Rising Star

STUDENT'S
BOOK
A Pre-First Certificate Course

Luke P r o d r o m o u : >
MACMILLAN
LLl
Unit
Title
The global teenager
Topics
Communication, the environment
Grammar
Present simple, present continuous
Use of English
Error correction (Part 4)
Visions of the future
Science-fiction films, space travel
Past simple, present perfect simple and continuous
Open cloze (Part 2)
T h e t r u t h is o u t t h e r e
Mystery stories
Past perfect simple and continuous, past continuous
Multiple choice cloze (Part 1)
Review: Units 1-3 page 32
page 34
Sunny days
The weather and the natural world
Future (1): future simple, going to, present continuous, present simple
Open cloze (Part 2)
page 42
The secrets of science
Science and technology
Future (2): future perfect simple, future perfect continuous, future continuous
page 50
Looking good. feeling good
Health and fitness, food
Conditional (1): first and second conditionals
Open cloze (Part 2)
page 60
A good story
Story-telling
Conditional (2): third conditional, wishes and regrets
page 68
Wonders of the world
Ancient history
The passive
Vocabulary
Describing movement Phrasal verbs with on and up Words often confused
[Reading
Multiple matching: summaries (Part 1)
Listening
Note-taking (Part 2)
Speaking
Pairwork task (Part 3)
Writing
Transactional letter (Part 1)
Compound nouns Collocation (computers) Phrasal verbs w i t h get
Multiple matching (Part 4)
Multiple choice (Part 4)
Pairwork task (Parts 3 and 4)
Informal letter (Part 2)
Parts of speech Words often confused Phrasal verbs w i t h go
Gapped text: sentences (Part 3)
Information gap
Short story (Part 2)
Idioms (time) Words often confused
Yes/No questions (Part 4)
Photographs (Part 2)
Prepositions (with adjectives and nouns) W o r d s often confused
Multiple matching: headings (Part 1)
Pairwork task
Magazine article (Part 2)
W o r d building (food) Phrasal verbs (food and drink)
Informal letter (Part 2)
W o r d building Collocation (go and have) Words often confused
Yes/No questions (Part 4)
Information gap
Short story (Part 2)
Noun suffixes Phrasal verbs with up and down
Planning a tourist brochure
Report (Part 2)
Unit
Title
Star p l a y e r s
Topics
Sport, famous people
Grammar
Reported speech
Use of English
Open cloze (Part 2)
page 76
page 86
10
Fun a n d g a m e s
Celebrations and festivals
Gerunds and infinitives
Word formation (Part 5)
page 94
11
From C o l u m b u s t o Concorde
Travel and transport
Comparative and superlative adjectives
page 102
12
Making money, spending money
Shopping and consumerism
Relative clauses and pronouns
page 112
13
S m a r t kids
Education
Modal verbs (1)
Open cloze (Part 2)
T h e w o r l d ' s best, t h e page 120 world's worst
The media, crime
Modal verbs (2): modal perfect
W o r d formation (Part 5)
W o r k and play page 128
Summer jobs
Clauses of purpose and reason
Multiple choice cloze (Part 1) Error correction (Part 4)
Review: Units 13-15 page 136 Communication activities pages 139, 140 Grammar reference page 141 Phrasal verb dictionary page 157
Contents Vocabulary
Antonyms Words often confused Collocation (sport)
[Reading
Multiple matching: headings (Part 1)
Listening
Speaking
Information gap (Part 1)
Writing
Magazine article (Part 2)
Countable and uncountable nouns Collocation (fun and games) Words often confused
Descriptive composition (Part 2)
W o r d formation (making adjectives) Words often confused Collocation (take)
Gapped text: sentences (Part 3)
Report (Part 2)
Transitive and intransitive verbs Phrasal verbs w i t h take Words often confused
Parts of speech Collocation (make and do) Collocation (exams)
Gapped text: missing paragraphs (Part 3)
True/False questions (Part 4)
Opinion composition (Part 2)
W o r d formation (noun suffixes) Phrasal verbs with break Collocation (law and order)
Gapped text: missing paragraphs (Part 3)
Telling a story using picture prompts
Argumentative composition (Part 2)
W o r d formation (suffixes) Words often confused Collocation and idioms (jobs)
Letter of application (Part 2)
Introduction to the Cambridge FCE^
The Cambridge First Certificate Examination has five papers, each of which tests a different area of your ability in English. Each paper is worth 20% of the total.
Paper 1 Reading (1 hyr 15 minytes)

The reading paper has four parts, each of which consists of a text and a comprehension task of some kind. The types of text used include magazine and newspaper articles, reports, guides, advertisements and stories. There is a total of 35 questions.
Part 1 Multiple matching 2 Multiple choice 3 Gapped text
Questions 6 or 7 7 or 8 6 or 7
Task You have to match headings or summary sentences to their appropriate paragraphs. You have to choose the correct answer or end of a sentence from a choice of four. You are given sentences or paragraphs which have been removed from the text and have to decide where they should go in the text. The text is divided into different sections. You are given sentences and have to decide which section each one refers to.
4 Multiple matching
13-15
Paper
Writing (1
bur
3 minutes)
The writing paper has two parts. Part 1 is compulsory and consists of a transactional letter. In Part 2, you can choose to answer one of five tasks. One of these tasks is always a question on a set book.
Part H Transactional letter
Questions 1
Task You have to write a letter that has a specific purpose (eg to ask for information or to complain). You are given information that you have to include in your letter. You have to write a text based on a 'real life' context (eg writing an article for a school magazine).
2 Article/composition/ report/letter/story/ book report
Choose 1 of 5
Paper 3 Use of English (1 hour 15 mooDytesj)

This paper has five parts and tests your knowledge of grammar and vocabulary. There is a total of 65 questions.
Part
1 1 Multiple choice cloze 2 Open cloze
Questions
15 15
Task
You are given a text with 15 gaps and have to choose the correct answer for each gap from a choice of four. You are given a text with 15 gaps and have to fill each gap with an appropriate word.
[Paper 3 coratimyed
3 Key word transformations 4 Error correction 10 You are given a complete sentence followed by a gapped sentence. You have to complete the gapped sentence using a given word so that it means the same as the first sentence. You are given a text of 15 lines, some of which contain unnecessary words. You have to decide which lines are correct, and which contain an unnecessary word. You are given a text with ten gaps. You have to fill each gap using the appropriate form of the word stems given.
15
5 Word formation
10
[Papdo3 % Listening (about 4 minutes])

The listening paper has four parts, each of which consists of a listening text and a comprehension task of some kind. The types of listening text used include interviews, conversations, news reports, talks and phone messages. A variety of accents are used, and you will hear each listening text twice. There is a total of 30 questions.
Part
H Multiple choice 2 Note taking/ blank filling 3 Multiple matching 4 Selecting from two or three possible answers
Questions
8 10 5 7
Task
You will hear eight short, unconnected extracts. You have to answer a multiple choice question about each one. You will hear a monologue or conversation. You have to complete notes or sentences. You will hear five short extracts which are related in some way. You have to match each extract with a given sentence. You will hear a monologue or conversation. You have to answer questions which involve choosing between two or three possible answers (Yes/No, True/False, multiple choice, which speaker said what).
Paper 5 Speaking (about 115 minutes)

In the speaking paper there are usually two candidates and two examiners. One of the examiners interviews the candidates; the other examiner listens and assesses the candidates, but does not join in the interview.
Part
H Interview 2 Talking about photographs 3 Pairwork task
Tome
3 minutes 4 minutes
Tas!
The examiner will ask you and the other candidate to talk about yourselves (eg where you come from, etc). The examiner will give you and the other candidate two photographs each. In turn, you have to talk about your photographs for about two minutes. The examiner will give you and the other candidate a visual prompt (eg a photo, a map, a diagram) and will set you a task to do. The task may involve planning something, solving a problem or reaching a decision. The examiner will ask you and the other candidate general opinion questions about the topic of the pairwork task.
3 minutes
Discussion
4 minutes
The global teenager

-
Reading
Û W o r k with a partner. Look at the photograph and discuss these questions.
1 What are these young people wearing? 2 How do they spend their free time? What music do they listen to? 3 What languages do they speak? Where do they learn English? 4 Which satellite TV channels do they watch? Do they use the Internet?
Read the text and check your answers.
Teenagers of the worDd unite!

Will teenagers be the force of the future? Carol Packer looks at the rise of the global teenager.
0A l The popularity of the satellite TV channel MTV is 20 evidence of this: their pop videos play in every corner of the planet, from Stockholm to Sofia, from Athens to Atlanta, and since most of the songs are in English, kids from all over the world learn to sing in English too.
While the population of Europe and America is growing older, those in developing countries are becoming younger. In the non-western world, particularly India, China and Brazil, there is an 5 influential generation of teenagers growing up. 3 These young people's tastes influence the design of clothes and cars; whole industries are appearing 25 Kids these days can chat online with friends thousands of miles away. In fact, a teenager in to help teenagers spend their free time - and their India may feel they have more in common with money. an Internet friend in Brazil than with other young 1 people in their own country. Young people around 30 the globe are beginning to hang around together 10 English plays an important part in a teenager's on the Internet as they used to on the street. world; it is the dominant language in youth style and is one way in which teenagers across the 4 world can communicate with each other and share There may be a greater readiness to learn language a common culture. The existence of graffiti written on the streets of cyberspace than in the classroom. 15 in English in so many countries is one example of this. More and more people are learning English from 35 their friends on the Internet and it is not always 2 the same as the English they learn in the The strongest force in international youth culture classroom. today is pop music. Music has universal appeal.
T C n global teoonagor FCE practice" Part 1

H | ) Choose from the list A - H the sentence which best summarizes each part I - 6 of the article. There is one extra sentence which you do not need to use.There is an example at the beginning (0).
A A n e w generation appears on the world scene. B Computers create a n e w kind of neighbourhood. C New ways of learning English have appeared. D Teenagers also have language in common. E A tuneful language that everyone understands. F Teenagers like to be different too. G Education is changing to meet the needs of modern teenagers. H The m a n who first thought of the Web.
W o r k with a partner and give your own answers to the questions in exercise I.
I am wearing a tracksuit and trainers. I like listening to music and rollerblading.

