Complex Numbers

What is Complex Number?

Complex Number is a combination (sum or
difference) of real and imaginary numbers.


Definition of Complex Numbers
A complex number, z, is a number in the
form of a + bi or x +jy, where i or j = \-1.

a or x is called the real part of z, and b or y
is called the imaginary part of z.

The standard form of a complex number
is, z = a + bi = x + jy, where a, b, x and y
are real numbers.
Definition of Complex Numbers
It can be represented geometrically either
as points, or as directed line segments
(vectors), in the complex plane.
Definition of Complex Numbers
Complex
numbers as
points.
Definition of Complex Numbers
Complex
numbers as
vectors.
Complex Plane
Known as Argand Diagram in honor to
Swiss amateur mathematician and
bookkeeper Jean-Robert Argand, which
introduced the concept of the complex
plane in 1806.
It is also called the z-plane because of the
representation of complex numbers in the
form z = x + iy.
Complex Plane
Plotting the complex number z = a + ib = x
+ jy as the point (a, b) or (x, y) in the plane
(rectangular cartesian coordinates)
where:
x-coordinate of z is a = Re{z}
y-coordinate is b = Im{z}.
A complex number written in the form z =
a + ib is said to be expressed in cartesian
form or rectangular form.
Forms of Complex Numbers
Rectangular Form:
z = (x jy)
where: x = real part or component
jy = imaginary part or imaginary
component.
Forms of Complex Numbers
Polar Form:

where: r = magnitude or amplitude
= argument or displacement in
degrees.
= bar angle
u Z =r z
Z
Forms of Complex Numbers
Trigonometric Form:

u u u u rcis rcjs j r z = = = ) sin (cos
Forms of Complex Numbers
Exponential Form:


where: r = magnitude or amplitude
= argument or displacement in
radians.


u j
re z

=
Example
Convert the following:
a. to polar form, exponential form
and trigonometric form.

b. to rectangular form,
exponential form and trigonometric form.
3 6 j
O
30 6 Z
Imaginary Number
It is a real number with an imaginary
operator either i or j.
where: i or j = pure imaginary unit = 1
Integral Powers of i or j
, 1
,
, 1
,
2 2 4
2 3
2
= - =
= - =
=
=
i i i
i i i i
i
i i
, 1
,
, 1
,
4 4 8
3 4 7
2 4 6
4 5
= - =
= - =
= - =
= - =
i i i
i i i i
i i i
i i i i
, 1
,
, 1
,
4 4
3 4
2 4
1 4
=
=
=
=
+
+
+
+
n
n
n
n
i
i i
i
i i
Example
Find the equivalent of the following:

a. i
1995
b. i
2006
c. i
1988
d. i
1991

Example
Simplify each expression.

a. e.

b.

c.

d.
81
5
121x
x 200
3 8 j j
20 5
Theorems on Complex
Numbers
1. If x + iy = 0, then x = 0, and y = 0.

2. If x
1
+ iy
1
= x
2
+ iy
2
, then x
1
= x
2
and y
1
=
y
2
.

3. If (x
1
+ iy
1
)(x
2
+ iy
2
) = 0, then at least one
of the factors is zero, that is , x
1
+ iy
1
= 0
or x
2
+ iy
2
= 0.

Arithmetic Operations in
Rectangular Form
a. Addition: z
1
+ z
2
= (x
1
+ iy
1
)+(x
2
+ iy
2
)
= (x
1
+ x
2
)+i(y
1
+ y
2
).

b. Subtraction: z
1
- z
2
= (x
1
+ iy
1
)-(x
2
+ iy
2
) =
(x
1
- x
2
)+i(y
1
- y
2
).

