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Thermochemistry

1.0 Energy Changes in Chemical Reaction Definition:


Thermochemistry is the study of changes in heat energy which take place during chemical reaction Poem;

EXOTHERMIC

Heat energy, we shall later study Is involved in reactions of thermochemistry, P.K. or Heat is being absorbed
A chemical reaction that GIVES OUT/ RELEASES heat to the surroundings

ENDOTHERMIC A chemical reaction that ABSORBS heat from the surroundings Very important Bond breaking REQUIRES energy Bond formation RELEASES energy
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EXOTHERMIC REACTION Energy Profile Diagram


Energy Energy Requires < Energy Releases

Z
Energy requires during bond breaking Energy releases during bond formation

Y X

Reactants

Activation Energy

H = ve
Products

Reaction path

Study the diagram carefully. So that you will be able to draw the Energy Level Diagram. What is activation energy? Activation energy is the energy barrier that must be overcome by the colliding particles of the reactants in order for reaction to occur / to become the products

H = The change in the amount of heat in a chemical reaction is called the heat of reaction.
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What we can say about exothermic reaction? The conclusion is; - Bond breaking requires less energy than bond formation, - So, the energy released to form the bond is higher / greater than the energy absorbed to break the bonds. - Then, excess heat energy is released to the surroundings. - Thus, during the reaction temperature of the mixture inreases, - The total energy of product is lower than the total energy of reactant. Energy Level Diagram for Exothermic Reaction

Energy Reactants H = (negative) Products H = Hproducts Hreactants H = ve Simply mean like this;
Project Complete Loss Saving = = = = rm100 000 rm150 000 rm50 000 less rm50 000 [energy requires] [energy releases] [ H, heat changes] [negative]
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ENDOTHERMIC REACTION Energy Profile Diagram


Energy Energy Required > Energy Released Energy releases during bond formation
Products

R
Energy requires during bond breaking
Reactants

Q P

H = +ve

Activation Energy Reaction path

Study the diagram carefully. What we can say about endothermic reaction? The conclusion is - Bond breaking requires more energy than bond formation, - So, the energy released to form the bond is lower / less than the energy absorbed to break the bonds. - Then, heat energy is absorbed from the surroundings. - Thus, during the reaction temperature of the mixture decreases, - The total energy of product is higher than the total energy of reactant.
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Energy Level Diagram for Endothermic Reaction

Energy Products H = + (positive) Reactants H = Hproduct Hreactants H = +ve Simply mean like this;
Project Complete Profit Saving = = = = rm100 000 [energy requires] rm50 000 [energy releases] rm50 000 [energy heat changes] up to rm50 000 [positive]

Example of exothermic reaction Most of the chemical reaction is exothermic such as - neutralization - combustion - acid and metal [Tip: better to memorize endothermic reaction, because not many reaction is endothermic]
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Example of endothermic reaction 1. Salt dissolves in water NH4Cl (s) NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) KNO3 (s) K+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) 2. Salt crystallization CuSO4.5H2O (s) Cu2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) + 5H2O (l) 3. Thermal decomposition ZnCO3 (s) ZnO (s) + CO2 (g) 2Mg(NO3)2 (s) 2MgO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) 4. Salt dissociation NH4Cl (s) <==> CaCO3 (s) <==> NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

5. Reaction between acid with sodium hydrogen carbonate and potassium hydrogen carbonate; HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) HCl(aq) + KHCO3(aq) KCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

6. photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 7. process of melting, evaporation and boiling.

Example 1: Mg + H2SO4 Energy level diagram Energy

MgSO4 + H2 H = 467 kJ

Mg + H2SO4 H = - 467 kJ MgSO4 + H2 Explanation: The reaction is an exothermic reaction Temperature of mixture is increases Total energy of 1 mole Mg and 1 mole H2SO4 is higher than 1 mole of MgSO4 and 1 mole H2 by 467 kJ When 1 mole Mg reacts with 1 mole H2SO4 to form 1 mole of MgSO4 and 1 mole H2 , 467 kJ of heat is released/produced. Exercises Based from the following equations, construct and explain energy level diagram for the reaction. (1) CaCO3 CaO + CO2 H = + 178 kJ (2) 2H2 + O2 2H2O H = 572 kJ (3) Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu H = 190 kJ (4) H2 + I2 2HI H = + 53 kJ
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Effective Practice pg 148 no. 1, 2, 3 & 4 Example 2: 2HgO 2Hg + O2 H = +182 kJ Energy level diagram; Energy 2Hg + O2 H = + 182 2HgO Explanation: The reaction is an endothermic reaction Temperature of mixture is decreases Total energy of 2 mole HgO is lower than 2 mole of Hg and 1 mole O2 by 182 kJ When 2 mole HgO decompose to form 2 mole of Hg and 1 mole O2, 182 kJ of heat is absorbed

Kamal Ariffin Bin Saaim SMKDBL http://www.kemhawk.webs.com/


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example
The diagram shows an energy profile diagram.
Energy

Y kJ mol-1 Reactants X kJ mol-1 Products

Based on the above energy profile diagram, the amount of activation energy is.. A (Y X) kJ mol-1 B X kJ mol-1 C (X Y) kJ mol-1 D Y kJ mol-1

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The reaction between nitrogen and oxygen can be represented by the following equation: N2 (g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
H = +181 kJ

Which of the following energy level diagrams represent the above reaction? Energy A Energy N2 (g) + O2(g) B 2NO(g)

H =kJ +181 kJ H = +181

2NO(g) N2 (g) + O2(g)

C Energy Energy 2NO(g) N2 (g) + O2(g)


H = +181 kJ H = +181 kJ

2NO(g)

N2 (g) + O2(g)

A pupil carried out an experiment to determine the value of heat of neutralization. Diagram 6 shows the set up of the apparatus used in the experiment.
Thermometer

100 cm3of 2.0 mol dm-3 Sodium hydroxide solution

Polystyrene cup 100 cm3of 2.0 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid

DIAGRAM 6 The following data was obtained; Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution Highest temperature of the mixture of product = 28oC = 28oC = 41oC

a) Why was a polystyrene cup used in this experiment? .. [1 mark] (b) Given that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 Jg-1oC-1 and the density of the solution is 1.0 gcm-3. (i) Calculate the change of heat in the experiment.

(ii) Calculate the heat of displacement in the experiment.