(||) Find words in the text that have a similar meaning to the following.The first letter of each word is given to help you.
Tim Berners-Lee, the British inventor of the World Wide Web, imagines the effect of the 40 Internet on a teenage boy: his search engine shows him a random selection of the 643,768 people around the world whose preferences in reading are similar to his own. He knows that he may live in a small town in the Netherlands 45 but he is right in the centre of the main trend, he feels he is exactly in tune with all his unseen friends.
1 the number of people w h o live in a town or country p 2 people of the same age group g 3 the effect something or someone has i 4 the work and the processes involved in the production of goods, especially in factories i 5 writing and pictures drawn on the walls of buildings g 6 someone w h o designs or makes n e w things 7 a fashion t 8 to behave in the expected way c 9 to do something special because something good has happened c
But companies like Benetton say they are also trying to create a youth agenda to unite 50 teenagers of the world. This agenda includes an awareness of the global environment and h u m a n rights. The Benetton message says teenagers do not always conform to the same style. Thus, those w h o wear the 'united 55 colours of Benetton' are encouraged to celebrate together their individual and cultural difference.
The gtolbaD teeonager
Grammar and HJs if EDnglDsCn

I f ] W e use the present simple to do the following things: U W e use the present continuous to do the following things:
a to talk about general scientific truths b to describe present actions, eg in commentaries c to talk about how often we do things
Match the uses above with these examples.
a to talk about things happening now b to talk about changing situations c to talk about irritating things which often happen
Match the uses above with these examples.
1 You're always dropping things! 2 It's stopped raining - the sun's shining. 3 What are you doing under the bed? See grammar reference page 141.
1 They go to the office every day. 2 The earth goes round the sun. 3 Romario passes the ball; he shoots.
( j f ) Complete these sentences using the correct form (present simple) of the words below.
Complete these sentences to make questions in the second person for each of the sentences in exercise I.
1 Where 2 3 4 Which 5 What subject? 6 7 live?
come from? shine a lot in your country? speak? your favourite school any Internet friends? often do you use the Internet?
N o w write sentences about yourself and your country using the verbs above.
I come from ...

Choose the present simple or present continuous in these sentences.
come 1 I 3 I the sea.
shine
use
speak
live
have
be
from a country in Latin America. a lot. in a new city which is high above
2 In my country the sun
1 I work/am working eight hours a day at the moment, and it starts/is starting to get very tiring. 2 I am only working/only work in the computer department till Meg gets back from holiday. Usually, I work/am working in the toy department. 3 Look it's1 snowing/snows outside. It never snows/is never snowing in November. 4 I live/am living in London, as I have done all my life, but at the moment I'm staying/stay in Madrid because we've just opened a new office there.
4 We a language which is like Italian and French. 5 My favourite school subject maths. 6 I an internet friend from England called Sarah. 7 I the Internet everyday to talk to her!
Tlhe global tteeimagefr

5 I'm doing/do a three-week computer course and I learn/am learning word processing and how to use the Internet. 6 The kettle boils/is boiling. Can you make the tea? I talk/am talking to uncle George on the phone. 7 It takes/is taking me about half an hour to get to work but sometimes it is taking/takes longer when the traffic is bad.
Decide which of these sentences have mistakes. Then correct the mistakes with a partner.
I am hating maths lessons. I hate maths lessons. 1 I suffer a lot from hay fever in the summer. 2 Ronaldo is taking a shot at goal, and is missing. 3 She is usually going to bed before midnight. 4 The earth spins round the sun. 5 She stays in Germany this week. 6 You are always complaining about your job. I'm sick of listening! 7 They are cycling to school everyday.
FCi practice: Part 4

Q ) Read the following text. W h a t does John collect? H o w is he different from other boys his age?
A teenage bedroom
/ 0 they 00 1 2 3 4 5 , 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Look at this bedroom. How tidy! The bed's made and even his clothes they are folded, and it's like this all the time, with no nagging from Mum! I bet there aren't many boys like this. But to be fair to John, he probably doesn't spend enough time in his bedroom to make much of mess. Besides, the TV's not working, and he does like watching TV, so at the moment he's spending more time at his friend's house for watching in his friend's room instead of his own. He hasn't got any favourite things except of his neat display of classic model cars in the corner of his room, which he's been had for quite a long time; 'I used to get them as presents,' he says. He also has an unusual collection of crystal animals - unusual because of it's not the sort of thing boys usually collect. But then this boy is different from the others, because he's not keen on the sports and never watches football on TV like most of his friends. In fact, he's the academic type who is likes listening to classical music. Do you see the pile of books, and notice the Picasso poster on the wall by his bed?
For questions 1-14, read the text again and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word that should not be there. If a line is correct, put a ( / ) . If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word. There are two examples (0) (00) at the beginning.
11
global
femagir
Vocabulary
Describing movement
( j l ) Match the verbs in list A with their meanings in list B. A B ( ) Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs in exercise 3.
1 Can you just
while I call the manager?
1 hold 2 catch 3 crawl 4 carry 5 creep 6 grab
to take something suddenly in your hands to have something in your hands or arms to get hold of something in your hands as it is moving through the air to hold something in your hands and take it from one place to another to move on your hands and knees to move carefully and quietly so that no-one will notice you
2 The police are searching for the two m e n w h o the bank. 3 Fast food was started in America but it quickly in other countries. 4 I had to r u n to with Peter - he had left five minutes before me. 5 I find it difficult to _ tired. working w h e n I'm
Words often confused

(f|) Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the verbs below.
Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the verbs in exercise I.
grow 1
grow up
bring up
1 She into the room on tip-toe in order not to wake anybody up. 2 The policeman creep away. the thief as he tried to
They. their children to be hard-working and respectful. strong.
2 Proteins help children
3 Peter met Mary at the station so that he could help her her luggage. 4 They rain. 5 crowd. 6 She reached out to it was too high for her. the ball but into their tents to get out of the my hand so you don't get lost in the
3 The giraffe is the tallest animal in the world and to a height of 5.5 metres. 4 What do you plan to do w h e n you ? 5 They their own
Phrasal verbs with on and! up

^ J ) Match the phrasal verbs in list A with their meanings in list B. A B
1 hold up 2 carry on 3 hold on 4 catch on 5 catch up

12
-continue doing something something becomes popular reach someone by walking faster yourself ask someone to wait for a short time threaten someone in order to get money from t h e m
The global! teenager
Listeoiaing and speaking

( J ) Look at the picture of the rainforest and find the things below. W h i c h of them would you use to survive in a tropical rainforest and how? Ibee medicinal plants grabs turtle monkey bow and arrow blowpipe ( Q ) W h a t can w e do to help the people of the rainforests?
FCE practice: Part 3

(||) W o r k with a partner and do the task below.
( J ? Before you do the next section, check with your teacher the meaning of these words. prescription starve canopy barricade dart
I uo.
f ( ' r
o rC. 'n . o-
E H Listen and compare your answers in exercise I with the listening text.
You and your partner were in a plane that crashed in the rainforest and it may be some time before you are rescued. On board, you find the articles below. Discuss with your partner h o w you could use these articles to survive, using the words in the box below to help you. Then agree on the three most important articles.and report back to the class.
(?
( ) S 3 Listen again and complete the notes.
1 rainforest In order we would have to in a tropical know which plants to eat and which to The people of the rainforest: use medicinal plants to can follow bees to their nests to can lay traps to . use blowpipes to trees. use poison and spears to
^ ^ EZI Before you listen to the second part of the talk, predict the answers to these questions with a partner. Listen and check your answers.
in the
1 A hundred years ago there were 230 tribes in Brazil. How many are there today? 2 The Penan tribe live in the rainforests of Borneo. How do they get food? 3 Foreign companies are destroying the forest. Why? 4 The native tribes cannot prove the land is theirs. Why? 5 The police arrest members of the tribe. Why? 6 What will happen to these tribes in a few years?
tablets string whisky newspaper matches penknife radio
magnifying glass
13
The global teeonageir
Writing
FCE practice: Transactional letter
(||) Read the task and the advertisement below. A f r i e n d h a s given y o u t h e address of G r e e n p e a c e , a n d y o u are i n t e r e s t e d in t h e possibility of j o i n i n g . You h a v e decided to w r i t e t h e m a letter to f i n d o u t m o r e a b o u t t h e organization.
Where does work take place?
Any experience necessary?
Age of volunteers?
- call f o r volunteers
Greenpeace exists to defend the environment wherever it is threatened Greenpeace tries to come up with solutions to environmental problems Greenpeace takes action so that those solutions are adopted Greenpeace uses members' money to make sure there is a future for all of us Greenpeace will always do everything it can to protect our world and the creatures w e share it with Greenpeace needs volunteers to help its fight to save our planet
Write to us now for more information:
Greenpeace Canonbury Villas London N1 2PN.
What kind of work? is summer work available?

^ ^ The following reply to the advertisement is in the wrong order. Number the paragraphs a-h in the correct order. I would also like to know where the work will take place. I would like to work in my own area if possible. I believe there are a lot of ecological problems in my town. Yours faithfully, I look forward to hearing from you, I would be grateful if you could tell me what kind of work is involved and whether I would need any special qualifications. Also, how old do volunteers need to be? I am sixteen years old and I live in Hull. I do not have much experience of environmental work but I like going for walks. I recently started birdwatching as a hobby. Finally, could you tell me when the work would be as I would prefer summer work. I go to school but I have a lot of free time in the holidays. Dear Sir or Madam, If there is anything else I need to know please let me know. I am writing to ask for more information in connection with your 'call for volunteers' to help Greenpeace. I am not a member of Greenpeace but I would like to know more about how I can help.
14
Tlhe global teeraager

Label the letter using the following features of a letter: Match the descriptions of the following organizations to the logos below.
salutation
1 A group which helps developing countries. 2 A h u m a n rights group. 3 A group which protects endangered wildlife. 4 An environmental group.
2 reason for writing 3 closing remarks 4 personal information 5 signing off

Q ) Correct these mistakes from a student's letter.
1 I want more informations. 2 I write to ask for details. 3 I have fifteen years and I am going to school. 4 Tell me w h a t kind of work do you do. 5 I am not having much experience. 6 At last, I would like to ask for the membership. 7 I am look forward to hear from you. 8 I have read your leaflet in a magazine recently.
AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL
UNITED KINGDOM
FRIENDS of the
for the planet for people
War on Want
CAMPAIGN AGAINST WORLD POVERTY
N o w it's your turn. W r i t e your letter to any of the organizations above using the model and these questions to help you.Write between 120 and 180 words. ^
Is there a branch in my country? How much does it cost to join?

