Name: ................................................................. Class:............................ Latih Tubi 7 : RADIOACTIVE Perlis 2010 1.

Diagram 2 shows the nuclear reaction involving the nucleus of uranium-235 in a nuclear ractor QUEST. 1/05 2/08 3/12 4/20 5/20 6/20 TOTAL/85 MARKS

(a) Name the process as shown in the diagram 2 ...................................................................................................................................... [1marks] (b) The complete equations for the above reactions is given below

Find the value of x and y (i) x :........... (ii) y :............... [2marks]

(c) name the energy produce and what couse the production of energy ........................................................................................................................................ .....................................................................................................................................[2marks] Kedah2009 2. Diagram 6.1 shows the activity of a radioactive substance X and a radioactive substance Y being measured by a Geiger-Muller tube connected to a ratemeter.

/X

Diagram 6.2 shows the decay curves obtained for radioactive substance X and radioactive substance Y.

(a) What is the meaning of half life? .....................[1 mark] (b) Based on the decay curves in Diagram 6.2, (i) State the half life of radioactive substance X and radioactive substance Y. X : ................................. Y : ................................. (ii) For radioactive substance X and radioactive substance Y, what percentage remains undecayed after 10 minutes? X : ................................. Y : ................................. [2 marks] [2 marks]

(c) Based on the answers to 6(b)(i) and 6(b)(ii), compare the decay rates of radioactive substance X and radioactive substance Y. Hence state the relationship between decay rate and half life. ................................... ...................[2 marks] (d) Give a reason why the readings of the ratemeters did not drop to zero after radioactive substance X and radioactive substance Y were removed. .....................[1 mark]

Pahang 2010 3. A technician is tracing water pipe line laid undergraund to detect leakeage point. Four types of radioisotope are suggested to be used to detect the leaking point of the pipe. Small amaount of radioisotope is dissolved in the water reservoir. Types of Physical state radiation Sodium-24 15 hours Gamma Liquid Iodine-131 8 days Gamma Liquid Radium-226 1600 year Alpha Solid Phosphorus-32 15 days Beta Solid Table 8 A Geiger-Muller tube counter is moved over the pipe according to layout plan. At a point, the counter recorded a high radiation level indicating the point of leakage. Radioisotpe Half-life 2

(a) Based in table 8, state the most suitable properties of the radioisotope used to detect the leakage. Give reasons for the suitability of the properties. (i) Half-life ............................................................................................................................... [1 mark] Reason ............................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (ii) Types of radiation ............................................................................................................................... [1 mark] Reason ............................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (iii) Physical state ............................................................................................................................... [1 mark] Reason ............................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (b) Radioisotope stratium-90 is of half-life 28 years Find the time for the activity to reduce to 1/8 of the original value

[2marks] (c) State one advantages of radioisotope(1) ............................................................................................................................... [1 mark] (d) A possible fusion reaction is shown by
2 1H
0 4 + 3 1H 2 He + 1n + energy

4 3 [2 1H =2.014012u, 1H = 3.016029u, 2 He = 4.002603u,

0 1

n = 1.008665u, u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg]

(i) calculate the mass defect,m

[2marks] (ii) calculate the energy,E released in the fusion reaction

[1marks]

Negeri Sembilan 2009 4. Table 10.1 shows an equation of a reaction and total atomic mass before and after a nuclear fission.

Table 10.2 shows an equation of a reaction and total atomic mass before and after a nuclear fusion.

(a) (i) What is meant by a nuclear fission ? [1 mark] (ii) Using only the information given in Table 10.1 and 10.2, compare nuclear fission and nuclear fusion. Hence state the relationship between mass and energy involved. [5 marks] (b) Nuclear fission produces a chain reaction. Describe how the chain reaction happens in a nuclear fission of an atom of uranium. [4 marks] (c) As a researcher , you are assigned to investigate the characteristics of a certain radioactive isotope that could be used to detect the thickness of paper in a paper factory. Your answer should include the following aspects (i) The state of matter of the radioactive isotope. (ii) The type of radiation emitted (iii) The half-life of the radioactive isotope (iv) The penetrating power of the radioactive isotope (v) Suitable detectors of radioactive emissions [10 marks]

Melaka 2009 5. Radioactive material has some important uses in the field of agriculture such as to study the effectiveness of fertilizers and control the population of pests. (a) A researcher conducted an investigation using posphorus-32 to study the absorption and movement of fertilizers in the plant. Diagram 12.1 shows how radioisotope posphorus-32 is injected to the stem of the plant. The half-life of posphorus-32 is 14 days and emits -particles. 4

Diagram 12.1

Based on the information on radioactivity and Diagram 12.1 : (i) What is meant by half life? (ii) What is -particles. (iii) Name the most suitable detector could be used to detect -particles.

