Math 20D / Summer 1 2013 / Midterm 1 Instructions: You may use one sheet of notes, both sides.

Please, no electronic devices or collaboration. Show your work: correct but unjustied responses receive no credit, whereas partially correct responses with justifying work receive partial credit. The point values are given next to each problem. 1. For each of the following dierential equations, state the order and say whether the equation is linear or nonlinear. If it is a rst-order dierential equation, say also whether it is separable or not, and exact or not. [5] a) ysint + (cost)y = 0 [5] b) t2 y + t3 y 2ty = y 2 Solution: a) First order, linear. Write it as M + N y = 0; then My = sint = Nt , = (y )(tant) = f (y )g (t), so it is separable. so it is exact. Write it as y = y sint cost b) Second order, nonlinear (due to the y 2 term). [10] 2. Write a dierential equation y = f (y ) all of whose noneqilibrium solutions approach one of , 2, or 1 depending on y0 . Solution: There are many possible answers. Two possibilities: i) Semistable equilibrium solutions at y = 1 and y = 2. This would look like y = (y 2)2 (y + 1)2 . Then for y0 < 1, the solution approaches 1, for 1 < y0 < 2, the solution approaches 2, and for y0 > 2 the solution approaches . No nonequilibrium solutions approach any number other than 1, 2, or , and each one of these numbers is approached by some nonequilibrium solution. ii) We can avoid needing to use semistable solutions by introducing more equilibrium solutions. For example, y = (y 3)(y 2)(y 1)(y + 1). Now y = 1 and y = 2 are stable equilibrium solutions and y = 1 and y = 3 are unstable equilibrium solutions. So if y0 < 1 or 1 < y0 < 1 solutions 1

approach 1, if 1 < y0 < 2 or 2 < y0 < 3 solutions approach 2, and if y0 > 3 solutions approach . No nonequilibrium solutions approach any number other than 1, 2, or , and each one of these numbers is approached by some nonequilibrium solution. [10] 3. Solve the initial value problem: ty y = t2 et , y (1) = 0. Solution: This is rst-order linear and not separable, which suggest the use of an integrating factor. Rewriting: y = te1 y 1 t so our integrating factor should be e ing:
1 y t 1 dt t

. Comput= elnt = eln( t ) = 1 t

1 y t2

= et

d 1 ( y) dt t 1 y t

= et

= et + c

y = tet + ct Using the initial condition: 0 = (1)e1 + c(1) c = e1 Plugging c back in to the general solution, we get: y = tet + te1 [10] 4. The following dierential equation is not exact, but there is an integrating factor depending only on y which will make it exact. Find the 2 integrating factor and use it to solve the dierential equation: yx + 6xy + (ylnx 2y )y = 0

Solution: Call M = yx + 6xy, N = ylnx 2y . The equation is not exact since y y Nx = x = 2x + 6x = My . We seek = (y ) with (M )y = (N )x y M + My = Nx
1 d dy 1 d 1 d 1 d
2

= = =

Nx My M Nx My M
y 6x x

y2 +6xy x

1 = y

ln|| = ln|y |
1 ln|| = ln| y |

1 y

Multiplying through the original dierential equation by :

y x

+ 6x + (lnx 2)y = 0

y 1 Now ( x + 6x)y = x = (lnx 2)x so the equation is indeed exact. Integrating the new M with respect to x :

= ylnx + 3x2 + g (y ) We want y = lnx 2. Setting it to be so: lnx + g (y ) = lnx 2 g ( y ) = 2 g (y ) = 2y

So (x, y ) = ylnx + 3x2 2y, and our solution is ylnx + 3x2 2y = c. 5. Earth goes to war with the planet Nibiru. Our strategy: blanket their planet with lots of the radioactive substance Unobtainium which has a halflife of 5 years. We deliver into their atmosphere a Unobtainium at a rate of Rkg/year. When the amount of Unobtainium on Nibiru reaches 2000kg, well win the war. [10] a) How long will this take? (Your answer will include the unknown R.) [5] b) Suppose we want to win within 20 years. What minimal value of R will make this happen? [5] c) Suppose we win, and the planet will be safe for humans once the level of Unobtainium drops below 400kg. How long after the end of the war will that be? Solution: Radioactive decay obeys exponential decay. This means that a sample of Unobtainium, left to sit untouched, would decay according to the dierential = rQ where r is the rate of deacy. equation dQ dt a) We must use the half-life to nd the constant r. Suppose we have a sample of size Q0 left to sit. Solving the above dierential equation, Q = Q0 ert Using the half-life,
1 Q 2 0 1 2

= Q0 e5r

= e5r

r=1 ln 1 5 2 Note that r is negative. Now, for the bombardment scenario, we have two processes: Unobtainium is being added to Nibiru at a rate of R kg/year

and leaving at a a rate of rQ kg/year. Writing a dierential equation:

dQ dt

= R + rQ

Solving the dierential equation:

dQ dt

=1 (Q + R ) r r dQ = 1 dt r

1 Q+ R r

|= 1 t+c ln|Q + R r r Q+
R r

= ce r t

Call the start of the bombardment, at which the level of Unobtainium is 0kg, time t = 0. Then we have the initial condition Q(0) = 0. Using it: 0+
R r

=c

Plugging this in to the general solution: Q=

R (1 r

+ e r t)

Now we need to know the time t = with Q( ) = 2000. Solving: 2000 =

R (1 r

+ er)
1

r 2000 R + 1 = er r = rln(2000 R + 1) (r is the constant solved for above)

b) We simply need to plug in 20 for t and 2000 for Q in the equation Q=

R (1 r

+ e r t)

and solve for R: R=

2000r 1+e
20 r

c) When the war ends, the quantity of Unobtainium on Nibiru is 2000kg. The bombardment stops. So the quantity behaves according to the simple 5

exponential function Q = Q0 ert We can reset time t = 0 to be the end of the war, and then we have the initial condition Q(0) = 2000. We want to know at what time we have Q( ) = 400. Solving: 400 = 2000er
1 5r

where again r is the constant found above.