0
What kind of activities do they get involved in?
Is it an independent organization? What do members receive?

Information you need to include:
why you are writing. w h o you are and what you do.
15
W o r k with a partner. Look at the photographs and answer these questions.
1 Do you know which films they are from? 2 What do they have in common?
( ) Read the texts quickly and match each text with one of the photographs.
sji
- Vv
THE
MISSION
HASN'T
MADE ANY
HEADLINES,
10
15
20
25
and everything has gone perfectly. After three days in space, three Apollo astronauts including Jim Lovell (Tom Hanks) have nearly reached the Moon. Back in Houston, astronaut Ken Mattingly considered himself the unluckiest man on earth. Two days before launch, he was left out of the Apollo 73 crew for medical reasons. And so Mattingly was in Mission Control when Jim Lovell sent this terrifying message: 'Houston ... we've got a problem. Something has gone horribly wrong. Power and guidance systems are down, and the supply of oxygen is rapidly running out ...' The crew now faced a horrifying reality - their spaceship, stranded miles away in space, might never return to earth. With time running out, the crew made a daring attempt to guide the spaceship to earth. For three days, the world watched in anxious silence, not knowing whether the men of Apollo 13 would come home alive.
T H E R E HAVE BEEN MANY STAR
TREK
FILMS, BUT
it all began with a TV series. The classic Star Trek featured the adventures of the 30 crew of the Starship Enterprise on its five-year mission to explore outer space.
On board the Starship the crew included 60 boy who would one day become Darth Vader. In Episode I, we saw him as a many varieties of human and nonhopeful nine-year-old, dreaming of a human individuals. In command of the bright future. The Jedi knights Qui-Gon 35 Starship was Captain James T. Kirk, Jinn and Obi Wan Kenobi were sent on a followed by his half-Vulcan first officer, Spock. Those early years of Star Trek 65 secret mission to Anakin's planet, gave the world a phenomenon which has Tatooine, and Qui-Gon Jinn began to yet to be matched by any other single suspect that Anakin might be a Jedi. 40 television series; it has been sold all Darth Maul, one of the mysterious and around the world and has inspired evil Sith, arrived to fight a deadly battle millions of fans. From that first series 70 against the Jedi Knights. has sprung an incredible number of spin-offs: an animated series, three 45 television series, numerous feature films, and hundreds of novels and BLADERUNNER, WHICH FIRST APPEARED IN consumer products. 1982, was inspired by the novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? written by Phillip K. Dick. The film 75 describes a 21st century where nuclear war has made the earth an unsafe place STAR WARS EPISODE I: THE Phantom to live. The government encouraged Menace, took us to the beginning of the people to go and live on other planets by 50 Star Wars story. The original Star Wars offering them non-human workers called trilogy followed the adventures of Luke Skywalker, a young farm boy who so replicants to serve them. Some of these replicants then killed their masters and became a Jedi knight, fighting Darth escaped back to earth, where they Vader and the evil Empire. In the last pretended to be human in order not to be 55 episode, Vader finally revealed to Luke discovered. Deckard (Harrison Ford) was the terrible news that he was the young 85 employed to find and destroy these Jedi's father. The latest Star Wars trilogy replicants. Things became difficult for went back in time a generation to tell the him when he fell in love with a replicant story of Anakin Skywalker, the innocent called Rachel.
16
-1^-FCE practice: Part 4
Visions of t h e future
Read the texts again. For questions I 10 choose from the texts A - D . Some of the texts may be chosen more than once. W h e n more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order. There is an example (0) at the beginning.
Which of the films: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1
is about a journey to the moon? shows the heroes facing death? began as a television programme? * is about a starship looking for n e w worlds in space? began as a book? was the first of its kind? is part of a series? is about a race against time? describes people who choose to live on different planets? shows a spaceship unable to come back to earth? describes the childhood of the main characters? /
| | ] Discuss these questions.
1 Have you seen any of these films or any others? 2 W h e n did you see it? 3 What did you think of it? 4 Which of the films sounds most interesting?
gL
Complete these sentences using words from the text. The first letter of each word is given to help you.
1 Their m
was to land on the moon. Victoria station and will be
2 We have nearly r arriving in ten minutes.
3 How would you spend the time if you were s _ alone on a desert island? 4 I can't wait to see the next e seen all the previous ones. of Star Wars; I've
5 What i_ the director to make the film? Was it based on real events? 6 Would you rather see the film or read the n which it is based? 7 British farmers had to d_ the disease from spreading. on
many sick cows to stop
Visions of the future
Grammar and Use of English

Past simple, present perfect simple, present perfect continous Past simple, present perfect simple
M \us Look at these sentences and decide which use the past simple and which use the present perfect simple. (jj} Choose the correct tense in these sentences.
1 I haven't had/didn't have time to talk to him yet. 2 You have worked/worked for a bank since 1985, haven't you? 3 Have you ever visited/Did you ever visit Paris? 4 She has been deciding/has decided to learn photography this year. 5 Did you finish/Have you finished eating yet? 6 I felt/have been feeling ill since last night. 7 When the traffic lights turned red, he has stopped/stopped the car.
^ ^ Complete these sentences using the words or phrases below.
1 I have never seen a Star Wars film. 2 Neil Armstrong landed on the Moon in 1969. My father took me to the cinema every week w h e n I was a child. We've got a problem. Something has gone horribly wrong.
N o w match the sentences to one of these uses.
a finished event in the past events which form part of our life experience a past event with present importance habits in the past See grammar reference page 142.
ever still before a few days ago last year yet in 1895 never 1 Wells wrote The Time Machine The nightmare Wells predicted has not come about. People have not colonized other planets but perhaps they will one day. I finished the book to John this morning. Do you think aliens have Earth? and gave it back visited .
read a science fiction book before; this is my first one. 7 Have you ever seen a film like this 8 I saw a science fiction film but I can't remember
SS /
-1^--_Visions of the future

o
Present perfect continuous

Explain the difference in meaning between these pairs of sentences. 'Q Answer these questions.
1 What's the most interesting country you have ever visited? 2 When did you last go to a restaurant? Where did you go? 3 How many science fiction films have you seen? 4 How long have you been learning English?
Compare your answers with a partner. D o you have anything in common?
a I've been living in Oxford during my English course. b I've lived in Oxford all my life. Which sentence describes a temporary action? Which sentence describes a more permanent situation? c She's written a novel, d She's been writing a novel. Which sentence emphasizes the duration of the action? In which sentence is the action complete? e Sorry I'm late - I've been to the doctor, f I've been going to the doctor. Which sentence suggests I visited the doctor several times? Which sentence suggests I visited the doctor recently? See grammar reference page 143.
^ Complete this text using the correct form (past simple, present perfect simple or present perfect continuous) of the verbs in brackets.

Answer these questions.
AN
1 What do you know about this man? 2 Can you guess his job? 3 Was he a good student at school? 4 Is he rich or poor? Is he famous?
y Read the text and check your answers.
Mr Microsoft William Henry Gates, known as Bill Gates, is probably the richest man in America. He (0) studied engineering and (1) now become the world's most famous computer engineer. When he was 15, he (2) a system for controlling traffic in Seattle. In 1975 he (3) a book on the computer language BASIC. He (4) Harvard in the same year and (5) writing computer programs. In 1977, he (6) Microsoft with a friend and created DOS, an operating system for computers. In 1981 Microsoft (7) a giant step forward when IBM adopted DOS for its personal computers. Nowadays, there can be few people who have not (8) of Bill Gates. He has (9) two books, both of which have (10) bestsellers. He has not (11) the age of 40 yet, but Gates has already (12) a fortune in excess of 30 billion dollars.
For questions 1-12, read the text again and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.There is an example (0) at the beginning.
The Martians are not coming I (1) (read) science fiction stories for many years now and I (2) (just/finish) 2001: A Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke. I (3 ) (always/find) their predictions about the future interesting but most of the predictions made by writers of science fiction (4 ) (never/come) true. We (5) (wait) for Big Brother since Orwell (6) (write) 1984 but he still (7) (not/come). The Time Machine which Wells (8) (predict) over a hundred years ago (9) (not/appear) yet. Novelists (10) (write) thousands of stories about Martians and though we (11) (already/land) spacecraft on Mars no-one 12 (ever/visit) Mars and I (13) (never/see) a Martian in my back garden or anywhere else, though I (14) (wait) for them to turn up since I was a girl.
@ca biliary
Compound nouns
We can combine t w o n o u n s to m a k e a c o m p o u n d noun, eg computer + program. We can combine an adjective and n o u n to m a k e compounds, eg personal + computer. C o m p o u n d n o u n s are sometimes written as t w o w o r d s (science fiction) and sometimes they are written as one w o r d (hardware). More rarely, the t w o parts are connected w i t h a h y p h e n (pen-friend). There are no rules, so check w i t h the dictionary if you are not sure.
Complete this text using the words in the box to make appropriate compound nouns. numbers paper personal office post electronic address pen race cards (J3) Complete these sentences using one of the yî words or phrases in exercise 2.
1 He spends hours
the Web.
2 You can at certain cafes which provide computers for public use. 3 If a file is big, it can take a long time to it. 4 You use a mouse to the top of your screen. different icons at
Phrasal verbs with get

Match the phrasal verbs in list A with their meanings in list B. A B
1 get over something-^
escape have something returned to you have enough money to .buy the things you need have a friendly relationship with someone Recover from an illness
Bre you on e - m a i l ?
Dear Sylvia, 'Did you remember to send those post (1) me?' 'I haven't been to the post (2) yet.' for
2 get on with s o m e o n e Y return to a place 3 get away4 get back 5 get something back
'Has the (3) man come yet?' 'We've run out of writing (4)_ ', etc etc. I wonder how much longer such conversations will be heard in homes around the world? The human (5) has been writing letters for centuries. Young people write to (6) -friends in other countries but nowadays many of them have their own (7) computer. E-mail or (8) mail is a system which allows people to send each other messages by computer. Today, it is more common to ask for someone's e-mail (9) than for their postal address. Perhaps telephone (10) , like 'postmen' are also threatened with extinction.
6 get b y .
( l i j Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs in exercise 4.
1 The police tried to catch the robbers but they 2 We're going to the cinema but we'll probably by ten o'clock. 3 She's still looking feverish. Are you sure she's the flu? 4 Did you your money
Collocation (computers)
Match a verb from list A with a noun phrase from list B. A B \
5 She only has her pension so she finds it difficult to .

6 I
. J o h n very well - he's my best friend.
explore^ surf
1
a file an icon/menu the Internet N h e Web
N J
7 My m u m has just had an operation and the doctor has told her not to go to work for three weeks in order to it. 8 My parents only give me five pounds pocket money a week, but it's enough for me to
download' click o n ^
20
I S ! Listen to the tape and tick the questions which the interviewer asks Helen.
6 How are astronauts chosen? They should be A intelligent people. B able to work with others. C brave.
1 What were you doing before you became an astronaut? 2 What makes a good astronaut? 3 Did the experience change you in any way?
FCE practice: Parts 3 and 4

W o r k with a partner and do the task below. Use some of the expressions from the box below.
You and your partner have to design an android which will help h u m a n s in some way. Use the following questions to help you decide what kind of an android you need.