[3 marks]

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(c) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

[2 marks] (d) Based on the experiment, what is meant by the heat of neutralisation? ....... [1 mark] (e) The pupil repeats the experiment by replacing hydrochloric acid with ethanoic acid. All the other conditions remain unchanged. (i) Predict the value of the heat of neutralisation? ......... [1 mark] (ii) Explain why? ........ .... ........ .................................................................................................................... [2 marks]

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Thermochemistry
2.0 Heat of precipitation
The heat of precipitation is the heat change when one mole of a precipitate is formed from their ions in aqueous solution - precipitate is unsoluble salt - precipitate must be prepared through double bond decomposition or precipitation method Do you still remember what is meant by double bond decomposition? [please refer to salts notes] - two aqueous solution of a substances/soluble salt was mix together. - one of the solution contain cation, while another one contain anion for insoluble salt/precipitate that need to be prepared. - both of the aqueous solution exchanging their ions to produce 2 substances, which is unsoluble salt (precipitate) and one soluble salt General equation double bond decomposition/precipitation; MX (aq) + NY (aq) MY (s) + NX (aq) MY (s)
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Ionic equation for precipitation reaction. M+ (aq) + Y- (aq)

Salt
Li , Na , K , NH4 Nitrate, NO3Chloride Sulphate Carbonate Oxide Hydroxide
+ + + +

Solubility in water
All salt dissolve in water All nitrate salt dissolve in water All chloride salt dissolve dissolve in water except; PbCl2 - lead(II) chloride (dissolve in hot water) AgCl - argentums/silver chloride HgCl - hydroargentum chloride, mercury chloride All sulphate salt dissolve in water except; PbSO4 , BaSO4 , CaSO4 All carbonate salt not dissolve in water except; Li2CO3 Na2CO3 , K2CO3 , (NH4)2CO3 All oxide not dissolve in water except; Na2O , K2O , CaO All hydroxide not dissolve in water except; NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2 , Ba(OH)2

Formula to determine the heat change; Heat released/absorbed, H = mc [unit = J or kJ] Unit 1cm3 = 1 g 4.2 J g-1 oC-1 o C

Symbo Description l m mass of solution c specific heat capacity of solution temperature change

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Method to determine the heat of precipitation To determine precipitation heat of silver chloride, AgCl

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Thermometer Polystyrene cup

Thermometer Polystyrene cup

25 cm3 sodium chloride solution 0.5 mol dm-3

25 cm3 silver nitrate solution 0.5 mol dm-3

Procedure 25 cm3 sodium chloride solution 0.5 mol dm-3 is measured with measuring cylinder 50ml, and poured into polystyrene cup, record the temperature with termometer (0-110)oC. 25 cm3 silver nitrate solution 0.5 mol dm-3 is measured with measuring cylinder 50ml, and poured into another polystyrene cup, record the temperature with termometer (0-110)oC. Sodium chloride solution is added to silver nitrate solution quickly. The reacting mixture is stirred using thermometer. Highest temperature obtained is recorded. Repeat all the step by using different substance. Precaution steps; Use polystyrene cup. (polystyrene cup is insulator, to avoid loss of heat) Stir the mixture.

In this experiment you must have the following data; Data tabulation
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Initial temperature of sodium chloride NaCl /oC Initial temperature of silver nitrate, AgNO3 /oC Average initial temperature for both (x + y) oC solution 2 Highest temperature for the solution Temperature change Chemical equation for the reaction;

x oC y oC

z oC z (x + y) oC = oC 2

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq) Ionic equation for the reaction; Ag+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) AgCl (s) Calculation of heat of precipitation for AgCl; 1. Calculate the number of mole of precipitate formed 0.5 X 25 MV No. of mol NaCl = = 1000 = 0.0125 mol 1000 Formula of mole MV 0.5 X 25 No. of mol AgNO3 = = 1000 = 0.0125 mol 1000

FBCE; No. of mol AgCl

= 0.0125 mol
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2. Calculate the heat released/given out [From the experiment] Total volume of the mixture = 25 cm3 AgNO3 + 25 cm3 NaCl = 50 cm3 Mass of solution Temperature change = 50 g = oC
m = mass of solution ( 1cm3 = 1 g) c = specific heat capacity of solution (4.2 J g-1 oC-1) = temperature change ( oC)

Heat given out, H = mc = 50 4.2 J 1st formula = 50 4.2 1000 kJ

Therefore, heat given out during the experiment is 50 4.2 kJ 1000 3. Calculate the heat of precipitation 0.0125 mol of AgCl produces 50 4.2 1000 Therefore; 1 mol of AgCl produces = = H = kJ

Heat given out kJ mol-1 No. of mole 50 4.2 1000 50 4.2 12.5 1 . 0.0125 kJ mol-1 kJ mol-1

2nd formula

Thus; The heat of precipitation of silver chloride, AgCl;


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50 4.2 12.5

kJ mol-1

Example 1: Precipitation for lead(II) sulphate Chemical equation;

Pb(NO3)2 + K2SO4 PbSO4 + 2KNO3 H = -50 kJmol-1


Ionic equation;

Pb2+ + SO42- PbSO4


Energy level diagram Energy

H = -50 kJmol-1

Pb2+ + SO42 H = - 50 kJmol-1

PbSO4
50 kJ heat released when 1 mol of lead(II) ions react with 1 mol of sulphate ions to form 1 mol precipitate of lead(II) sulphate. The heat of precipitation for PbSO4 = 50 kJmol-1 Example 2: Precipitation for silver chloride
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Chemical equation ;

AgNO3 + KCl AgCl + KNO3 H = 65.5 kJmol-1


Ionic equation;

Ag+ + Cl- AgCl


Energy level diagram Energy

H = 65.5 kJmol-1

Ag+ + Cl H = 65.5 kJmol-1

AgCl
65.5 kJ heat released when 1 mol of silver ions react with 1 mol of chloride ions to form 1 mol precipitate of silver chloride. The heat of precipitation for AgCl = 65.5 kJmol-1

Example 3: Precipitation for copper(II) hydroxide


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Chemical equation;

CuSO4 + 2NaOH Cu(OH)2 + Na2SO4 H = -60 kJmol-1


Ionic equation;

Cu2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2


Energy level diagram Energy

H = -60 kJmol-1

Cu2+ + 2OH H = 60 kJmol-1

Cu(OH)2
60 kJ heat released when 1 mol of copper(II) ion react with 2 mol of hydroxide ion to form 1 mol precipitate of copper(II) hydroxide. The heat of precipitation for Cu(OH)2 = 60 kJmol-1

Calculation for heat of precipitate Example 1


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When 50 cm3 calcium nitrate solution, Ca(NO3)2 2 mol dm-3 is added to 50 cm3 sodium carbonate solution, Na2CO3 2.0 mol dm-3, precipitate of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 is produce.Temperature of the mixture solution decrease 3.0 oC. Calculate the heat of precipitation of calcium carbonate. [Specific heat capacity of solution: 4.2 J g-1 oC-1. Density of solution: 1 g cm-3] Chemical equation; Ca(NO3)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaNO3 Ionic equation: Ca2+ + CO3 CaCO3 Step 1: Calculate the number of mole of precipitate formed MV No. of mol Ca(NO3)2 = 1000 No. of mol Na2CO3 MV = 1000 2 X 50 = 1000 2 X 50 = 1000 = 0.1 mol = 0.1 mol

FBCE; 1 mol Ca2+ react with 1 mol CO32- , produce 1 mol calcium carbonat Therefore; 0.1 mol Ca2+ react with 0.1 mol CO32- , produce 0.1 mol CaCO3 Thus; No. of mol CaCO3 = 0.1 mol Step 2 : Calculate the total heat absorb in exp. [From the experiment]
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Total volume of the mixture = 50 cm3 Ca(NO3)2 + 50 cm3 Na2CO3 = 100 cm3 m = mass of solution Mass of solution = 100 g ( 1cm3 = 1 g) Temperature change Heat absorbs, H 1st formula =3 C
o

