SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT UNDER NON LINEAR CONDITIONS

B Tech Thesis

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

by

ABCD EFGH ABED

(Roll No.Y2.370) (Roll No.Y2.381) (Roll No.Y2.373)

List all students , Roll no one by one

Under the guidance of

Dr IJKL

Emblem shall be clear 1.6 H X 1.33 W

Department of Electrical Engineering NATIONAL INISTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CALICUT

NIT Campus P.O., Calicut - 673601, India 2007

Emblem shall be clear 1.6 H X 1.33W

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled SYSTEM STUDY FOR IMPROVEMENT UNDER NON LINEAR CONDITIONS is a bona fide record of the major project done by ABCD (Roll No.Y2.370), EFGH (Roll No. Y4535) and KLMN
If there is more than one guide, put our instead of my

(Roll No. Y564535) under my supervision and guidance, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical & Electronic Engineering from National Institute of Technology Calicut for the year 2007

List all students , Roll no Separated by comas and and Before the last person

If there is more than one guide, write side by side and provide space for HODs signature at the bottom

Provide Correct Name & designation

Dr IJKL

(Guide) Asst. Professor Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Provide Correct Name & designation

Dr KMMK
Professor & Head Dept. of Electrical Engineering

Place: Date: Department seal

This is only a format. It can be changed as per your requirement

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
to project guide Dr IJKL
Provide correct name & designation

to Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering

Provide Correct name

to all others (if any) especially the name of the firm(s) (if any)if you have collected any data or some thing for the project

ABCD,

EFGH,KLHG

List name of all students

One page, self contained. Highlighting significance, objectives, methods adopted, contributions, achievements, applications etc

ABSTRACT
Many commercial and industrial power systems are being burdened by the proliferation of sensitivity computing equipments like personal computer, uninterruptible -----------------------

----------------------------current waveforms, caused by the non linear, on the power distribution equipment in the system. In this project, --------------------------------------------------an attempt has been made

----------------------------------------------- and industrial load from steels.. To study the ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------ distortions in all the three phase currents.

CONTENTS
Chapter No TITLE List of Abbreviations List of Symbols List of Figures List of Tables 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 2 2.1 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION Introduction Problem Definition Outline REVIEW OF MODELS Significance of Models Art of Modelling 4 5 6 iv v 1 1 2 3 Page no. ii iii

Only this framework to be followed

5. 5.1 5.2 6 6.1 6.2

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results Analysis CONCLUSION Conclusion Future Scope of work

60 61 65 68 68 69

Page no to be givenREFERENCES from this page in the form

70

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX-1

73 74

Appendix only, If required. Computer codes (developed for the project if any, lengthy derivations, explanations/details of some already existing algorithms, formulations used in the thesis shall be given in the appendices.

ii

List of Abbreviations

MPOP Maximum Power Operating Point MPPT Maximum Power Point Tracking PAO Perturbation And Observation Inc.Cond. Incremental Conductance PV Photovoltaic

iii

List of Symbols
Vpp Voltage corresponding to peak power

Io = Output current in A Vo = Output voltage in V Iph = Photon current in A Isat = Dark saturation current = 10-5 to 10-15 A q = charge of an electron = 1.6 X 10-19 C A = Diode ideality factor = 1 to 5 K = Boltzmann constant =1.38 X 10-23 J/K T = absolute temperature in K Rse = Series resistance in ohms Rsh = Shunt resistance in okms

iv

List of Figures

Figure No 1.2 Peak Clipping

Title

Page No. 12

4.9

Horlicks Process Flow

53

List of Tables
Table No. 2.1 4.1 Title Malt Grinding Mashing Page No. 26 45

5.4

Comparison of Results

67

Continues text of thesis starts from here

vi

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

In the last decade both electrical utilities and customers have experienced increasing costs for electric power and energy due to escalating costs of burning fuels and capital costs for building new generation capacity. Load management which changes the shape of the load curve so that the generation by costly peaking units or capacity additions are avoided, is an effective solution to the above problem. ----------------------------------------------an important option for utilities to manage their peak deficit. 1.1 Introduction Electrical energy today constitutes about 30% of the total annual energy consumption on a worldwide basis [1]. This figure is expected to rise as oil supply for industrial uses-----------------------------------------------------------------------------All references are to be serially given in this form [1] only