( J | ) E H Listen again. For questions I - 6 , choose the best answer A, B or C.
What is the android going to look like? What kind of jobs is the android going to do? Does it need to be able to get up and down stairs? Does it need to be able to talk? " ^ Discuss this question. 1 What kind of androids do you think there will be in the future?
1 How many people applied for the job of astronaut? A 3,000. B 30,000. C 13,000. Before she got the job Helen A had already worked in space. B had never worked in space. C had done research in space exploration. Helen was brought up A in an unusual way. B like any other child of her age. C by remarkable parents. After her journey what seemed important to Helen? A Personal relationships. B To earn a bigger salary. C To get a n e w flat. How does she feel now? A More anxious. B More relaxed. C Nostalgic.
I'd like an android that can ... My ideal android would be able to ... I think we really need an android that can ... What I would find most useful is if it could ... It would be useful if it could ... Wouldn't it be great if it could ...? How about if it was able to ...? Do you think it would be good if it could ...?
21
VOSGODDS
off tlhe future
FCE practice: Informal Setter

An informal letter is similar in style to someone speaking, but don't be too conversational. 0 use contractions make it interesting and amusing 0 be enthusiastic (unless something terrible has happened!) start your letter with Dear + first name end your letter with Best wishes/Love + your first name
N o w read this model answer. Label the paragraphs using the following summary headings:
1 ^details of flight C2} enjoyable visit C3\closing comments
C.
G)
invitation 5 j signing off
Read this task.
You have just got back h o m e after staying with a pen-friend in Britain. When you get back h o m e you find this e-mail message waiting for you. Write a letter to say_thank -f you-to your friend. Describe what you liked about your_visit, the journey back home and 2 what you're doing_at the moment. Invite your friend to visit your country in the future.
fa î-R-ol it SoSU &S | UVi'h'./\<j ^Vs l-tHrer

, 1 w * y ^
\lCf cW. AnijWftij1,. I '1 I I'sv't

w ' u i k ow bil< Vi'd.e_f
Wtd u 1 1
jp
fUt j>oicitf uwd' "tê.
In-boK
tUe IfcW Atvd. -tWe_ ôiA yj/Ki loVelw . I V WCLS^-'P1 VJK^ \ ' M Wk
iklMj
V o , '\syij5lit- O K S TWre u > h S ^ short

use so 1 ft^fex ft^
Dear Sylvia ^ Hi. I just thought I'd send you this message to say hello. Did you get back all right? Was the flight smooth? I hope there weren't too many delays (mjt(S 7 t It was great having you here. I hope you had a good time too and that it wasn't too cold for you, after the hot weather in your country. Anyway, you're always welcome to come back, any time. Write soon. Best wishes, Bob
ov ivjWjie Wen epAi Wsij 51W 1 I j ^ k^-Ck, i^VoU is veHovi L J U U \ vlctue^' V ujvi{|TIU/\ Ve.^"" wvuxL. lafcS ctvunyci. Slice \ aiô^J WHe SliW stv'U j\a.tjS sôuvid ujitu Avy Cevvûti"-'" sW i-VxSvvLp broUfe^ antj+W^j \ TKat15 all far novi- UVi-te foow a.yoh -fon^to V\i to IHoj-ij |or v m < L Avvt^ WluN ( v * \ C K
42, I !?<lsV o i s U e s ,
Read the letter again and find examples of the following:
1 use of the definite article 2 short adjective 3 contraction 4 phrasal verb L/
"^.'Lr
5 short, everyday connector 6 repetition of words 7 chatty style ' 1 -
22
-1^--_Visions of t h e future
Dear L u k e , In a letter to a friend we use many expressions common in everyday speech. Read this letter and choose the most appropriate form. N o w it's your turn.Write your letter following these instructions. You h a v e received this p o s t c a r d f r o m a f r i e n d . Write a letter t o y o u r English f r i e n d e x p l a i n i n g ..how _your life has c h a n g e d since y o u started university in E n g l a n d . Suggest a t i m e w h e n y o u c a n m e e t in L o n d o n . Write b e t w e e n 120 a n d 180 w o r d s , u s i n g t h e p l a n b e l o w to h e l p y o u .
0re
^ ^ ^ *nat s enough ru\ - family
r e l L i ^ ^ t e flffi***** m ^
*
Wrj'te
h o w
soon.
POST CARD
H; H*Ae<\'. Hopt Ijou A i t t o /â-yicUeftf
Ozzie
_of ij 3 n.
Jofv,e.
V-Ui'e o r e I - J ft/>l-iôwn to LoAck-0"^?
TWt.
.<"c JnG-
oi f.a t Lvt
Paragraph 1 Say thanks. When did you get his letter? Paragraph 2 What's Manchester like? Have you met any nice people? -What are the lectures like? Paragraph 3 Thank Tony for inviting you to London. When can you visit him? What would you like to do there? Paragraph 4 Close the letter, . = ^ y Why haven't Y O K written? ~ >
The trU|l is out there

Past perfect simple, past perfect continuous, past continuous
Reading
W o r k with a partner. Look at the photographs and discuss these questions. 1 2 3 W h a t d o y o u k n o w a b o u t this p e r s o n ? W h a t role is she p l a y i n g ? W h o is h e r partner? W h a t do y o u t h i n k she is like in real life?
Cli: ;!!la asm i%ad<!rsQ)inGillian L e i g h A n d e r s o n w a s b o m in Chicago, Illinois o n 9 A u g u s t 1968 b u t d u r i n g t h e early y e a r s of h e r life s h e m o v e d a r o u n d a lot b e c a u s e of h e r f a t h e r ' s w o r k . 0B T h e n t h e family 5 moved to London. W h e n Gillian w a s n i n e y e a r s old, t h e y m o v e d b a c k t o t h e US. This w a s a difficult t i m e b e c a u s e Gillian h a d p r o b l e m s m a k i n g f r i e n d s a t h e r n e w school. I5 As a result, s h e b e c a m e 10 rebellious. A t h i g h school, s h e w a s o f t e n in t r o u b l e for a r g u i n g w i t h t h e t e a c h e r s , a n d o n c e s h e w a s e v e n a r r e s t e d for b r e a k i n g i n t o t h e s c h o o l a t n i g h t . A s a t e e n a g e r , Gillian b e c a m e a p u n k . W h e n s h e g o t a nose-ring, h e r f a t h e r 15 b e c a m e f u r i o u s , a n d Gillian a d m i t s t h a t s h e f a i n t e d w h i l e s h e w a s h a v i n g it d o n e . D e s p i t e h e r t r o u b l e a t school, Gillian w a s a t a l e n t e d girl, a n d s h o w e d early s i g n s of a c t i n g ability. A t t h e a g e of 14, s h e t o o k p a r t in a s c h o o l p r o d u c t i o n of S h a k e s p e a r e ' s Romeo and Juliet. 20 2 r^ H o w e v e r , a t t h i s t i m e , Gillian d i d n ' t w a n t to become an actress; she had w a n t e d to b e a n a r c h a e o l o g i s t , a n d it w a s n ' t till l a t e r in h e r school career t h a t she c h a n g e d her mind. 3 C A f t e r g r a d u a t i n g f r o m university, Gillian w e n t t o N e w York t o s t a r t h e r a c t i n g career. H e r first b i g o p p o r t u n i t y c a m e w h e n s h e w a s c h o s e n t o a c t in A l a n A y c k b o u r n e ' s p l a y Absent Friends for w h i c h s h e w o n a World 30 T h e a t r e A w a r d in 1991. H o w e v e r , s h e h a d b e e n w o r k i n g a s a w a i t r e s s for s o m e t i m e b e f o r e s h e w a s o f f e r e d a n o t h e r g o o d a c t i n g job. Gillian h a d s w o r n t h a t s h e w o u l d n e v e r w o r k for television. 4 (2 T h e TV s e r i e s s h o w s M u l d e r a n d Scully a s h a v i n g a close w o r k i n g 35 r e l a t i o n s h i p , a n d it a l w a y s s u g g e s t s t h a t r o m a n c e may develop b e t w e e n them. However, there have b e e n r u m o u r s t h a t Gillian a n d David D u c h o v n y c a n ' t s t a n d e a c h o t h e r in r e a l life. In f a c t , it w a s a n o t h e r m e m b e r of t h e X-files t e a m t h a t c a p t u r e d Gillian's h e a r t .
( H ) Read the text quickly and check your answers.
GS u t t h e r e
FCE practice: Fart 3

(If Read the article again. Six sentences have been removed from the text. Choose from the paragraphs A - G the one which fits each gap I-5.There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use. There is an example at the beginning (0). A Her mother, Rosemary, says ' W h e n she performed a scene f r o m the play for me, I was absolutely astonished.' B She spent t h e first t w o years of her life in Puerto Rico. C She moved on to study acting at DePaul University's G o o d m a n Theatre, and gained a degree in Fine Arts. > D Her daughter, Piper Maru, was born in September 1994. E However, she auditioned for the part of Special Agent Dana Scully in Chris Carter's TV-series The X-files and was successful. F She lived in a world of her own. G Part of the problem was that she h a d started to "" speak with an English accent while h e r family were living in England, w h i c h m a d e her sound different. Q ) Do you think Gillian Anderson was an easy child to bring up? Why? Vyhy not? 'a CfLiy^(si ( 8 Complete these sentences using words from the text.The first letter of each word is given to help you. 1 We mfflKd h o u s e because our old house was too small. The player was given a red card for ano/M-^' with the referee. She was so shocked by the sight of so m u c h blood that she fmViW . After ghftiuflfi'M f r o m university I w a n t to have a year travelling r o u n d t h e world. Jill and David are getting very close. Do you think they are having a r m k i m L i f l ? W h e n the teacher shouted, it c w ^ i i students' attention immediately. J Do you think that song will be a h l l Personally I don't think it's very good. the ?
Although s h e says s h e didn't fall in love at first sight, w h a t h a d a t t r a c t e d her to Clyde Klotz (assistant art director for t h e show) 45 w a s his smile a n d his intelligence. They got t o g e t h e r during t h e first X-files series, a n d before too long, s h e learned t h a t s h e w a s p r e g n a n t . Chris Carter h a d to rewrite t h e final episodes of t h e series so t h a t their 50 female star w a s still able to act while s h e g r e w bigger a n d bigger. 5 T) fy However, Gillian w a s soon back on location to continue w i t h The X-files. Today, A n d e r s o n is still playing Scully a n d t h e series continues 55 to b e a big success, b o t h on TV a n d on t h e big screen. The film The X-files: Fight the Future h a s b e e n a box-office hit in t h e US a n d t h r o u g h o u t t h e world.
25
Tlh t r o t h 5s not t h e r e Cliraramair a n d Us f Eonglnslh
Past perfect simple, past perfect continuous, past continuous Past perfect simple
J Underline examples of the past simple and past perfect simple in these sentences.
3 W h e n all the passengers (get off) the train, it slowly (move) away from the station. 4 Romeo was disappointed. He (imagine) that Juliet would be much more beautiful than she was. 5 I (intend) to go away for the weekend, but I (realize) I had too m u c h work to do.
Correct these sentences by changing the underlined verb into the past perfect continuous. Make any other changes necessary.
1 Gillian didn't want to become an actress; in fact she had wanted to be an archeologist. 2 Chris Carter rewrote the final episodes of the series because Gillian had learned that she was pregnant.
Look at this sentence and then complete the rule for the past perfect simple:
First Gillian learned she was pregnant. Then Chris Carter rewrote the episodes. We use the past perfect simple to show that one event in the past happened another event in the past, which is marked by the tense.
1 She lay awake for several hours before she managed to get to sleep. 2 She had a nightmare w h e n the telephone rang. 3 She opened the curtain. It rained all night. 4 He crashed the car because he drank a lot of beer. 5 Before Scully met Mulder, she worked as a medical doctor. 6 He worked on his book all night so he looked very tired the following morning.
Past perfect continuous