= mc = 100 4.2 3 J

c = specific heat capacity of solution (4.2 J g-1 oC-1) = temperature change ( oC)

= 1260 J Therefore, heat given out during the experiment is 1.26 kJ Step 3 : Calculate the heat of precipitstion 0.1 mol CaCO3 absorb at 1260 J of heat. Therefore; 1260 1 mol CaCO3 absorb heat = 0.1 J mol-1 = 12600 J mol-1 = 12.6 kJ mol-1 1 kJ = 1000 J sign (+) must write

Thus The heat of precipitation CaCO3, H = + 12.6 kJ mol-1 Step 4 : Draw energy level diagram CaCO3 Energy H = +12.6 kJ mol-1 Ca2+ + CO32-

Example 2:
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Thermochemical equation for precipitate of magnesium carbonate, Mg(NO3)2. Mg(NO3)2 (ak) + Na2CO3 MgCO3 (p) + 2NaNO3 (ak) H = +25 kJmol-1 Calculate the changes of temperature when 50 cm3 magnesium nitrate solution , Mg(NO3)2 2.0 mol dm-3 is added to 50 cm3 sodium carbonate solution, Na2CO3 2.0 mol dm-3/ Chemical equation has been given the question. Ionic equation: Mg2+ + CO32- MgCO3 Step 1: Calculate the number of mole of precipitate formed No. of mol Mg(NO3)2 = No. of mol Na2CO3 = MV 1000 MV 1000 2.0 X 50 = 1000 2.0 X 50 = 1000 = = 0.1 mol

0.1 mol

FBCE; 1 mol Mg2+ react with 1 mol CO3 2- , to produce 0.1 mol MgCO3 Therefore; 0.1 mol Mg2+ react with 0.1 mol CO3 2- , to produce 0.1 mol MgCO3 Thus; No of mole MgCO3 = 0.1 mol

Step 2 : Calculate the total heat absorb in exp.


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Heat absorb (endothermic)

= = = =

mc (50 + 50) x 4.2 x J 100 x 4.2 x J 420 J

m = solution mass ( 1cm3 = 1 g) c = specific heat capacity (4.2 J g-1 oC-1) = temperature

[from chemical equation, (H = +25 kJ)] The heat of precipitation for magnesium carbonate is +25 kJ, Therefore; 1 mol precipitate of MgCO3 absorbs heat 25 kJ, Thus; 0.1 mol precipitate MgCO3 absorb heat, = 0.1 x 25 kJ, = 2.5 kJ = 2.5 x 1000 J = 2500 J Thus; The heat absorbs in experiment is 2500 J

1 kJ = 1000 J Change to J, we want substitute it into formula

Step 3 : determine the value of , temperature change in exp. In experiment, Total heat absorb = mc 420 J = 2500 J = 2500 J 420 J

= 5.95 oC

The reaction is endothermic, temperature decrease 5.95 oC


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Energy level diagram of precipitate of MgCO3

MgCO3 Energy H = +25 kJ mol-1 Mg2+ + CO32-

3. thermochemical equation for precipitate of copper(II)hydroxide, Cu(OH)2 given below, Cu2+ (ak) + 2OH- (ak) Cu(OH)2 (p) H = -60 kJ

How many its volume solution for copper(II)sulphate, CuSO4 1.0 mol dm-3 that need to mixture with 50 cm-3 sodium hydroxide solution, NaOH 2.0 mol dm-3 to increase temperature of the solution mixture to 6.3oC? Step 1: write the chemical equation for this reaction Chemical equation has been state at the question. Step 2 : calculate no. of mol for the substance No. of mol CuSO4/Cu2+ = No. of mol NaOH /OH- = MV 1000 = MV 1000 1.0 X V 1000 2.0 X 50 = 1000 = = 0.001 V mol

0.1 mol

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Step 3 : ratio for no. of mol FBCE; 2 mol NaOH /OH- react with 1 mol CuSO4/Cu2+ , to produce1 mol Cu(OH)2, copper(II) hydroxide, so ; 0.1 0.1 mol NaOH /OH- react with 2 mol Cu(OH)2. 0.1 2 mol CuSO4/Cu2+, to produce

So ; 0.1 mol NaOH /OH- react with 0.05 mol CuSO4/Cu2+, to produce 0.05 mol Cu(OH)2. * carefull to calculate value of V, we must include the value of temperature changes, (6.3 oC) from the question that give above. Step 4 : calculate the total heat release/absorb in this exp. Total heat released = mc (t/b exothermic) = (50 + V) x 4.2 x 6.3 J = 6.3 oC = (50 + V) x 26.46 J (substitute in = (50 + V) 26.46 J equation) (V not yet known) [from chemical equation], (H = -60 kJmol-1 )] Heat of precipitate for copper(II)hydroxide is -60 kJ, (from question) 1 mol precipitate of Cu(OH)2 releaseing heat 60 kJ, So ; 0.05 mol precipitate of Cu(OH)2 releasing heat,

Dont calculate the volume of CuSO4 from this value

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= = = =

0.05 x 60 kJ, 3 kJ 3 x 1000 J 3000 J

1 kJ = 1000 J Change to J, we want substitute it into equation

So ; Total heat released by 0.05 mol precipitate of Cu(OH)2 in experiment is 3000 J Step 5 : determine the value of V, solution volume of CuSO4, in exp In experiment, Total heat released = mc J (50 + V) 26.46 J (50 + V) (50 + V) V V = 3000 J 3000 J = 26.46 J = 113.38 cm3 = (113.38 50) cm3 = 63.38 cm3

Energy level diagram for precipitate of Cu(OH)2 Cu2+ (ak) + 2OH- (ak) energy H = -60 kJ mol-1 Cu(OH)2 (p)
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4. when solution of 500 cm3 M2+ 2.0 mol dm-3 is mixture with 500 cm3 solution of ion Cl- , heat of solution increase to oC. Calculate the heat of precipitate for the reacted ion M 2+ and ion Clto precipitate the formula substance MCl2. Step 1: write the chemical equation Ionic equation M2+ (ak) + 2Cl- (ak) MCl2 (p)

Step 2 : calculate no. of mol for the substance No. of mol M2+ No. of mol Cl- = MV = 1000 MV = 1000 = 2.0 X 500 1000 M X 500 1000 = = 1 mol

0.5 M mol
Dont use this no. of mol because the actual no. of mol we dont know yet

Step 3 : ratio for no. of mol DPKYS; 1 mol M2+ react with 2 mol Cl- to produce 1 mol precipitate MCl2

so; 1 mol M2+ reacted with 2 mol Cl- to produce 1 mol precipitate MCl2 Step 4 : calculate the total heat release/absorb in this exp. Total heat released = mc (t/b exothermic) = (500 + 500) x 4.2 x J 1 kJ = 1000 J = 1000 x 4.2 x J = 4.2 x kJ
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So ; Total heat released by 1 mol precipitate of MCl2 in experiment is 4.2 x kJ, Step 5 determine the heat of precipitate of MCl2 Because the total heat released by 1 mol precipitate of MCl2 in this experiment is 2 x kJ , So ; Heat of precipitate for MCl2 is -4.2 x kJ mol-1 H = -4.2 x kJ mol-1 energy level diagram for heat of precipitate of MCl2 M2+ (ak) + Cl- (ak) Energy H = -4.2 x kJ mol-1 MCl2 (p)