Arithmetic Operations in
Rectangular Form
c. Multiplication: z
1
z
2
= (x
1
+ iy
1
)(x
2
+ iy
2
)
= (x
1
x
2
- y
1
y
2
) + i(x
1
y
2
+ x
2
y
1
).

d. Division:
2
2
2
2
2 1 1 2
2
2
2
2
2 1 2 1
2
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 1
2
1
y x
y x y x
i
y x
y y x x
z
z
iy x
iy x
iy x
iy x
iy x
iy x
z
z
+

+
+
+
=

-
+
+
=
+
+
=
Arithmetic Operations in
Rectangular Form
e. Extraction of Square Roots:


or



jb a jy x + = +
( ) 2 ) 360 (
0
2
1
2
1
k r jy x + Z = + u
Arithmetic Operations in Polar
Form and Exponential Form
The representation of z by its real and
imaginary parts is useful for addition
and subtraction.

For multiplication and division,
representation by the polar form and
exponential form has apparent
geometric meaning.
( )
( )
( )( )
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 1 1 2 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
)] sin( ) [cos(
)] sin cos cos (sin
) sin sin cos [(cos
sin cos sin cos
. sin cos
, sin cos
u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u u u
u u
u u u
u u u
+ Z =
+ + + =
+
+ =
+ + =
Z - Z =
Z = + =
Z = + =
r r z z
j r r z z
j
r r z z
j j r r z z
r r z z
r j r z
r j r z
Multiplication of two Polar Forms of
Complex Numbers
( )( )
)) ( (
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
2 2
1 1
2 1
2 1
2
1
u u
u u
u
u
+

=
=
=
=
j
j j
j
j
e r r z z
e r e r z z
e r z
e r z
Multiplication of two Exponential
Forms of Complex Numbers
Division of two Polar Forms of
Complex Numbers
( )
( )
( )
( )
| |
2 1
2
1
2
1
2 1 2 1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2 1 2 1
2
2
2
2
2 1 2 1
2
1
2
1
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1
2
1
2 2
1 1
2
1
) sin( ) cos(
sin cos
sin cos cos sin
sin cos
sin sin cos cos
sin cos
sin cos
sin cos
sin cos
u u
u u u u
u u
u u u u
u u
u u u u
u u
u u
u u
u u
u
u
Z =
+ =
(

+
+
+
=

-
+
+
- =
Z
Z
=
r
r
z
z
j
r
r
z
z
j
r
r
z
z
j
j
j
j
r
r
r
r
z
z
) (
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
1 1
2 1
2
1
2
1
u u
u
u
u
u

= =
=
=
j
j
j
j
j
e
r
r
e r
e r
z
z
e r z
e r z
Division of two Exponential Forms
of Complex Numbers
Example
Perform the indicated operations:
a.

b.

c.
( )
O j O
e cjs j 25 5 10 30 10 7 6
752 . 0
Z + + +
( )( )
O
j 30 6 3 5 Z +
4 3
4 5
j
j
+
+
Example
Evaluate the square root of (3+j4).
Seatwork 1.1
1. Find the sum and difference of

2. Simplify using rectangular form and polar
form


3. Find the square root of the product of
and
( ) 5 3 2 30 5
752 . 0
j e cjs
j O
+ +
j
j

+
2
3 4
( ) 4 3 j +
( ) 8 2 j +
Powers of Complex Numbers and
De Moivres Theorem
Let
u
u
Z = = r re z
j
successive powers,
,... 3
; 2
3 3 3 3
2 2 2 2
u
u
u
u
Z = =
Z = =
r e r z
r e r z
j
j
In general,
, u
u
n r e r z
n jn n n
Z = =
letting r = 1,
( ) u u u u n j n j
n
sin cos sin cos + = +
or in the abbreviated form.
( ) u u n
n
Z = Z
Example
1. Simplify

2. Evaluate
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(

+
+ +
u u u
u u u u
10 3 sin 3 cos
6 sin 6 cos 2 sin 2 cos
3
2 2
cjs j
j j
3
2
3
2
1
|
.
|

\
|
+ j
Roots of Complex Numbers
Let
Then
0 ) 2 (
360 - + Z = =
+
k r re z
k j
u
t u
,... 2 , 1 , 0 ,
360
0
1
2
1 1
=
- +
Z =
= =
|
.
|