^ The past perfect continuous is used to emphasize that something happened for a period of time before another event (in the past simple).
She had been working as a waitress for some time before she was offered another good acting job. (She started work as a waitress at some time in the past and continued to do this until she found a n e w acting job.)
Complete this question:
Past continuous
Look at these sentences and match them to the correct use of the past continuous.
1 They were living in England at the time. 2 He was driving down the motorway when he passed a young woman. 3 Some people were dancing while others were listening to music. a simultaneous continuous actions in the past an action in progress in the past which is interrupted by another action See grammar reference page 144.
How long another acting job?
before she got
See grammar reference page 143-4.
Q ) Complete the sentences using the correct form (past simple or past perfect simple) of the verbs in brackets.
b temporary actions or situations in the past c
1 I (always/wonder) who (live) in that old house. 2 She (tell) me that she (never/visit) the US before.
The truth is out there

The past simple, past continuous, past perfect simple and past perfect continuous are useful when we are telling stories. Here is a mystery. Complete the story by choosing the correct tense.
The mystery of the IMonogoods and the Goodgoods

Professor Danielle Jones, the famous explorer, was exhausted. She (1) had been travelling/travelled through the jungle for a week. She (2) had not eaten/wasn't eating for two days and she (3) had just drunk/just drank the last of her water supply. She (4) was looking/had looked for a village called Mapondo where a tribe called the Goodgoods (5) lived/had been living. This tribe was famous because its people always (6) told/were telling the truth. Nearby, there was another village where the inhabitants, the Nonogoods, always (7) told/had been telling lies. As she (8) was walking/had been walking along, she (9) was meeting/met a native. Since she (10) had never met/was never meeting a Goodgood or a Nonogood before, she (11) had not known/did not know which tribe he belonged to.
Professor Jones can ask one question in order to find the way, but how will she know if the man is telling her the truth or whether he's a liar? There is one question which will solve her problem. W h a t is it?-Check with your teacher.

For questions I - I 2 , read this text and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space. There is an example (0) at the beginning.
Taken away and brought back

Have you ever wondered w h a t happens to people who just disappear? Some go forever, and others (0) turn up again. Those w h o do come (1) are able to clear (2) the mystery of their us. Some of the most strange absence. But those who do not return, will continue to (3) away by aliens in a spaceship.' common (4) are: 'murdered by a colleague' or (5) ' There was the (6) in Warwickshire, where a little girl of eight disappeared mysteriously. Her parents had died w h e n she was a baby, and her uncle had been (7) after her. At the age of eighteen, she was going to inherit the family wealth and property. The uncle was (8) to find her and panicked: he decided to (9) up another little girl and (10) she was his niece. with murder. He was Police investigations discovered what he had done and he was (11) _ (12) guilty and in those days that meant the death penalty. OA 2A 3A 4A 6A come away deceive replies happening B turn B out B up B wonder B excuses B given B crime B running B failed B look B pretend B charged B not C make C back C down 5 C puzzle C facts C moved C case C looking C impossible C dress C like C punished C decided D get D away D by D question D explanations D driven D time D caring D unable D ring D look like D taken D found
27
1 A in
5 A taken 7 A taking 8 A made 9 A make 10 A believe 11 A 12 A accused discovered
The truth is out there ^
Vocabulary
Parts of speech
The same w o r d can often be used as a verb and a noun, eg order: The general ordered the soldiers to attack. 'Do as I tell you,' said the general. 'That's an order!'
( T ) Here are some more examples: return, start, control. Are they used as verbs or nouns in the sentences below?

Complete the sentences using the appropriate form of the words below. control check investigate inspect
1 Mulder and Scully were
a new case.
2 Schools are . to see that they maintain high standards of education. 3 The roads were icy and she couldn't. the car. 4 The woman that she had turned off the lights before leaving the house.
1 I've had problems with this car from the start. 2 I can't get the car to start. 3 Can't you control your bad temper? 4 She is in complete control of the situation. 5 You must return the money you borrowed immediately. 6 On their return from holiday, they found the house had been broken into.
^ ^ Here are some more words we can use as nouns or verbs. Complete the sentences below using the appropriate form. sail sign climb search
Phrasal verbs with go

(4f) Match the phrasal verbs in list A with their meanings in list B. A B
1 go ahead go by -- ^
-Stop liking something begin to do something you planned to do when something is happening continue to do something you planned to do, even when it is unpleasant êxperience something
3 go through with when time passes 4 go through 5 go otf

s
They have been for years. The Titanic 4 The was closed.
for a cure for cancer for America in 1912. Everest?
Who were the first people to
on the door said that the shop
6 go on
for the girl ended when she just 5 The turned up at the police station. Do you think famous people like autographs?
Complete these sentences using the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs in exercise 4.
1 What's _ _ lot of noise.
next door? They're making a
I told him not to accept the job but he still and took it. It's already 5 o'clock. Doesn't time . quickly sometimes! 4 I've 5 She's Leo DiCaprio - I don't think he's a really hard time lately. particularly good-looking. 6 He with the parachute jump, although he was very frightened.
28
Tlhe ttrutlh is out tlheire
Listening and speaking

( F ) This is a picture of the Mary Celeste. W h a t do you know about the mystery surrounding this ship? (||) [H] Listen to the first part of the story and discuss the questions. , ,,jj' rm lc
W h e r e does the story take place? ' ^ 1 . 4 W h a t problem did the Mary Celeste have? (J W h e r e had the captains met before? | S W h a t was the Mary Celeste carrying? a|oiAj=
a DA the LIH_ ship amp 1 1 1 : LA'r W h a t condition was,-, in? i L|. r
ecu Before you listen to the rest of the story you are going to try to solve the mystery. Do the task below.
Work in pairs. Student A read the information on page 139. Student B read the information on page 140. Tell each other your information, t h e n discuss the following theories for w h y the crew abandoned the Mary Celeste. W h i c h is the most likely, according to your information? 1 There had b e e n a m u t i n y on board. 2 The two captains had p l a n n e d the 'accident' together to m a k e money. 3 The crew h a d got drunk, killed t h e captain and escaped in the lifeboat. 4 The crew h a d a b a n d o n e d the ship because they believed it was going to sink.
They might have ... They must have ... There can't have been (a mutiny) because ... I think it's most likely that ... It's difficult to say, but I'd guess (that) ... [ From the evidence, I reckon (that) ... Well, you could be right, but ... That's a good point, but on the other hand ... I don't think that's right because ... I think you're right. I agree with you. I'd go along with that. [3D Listen to the next part of the story. W h i c h one of the explanations in exercise 3 is the most likely, according to the speaker?

[HI Listen again and complete the sentences.
British officials believed there h a d been a on board, or that the two captains had been . ' However, the American authorities believed Briggs was not the kind of m a n to cause
3 The court could not decide w h y the crew t h e ship. 4 People became interested in the mystery w h e n Conan Doyle wrote . 5 Conan Doyle said t h e ship's was there, b u t in fact it was missing. According to the writer the ship m a y have hit u n d e r the surface of the sea. W h y didn't the crew r e t u r n w h e n they -realized it was n o longer ?
The speaker mentions one explanation which covers all the facts.' Can you guess what it is? Check with your teacher.
The truth is out there ^
Writing
FCE practice: Short story
The main features of a good story are that it tells the events clearly and has a beginning, middle and end, and that it is interesting to read. W h e n writing a story, remember to: organize your ideas into clear paragraphs begin by setting the scene; give some details about when and where the story takes place and who the main characters are use a variety of past tenses
0
use a mixture of direct and reported speech use sequencing words use adjectives to make the story more exciting bring your story to a definite conclusion
Look at the pictures and put these sentences in the correct order.
Suddenly, a child appeared at the windscreen,
b Relieved, she got back into her car. c When she got closer, she saw that it was just a big doll that had been thrown out of a passing car. d A w o m a n was driving h o m e alone one dark night. e Thinking the child had been in an accident, the w o m a n stopped and got out of the car.
30
u be truth is out there

You are going to write a story following these instructions. You have decided to enter a short story competition. The rules say that the story must end with the following words: 'Finally, I had managed to explain the mystery.' Write b e t w e e n 120 and 180 words. Before you write your story, do the following exercises. (f^ Complete this story using the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets. Connect the following sentences with the sequencing words in brackets. Make any changes necessary. 1 I was just getting into bed. I heard a tap at the window, (when) 2 I decided to ignore it. I heard it again, (but/after a while) 3 I switched the light off. I heard a scratching sound coming f r o m t h e wall, (as soon as) 4 I got up. I w e n t over to the window. The sound h a d stopped, (by t h e time) She (Z) she (3)_
0t,C6
-^
^r, M N (drive) faster. She
5 I tried to wake the neighbours up. I decided to call the police, (later/finally) Rewrite these sentences to make them more vivid and interesting for the reader. Replace the underlined words with words from the box. Make any changes necessary. notice march push bang scream dash grab
- l ^ n e r house close. In a panic, she e r t a k e her. In the as the car (?) TTâdowv f igure, waving his driver's seat there was a shado. / ^ ^ car?
t h e ( 6 )
hands around wildly- She
n)
U0) - - The wan in the oth^TcarUZ) to the front door. The w a n (try) (leap) out and shouted Wart- U ^ somow , r v o . W h e = = u r c a , T h e r I (15). (look) round and (16)
1 1 looked out of t h e w i n d o w and 1 saw something strange. 2 I quickly ran to t h e door. 3 He took m e by t h e arm. 4 The stranger opened the door.
Look at the checklist below and find examples of these features in the story.
5 6 set the scene varied usa of past tenses descriptive adjectives direct speech interesting ending
Suddenly, she heard a loud noise. She walked angrily out of the room. She shouted as loud as she could. Now write your story anc remember to use appropriate tenses, sequencers and expressive vocabulary.
Q ) Complete the sentences using an appropriate word. The first letter of each word is given to help you.
(||) Read the definitions below, then write the word they describe.The first letter of each word is given to help you.
1 Marconi is famous for being the i of the radio. 2 Today's g in the past. have more freedom than
1 an important job that someone has been given to do m 2 one of the parts of a TV programme with a story e 3 an exciting experience in which dangerous things may happen a a book containing a long story n_ a way of pronouncing words because of where someone comes from a
( Q ) Choose the best tense in the following sentences.
For most young people, their friends have the biggest i on them. The USA has huge car and computer i which employ millions of people. The p million. of Birmingham is about one
Some teenagers express their feelings by writing g on the walls of public buildings.
Complete these sentences using the correct form of the words below. carry creep crawl grab hold catch
1 It's raining/it rains outside - why don't you wait till it stops? 2 I applied for the job, now I wait/am waiting to see if I get it. 3 It's not that I don't like /am not liking the job, it's just that the hours are too long. 4 I am not going to see the film again - I saw/have seen it w h e n it first came out. 5 I still haven't finished/didn't finish writing the test; I need a few more minutes. on 6 She has been writing/written letters for hours and she still hasn't finished. 7 Just as I got there, the train was leaving/left the station.
1 The thief down the street. Can you phone?
her bag and ran off the baby while I go to the
I'll throw the ball in the air and you try and it. Before a baby learns to walk it the floor. 5 The burglar dark. up the stairs in the
my bags to 6 I asked the porter to the taxi because they were too heavy.
Read the questions I-10. Use the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits the space in the same line.
appeal for teenagers around the globe. The Internet has (1) and evil force w h o want to destroy the Jedi. The Sith are a (2) between teenagers today and in the past? What's the (3) and was given the job. She completed the test (4) At the (5) of the story, we meet the hero, Luke Skywalker. Some roots in the rainforest are used for (6) purposes. Gillian Anderson was (7) by her husband's smile. Tom Hanks is one of the most successful (8) today. She used to be a (9) in a restaurant. . to solve the problem. You'll have to use your (10)
UNIVERSE MYSTERY DIFFER SUCCESS BEGIN MEDICINE ATTRACT ACT WAIT INTELLIGENT
32
Q ) Match the words in list A with the words in list B to form acceptable pairs of words. Some pairs can be written as one word and others as two.
A B
e-mail card
post paper
writing load
pen address
down friend
N o w complete these sentences with an appropriate phrase from above.
1 It can take a long time to 2 If you give me your 3 I always send a
files from the Internet. I can send you a copy of the text right away. to each of my friends w h e n I go on holiday. w h o lived in Italy. .
4 When my sister was ten, she had a
5 I want to write to my grandmother but I haven't got any
Replace the underlined words in these sentences with the correct form of a phrasal verb with get or go. Make any other changes necessary.
1 You can leave the office but please try and return before the manager gets here. 2 The holiday was cancelled so now we've got to try and have our money returned. 3 When Betty was in hospital we had to continue with the job without her. 4 I've had this flu for weeks and I still haven't recovered from it. 5 The teacher told t h e m to be quiet but they continued to talk. 6 I've experienced similar problems so I know how you feel.
Q ) For questions 1-14 read the text and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
Secret Agent Pond