5. In one experiment to determine the heat of precipitate between ion M2+ and ion SO42- , found that when 250 cm3 of M2+ 2 mol dm3 solution is mix with 250 cm3 solution of ion SO42- , temperature of the solution increase at 30 oC. Calculate heat of precipitation for the reaction between ion M2+ and ion SO4229

Step 1: write the chemical equation for this reaction Ionic equation M2+ (ak) + SO42- (ak) MSO4 (p)

Step 2 : calculate no. of mol for the substance No. of mol M


2+

MV = 1000 MV = 1000

2.0 X 250 = 1000 M X 250 = 1000

0.5 mol

No. of mol SO42- =

0.25 M mol
Dont use this no. of mol because the actual no. of mol we dont know yet

Step 3 : ratio for no. of mol DPKYS; 1 mol of M2+ react with 1 mol SO42- to produce 1 mol precipitate of MSO4

So ; 0.5 mol M2+ react with 0.5 mol SO42- to produce 0.5 mol precipitate of MSO4 Step 4 : calculate the total heat release/absorb in this exp. Total heat release = mc (t/b exothermic) = (250 + 250) x 4.2 x 30 J = 63000 J 1 kJ = 1000 J = 63 kJ So ; Total heat release by 0.5 mol precipitate of MSO4 in experiment is 63 kJ
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Step 5 determine the heat of precipitate of MSO4 In experiment; 0.5 mol precipitate of MSO4 release heat 63 kJ So ; 1 mol precipitate of MSO4 releasing heat ; = 63 kJ 0.5

= 126 kJ mol-1 So ; Heat of precipitation of MSO4 is -126 kJ mol-1 H = -126 kJ mol-1 Energy level diagram for heat of precipitation of MSO4 M2+ (ak) + SO42- (ak) Energy H = -126 kJ mol-1 MSO4 (p)

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6. mixture between 75 cm3 hydrochloric acid solution 0.15 mol dm-3 and 75 cm3 silver nitrate solution 0.15 mol dm-3 has increase the temperature at 1.9 oC. i. how much the quantity of heat of energy that release in this experiment? ii. heat of precipitate for this reaction iii. draw energy level diagram for this reaction. Step 1: write the chemical equation for this reaction Chemical equation; AgNO3 (ak) + HCl (ak) AgCl (p) + HNO3 (ak) Ionic equation; Ag+ (ak) + Cl- (ak) AgCl (p)

Step 2 : calculate no. of mol for the substance No. of mol HCl No. of mol AgNO3 = MV = 1000 MV = 1000 = 0.15 X 75 1000 0.15 X 75 1000 = = 0.01125 mol 0.01125 mol

Step 3 : ratio for no. of mol DPKYS; 1 mol HCl react with 1 mol AgNO3 to produce 1 mol precipitate of AgCl So ; 0.01125 mol HCl react with 0.01125 mol AgNO3 to produce 0.01125 mol precipitate of AgCl

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Step 4 : calculate the total heat release/absorb in this exp. Total heat release = mc (t/b exothermic) = (75 + 75) x 4.2 x 1.9 J = 1197 J 1 kJ = 1000 J = 1.197 kJ So ; Total heat release by 0.01125 mol precipitate of AgCl in experiment is 1.197 kJ Step 5 determine the heat of precipitate of MSO4 In experiment; 0.01125 mol precipitate of releasing heat at 1.197 kJ So ; 1 mol precipitate of AgCl releasing heat; 1.197 kJ mol-1 = 0.01125 = 106.4 kJ mol-1 So ; Heat of precipitate of AgCl is -106.4 kJ mol-1 H = -106.4 kJ mol-1 Energy level diagram for heat of precipitation of AgCl Ag+ (ak) + Cl- (ak) Energy H = -106.4 kJ mol-1 AgCl (p)
Kamal Ariffin B Saaim 33

Thermochemistry
3.0 Heat of Displacement
The Heat of Diplacement is the heat change when one mole of metal is diplaced from its solution by a more electropositive metal. What is meant by displacement reaction? Metal that more electropositive will displace metal that is less electropositive from its salt solution. Example 1; Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ + Cu
Energy

H= 210 kJmol-1

Zn + Cu2+ H= 210 kJmol-1 Zn2+ + Cu When 1 mole Cu is displaced by Zn, 210 kJ heat energy is released/given out.

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Example 2; Zn + Pb2+ Zn2+ + Pb


Energy

H= 112 kJmol-1

Zn + Pb2+ H= 112 kJmol-1 Zn2+ + Pb When 1 mole Pb is displaced by Zn, 112 kJ heat energy is released/given out. Example 3; Mg + Fe2+ Mg2+ + Fe
Energy

H= 80 kJmol-1

Mg + Fe2+ H= 80 kJmol-1 Mg2+ + Fe When 1 mole Fe is displaced by Mg, 80 kJ heat energy is released/given out.
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Method to determine heat of displacement To determine the heat of diplacement of copper by zinc

Beaker that contain 1 g zinc powder (excess) Thermometer Polystyrene cup

50.0 cm3 copper(II) sulphate solution 0.1 mol dm-3

Procedure; 50 cm3 copper(II) sulphate solution of 0.1 mol dm-3 is measured with measuring cylinder 50ml and poured into polystyrene cup, record the temperature with termometer (0-110)oC. 1.0 g metal powder is weighed by using electronic balance and quickly added into the polystyrene cup that contain copper(II) sulphate solution. The mixture is stirred using the thermometer. The highest/maximum temperature of heat is recorded. Repeat the step by using different substance. [if necessary]

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Data tabulation Initial temperature of copper(II) sulphate , CuSO4 /oC Highest/maximum temperature for the solution /oC Temperature change /oC [Note : mass of zinc is used in excess] Chemical equation for the reaction Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) Cu (s) + ZnSO4 (aq) Ionic Equation Zn + Cu2+ Cu + Zn2+

y z (z y) =

Calculation the heat of displacement of copper by zinc; 1. Calculate the number of mole of Cu formed No of moles of Zn = . mass . molar mass No. of moles CuSO4 = MV 1000 = = 1.0 65 0.1 X 50 1000 = 0.015 mol = 0.005 mol

(No. of moles of CuSO4) 0.005 < 0.015 (No of moles of Zinc) [Important notes: calculation MUST based on CuSO4 solution because quantity of zinc used in excess] FBCE; 1 mole of CuSO4 produces 1 mole of Cu Therefore; 0.005 mole of CuSO4 produces 0.005 mole of Cu Thus; No. of mole of Cu formed = 0.005 mol
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2. Calculate the heat released/given out Heat release/given out (in exp.) Volume of solution = mc = 50 x 4.2 x = 50 x 4.2 x 1000 J kJ