\
|
+
k
n
k
r
e r z z
n
n
k
j
n n
n
u
t u
Roots of Complex Numbers
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
(

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
n
k
j
n
k
r W
n
k
j
n
k
r
n
k
n
0 0
0 0
1
360
sin
360
cos
360
sin
360
cos
u u
u u
where:
k = 0,1,2,(n-1)
W
0
= is the principal value or root, and must be
a positive angle.
Example
1. Find the three roots of 125

2. Find the four roots of

0
20 16 Z
Homework 1.1
1. Find the three roots of

2. Simplify
0
30 12Z
( ) | |
6
3
sin
3
cos 2
t t
j +
Exponential and Trigonometric
Functions of Complex Numbers
From Eulers formulas
z j z e
jz
sin cos + =
z j z e
jz
sin cos =

putting
2 1
z z z + =
) sin( ) cos(
2 1 2 1
) (
2 1
z z j z z e
z z j
+ + + =
+
) sin( ) cos(
2 1 2 1
) (
2 1
z z j z z e
z z j
+ + =
+
Exponential and Trigonometric
Functions of Complex Numbers
By addition and subtraction,
2
) sin(
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1 2 1
j
e e
z z
z z j z z j + +

= +
2
) cos(
) ( ) (
2 1
2 1 2 1
z z j z z j
e e
z z
+ +
+
= +
Eqn. 1
Exponential and Trigonometric
Functions of Complex Numbers
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
) (
2 2 1 1
) (
) (
sin cos cos sin
sin sin cos cos
sin cos sin cos
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1
z z z z j
z z z z e
z j z z j z e
e e e
z z j
z z j
jz jz z z j
+ +
=
+ - + =
- =
+
+
+
Eqn. 2
Exponential and Trigonometric
Functions of Complex Numbers
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
) (
2 2 1 1
) (
) (
sin cos cos sin
sin sin cos cos
sin cos sin cos
2 1
2 1
2 1 2 1
z z z z j
z z z z e
z j z z j z e
e e e
z z j
z z j
jz jz z z j
+
=
- =
- =
+
+
+
Eqn. 3
Exponential and Trigonometric
Functions of Complex Numbers
Substituting Eqn. 2 and Eqn.3 to Eqn. 1,
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
sin sin cos cos ) cos(
, sin cos cos sin ) sin(
z z z z z z
z z z z z z
= +
+ = +
Let
Then
,
1
x z =
jy z =
2
jy x z z + = +
2 1
Exponential and Trigonometric
Functions of Complex Numbers
y jy
y j jy
y x j y x jy x
y x j y x jy x
j
e e
x
e e
x jy x
jy x jy x jy x
y y y y
cosh ) cos(
sinh ) sin(
sinh sin cosh cos ) cos(
sinh cos cosh sin ) sin(
2
cos
2
sin ) sin(
sin cos cos sin ) sin(
=
=
= +
+ = +

- +
+
- = +
+ = +

Hyperbolic Functions of Complex
Numbers
hyperbolic functions for the complex number z
,
2
sinh
z z
e e
z

=
,
2
cosh
z z
e e
z

+
=
Hyperbolic Functions of Complex
Numbers
y jy
y j jy
y x j y x jy x
y x j y x jy x
z z z z z z
z z z z z z
z z
cos ) cosh(
sin ) sinh(
sin sinh cos cosh ) cosh(
sin cosh cos sinh ) sinh(
sinh sinh cosh cosh ) cosh(
sinh cosh cosh sinh ) sinh(
1 sinh cosh
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2
=
=
+ = +
+ = +
=
=
=
Example
Determine the value of each of the following:
a. b.

c.

d.

e.

) 78 . 0 sin( j
) 78 . 0 cosh( j
) 429 . 0 942 . 0 sinh( j +
) 429 . 0 942 . 0 cos( j +
1 ) 78 . 0 ( cos ) 78 . 0 ( sin
2 2
= + j j
Seatwork 1.2
Determine the value of each of the
following:
a.

b.

c.