Charles Pond had been working late that night. The only sound that could be heard was the sound of his fingers on the (1) . He had been (2) to finish his report and now time was running (3) . He had to finish before they got there. He (4) _ _ _ _ _ the last paragraph on the computer w h e n suddenly he (5) a noise just outside the window. Pond knew Capuccino's m e n were (6) for him but he hadn't expected t h e m to (7) up so quickly. He ignored the sound and (8) on writing. Then he heard footsteps. He immediately (9) the text and went over to the window to (10 ) . He drew the curtains aside. Pond could see from the wet roads that it (11 ) all night. He could see nobody, but thought he'd better go out and (12) just in case. He opened the door and (13) slowly into the garden. Then he saw someone running (14) in the darkness. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A hard disk incapable off had finished listened making go continued saved control rained check walked towards B screen B unable B away B was finishing B noticed B running B get B took B pressed B test B has rained B watch B climbed B up C C C C CC C C C C C C C C keyboard managing out has finished felt searching run went loaded investigate was raining inquire ran out D processor D unlucky D up D finished D heard D seeing D turn D pushed D sent D inspect D had been raining D control D fell D away
[|y| Sunny days

Future (1): future simple, s i m n l going tor present continuous, present simple
teadoing
(0 W o r k with a partner. Describe what happens during an eclipse, using these photographs to help you. Read the text quickly and check your answers.
Don't look mm1 sun's about to

1 A n eclipse is simply w h e n t h e s h a d o w of o n e p l a n e t o r m o o n falls o n a n o t h e r . I n a n c i e n t t i m e s , a n eclipse in b r o a d 5 daylight w a s a b a d o m e n . I n s o m e p a r t s of t h e w o r l d e v e n today, a n eclipse of t h e s u n is a sign t h a t s o m e t h i n g is n o t r i g h t in n a t u r e . It m a y n o t b e t h a t t h e 10 gods a r e dissatisfied w i t h m a n k i n d b u t it does s e e m t h a t t h e e n d of t h e w o r l d m i g h t b e coming. Nowadays, astronomers can 15 p r e d i c t v e r y a c c u r a t e l y t h e t i m e t h a t a n eclipse will t a k e p l a c e a n d h o w l o n g it will last; t h e y c a n also tell u s w h e t h e r it will b e t o t a l o r p a r t i a l . T h i s year, 20 like every year, t h e r e will b e a t least t w o eclipses of t h e s u n a n d in s o m e y e a r s t h e r e m a y b e as m a n y as five. As m o s t p e o p l e will know b y 25 now, t h e r e ' s going t o b e a n eclipse today. At a c e r t a i n t i m e , t h e m o o n will p a s s directly between the earth and the sun, a n d will eventually e n d u p b y 30 covering t h e whole of t h e s u n , b u t this will only b e visible f r o m a f e w p l a c e s a r o u n d t h e world; o b s e r v e r s in c e r t a i n p a r t s of t h e c o u n t r y will see t h e eclipse 35 b e g i n at o n e t i m e , b u t in o t h e r places it will s t a r t a b i t later. T h e whole spectacle s t a r t s a t a b o u t 2 p m a n d e n d s at a b o u t 4 p m . T h e advice f r o m D r J o h n 40 M a s o n , a n a s t r o n o m e r , is: 'If y o u ' r e going t o look at a n eclipse, avoid looking at it directly, even w i t h glasses, since you c a n do y o u r eyes s e r i o u s 45 d a m a g e . I ' m t a k i n g m y kids o u t to see it t o m a k e s u r e t h e y d o n ' t s t a r e at t h e sun. T h e safest way to look a t a n eclipse is to p r o j e c t t h e i m a g e 50 o n to a light s u r f a c e w i t h b i n o c u l a r s o r a telescope, b u t w i t h o u t looking t h r o u g h t h e lenses directly. It is even d a n g e r o u s to look a t a 55 p a r t i a l eclipse. I n t h e f i r s t place, if you d o n ' t look u p a t t h e sky you w o n ' t realize it's h a p p e n i n g , since y o u r eyes get u s e d to t h e lower level of light. A n d t h e n 60 p e o p l e m i s t a k e n l y t h i n k t h a t since t w o - t h i r d s of t h e s u n a r e covered, it will b e all r i g h t to look a t it. T h e r e a r e always cases of p e o p l e 65 w h o h a v e b e e n foolish e n o u g h to look at t h e s u n t h r o u g h s m a l l telescopes o r b i n o c u l a r s . A t t h e very b e s t , t h e y will e n d u p w i t h a p e r m a n e n t blind spot on the 70 b a c k of t h e r e t i n a . At t h e v e r y w o r s t t h e y will b l i n d themselves.' A t o t a l eclipse is a r a r e thing. T h e last t i m e p e o p l e in B r i t a i n 75 s a w o n e w a s o n 11 A u g u s t , 1999. However, t h e r e will b e 56 p a r t i a l o r t o t a l eclipses b e t w e e n n o w a n d t h e y e a r 2020, so b e r e a d y !
34
Suimmiy
days
3 Today's eclipse A will be a total eclipse in some places. B will be seen several times in a few places. C will only be seen in one place. (Ôwill be a partial eclipse all around the world. 4 You should look at an eclipse A using glasses.(B tlirough a telescope lens. C in photographs only. (D reflected onto a surface. 5 During a partial eclipse A it gets completely dark. B the light changes colour. (C \you may not notice anything. D~ you must use binoculars. 6 Looking directly at an eclipse A is best through a small telescope. B will harm your eyesight. C will make you go blind. D is all right for a short time.
(431 Discuss these questions.
1 Have you ever seen an eclipse? 2 What are the benefits of the sun? 3 What are the dangers?
( ) Find words in the text that have a similar meaning to the following. T h e first letter of each word is given to help you.

( ) For questions 1-6, choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.
1 a sign that something bad is going to happen

o
1 In the past people believed an eclipse was A the shadow of one planet on another. B a sign that the gods were happy. sign that something bad was going to ~ happen. D a natural disaster. 2 Every year there A is at least one partial eclipse. ( B >are usually several eclipses. C is at least one total eclipse. D are about five eclipses.
complete t_ something than can be seen v the outside or top layer of something s in the end, after a long time e people w h o watch or notice something
o
harm d to make an image appear on a screen using light p
35
Sunny days .
Grammar and Use of English

Q Underline the future forms in these sentences, then match them to the correct use. ^ ^ Complete these sentences using the future simple or going to. In which sentences can you use both the future simple and going to with little change of meaning?
!gl dl
I'm having my hair cut next w e e k e n d .
It's definitely going to snow - look at those dark clouds. (K3 We will probably see the total eclipse tomorrow, if there are no clouds.
1 I get a n e w pair of sunglasses tomorrow. Look at the sky. The sun a minute.
3
come out in
C 4 My train leaves at 4 pm, so I n e e d to leave at 3.30 p m to get there on time. A 5 I think we are going to go shopping tomorrow. a to m a k e predictions about the f u t u r e b to talk about things which w e have arranged for the f u t u r e c to talk about the f u t u r e according to a fixed schedule of events, eg timetables d to talk about our intentions for the f u t u r e e to talk about things which are certain to / h a p p e n in the future, eg for w h i c h w e have present evidence See grammar reference page 1 '45.
The sun years.
exist for another five billion
4 That building. fall d o w n soon. Look at those cracks in the wall. They the holiday. The sun re-decorate their house during continue to shine forever.
W h e n the light f r o m the sun stops, life on the earth end. You must decide soon w h a t you at university. study
Look at the pictures and complete the sentences below using an appropriate form of the future.
(1)
(2)
snow.
36
buy a house.
(3)
at 9 pm.
(4)_
the lottery.
( Q ) Complete this dialogue by choosing the best form of the future for each sentence.
Q ) Complete these sentences about yourself.
1 This weekend (write about your plans) 2 When I finish school (write about your intentions) 3 I can't go to the cinema tonight/tomorrow because (write about what arrangements you have made) 4 In ten years' time, (make a prediction about your family)
A 1(1) am driving/drive down to Dover on Saturday to see the eclipse with some friends. (2) Do you come/Are you coming? B I'd love to but I can't. I (3) am taking/will take John to the match on Saturday. It's his big day. Their team (4) will play /is playing against another school in the semi-finals. A That's a shame, perhaps you (5) will be/are being able to come later. What time (6) is the game finishing/does the game finish? B About 5 o'clock. A The paper says the eclipse (7) will start/is starting to be visible from Dover around lunchtime. B How long is the eclipse (8) going to last/lasting? A It (9) will last/is lasting about two and a half hours. B You (10) are not going to/will not look at it directly, are you? A No, that would be stupid. I (11) am going to make/will make a little pinhole camera out of card. You just hold it to the window. B Sounds like it (12) is going to be/is being quite a spectacle! A Right. And the next one won't be till 2090. B Wow! I don't think I'll be around for that one!