3. Calculate the heat of diplacement for 1 mole copper by zinc 0.005 mole of copper diplaced produced 50 x 4.2 x 1000 kJ

Therefore; When 1 mole of copper is diplaced by zinc, the heat released is = 50 x 4.2 x 1000 0.005 . kJ mol-1 kJ mol-1

= 50 x 4.2 x 1000 = 50 x 4.2 x 5

X 1 . 0.005 kJ mol-1

Thus; The heat of diplacement of copper by zinc H = 50 x 4.2 x 5 kJ mol-1

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Calculation heat of displacement Question 1 Excess iron powder is added into 50 cm3 copper(II) chloride solution, CuCl2 1.0 mol dm-3, brown solid is formed and blue solution change to green. Iron has displace copper from its salt solution. The following data is get from above experiment. Initial temperature for copper(II)chloride solution Highest temperature for mixture solution = 28.0 oC = 57.0 oC

Calculate heat changes when 1 mol of copper is displace by iron. Solution chemical equation; Fe (s) + CuCl2 (aq) FeCl2 (aq) + Cu (s) Ionic equation; Fe (s) + Cu2+ (aq) Cu (s) + Fe+2 (aq) Step 1 : Calculate the number of mole of Cu formed No. of mol CuCl2 No. of mol Fe MV = 1000 1 X 50 = 1000 = 0.05 mol

= (no need to calculate because is in excess)

FBCE; No. of mole of Cu formed = 0.05 mol Step 2 : Calculate the heat released/given out
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Heat released/given out = mc (exothermic) = 50 x 4.2 x J Temperature change, = (highest temperature initial temperature) = (57.0 28.0) oC = 29.0 oC (determine the changes of temperature) Total heat release = mc = 6090 J 1 kJ = 1000 J = 6.09 kJ Step 3 : determine the heat of displacement of Cu by Fe Displacement of 0.05 mol Cu releasing 6.09 kJ of heat. Therefore; When 1 mole of copper is diplaced by zinc, the heat released is = = 6.09 0.05 121.8 kJ mol-1 kJ mol-1

Thus; The heat of displacement of Cu by iron; H = 121.8 kJmol-1 Draw energy level diagram Fe + Cu2+ Energy H = -121.8 kJ mol-1 Fe2+ + Cu

Question2
40

Study the following equation; Fe (s) + CuSO4 (aq) Cu (s) + FeSO4 (aq) H = -250 kJ mol-1 If excessive iron powder is add into 100 cm3 copper(II) sulphate solution 0.25 mol dm-3, calculate i. Heat released ii. Temperature rise iii. Mass of copper that is displace iv. Mass of salt that formed if it crystalize v. Draw energy level diagram If magnesium powder is use to replace iron powder, is it the energy that release is more higher, same or lower. [Ar = Cu, 64; Fe, 56; S, 32; O, 16] Solution Chemical equation; Fe (p) + CuSO4 (ak) FeSO4 (ak) + Cu (p) Ionic equation; Fe (p) + Cu2+ (ak) Fe+2 (ak) + Cu (p) i : calculate no. of mole of Cu formed No. of mol CuSO4 No. of mol Fe 0.25 X 100 MV = 1000 = = 1000 0.025 mol

= (no need to calculate because excessive)

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FBCE; 1 mol CuSO4 produced 1 mol Cu Therefore; 0.025 mol CuSO4 produce 0.025 mol Cu Thus; No. of mole of Cu formed = 0.025 mol calculate the heat released by 0.025 mol of Cu in the exp. [from question: H = -250 kJ mol-1] Thats mean; When 1 mole Cu is displaced by Fe, 250 kJ heat energy is released/given out. Therefore; 0.025 mol Cu is diplaced by Fe, heat released is; = 0.025 250 kJ = 6.25 kJ Change to unit of kJ, because we = 6250 J want to find Thus; Heat released/given out = 6.25 kJ or 6250 J ii: determine the temperature changes during the reaction [Heat released/given out = 6250 J] Heat released/given out = mc 6250 = 100 x 4.2 x = 14.9 oC Therefore; The increases in temperature = 14.9 oC iii: determine the mass of copper that is diplace
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[from the previous information above] No. of mole of Cu formed = 0.025 mol No. of mol Cu = mass of Cu Ar Cu

Mass of Cu = 0.025 64 = 1.6 g iv: determine the mass of salt formed FBCE; 1 mol CuSO4 produced 1 mol FeSO4 Therefore; 0.025 mol CuSO4 produce 0.025 mol FeSO4 Thus; No. of mole of FeSO4 formed = 0.025 mol No. of mol FeSO4 = mass of FeSO4 Mr FeSO4 Mass of FeSO4 = 0.025 [56 + 32 + 4(16)] = 3.8 g

v : draw energy level diagram Energy Fe + Cu2+ H = -250 kJ mol-1 Fe2+ + Cu Question 3
43

100 cm3 copper(II) nitrate solution 0.2 mol dm-3 is poured into plastic container. Temperature is recorded. Then excess magnesium powder is added to the solution. The mixture is stirred and the temperature rises is recorded. The temperature shows an increases of 5 oC. (a) What is the colour of the solution in the plastic container; i. before magnesium powder is place? ii. after magnesium powder is place? (b) Write the total ionic equation of the reaction. (c) How many mole of copper(II) nitrate reacts? (d) Calculate the heat releases in this experiment. (e) Calculate the heat energy release when one mol of copper is formed. (f) What is the heat of displacement of copper? (g) Draw energy level diagram for this experiment. (h) Why magnesium used is in form of fine powder not granulated? (i) i. if potassium hydroxide solution is mix with the solution in plastic beaker in the end of the experiment, what can you observe? ii. write the chemical equation for the reaction in (i)(i). iii. write the ionic equation for the reaction in (i)(i).

SOLUTION
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(a) i. blue ii. colourless (b) Mg (aq) + Cu2+ (aq)

Mg2+ (aq) + Cu (s) 0.2 x 100 = 1000 = 0.02 mol

MV (c) no. of mol Cu(NO3)2 = 1000

(d) Heat release (during reaction)

= = = =

mc 100 x 4.2 x 5.0 J 2100 J 2.1 kJ

(e) FBCE; 1 mol CuSO4 produced 1 mol Cu Therefore; 0.02 mol CuSO4 produce 0.02 mol Cu Thus; No. of mole of Cu formed = 0.02 mol When 0.02 mol of Cu diplaced by Mg, 2.1 kJ of heat released. Therefore; 1 mol of Cu diplaced by Mg will releases heat; 2.1 kJ mol-1 = 0.02 = 105 (f) kJ mol-1

The heat of displacement of copper = -105 kJ mol-1 Heat change, H = -105 kJ mol-1

(g) Energy level diagram


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Mg (s) + Cu2+ (aq) Energy H = - 105 kJ mol-1 Mg2+ (aq) + Cu (s)

(h) To increase the total surface area per volume for magnesium, thus it will increase the rate of reaction. (i) i. white precipitate formed ii. Mg(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KOH (aq) Mg(OH)2 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq) iii. Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) Mg(OH)2 (s)

Learning task: pg 158 no. 1 & 2 Effective Practise: pg. 158 no. 3

Kamal Ariffin B Saaim SMKDBL http://kemhawk.webs.com/

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Thermochemistry
4.0 Heat of neutralisation
The heat of neutralization is the heat change when one mole of water is formed from the reaction between an acid and an alkali. What is meant by neutralization? Acid reacts with alkali/oxide base to produce salt and water Ionic equation: H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l) Heat of neutralization can be divide into two types; i. Reaction between strong acid with strong alkali.

ii. Reaction between weak acid with weak alkali.