Page no to be given from this page in the form

1 upto the end of the thesis

General Notes for Thesis (For minor/major projects and seminar reports for B Tech) :
Facing page: The title of the thesis, author, department, month and year of submission along with the emblem of the Institute will be included on the first cover. This may be made in special quality paper like plastic coated paper. (See sample) Inner cover: contents can be same as that of the front cover, but on ordinary A4 size paper. Single column format and print only on one side. Full justification of all texts Ensure that each new paragraph is clearly indicated with an additional spacing Ensure that each new section heading is separated by a double space. Use MS Word or equivalent LATEX . Chapter/section headings shall be as per the fonts size shown below. All chapters to be started on a fresh page. Suggested Font sizes Details
Facing page (cover and first page) - see sample page for details Chapter headings with chapter number on top Section headings Subsection headings Paragraph headings Body of thesis

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Spacing

Times New 14pt bold Centered Roman capitals (Adjustable spacing) Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman Times New Roman 14pt bold capitals 12pt bold capitals 12pt. sentence case 12pt.bold sentence case 12 pt Centered Left adjusted Left adjusted Left adjusted Adjusted on both left and right and with 1.5 spacing for text and double spacing for equations To accommodate binding area

Margins

Left Margin 1.5 inch

Right Margin Top

1.25 inch 2.0inch On pages on which chapter begins 1.0 inch Other pages 1.25 inch

Bottom

The preliminary parts are numbered in roman numerals (i, ii, etc). The first page of the chapter-1 onwards will be numbered in Arabic numerals 1 2 3 etc. Follow internationally accepted symbols, rules and conventions: use the international system of units (SI). If other quantities are mentioned, give their equivalent in SI. List the Greek symbols first English letters next, lower case letters and upper case letters in this order. Each group should be arranged in alphabetic order. Number consecutively any equations that have to be displayed separately from the text. Example first equation in chapter 3 shall be 2x + 3 = 4 It shall be referred in the text as Eqn.(3.1) Indicate references by number(s) in square brackets in line with the text All publications cited in the text should be presented in a list of references. Number the references (numbers in square brackets) in the list in the order in which they appear in the text. More than 2 authors, the first should be listed followed by 'et al.' Examples: Reference to a journal publication: [1] J. F. Fuller and K. J. Roesler, "Influence of harmonics on power distribution system protection," IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 3, No 2, Apr. 1988, pp. 549-557. Reference to a conference publication: [5] J. F. Fuller and K. J. Roesler, "Influence of harmonics on power distribution system protection," IEEE-PES Conference on Power Quality, held at IIT Bombay, 20-23 Dec. 2003, pp. 549-557. Reference to a book: [21] E. Clarke, Circuit Analysis of AC Power Systems, Vol. I. 2nd ed , New York: Wiley Publications, 1950, p. 81. Reference to web sites [22] www. doe.hov.org/fundamental Series Item Power Quality and Harmonics.htm (as on 23-3-07) (3.1)

Bibliography contains material that were useful for the preparation of the thesis in a general way and is not directly referred to in the thesis. It is not essential, but will be of useful for a person who tries to read and the thesis. Tables should be numbered ( Example: Table 2.2 Comparison of Costs ) consecutively and given suitable captions above the table. Referred in the text as Table 2.2 Tables should not duplicate results presented elsewhere in the manuscript (for example, in graphs). Footnotes to tables should be typed below the table and should be referred to by superscript lowercase letters. Graphs/plots shall be clear with axes information and number ( Example: Fig. 2.2 Variation of Temperature in a typical day) consecutively and given suitable captions below the plot/graph. Referred in the text as Fig. 2.2 Figure axis labels are often a source of confusion. Try to use words rather than symbols. As an example, write the quantity "Magnetization," or "Magnetization, M," not just "M." Put units in parentheses. Do not label axes only with units. Copy paste or import from the simulated sheets of software packages will not produce clears graphs/plots and shall not be produced in the thesis. Colour illustrations and photos are allowed if clear and necessary. Same shall also be numbered and titled at the bottom. Photos shall be pasted on a separate page covered by a protection film. All figures and tables must be in place in the text near, but not before, where they are first mentioned. If there are some appendices, these can be numbered as A1, A2, A3 etc. The equations in these appendices can be numbered as (A1.1), (A2.3) etc. All reports shall be soft bound only with plastic laminated cover. Colour For cover: BTech /MTech as per Dept. indication Imp: Soft copy of the complete thesis (minor/major/seminar) shall be uploaded to Digital library after complete approval. Only after this , students will get no dues from library. To avoid rush at the end, students are advised to upload the reports to digital library immedicable after approval from the guides. While submitting the reports to Digital library, One page abstract shall be separately given. Hard copies: Dept. office -1, Guide(s)- 1 each, student(s) 1 each