(@) Answer these questions.
1 What is the 'greenhouse effect'? 2 Is the earth going to get warmer or cooler? 3 Read the text quickly. What does the author say about this?
Global warming or global cooling?

Scientists have warned that the earth is turning (1) a kind of giant greenhouse and in the future there (2) be a rise in temperatures everywhere. But some scientists disagree. They say that certain (3) of the earth are not (4) to get warmer but are going (5) get cooler. Global cooling over parts of Europe (6) probably be greater (7) global warming. The reason is simple: clouds. Warmer temperatures will (8) more water evaporate and (9) will lead to more clouds. These (10) will shade the earth from the sun, leading to cooler temperatures (11) the day. Ecologists, however, insist that global warming will continue, in (12) of increased cloudiness - and it (13) not going to be a good thing.
Q ) For questions 1-13, read the text again and think of the word which best fits the space. Use only one word in each space.
Sunny days .
Vocabulary
Idioms (time)
^ ^ Idioms and expressions with time are very common in English. Study these idioms with time and then complete the examples.
6 It's not w o r t h queuing because they're sold out. Don't ivJ ^-K i/flu.'i i! because they're sold out. 7 Don't hurry, y o u ' v e got plenty of time! Jc~' < F \f &UJ\ , there's n o need to hurry.
be short of time r u n out of time
I had a 1 holiday.
on

^ Complete these sentences by ticking the correct preposition in the chart below. Bin 1 1 3 4 5 6 7 I'm going swimming They should leave My birthday's It gets hotter He's leaving 1 eat lunch 2pm. a few minutes. Friday. summer. Sunday. midday. 2000. 1/ 1/ on at
You need to leave for the airport in 2 time in order to check in early.
take one's time have a good time' waste one's time in good timepass the time
. (/
3 /un-r waste vour time. Do something useful! Take 4 lrPJy- time - don't hurry. We only watched TV to 5 the time. I was 6 fM'l'^t' of time, so I didn't stop(to chat. You need to work quickly, if you don't w a n t to 7 \ of time.
(/
[/
U
There was a total eclipse
( $ ) Complete these sentences using one of the prepositions from exercise 3.
Q ) For questions 1-7, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the correct form of one of the phrases in exercise I.
1 I'm going to get up t o m o r r o w morning.
-''- about ten o'clock
2 We're thinking of redecorating the house ajM 3 '0l the spring. her next birthday, she 'll be sixteen. 1 the year 2010? the w e e k e n d ? a couple
1 If you don't ( have m u c h time, take a taxi. If you are faUCi- i-\ 2 , take a taxi. She read her book so she w o u l d n ' t get bored. In order to -r.' f she read her book. I
4 I wonder w h e r e we'll be
r 5 W h a t are you doing 6 I'll give you the book back of days.
3 He didn't finish the exam because he didn't have e n o u g h time. He didn't finish t h e exam because he nflM QuJf <d time. 4 They really enjoyed themselves at your party last night. They h a d a last night. o\rro<fe 'J fa-'-C. at your party
( I | Answer these questions about yourself, then discuss your answers with a partner.
1 How m u c h time does y o u r homework, 1 take up everyday? 2 W h e n doesftime go by m o r e quickly for you w h e n you are playing or working? 3 W h a t kind of things do you usually p u t off doing? 4 W h a t time do you set off for school every day? 5 W h a t can you do to avoid r u n n i n g out of time during a test?
5 He advised t h e m that leaving promptly would help t h e m avoid the traffic. He told t h e m to leave AI^ order to avoid the traffic.
J
V V '-^ L
jn
38
S u m y days

W h a t is the weather like at the moment where you are? W h a t will it be like in December? July? The w e a t h e f 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 cold and windy showers heavy rain covered in snow snowstorms boiling hot fairly cold mild X x IBirotaimi y Norway (Greece
y x
X
x
T
^ ^ HH Listen to the tape. Tick the chart to show which country the expressions in exercise I describe.

( Q ) IH] Listen again. For each question 1-7, decide whether the answer is Yes or No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Will t h e w e a t h e r b e b e t t e r l a t e r o n i n t h e w e e k ? Is Alice d i s a p p o i n t e d b y t h e w e a t h e r ? W o u l d Isabelle e n j o y g o i n g s h o p p i n g ? [\r 0 Is W i n d s o r p o p u l a r w i t h t o u r i s t s ? D o e s B j o r n go h o m e o f t e n ? Is t h e w e a t h e r in G r e e c e h o t at this t i m e of year? > \ o Is Alice g o i n g t o go a w a y f o r C h r i s t m a s ? 7|fo ^
( 4 3 ) W h a t is the weather going to be like in your country tomorrow?

(||| Look at these photographs of different beaches. Choose two and compare and contrast them.Which beach would you most like to visit? Why?
^ ^ Discuss these questions. 1 2 W h i c h is y o u r f a v o u r i t e b e a c h ? W h y ? W h a t t h i n g s a n n o y y o u w h e n y o u go to t h e beach?
In comparison to photo I, photo 2 is ... In this picture ... while in the other picture ... In this photo ... whereas in the other one ... The biggest difference between the two photos is ... Picture I is very different because ... 39
Sunny days .
Writing
( F ) Read this task and the advert below, then read the student's letter. Your basketball t e a m is interested in taking part in an international sports t o u r n a m e n t for y o u n g people b u t only has the advertisement s h o w n below and needs m o r e information.
What are the dates exactly?
Accommodation?
Sir or Madam, for the \
tsaujyour advertisement International Sports r INTERNATIONAL SPORTS CONVENTION, BARCELONA

calling all sports everywhere enthusiasts world
father details First of all, which sports will+L,
bringing the youth of the together!
/
/
participation is invited in an . athletics and sports festival for application forms and more information call or write to:
How many people per team?
ccCptat,le?A/o
Mr R Valero Calle Santa Barcelona
'""ns
fyy-u
or by the V theP'îapants
j,>J z , r
t y Z Z Z ^ " ^
U a t
m
"""<< themselves
ask for information pack
Find words and phrases in the letter which have the following functions: 1 to say w h y you are writing
2 to
"rs f a i t h f ^
Sophie t/Vyss
say w h o you are
3 to ask for information 4 to draw the letter to a close
40
4 Sunny days
J 3 ) N o w read the second letter which contains mistakes in the areas listed below. Can you find them? 1 2 3 4 5 tenses w o r d order vocabulary spelling style N o w it's your turn.You are going to write a letter following these instructions. Your d e b a t i n g t e a m at school is i n t e r e s t e d in a t t e n d i n g a n I n t e r n a t i o n a l Youth C o n f e r e n c e D e b a t e o n global w a r m i n g b u t y o u only h a v e t h e a d v e r t b e l o w a n d so n e e d m o r e i n f o r m a t i o n . Write a letter in a n a p p r o p r i a t e style of b e t w e e n 120 a n d 180 w o r d s . Read the advert, then write your letter covering the points in your notes and any relevant information about you and your Debating Club.
Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to ask for more informations for the International Youth convention which I saw advertised in Total Sport Magazine. In fact, my team-mates and I were thrilled when we have seen the advertisement but there are some things we'd like you to inform us on. To begin, I'd like to know what are the exact dates of the tournament, as some of the dates won't be convenient for some of us, due to school exams. Secondly, as accomodation wasn't mentioned in your advertisement, I'd appreciate some information concerning hotels in the area where the tournament is going to take place. In addition to these, I request information on the number of players that are allowed for each team and I, also, didn't understand whether there is an age limit or not? Finaly, we want to know whether the games are knock-out or whether there will be groups consisting of a number of teams, and how many teams are expected to participate. I look forward to receiving an answer; That's all for now! Kind regards, Rafael To be accompanied
by a teacher?
R
How many people per team?
International debating society: youth debating competition

Calling s c h o o l d e b a t i n g c l u b s everywhere! Your chance to show your forensic skills and help fight global warming Can you beat the best young speakers' in the world? J o i n the d e b a t e on: Is global warming going to get better or worse? Participants may argue for or against the motion.
Age limit?
Venue: Milton c o n f e r e n c e c e n t r e
J
41
Accommodation
provided?
Cloning: fyture perfect?

i
Think about the following scene: you are walking down the street and you see a mother and her children walking side by side.The children look identical, but they 5 are different ages. If human cloning becomes normal, scenes like this will have become normal by the year 2050. i
=F
technology. A mouse has also been cloned successfully. But the debate over cloning humans really started w h e n Chicago physicist Richard Seed made a sensational 20 announcement: ' W e will have managed to clone a human being within the next two years,' he told the world. (J
1
A clone is an exact copy of a plant or animal produced from any one cell. Since 10 Scottish scientists reported that they had managed to clone a sheep named Dolly in 1997, research into cloning has grown rapidly. In M a y 1998, scientists in Massachusetts managed to create two 15 identical calves using new cloning
W o r k with a partner. Look at the photographs and discuss these questions.
1 This sheep is famous - do you know why? 2 What do the pictures have in common?
( 2 ; D o you think these statements are true or false?
1 By the year 2050 we will all have a clone of ourselves. 2 Cloning experiments have been banned in some European countries. 3 Within ten years scientists will probably have cloned a h u m a n being.
Read the text quickly and check your answers.
Seed's announcement provoked a lot of media attention, most of it negative. In 25 Europe, nineteen nations have already signed an agreement banning human cloning and in the U S the President announced: ' W e will be introducing a law to ban all human cloning and many states in 30 the U S will have passed anti-cloning laws by the end of the year.'
&
Many researchers are not so negative about cloning.They are worried that laws banning human cloning will threaten 35 important research. In March, The New England Journal of Medicine called any
The secrets of science FCE practice: Part 1