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Heat Of Neutralization Between Strong Acid With Strong Alkali


Example of reaction;
Neutralization reaction Neutralization heat, H (kJ mol-1)

HCl + HCl + HNO3 + HNO3 +

NaOH KOH KOH NaOH

NaCl + KCl + KNO3 + NaNO3 +

H2O H2O H2O H2O

-57.3 -57.3 -57.3 -57.3

Therefore; In neutralization reaction between strong acid and strong alkali, the heat of neutralization is -57.3 kJmol-1 Energy level diagram,
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Energy H = - 57.3 kJmol-1 H2O (l)

57.3 kJ heat is released when 1 mol of water is produced from a reaction between 1 mol of hydrogen ion, H+ and 1 mol of hydroxide ion, OH- .
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1. Study this reaction HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) H = -57.3 kJ What is the value of heat of neutralization for the above reaction? Ionic equation: H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l) H = -57.3 kJ

- 57.3 kJ heat is released when 1 mole of water is produced from a reaction between 1 mole of hydrogen ion, H+ and 1 mole of hydroxide ion, OH- . - Thus, the heat of neutralization is -57.3 kJmol-1 Remember: HCl is monoprotic acid [Monoprotic acid: When 1 mole of HCl acid dissolves in water, it produces 1 mol of hydrogen ion] Energy level diagram,
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Energy H = - 57.3 kJmol-1 H2O (l)

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2. Study this reaction H2SO4 (ak) + 2NaOH (ak) Na2SO4 (ak) + 2H2O (ce) H = -114 kJ What is the value of heat of neutralization for the above reaction? - H2SO4 is diprotic acid. It produces 2 moles of hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water. H2SO4 (aq) 2H+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) - 2 moles of H+ ions produce 2 moles of water when reacted with alkali. Ionic equation: 2H+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) 2H2O (l) H = -114.6 kJ

- 114 kJ heat is released when 2 moles of water is produced from a reaction between 2 moles of hydrogen ion, H+ and 2 mol of hydroxide ion, OH- . - Thus, the heat of neutralization is still -57.3 kJmol-1

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Energy level diagram,


H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Energy H = - 12 kJmol-1 H2O (l)

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Heat of neutralization between weak acid with strong alkali


Example of reaction; Neutralization reaction CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O HCN + KOH KCN + H2O Heat of neutralization, H (kJ mol-1) -55 -12

In neutralization between weak acid and strong alkali, heat of neutralization is less than -57.3 kJmol-1
Why ? Study the ionization equation for this weak acid; Reversible process

CH3COOH (aq)

CH3COO- (aq) + H+ (aq)

- Weak acid only ionize partially in water. Only small amount of hydrogen ion is produce. - Most of the molecules of weak acid still exist as a molecule. - Therefore, some of the heat energy is use to overcome the molecular bond in acid, so that in can be ionize in water. - Thus, this process cause the value of heat of neutralization, less than 57 kJmol-1

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Method to determie the heat of neutralization To determine the heat of neutralization between HCl and NaOH

Thermometer Polystyrene cup

Thermometer Polystyrene cup

50 cm3 hidrochloric acid 2.0 mol dm-3

50 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution 2.0 mol dm-3

Procedure ; 50 cm3 hydrochloric acid solution 2.0 mol dm-3 is measured with measuring cylinder 50ml and pour into polystyrene cup and the temperature is recorded using thermometer (0-110)oC. 50 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution 2.0 mol dm-3 is measured and pour into another polystyrene cup and the temperature is recorded. Quickly the hydrochloric acid solution is added to the potassium hydroxide solution, the mixture is stirred using thermometer. highest/maximum temperature of the mixture is recorded. Repeat the step by using different substance.

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Data tabulation Initial temperature for hydrochloric acid, HCl /oC Initial temperature for potassium hydroxide, NaOH /oC (xtemperature + y) Average for the both 2 solution /o C Highest/maximum temperature for the solution /oC
o Temperature (x + y) changes / C 2

x y

z z=

Calculation heat of neutralization HCl and NaOH Chemical equation; HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) Ionic equation; H+ (aq) + OH (aq) H2O (l) Calculation the heat of neutralization; 1. Calculate the number of mole of water formed No. of mol hydrogen ions, H+ / HCl ; = MV 1000 = 2.0 X 50 1000 = 0.1 mol

No. of mol of hydroxide ions, OH- / NaOH MV = 1000 = 2.0 X 50 1000 = 0.1 mol
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FBCE; 1 mole of H+ reacts with 1 mole of OH- to form 1 mole of H2O Therefore; 0.1 mole of H+ reacts with 0.1 mole of OH- to form 0.1 mole of H2O Thus; No. of mole of H2O formed = 0.1 mol 2. Calculate the heat given out/releases during reaction; [From the experiment] Total volume of the mixture = 50 cm3 HCl + 50 cm3 NaOH = 100 cm3 Mass of solution = 100 g Temperature change = oC

Heat given out, H = mc = 100 4.2 J 100 4.2 = 1000 kJ

Therefore, heat given out during the experiment is; = 100 4.2 1000 kJ

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3. Calculate the heat of neutralization 0.01 mol of H2O produces 100 4.2 1000 Therefore; 1 mol of H2O produces = kJ

Heat given out kJ mol-1 No. of mole .

1 100 4.2 = 0.1 1000 = 100 4.2 100

kJ mol-1

kJ mol-1

Thus; The heat of neutralization;


H

= 100 4.2 100

kJ mol-1

H = - 4.2 x kJ mol-1

Energy level diagram,


H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) Energy H = - 4.2 x kJ mol-1 H2O (l)

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Question 1 When 50 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution, NaOH 1.0 mol dm-3 is added with 50 cm3 hydrochloric acid HCl 1.0 mol dm-3, the temperature of mixture increase 6.2 oC. Calculate the heat of neutralization for this reaction. Solution Write the chemical equation for the reaction Chemical equation; NaOH (aq) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) Ionic equation; H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) H2O (l)

Calculation the heat of neutralization; 1. Calculate the number of mole of water produced No. of mol H+ / HCl
-

MV = 1000

1.0 X 50 = 1000 1.0 X 50 = 1000

= =

0.05 mol 0.05 mol

MV No. of mol OH / NaOH = 1000

FBCE; 1 mole of H+ reacts with 1 mole of OH- to form 1 mole of H2O Therefore; 0.05 mole of H+ reacts with 0.05 mole of OH- to form 0.05 mole of H2O Thus; No. of mole of H2O formed = 0.05 mol