) 78 . 0 tan( j
) 429 . 0 942 . 0 tan( j +
1 ) 429 . 0 942 . 0 ( cos ) 429 . 0 942 . 0 ( sin
2 2
= + + + j j
Logarithms of Complex Numbers
Express the complex number z = x + jy in the
general exponential form
where is in radians and k = 0, 1, 2,
) 2 ( t u - +
=
k j
re z
Taking the natural logarithms of both numbers,
,... 2 , 1 , 0 :
), 2 ( ln ) ln( ln
=
+ + = + =
k where
k j r jy x z t u
Two Types of Logarithm:
1. Common(or Brigssian) Logarithm
Notation: log
Base: 10 ; i.e. log10Z
2. Natural(or Napierian) Logarithm
Notation: ln
Base: e = 2.718281828 ;
i.e. log
e
Z = lnz
Properties of Logarithm:
1. log
b
N = x ; N = b
x
2. log
e
N = y ; ln N = y ; N = e
y
3. lne
x
= x
4. e
lny
= y
5. 10
logx
= x
6. lnx
n
= nlnx
7. log
a
(xy) = log
a
x + log
a
y
8. log
a
(x/y) = log
a
x - log
a
y
Logarithm and Natural Logarithm of
a Complex Numbers

( )
4343 . 0 180 / ) (
180 / ) (
) (
) (
180 /
180 /
+ = Z
+ = Z
+ = Z
= Z

t u u
t u u
u
u
t u
t u
j LogA A Log
Loge j LogA A Log
Loge LogA A Log
e A Log A Log
j
j
Logarithm and Natural Logarithm of
a Complex Numbers

( )
1 180 / ) (
180 / ) (
) (
) (
180 /
180 /
+ = Z
+ = Z
+ = Z
= Z

t u u
t u u
u
u
t u
t u
j LnA A Ln
Lne j LnA A Ln
Lne LnA A Ln
e A Ln A Ln
j
j
Logarithm and Natural Logarithm of
a Complex Numbers

( )
4343 . 0 ) (
180 / 180 ) (
180 ) (
+ =
+ =
Z =
t
t
j LogN N Log
Loge j LogN N Log
N Log N Log
Logarithm and Natural Logarithm of
a Complex Numbers

( )
1 ) (
180 / 180 ) (
180 ) (
+ =
+ =
Z =
t
t
j LnN N Ln
Lne j LnN N Ln
N Ln N Ln
Example
Determine the general value of the
following :
a.
b.
c. Log(-9)
d. Ln(-9)
O
30 6 ln Z
) 2 3 (
) 2 3 (
j
j
+
+
Example
Evaluate and express
the final answer in the polar form.
) 3 1 (
) 1 (
j Log
j
+

Homework 1.2
Determine the general value of the following:
a. ln (3+j5)
j
b. log(-5)
c.
) 2 1 (
) 4 6 (
j
j
+
+
EULERS THEOREM
By definition


where:

and
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= +

2 2
sin cos
j
e e
j
e e
j
j j j j u u u u
u u
2
cos
u u
u
j j
e e

+
=
2
sin
j
e e
j j u u
u

=
Trigonometric Functions of
Complex Numbers
1.


2.


3.

2
cos
u u
u
j j
e e

+
=
2
sin
j
e e
j j u u
u

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

u u
u u
u
j j
j j
e e
e e
j tan
Trigonometric Functions of
Complex Numbers
4.


5.


6.
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
=

u u
u u
u
j j
j j
e e
e e
j cot
u u
u
j j
e e
j

=
2
csc
u u
u
j j
e e

+
=
2
sec
Inverse Trigonometric Functions of
Complex Numbers
1.


2.


3.

( )
2
1 ln arcsin x jx j x =
( ) 1 ln arccos
2
= x x j x
jx
jx
j x

+
=
1
1
ln arctan
Inverse Trigonometric Functions of
Complex Numbers
4.


5.


