of rolling loads the maximum shear force for every section of the girder can be worked out by placing the loads in appropriate positions. When these are plotted for all the sections of the girder, the diagram that we obtain is the maximum shear force diagram. This diagram yields the design shear for each cross section.

While, when a given load system moves from one end to the other end of a girder, depending upon the position of the load, there will be a maximum bending moment for every section. The maximum of these bending moments will usually occur near or at the mid span. The maximum of maximum bending moments is called the absolute maximum bending moment. When a series of wheel loads crosses a simply supported beam, the absolute maximum bending moment will occur near mid span under the load Wcr , nearest to mid span (or the heaviest load). If Wcr is placed to one side of mid span C, the resultant of the load system R shall be on the other side of C; and Wcr and R shall be equidistant from C. Now the absolute maximum bending moment will occur under Wcr . If Wcr and R coincide, the absolute maximum bending moment will occur at mid span. : When a simply supported beam is subjected to a moving udl longer than the span, the absolute maximum bending moment occurs when the whole span is loaded. Mmax max =

Procedure: i. Allow a unit load (either 1b, 1N, 1kip, or 1 tonne) to move over beam from left to right. ii. Find the values of shear force or bending moment, at the point under consideration, as the unit load moves over the beam from left to right. iii. Plot the values of the shear force or bending moment, over the length of the beam, computed for the point under consideration

2. By using the data in Table 2 from the experiment moment influence lines, explain how to determine the absolute maximum shear?

Location

Position of hanger from left hand support (m) 100 g 200 g 0.20 0.22 0.26 0.30 TOTAL AVERAGE 300 g 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38

Digital Force Reading (N) 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.7

Experiment Moment (Nm)

Theoretical Moment (Nm)

1 2 3 4

0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

0.375 0.350 0.350 0.338 1.413 0.3533

0.814 0.873 0.942 1.010 3.639 0.9098

Notes: 1. Experimental Moment = Digital Force Reading x 0.125 2. Theoretical Moment is calculated using Equation (3)

CALCULATION EXAMPLE FOR PART 2 1. Experiment Moment = Digital Force Reading x 0.125 = 3.0 x 0.125 = 0.375 N

2. Theoretical Moment is calculated using Equation (3)

Moment at cut section = F1 y1 + F2 y2 + F3 y3..

F1 (100g) = 0.981N F2 (200g) = 1.962 N F3 (300g) = 2.943 N

0.981N

1.962N

2.943N

x3 x2 x1 Cut

0.3m

0.14m

0.0955

y3 y2 y1

EXAMPLE x1 = 0.06m x2 = 0.22m x3 = 0.3m

Influence lines x 0.075 0.3 y1 0.075 = 0.3 y2 0.075 0.14 y3 = = _y1_ 0.04 = 0.0127m

_y2_ 0.16 = 0.0509m

y3 __ (0.44-0.34) = 0.0682m

Moment at cut section

= F1y1+ F2y2 + F3y3 = 0.981(0.0127) + 1.962(0.0509) + 2.943(0.0682) = 0.0125 + 0.0999 + 0.2007 = 0.3131Nm

Shear Force Diagram and Moment Deflection Diagram

12.5 kN 25 kN 37.5 kN

35.23 kN

39.77 kN

0.04 m

0.16 m

0.12 m

0.12 m

35.23 kN 22.73 kN

-2.27 kN -39.77kN

39.00 kN.m

5.046 kN.m 4.7736kN.m +ve 1.4092 kN.m

As we know the absolute maximum shear occurred at one of the support of simply supported beam. So when we calculated shear using influence lines method, we can get the value of shear when we inserted the load at each point of the beam. Therefore, we can sketch the SFD or named as Shear Force Diagram. From the graph above, we found that the absolute maximum shear is 35.23kN happened at supported A.