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2. Calculate the heat given out/releases during reaction; m = (50 + 50) cm3 = 6.2 oC = 100 g Heat released/given out = mc (exothermic reaction) = (50+50) x 4.2 x 6.2 J = 2604 J 1 kJ = 1000 J = 2.604 kJ 3. Calculate the heat of neutralization 0.05 mol of H2O formed produces 2.640 kJ Therefore; Heat given out 1 mol of H2O produces = No. of mole = = Thus; The heat of neutralization; H = 52.08 kJ mol-1 2.604 0.05 52.08 kJ mol-1

kJ mol-1 kJ mol-1

Energy level diagram,


H+ + OHEnergy H = -52.08 kJ mol-1 H2O
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Question 2 When 50 cm3 potassium hydroxide solution, NaOH 1.0 mol dm-3 is added into 50 cm3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4 0.5 mol dm-3, the temperature of solution mixture has increase 6.2 oC? (a) calculate the heat releases for the following reaction; i. H2SO4 (ak) + NaOH (ak) Na2SO4 (ak) + H2O (ce) ii. H2SO4 (ak) + 2NaOH (ak) Na2SO4 (ak) + 2H2O (ce) SOLUTION Calculate no. of mol of water formed No. of mole H2SO4 Therefore; No. of mole of H+ 0.5 X 50 MV = 1000 = 1000 = = 0.025 mol

2 0.025 = 0.05 mol

MV No. of mole of OH / NaOH = 1000


-

1.0 X 50 = 1000

0.05 mol

FBCE; 1 mole of H2SO4 reacts with 2 mole of NaOH to form 2 mole of H2O [Remember: H2SO4 is diprotic acid] 2 mole of H+ reacts with 2 mole of OH- to form 2 mole of H2O

59

Therefore; (0.025 2) mole of H+ reacts with 0.05 mole of OH- to form 0.05 mole of H2O Thus; No. of mole of H2O formed = 0.05 mol Calculate the total heat release during the reaction; Heat released/given out = mc = (50+50) x 4.2 x 6.2 J = 2604 J = 2.604 kJ Calculate the heat of neutralization 0.05 mol of H2O formed produces 2.640 kJ Therefore; 2.604 1 mol of H2O produces = 0.05 kJ mol-1 = 52.08 kJ mol-1 Thus; The heat of neutralization; H = 52.08 kJ mol-1 Experiment (i) : H2SO4 + NaOH Na2SO4 + H2O Ionic equation: H+ + OH- H2O [1 mole of water] Therefore; Heat changes in this reaction is 52.08 kJ Experiment (ii) H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O Ionic equation: 2H+ + 2OH- 2H2O [2 moles of water] Therefore; Heat changes in this reaction is 2 52.08 kJ = 104.16 kJ
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Question 3 HCl (ak) + NaOH (ak) NaCl (ak) + H2O (ce) H = -57 kJmol-1 Based on the thermochemistry equation above, answer the following equation; a) Write the ionic equation for the reaction above b) When 100 cm3 excessive potassium hydroxide solution is mix with 100 cm3 hydrochloric acid, solution temperature increase 13.6 oC. calculate the concentration of hydrochloric acid use. Solution Ionic equation : H+ (ak) + OH- (ak) H2O (ce) Heat release during reaction = = = = mc (100 + 100) x 4.2 x 13.6 J 11424 J 11.424 kJ

[Heat changes, H = -57 kJmol-1 ] 57 kJ heat releases by 1 mol water 1 kJ heat releases by 1 . mol water 57 Therefore; 11.424 kJ release 1 . 57 x 11.424 mol air,

= 0.2 mol H2O Thus; No. of mol of water = 0.2 mol

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FBCE; 1 mol water is produce by 1 mol HCl Therefore; 0.2 mol water produce by 0.2 mol HCl Calculate the concentration of HCl No. of mole HCl 0.2 mol M = = = MV 1000 M x 100 1000 0.2 x 1000 100 = M x 100 1000

Concentration of HCl = 2.0 mol dm-3 Learning Task 4.6 no. 1, 2, 3 pg. 164 Effective Practise no. 1, 2, 3

Kamal Ariffin Bin Saaim SMKDBL http://kemhawk.webs.com/

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Thermochemistry
5.0 Heat of combustion
The heat of combustion is the heat change when 1 mol of substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions. Heat of combustion of various alcohol
Name Methanol Ethanol Propan-1-ol Butan-1-ol Molecular No. of carbon formula atom per alcohol (CnH2n+1OH) molecule CH3OH C2H5OH C3H7OH C4H9OH 1 2 3 4 Mass of molecula r relative 32 46 60 74 Heat combustion H (kJ mol-1) -725 -1376 -2015 -2676

What inferens can be made from the table above? - If the number of carbon atom per molecule of alcohol is higher, the heat of combustion also increases. - The difference in heat of combustion between alcohol member is almost the same because each alcohol member difference is in one group of CH2

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Example of reaction of heat combustion in substance ; i. Methanol, 3 CH3OH (ce) + 2 O2 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O (ce) H = -725 kJmol-1 When 1 mole of methanol burnt, 725 kJ of heat is releases. Ethanol, C2H5OH (ce) + 3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (ce) H = -1376 kJmol-1 iii. Propan-1-ol, 9 C3H7OH (ce) + 2 O2 (g) 3CO2 (g) + 4H2O (ce) H = -2015 kJmol-1 iv. Butan-1-ol, C4H9OH (ce) + 6O2 (g) 4CO2 (g) + 5H2O (ce) H = -2676 kJmol-1 ii.

Method to determine the heat of combustion of fuel


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To determine the heat of combustion of methanol

Thermometer Asbestos screen Copper container

250 cm3 water

Tripod stand Methanol Spirit lamp Wooden block

Procedure; 250 cm3 of water is measured with measuring cylinder 100ml and poured into copper container, the temperature of water is recorded with thermometer (0-110)oC. A spirit lamp is filled with methanol until half full. A spirit lamp and are weighed with electrical balanced. and the mass is recorded. The spirit lamp is placed under copper container, and the wick is lighted. The water is stirred. When the temperature of water is increases 30 oC, the spirit lamp is distinguished. Spirit lamp is weighed immediately, and the mass is recorded. The experiment is repeated using different alcohol.

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Precautions steps; - Use copper container or any suitable metal. (metal is condustor, all heat from combustion of fuel was absorb by water) - Spirit flame is placed on a wooden block, so the flame contact directly the copper container. (A bigger area of the flame can be in contact with the copper container) - Wire gauze is not used. (to prevent wire gauze absorb heat energy) - Asbestos screen is placed around the copper container. (to avoid heat loss to surrounding) - The water must always be stirred. (temperature changes is uniform) In this experiment, you need to get the following data; Data tabulation; Initial temperature of water /oC Highest temperature of water /oC Temperature rise /oC Initial mass of metanol + spirit lamp /g Final mass of methanol + spirit lamp /g Mass of methanol burnt /g x y 30 a b (a b) g

Calculation of heat of combustion Chemical equation


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CH3OH +2 O2 CO2 + 2H2O No ionic equation! 1. Calculate the number of mole of methanol (fuel used) Mass of methanol = (a b) g

Molar mass of methanol = 12 + 3(1) + 16 + 1 = 32 g mol-1 No. of mole of methanol = (a - b) . mass = 32 Molar mass = c mol

2. Calculate the heat given out/releases during reaction; [From the experiment] Volume of water Heat release during reaction = mc = 200 x 4.2 x 30 J =100 x 4.2 x 30 1000 3. Calculate the heat of neutralization c mol of methanol produces 100 x 4.2 x 30 1000 heat kJ

Therefore, heat release by burnt of one mol of methanol, = Thus;


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100 x 4.2 x 30 1000 c

kJ mol-1

The heat of combustion of methanol; H = - [ 100 x 4.2 x 30 ] kJmol-1 1000 x c Very easylah!