6.
j x
j x
j x arc

+
= ln cot
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
x
x
j x arc
2
1 1
ln sec
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
x
x j
j x arc
1
ln csc
2
Proof of Inverse Trigonometric
Functions of Complex Numbers
) 1 ( 2
) 1 )( 1 ( 4 ) 2 ( 2
0 1 2 ) (
2 1 ) (
2 ) ( ) (
2
2
arcsin
2
sin ; sin
2
2
2
2

=
=
=
=
=
=

= =

x j x j
e
xe j e
xe j e
xe j e e e
x j e e
x
j
e e
x
j
e e
x
j
j j
j j
j j j j
j j
j j
j j
u
u u
u u
u u u u
u u
u u
u u
u
u u
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1 ln
1
arcsin
1 ln
1
1 ln
1 ln ln
1
2
1 2 2
2
4 4 2
x jx
j
x
x jx
j
x jx j
x jx e
x jx e
x x j
e
x x j
e
j
j
j
j
=
=
=
=
=

=

=
u
u
u
u
u
u
Hyperbolic Functions of Complex
Numbers
1.


2.


3.

( )
2
sinh
x x
e e
x

=
( )
2
cosh
x x
e e
x

+
=
( )
( )
x x
x x
e e
e e
x

= tanh
Hyperbolic Functions of Complex
Numbers
4.


5.


6.
( )
( )
x x
x x
e e
e e
x

+
= coth
( )
x x
e e
hx

+
=
2
sec
( )
x x
e e
hx

=
2
csc
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions of
Complex Numbers
1. ; for y is

a real number
2. ; y1


3.
;
( ) 1 ln arcsin
2
+ = y y hy
( ) 1 ln arccos
2
= y y hy
y
y
hy

+
=
1
1
ln
2
1
arctan
1 < y
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions of
Complex Numbers
4. ;


5. ; 0 < y 1


6. ; +y > 0, -y < 0
1
1
ln
2
1
coth

+
=
y
y
y arc
1 > y
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
y
y
hy arc
2
1 1
ln sec
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
y
y
hx arc
2
1 1
ln csc
Hyperbolic Function Identities:
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
1 sinh cosh
2 2
= y y
1 tanh sec
2 2
= + y y h
1 csc coth
2 2
= y h y
| u | u | u sinh cosh cosh sinh ) sinh( =
| u | u | u sinh sinh cosh cosh ) cosh( =
| u
| u
| u
tanh tanh 1
tanh tanh
) tanh(

= s
Relations Between Hyperbolic and
Trigonometric Functions:
1. sinjx = jsinhx
2. cosjx = coshx
3. tanjx = jtanhx
4. sinhjx = jsinx
5. coshjx = cosx
6. tanhjx = jtanx
Example
Evaluate and
express the result in polar form.
) 783 . 0 573 . 0 cos( j +
Example
Evaluate and express the
result in polar form.
) 4 3 arcsin( j +
Example
Evaluate and express the
result in polar form.
O
h 30 4 . 0 arcsin Z
Example
Evaluate and express
the result in polar form.
( ) 548 . 0 346 . 0 sinh j
Seatwork 1.3
Evaluate the following and express the
result in polar form.
1.

2.

3.

( ) 942 . 0 492 . 0 cos j
|
.
|

\
|

6
cot
t
j arc
( ) 75 . 0 5 . 0 sinh j
Cauchy-Riemann Equations
It can be obtain from the derivative of any
of the following formulas:


and
y
u
i
y
v
x
v
i
x
u
dz
dw
c
c

c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
y
u
i
x
u
x
v
i
y
v
dz
dw
c
c

c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
Cauchy-Riemann Equations
Example
Show that sin(z) is an entire function.


Cauchy-Riemann Equations
Example
Consider the function w = 1/z
Cauchy-Riemann Equations
Example
Find the derivative of the following using
Cauchy-Reimann equations:
a.

b.
| | ) sin(z
dz
d
|
.
|

\
|
z dz
d 1