[1 marks] [1 marks] [1 marks]

(b) The initial posphorus-32 activity is 800 counts per second. Calculate the time taken for the phosphorus-32 activity to decrease to 50 counts per second. [2 marks] (c) The population of pests can be controlled using radiation from radioactive source. You are assigned to study the characteristics of some radioisotopes that are suitable for use in controlling the population of pests. Table 12.2 shows the characteristics of four radioisotopes. Characteristic of radioisotope Radioisotope State of matter Iodine-131 Xenon-133 Cobalt-60 Strontium-90 Liquid Solid Solid Liquid Table 12.2 Explain the suitability of the characteristics of the radioisotope to be used in the controlling the population of pests based on the following aspects: - State of matter - Types of ray - Half-life Determine the most suitable radioisotope to be used and give the reason for your choice. [8 marks] (c) The following equation shows a fission reaction of Uranium-235. Type of ray Gamma Beta Gamma Beta Half-life 8 days 5 days 5 years 8 years

(i) What is meant by a nuclear fission? [1 mark] (ii) Nuclear fission produces a chain reaction. Describe how the chain reaction occurs in a nuclear fission of an atom of Uranium- 235. [4 marks] (iii) The nuclear energy produced in the fission reaction of uranium235 is 2.9 x 10-11 J. Calculate the total lost of mass in the reaction. [ c = 3.0 x 108 ms-1] [2 marks] 5

Melaka 2010 6. Diagram 12.1 shows part of Uranium-238 radioactive decay series.

Diagram 12.1 (a) What is the meaning of radioactive decay? (b) Based on Diagram 12.1; (i) Uranium 238 92 U decays to Thorium process.
234 90

[1 marks]

Th .Write an equation to show the decaying

[1marks]

(ii) Explain the changes in the nucleus of uranium-238 during the decaying process [2 marks] (iii) Determine the number of alpha particles and beta particles produced by the radioactive decaying series shown in Diagram 12.1. [2 marks] 234 (iv) The half life of 91Pa is 6.7 hours and initially has a mass 32 g. What is the mass of Pa-234 after 33.5 hours? [2 marks] (c) Diagram 12.2 shows a leakage of an underground water pipe line. Radioactive source is used to detect the spot of the water leakage.

(i)

Explain how a radioactive source is used to detect the spot of the water leakage from the pipe. [2 marks] (ii) You are asked to investigate the characteristics of five radioactive sources shown in Table 12. Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the radioactive sources and determine the most suitable radioactive source which can be used to locate the water leak. Give reasons for your choice. [10 marks] Radioactive source P Q R S T Penetrating power Low Medium Medium High High Emitted Radiation Alpha Beta Beta Gamma Gamma Table 12 Half-life 16 hours 20 days 15 hours 40 minutes 10 hours State of matter Solid Liquid Liquid Solid Liquid

SKEMA Latih Tubi 7 : RADIOACTIVE

Q 1(a) Nuclear fission (b) X = 36 Y = 92 (c) Heat energy/nuclear energy Loss of mass//mass defect

Answer

TOTAL 2(a) Time for the activity/mass/nucleus of the radioactive substance to become halfof the original activity (b) (i) - X : 10 minutes - Y : 5 minutes (ii) - X : 50 % - Y : 25 % (c) - The decay rates for substance X is slower//vice versa - The shorter the half life, the higher the decay rate (d) - Background radiation