Fuel Value The amount of heat energy give out when 1 g of the fuel is completely burnt in excess of oxygen. Fuel value can be use to compare the energy cost..
Name Metanol Etanol Propan-1ol Butan-1-ol Relative molecula r mass 32 46 60 74 Heat of combustion, H (kJ mol-1) -725 -1376 -2015 -2676 Mass of 1 mol (g) 32 46 60 74 Burnt substance (kJ g-1) 725/32 = 22.66 1376/46 = 29.91 2015/60 = 33.58 2676/74 = 36.16

How much the price of 1 g for each burnt substance above?

Calculation for heat of combustion Question 1


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Heat from combustion of 0.28 g oktane, C8H18 increasing temperature of 200 cm3 water from 30 oC to 46 oC. Based on this information, [ Ar: H, 1; C, 12; O, 16; 1 mole gas is occupy 24 dm3] i. calculate the heat of combustion for octane ii. value of fuel for octane iii. volume of oxygen that need iv. mass of water produce Solution Chemical equation;

C8H18 (ce) +

25 2

O2 (g) 8CO2 (g) +


0.28 mass . = molar mass = 114

9H2O (ce)

Calculate no. of mol of fuel No. of mol for octane = 0.0025 mol

Calculate the heat changes/total heat release in this experiment Temperature changes = (highest temp initial temp) oC = ( 46 30) oC = 16 oC
m = volume of water ( 1cm3 = 1 g) 1 kJ = 1000 J

Heat release = mc (exothermic react.) = 200 x 4.2 x 16 J = 13440 J = 13.44 kJ

Calculate the heat of combustion Combustion 0.0025 of mol of octane releasing 13.44 kJ of heat.
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Therefore; Combustion of 1 mol octane releases; 13.44 = 0.0025 = 5376 kJ mol-1 kJ mol-1

Thus; Heat of combustion for octane = - 5376 kJ mol-1 H = - 5376 kJ mol-1 Caculate the fuel value of octane Mr oktane, C8H18 = (8 x 12) + 18 = Therefore; 1 mole of octane, C8H18 = 114 g Thus; Fuel value of octane Heat of combustion for octane = Mass of one mol of octane 5376 = kJ g-1 114 Make sure the = 47.15 kJ g-1
unit is correct

114 gmol-1

Calculate the volume of oxygen FBCE;


25 2
70

1 mol octane need Therefore; 0.0025 mol octane need

mol oxygen to react completely


25 2

x 0.0025 mol oxygen;

= 0.0312 mol oxygen The number of O2 used in the reaction = 0.0312 mol oxygen Thus; The volume of oxygen needed = 0.0312 x 24 dm3 = 0.7488 dm3 = 748.8 cm3

Calculate the mass of water produce FBCE; 1 mole of oktane react completely to produce 9 mole of water Therefore; 0.0025 mol oktane produce 0.0025 x 9 mol water; = 0.0225 mol water The number of mole of water = 0.0225 mol Thus; No. of mol for water = Mass of water Mr of water

Make sure the unit is correct

Mass of water 0.0225 mol = (2 x 1) + 16

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Mass of water = 0.0225 x 18 g = 0.405 g

Make sure the unit is correct

Question 2 Following equation show heat of combustion for ethanol, C2H5OH

C2H5OH (ce) +

3O2 (g) 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (ce) H = -1400 kJmol-1

Heat combustion for 0.46 g etanol, is use to heat 200 cm3 of water, calculate the temperature rise of water . Solution Step 1 : calculate no. of mol for ethanol that burnt Mass etanol 0.46 No. of mol etanol = = JMR etanol 46 = 0.01 mol

Step 2 : calculate the heat changes/total heat release in this experiment [heat combustion for etanol = -1400 kJmol-1] (from ques.) 1 mol etanol burnt releasing 1400 kJ of heat; So ; 0.1 mol etanol burnt releasing; = 0.01 x 1400 kJ Change kJ to J, we want = 14 kJ = 14000 J of heat substitute it into equation , mc Step 3 : calculate the temperature rise for water Total heat release = mc 14000 J = 200 x 4.2 x
72

14000 . = 200 X 4.2 = 16.7 oC

Question 3 Complete heat combustion for 1 mol butanol, C4H9OH release 2600 kJ of heat. Calculate the mass for butanol that need to burnt completely so heat release can increase the temperature for 500 cm 3 of water to 36 oC. [J.A.R: C, 12; O, 16; H, 1] Solution Step 1 : calculate the heat changes/total heat release in this experiment total heat release = = = = mc 500 x 4.2 x 36 J 75600 J 75.6 kJ

Step 2 : calculate no. of mol for butanol that burnt [heat combustion for butanol = -2600 kJmol-1] (from ques.) 2600 kJ heat release by 1 mol butanol that burnt; so ; 75.6 kJ heat release by 1 x 75.6 kJ mol butanol that burnt; 2600 kJ = 0.03 mol No. of mol of etanol that burnt = 0.03 mol Step 3 : calculate the mass of butanol that burnt No. of mol butanol = mass butanol JMR butanol
73

0.03 mol =

mass butanol . (4 x 12) + 9 + 16 + 1

Mass of butanol = 0.03 x 74 = 2.22 g Question 4 Energy level diagram for combuction reaction for methanol, CH3OH is shown below.

CH3OH (ce) + Energy

3 O 2 2

(g) H = - 720 kJmol-1 CO2 (g) + 2H2O (ce)

Heat that release from the complete combustion 8.0 g of methanol, is use to hot 1 dm3 of water. Calculate the temperature rise of the water. Solution Step 1 : calculate no. of mol for ethanol that is burn Mass of metanol 8.0 . Mol no for etanol = JMR metanol =12+(3x1)+16+1 = 0.25 mol Step 2 : calculate the total heat released/absorb in exp. [heat of combustion for ethanol = -720 kJmol-1] (from question)
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1 mol metanol burn releasing 720 kJ of heat; So ; 0.25 mol methanol that burn releasing; = 0.25 x 720 kJ Change kJ to J, we want = 180 kJ substitute it into formula = 180000 J of heat , mc Step 3 : calculate the rising in water temperature Volume of water = 1 dm3 = 1000 cm3 Total heat released = mc 180 000 J = 1000 x 4.2 x 180 000 . o = C 1000 X 4.2 = 42.85 oC Learning Task 4.8: Problem solving pg 168 no. 1, 2, 3 Effective Practise: pg 173 no. 1, 2, 3 Review Questions: pg 176 to 179 Kamal Ariffin B Saaim SMKDBL 2008

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