1.

Digital modulation signal of data using

a) ASK modulation Enter the frequency of carrier=30 Enter the frequency of pulse=5

b) BPSK modulation

c) QPSK modulation

Compare and discuss the result

For ASK modulation, amplitude level of the carrier signal is switched according to the binary information, keeping the phase and frequency fixed. We also can see that when the bit 0, the ASK signal is none but when bit 1, the signal will produced .

For BPSK modulation, that has a possible result two exit phases for the carrier with a single frequency. An exit phase represents a logical 1 and the other one a logical 0. As the input digital signal changes the state, the phase of the exit carries moves between two angles that lie 180 degree outside of phase.

A QPSK modulated carrier four distinct changes in phase that are represented as symbols and can take on the values of /4, 3/4, 5/4, and 7/4. Each symbol represents two binary bits of data.

2. Analyze the system in figure below;

From the observation discuss your findings.

Based on the results, it shows that there is signal at eye diagram scope for in-phase amplitude. However, for signal trajectory scope, there is no signal or output at quadrature amplitude. For scatter plot scope, there is two points which is at -1(bit 0) and 1(bit 1). It uses two opposite signal phases (0 and 180 degrees).

3. Investigate the input and output of the system.

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Analyze the results and give your comments The result shows that the output at the eye diagram scope, discrete time signal trajectory scope and discrete time scatter plot scope is not too smooth because there is noise. The value of SNR that put in the parameter is 10. Theoretically, the SNR needs to be as high as possible. The higher the value of SNR, the better will be the signal strength.

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4. Analyze the digital communication system

Table below is the results after run the simulation with different SNR value.

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SNR (db) 0 1 10 11 100 1000 -1 -10 -100 -1000

BER 0.3227 0.2747 0.002997 0 0 0 0.3736 0.6414 0.7742 0.7742

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From the analysis discuss your results. Based on the table, the results for bit error rate versus SNR shows that when the value of SNR is higher, their bit error rate value is become smaller. The value of bit error rate is 0 is when the value of SNR is above then 10. The bit error rate is increasing when the value of SNR is below then 10. We can see that when the SNR value is 1000db, their bit error rate value is 0. However, when the value of SNR is -1000db, their bit error rate is 0.7742. So, the more the value of SNR is better because the error that produce is 0.

ANALYSIS In amplitude Shift keying (ASK), logic levels are represented by different amplitudes of signals. Usually, one amplitude is zero for logic digital logic zero while is logic 1 represented by the actual amplitudes of some sine wave signal. Result shows the waveforms in ASK. The ASK signals envelopes are the same shape as the data stream (although the lower envelope is inverted). Recovery of the original data at the receiving end can be implemented using a simple envelope detector and filter. Recall that ASK uses the digital datas 1s and 0s to switch a carrier between two amplitudes. FSK uses the 1s and 0s to switch a carrier between two frequencies. An alternative to these two methods is to use the data streams 1s and 0s to switch the carrier between two phases. This is called Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK). For Binary PSK (BPSK) the state of 1 -0 = 180 simplifies the modulator design. Moreover, radian between phases of PSK signals will be most appropriate from error-performance point of view. For example, (0 , 1 ) phase values can be chosen as (0, ) or (/2, 3/2). QPSK sends two bits of data at a time, it is tempting to think that QPSK is twice as fast as BPSK but is not so. Converting the digital data from series of individual bits to a series of bitpairs necessarily halves the datas bit-rate. This cancels the speed advantages of sending two bits a time

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The bit error rate or bit error ratio (BER) is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during a studied time interval. BER is a unitless performance measure, often expressed as a percentage. .

DISCUSSION Amplitude-shift keying (ASK) is a form of amplitude modulation that represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. ASK uses a finite number of amplitudes, each assigned a unique pattern of binary digits. Usually, each amplitude encodes an equal number of bits. Each pattern of bits forms the symbol that is represented by the particular amplitude. The demodulator, which is designed specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the amplitude of the received signal and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the original data. BPSK (also sometimes called PRK, phase reversal keying, or 2PSK) is the simplest form of phase shift keying (PSK). It uses two phases which are separated by 180 and so can also be termed 2-PSK. It does not particularly matter exactly where the constellation points are positioned, and in this result they are shown on the real axis, at 0 and 180. This modulation is the most robust of all the PSKs since it takes the highest level of noise or distortion to make the demodulator reach an incorrect decision. It is, however, only able to modulate at 1 bit/symbol (as seen in the figure) and so is unsuitable for high data-rate applications.

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In QPSK, the data bits to be modulated are grouped into symbols, each containing two bits, and each symbol can take on one of four possible values: 00, 01, 10, or 11. During each symbol interval, the modulator shifts the carrier to one of four possible phases corresponding to the four possible values of the input symbol. In the ideal case, the phases are each 90 degrees apart, and these phases are usually selected such that the signal constellation matches the conguration. Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is a channel model in which the only impairment to communication is a linear addition of wideband or white noise with a constantspectral density (expressed as watts per hertz of bandwidth) and a Gaussian distribution of amplitude. The model does not accountfor fading, frequency selectivity, interference, nonlinearity or dispersion. However, it produces simple and tractable mathematical models which are useful for gaining insight into the underlying behavior of a system before these other phenomena are considered.

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