Marks 1 1 1 1 1 5 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Total: 8 marks 3(a)(i) Short Half Life 1 Short time taken to decay/Can decay faster and they leave harmless 1 daughter nuclei (a)(ii) Gamma ray 1 Strong penetration power/ Can penetrate the soil 1 (a)(iii) Liquid Easier to dissolve in water/ Produce more even radiations. (b) T1/2 T1/2 T1/2 t = n (T1/2) = 3 (28 years) = 84 years (c) Thickness control/Examine contamination in canned food/ Medical screening/treatment// smoke detector/ sterilizing/ (d)(i) Mass defect = (2.014012u + 3.016029u) (4.0022603u + 1.008665u) = 0.018863 u = 0.018863 x 1.66 x 10-27 kg = 3.13 x 10-29 kg 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

(d)(ii) E = mc2 = 3.13 x 10-29 kgx(3.0 x 108 ms-1)2 = 2.82 x 10-12 J

Total: 12 marks 4(a)(i) Nuclear fission is the process of splitting a heavy nucleus into several 1 smaller and lighter nuclei with release of energy Nuclear fission Nuclear fusion 2 Splitting a heavy nucleus into Combining several light nuclei to lighter nucleus form a heavy nucleus 1 There is a reduction of mass There is a reduction of mass/mass defect 1 Energy is released Energy is released Energy formed as a result of Energy formed as a result of 2 2 1 defect/lost (E = mc ) defect/lost (E = mc )

(b) - neutron bombards a uranium-235 nucleus, splitting into two lighter nuclei are produced. - the mass lost is converted into energy, according to Einsteins Principle of Mass Energy Conservation, E = mc - the three neutrons will bombard other uranium nuclei continuously - cause the other remain nuclei to produce other 3 neutrons characteristics State of matter ; solid form beta-ray the half-life is longer explanation easy to handle has high penetrating power/ able to penetrate through the paper Can last longer/ can use for longer period/ no need to replace frequently Can penetrate the paper Can detect beta rays/ radioactive emission
2

1 1 1 1

2 2

2 2 2

high penetrating power/moderate Use a Geiger Muller tube as detector

5(a) (i) The time taken for half of nucleus radioactive material to decay. (ii) Fast moving electron / electron (iii) Geiger-Muller tube (b) 800 ---------> 400 ---------> 200 ----------> 100----------> 50 // 14 days 14 days 14 days 14 days No. of T 1/2 = 4 - 4 x 14 days / 64 days (c) characteristics explanation The state of matter of Easier to handled. radioisotope is solid. Emits gamma-ray. Penetrating power is high. Long half-life. Last longer. Cobalt-60. Because the state of matter is solid, emits gamma-ray and long half-life (d) (i) The process of breaking up of on heavy nucleus into lighter nucleus.

Total: 20 marks 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2

1 8

(ii) - Neutron bombarded a uranium nucleus //Diagram 1 - Three neutrons produced // Diagram 1 - The new neutron bombarded a new uranium nucleus // Diagram 1 - For every reaction, the neutrons produced will generate a chain reaction 1 // Diagram (iii) E = mc2 1 2.9 x 10 -11 = m x (3.0 x 108)2 1 m = 3.22 x 10-28 kg Total: 20 marks 1 6(a) Radioactive decay is a process which unstable nucleus decay to become

stable nucleus by emittion radiation /photon

(b)(i) (ii) 1st : During the alpha decay, the number of proton will decrease by 2/ 1 1 1

proton number decrease by 2 2nd : and the number of neutron will also decrease by 2 / nucleon decreases by 4
(iii) 1st : 4 alpha particles

2nd : 2 beta particles

(iv)

1 1 1 1 1 1

1st : t = 33.5 /6.7 = 5 T1/2 2nd : 32 16 8 4 2 1 g

(c)(i) 1st : put a radioactive substance into the water and let the water

flow to the location of the leak. 2nd : The location of the leak has the highest / increase activity / reading on detector.
(c)(ii) characteristics explanation

has medium penetrating power B eta ray Has a short half-life

can penetrate the soil and emerge from the ground medium penetrating power /less dangerous to the worker Short but enough time to detect the radioactive /active in water for a short time so not harmful to the water consumer dissolved easily in water short half-life, emits gamma ray , liquid and has high penetrating power.

2 2 2 2 2

Liquid Substance R

Total: 20 marks