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Image data

Image data represents physical quantities such as chromaticity and luminance. Chromaticity is the color quality of light defined by its wavelength. Luminance is the amount of light. To the viewer, these physical quantities may be perceived by such attributes as color and brightness. How we perceive color image information is classified into three perceptual variables: hue, saturation and lightness. When we use the word color, typically we are referring to hue. Hue distinguishes among colors such as green and yellow. Hues are the color sensations reported by an observer exposed to various wavelengths. It has been shown that the predominant sensation of wavelengths between 430 and 480 nanometers is blue. Green characterizes a broad range of wavelengths from 500 to 550 nanometers. Yellow covers the range from 570 to 600 nanometers and wavelengths over 610 nanometers are categorized as red. Black, gray, and white may be considered colors but not hues. Saturation is the degree to which a color is undiluted with white light. Saturation decreases as the amount of a neutral color added to a pure hue increases. Saturation is often thought of as how pure a color is. Unsaturated colors appear washed out or faded, saturated colors are bold and vibrant. Red is highly saturated; pink is unsaturated. A pure color is 100 percent saturated and contains no white light. Lightness is the perceived intensity of a reflecting object. It refers to the gamut of colors from white through gray to black; a range often referred to as gray level. A similar term, brightness, refers to the perceived intensity of a self-luminous object such as a CRT. The relationship between brightness, a perceived quantity, and luminous intensity, a measurable quantity, is approximately logarithmic. Contrast is the range from the darkest regions of the image to the lightest regions. The mathematical representation is where Imax and Imin are the maximum and minimum intensities of an image. High-contrast images have large regions of dark and light. As the contrast of an image increases, the viewer perceives an increase in detail. Our perception is sensitive to luminance contrast rather than absolute luminance intensities. Human perception of color is a function of the response of three types of cones. Because of that, color systems are based on three numbers. These numbers are called tristimulus values. There are numerous color spaces based on the tristimulus values. There are the RGB, CMY, HSL, and YCbCr color models. As will as, the YIQ color space is used in broadcast television. The XYZ space is also used as a color standard. It is fairly easy to convert from XYZ to other color spaces with a simple matrix multiplication. Other color models include Lab, YUV, and UVW.

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