Some Map Projections Sight-lines Converge in front of object------------------------------------------------Perspective Vertical Perspective #4/8 used by Matthias Seutter, 1740 (observer

at ~12,750km) various far-side projection points used in 18th and 19th centuries Also known as / [Equivalent to] Near-Side Vertical Perspective (Stereographic and Gnomonic being far-side projections) listed as a World projection in ArcMap) Distortion-free only at central point Used by / [Applications] Google Earth US Weather Service (for satellite data) [pictorial views] Orthographic #3/8 used by Hipparchus, 2ndC BCE renamed orthographique by Franois d'Aiguillon, 1613 Also known as / [Equivalent to] Azimuthal Orthographic (also listed as The World From Space in ArcMap) Distortion-free only at central point Used by / [Applications] [pictorial views] Sight-lines Converge behind object-------------------------------------------------------Reverse Perspective various far-side projection points used in 18th and 19th centuries Stereographic #4/8 Polar Stereographic #5/8 Gnomonic #4/8 Sight-lines Converge at center of object------------------------------------------------Cylindrical Mercator #5/8 Equidistant Cylindrical #2/8 Cylindrical Equal-Area #8/8 Used by / [Applications]

Conic Equidistant Conic #2/8 based on Ptolemys 1st Projection, c.100 CE final form by Joseph Nicholas De l'Isle, 1745 Also known as / [Equivalent to] Simple Conic Parallels are equally spaced: all meridians are standard, with the same scale as the standard parallels; no distortion along the standard parallels Special Case: Equidistant Cylindrical results when standard parallels are at or equidistant from the equator Lambert Conformal Conic #5/8 Johann Lambert, 1772 Conformal: local angles are preserved, and local circles are not deformed at every point east/west scale is the same as north/south scale Distortion is constant along any parallel Map is infinite in extent Special Cases: Mercator results when standard parallels are at or equidistant from the equator. Polar Stereographic results when both standard parallels are at one pole. Used by / [Applications] The American Oxford Atlas Rand McNally National atlases of Canada and Japan USGS (since 1957) Lambert Equal-Area Conic #7/8 Johann Lambert, 1772 Also known as / [Equivalent to] Albers Equal-Area Conic with one standard parallel at a pole] (in ArcMap, use Albers) No distortion along standard parallels Equal-Area. Used by / [Applications] superceded by Albers Albers Equal-Area Conic #8/8 Heinrich Albers, 1805 No distortion along standard parallels Equal-Area Used by / [Applications] USGS (standard parallels at 45.5N, 29.5N; central meridian at 96W) US Census FactFinder Special Cases: Cylindrical Equal-Area results when both standard parallels are at or equidistant from the equator Lambert Equal-Area Conic results when one standard parallel is at a pole. Polar Azimuthal Equal-Area results when both standard parallels are at one pole. . Azimuthal

Azimuthal Equidistant #1/8 said to be used in ancient Egyptian star maps fully developed in 15th and 16th centuries Also known as / [Equivalent to] Postel (1581) Constant radial scale from central point (i.e., all straight lines through the central point are standard lines) Distortion-free only at central point Used by / [Applications] the Cassinis' floor map at the Paris Observatory (1680s) United Nations Emblem Flat Earth Society [easily computing distances or missile ranges] Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area #6/8 Johann Lambert, 1772 Distortion-free only at central point Equal-Area Used by / [Applications] nationalatlas.gov (with central point at 45N, 100W) [polar version: Albers Equal-Area Conic with both standard parallels at a pole] Polar Azimuthal Equal-Area #8/8