Choose the most suitable heading from the list A - G for each part I - 6 of the article.There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.
?9iu}Lrt *39Vi9q :ninoD

plan to ban research on cloning humans seriously mistaken. Many researchers also believe that in spite of attempts to ban it, 40 human cloning will have become routine by 2010 because it is impossible to stop the progress of science. 5
, A T h e right t o c h o o s e B A c o m m o n sight C Anxiety about the future D T e e n a g e r s i n f a v o u r of c l o n i n g : - - ' E A r g u m e n t s in f a v o u r of c l o n i n g F W h a t is c l o n i n g ? G Strong reactions ( Q ) Read the text and underline the arguments for and against cloning. ( ) Find words in the text that have a similar meaning to the following.The first letter of each word is given to help you. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a p i c t u r e of a p l a c e s Q'tnf t h e b a b y of a c o w (plural) c a discussion on an i m p o r t a n t subject d s o m e t h i n g said i n p u b l i c a caused something p t o pass a l a w t o say s o m e t h i n g is n o t p e r m i t t e d b the w a y something develops p
Is there reason to fear that cloning will lead to a nightmare world?The public has been 45 bombarded with newspaper articles, television shows and films, as well as cartoons. Such information is often misleading, and makes people wonder what on earth the scientists will be doing next.
W*
50
Within the next five to ten years scientists will probably have found a way of cloning humans. It could be that pretty soon w e will be able to choose the person that we want our child to look like. But how would it feel to 55 be a clone among hundreds, the anti-cloners ask. Pretty cool, answer the pro-cloners.
ft
The
scoeimce :nBi<
aramirMF a m
OH Look at these sentences from the text and answer the questions below. | J ] The future perfect continuous takes the following form: will have been + verb + ing. It is used to describe an action that will be in progress up to a particular point in the future.
1 We will have managed to clone a h u m a n being within the next two years. 2 We will be introducing a law to ban all h u m a n cloning. Which sentence: is in t h e f u t u r e continuous? is in the f u t u r e perfect simple? m e a n s an action that is expected to h a p p e n at some point in the f u t u r e ? m e a n s an action that will be completed by a particular time in the f u t u r e ?
I will have been living here for ten years this July. See grammar reference page 145.
( j j ) Complete these sentences with an appropriate form of the future. Check your answers with the text.
A weekend in Paris Saturday 1 July

find tents at campsite 2.15pm eat sandwiches outside tents . . 2.30pm bungey jump off Eiffel Tower . . . 4-6pm return to tents to recover 7pm depart for river-front bar 8pm oyster-eating competition . . . 8-9.30pm all-night dancing at local club 9.30pm-5 .30am
1 If h u m a n cloning becomes normal, scenes like this normal by the year 2050. (become) 2 3 4 'We . to clone a h u m a n being within the next two years.' (manage) 'We (introduce) a law to ban all h u m a n cloning.'
'Many states in the US anti-cloning laws by the end of the year.' (pass) routine by 2010.
5 H u m a n cloning (become)
^
1
Sunday 2 July
hunt for Hunchback of Notre Dame scuba diving in the River Seine depart Paris 10am-2pm 2-4pm 8pm
Complete these sentences using the appropriate form of the verb in brackets.
1 By 2050, we
on the Moon, (live) for the
2 Don't try calling her. She airport by now. (leave) 3 4
Scientists in cloning h u m a n beings within the next five to ten years, (succeed) In the next five years, everyone _ _ _ _ _ the Internet, (use) on holiday
Using the information in the itinerary above, complete these sentences using the correct form (future perfect simple, future continuous or future perfect continuous) of the verbs in brackets.
5 This time next week we lying on a beach! (be)
1 They
their tents by 2.30 pm. (find) sandwiches outside
2 At 2.30 p m they their tents, (eat)
44
The secrets off science

By 7.30 pm they At 8 pm they to their tents to recover, (return) for the riverside bar. (depart) oysters, (eat) eight hours dancing. looking for the Hunchback.
Between 8 pm and 9.30 pm they By the end of Saturday they (spend) By 2 pm on Sunday they (finish) 8 By 4 pm they dive)
in the River Seine for two hours, (scuba
(4) Answer these questions about yourself.
1 What will you be doing on your next birthday? 2 What will have changed in your town by the year 2020? 3 How long will you have been studying English by the time you take the FCE?

Discuss these questions.
1 How long, on average, do people live nowadays? Men in my country Women in my country 2 In which countries of the world do people live longest?
( f i ) Read the following passage and answer these questions.
1 How long will people be living by 2020? 2 Why do some people pay to be frozen w h e n they die?
The secret of life

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Scientists have been being looking for the secret of eternal life for centuries but now modern science is on the brink of solving one of the more great mysteries of h u m a n existence. Researchers say that very soon they will have been found the 'elixir of life' and that by 2020 people will have be living 20-50 years longer than they did in the 20th century. Scientists believe that even by 2010 h u m a n beings aged 115 will still be feel young and healthy. Old age will, at last, have had been conquered. Our 'biological clock' will be being moving more slowly in the future and old age will be arriving much later. Techniques of hypnosis are improving all the time so that someone could 'fall asleep' and wake up many years later, w h e n scientists will have had discovered cures for 'incurable' diseases. At present, there are about 30 h u m a n bodies frozen at a temperature of - 1 9 6 degrees, waiting for the m o m e n t w h e n science will have been found a way to bring t h e m back to life.
For questions 1-15, read the text again and look carefully at each line. Some of the lines are correct, and some have a word that should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick (</). If a line has a word which should not be there, write the word.
Tlhe s e c r e t s o f
science
Prepositions
N o u n s , verbs a n d adjectives can b e u s e d w i t h particular p r e p o s i t i o n s . We say congratulate on, nervous about, agree with, speak to. You h a v e to learn w h i c h w o r d s go w i t h w h i c h p r e p o s i t i o n s because there are f e w rules to h e l p y o u choose correctly. Here are some common uses of prepositions with verbs, adjectives and nouns. Complete the chart using the words in the box below.
example interested believe answer nervous different

(Q) Correct these common mistakes with prepositions. 1 Patricia will have arrived to the station. Can you fetch her? 2 J o h n will be going in a n e w school this year. 3 I would like to live in a desert island for a while. 4 Can you get the p h o n e ? I a m to the bathroom. 5 There is somebody in the door. (||) Complete these rules using the prepositions
at, on, in, to.
approve
discussion
insist
in noun veirb adjective research
on lecture
of
about
to
chat keen afraid
refer
1 is used with verbs of m o v e m e n t . 2 is used to describe someone's position at a point or place. 3 is used to describe someone's position inside a place. It is also used with cities, towns and countries. 4 is used to describe the position of something on the surface of a n o t h e r thing. ( ) Choose the correct preposition in these sentences. 1 They m e t to/at a party. 2 The teacher was standing at/on the blackboard. 3 The teacher wrote our h o m e w o r k to/on the blackboard. 4 She spent weeks at/in hospital after the accident. 5 Children feel nervous about going in/to school for t h e first time. 6 How w o u l d you feel about living to/in a small village all y o u r life?
Complete this text using appropriate prepositions.
Twins
My younger sisters, J e n n y and J u n e , are identical twins. Although they are very similar (1) each other in m a n y ways, they differ (2) other ways. They agree (3) m a n y things; for example they are both fond (4) animals, so they have a lot to talk (5) . W h e n they first w e n t (6 ) school our M u m and Dad insisted (7 ) t h e m being p u t (8) different classes. J e n n y is n o w good (9) gymnastics and art but J u n e is hopeless at anything practical. J u n e knows a lot (10) history and geography but is not interested (11) sport. Her teachers say J e n n y is probably going to succeed (12) something artistic like painting and J u n e will probably end u p doing some kind of research work.
46
The secrets of
science
Listening and! speaking

(f|j Answer these questions before you listen.
1 How long will your parents have been married on their next anniversary? 2 How will you be celebrating your next birthday? 3 Which of the photographs that you have at home is your favourite? Why? 4 How long does it take you to get ready when you are going out?
The English language is changing all the time. These expressions came into the English language recently. Match an expression from list A with its meaning in list B. B
1 genetic engineering 2 techno
using a mixture of sound, pictures, film and writing to give information using computer images and sound to make things seem real when they are not when scientists change the genes of a person, plant or animal in order to improve it electronic dance music with a strong, fast beat

(H> CSLIYOU will hear people talking in five different situations. For questions I-5, choose the best answer A, B or C.
multi-media
1 You overhear this conversation. Why is the woman surprised? A Her husband has done something unusual. B She has forgotten something. C She realizes it is an important day. 2 You hear a man talking about his job. What is he looking forward to? A Finding a new job. . B jRelaxing. C Having a party. 3 You hear a radio announcement which gives details of a future programme about photographs. What will the experts be doing? A Giving out prizes. B Choosing photographs. C Showing their best photographs. 4 You overhear this couple talking. Why is the woman unhappy? A Their friends are going to be late. B Her husband's got to go and get their car. C Her husband didn't tell her something. 5 You hear a man being interviewed in the street. What's his opinion of h u m a n cloning? A It has advantages and disadvantages. B He understands the reasons for it. C It goes against nature.
4 virtual reality
^^
Look at these pictures of possible future technological developments. Discuss these questions with a partner.
1 What will life be like? 2 What will people be doing? 3 How will life have changed?
47
FCE practice: Magazine article

L o o k at t h e pictures. M a k e predictions a b o u t t h e s e children and t h e adults they will b e c o m e . In ten years' world. By the time he is 35 he will have earned of dollars. billions time, she will be travelling all over the
An article is a text on a particular subject which has been written for a newspaper or magazine. Here are some tips on writing an article: think of a good title for your article - you want to attract the reader's interest 0 make sure that the first sentence of the article is linked to the title and introduces the topic 0 organize your ideas into paragraphs; each new point should start a new paragraph 0 make sure that the last paragraph brings the article to a definite end; depending on the topic, the last paragraph can summarize the topic, reach a conclusion or express your opinion on the topic
( | | ) You are going t o w r i t e an article following these instructions. Before you begin, do the exercises on page 49. A n international y o u t h magazine has asked for articles o n h o w readers see t h e m s e l v e s changing in t h e n e x t 5 - 1 0 years. Write b e t w e e n 120 a n d 180 words.
T h e socirets o f
science
t the moment, my life is a bit boring. I spend \u umost of my time at school and I don't have much free time or money. The only bright spot in my life is basketball training two or three times a week. I hope I'll be doing more exciting things in the future. First of all, in five years' time I hope I will be studying at university. Then, If I'm lucky, I'll be studying architecture in France. If I work really hard, I might graduate with a first class degree, which will increase my chances of getting a good job afterwards. By the time I am working, I will have more free time than
I do now. I hope that I'll have lots of money too, so that I'll have the time and f ( resources to travel - in South America, for instance. In about ten years' time, as a result of my hard work, I will also have found a well-paid job and I will have bought my first Alfa Romeo. Finally, I expect to have become the most famous architect in the world because I will have designed the first sports stadium in space. To sum up, I think I will be living a rather exciting life / over the next ten years. I will ( have completed my studies Vy successfully and I will have become rich and famous. -
Read this student's article and label the paragraphs using the headings below. There is an extra heading that you do not need to use. A Studying abroad B Conclusion C M y w o r k i n g life D A big a c h i e v e m e n t E F Introduction F a m i l y life^ Read the article again and find words and phrases which have the following functions: 1 2 3 4 5 6 t o list p o i n t s to add points t o e x p r e s s c a u s e a n d effect t o give e x a m p l e s to express a personal opinion to s u m u p
N o w complete these sentences using linking expressions from the article. 1 2 3 4 T h e r e a r e a lot of t h i n g s I ' d like to d o i n m y life. I'd like t o t r a v e l r o u n d the world, . S a r a h got t o O x f o r d U n i v e r s i t y excellent. I w a n t t o s t u d y l a n g u a g e s at u n i v e r s i t y skills t o w o r k i n a t r a v e l b u s i n e s s . h e r e x a m results w e r e I will h a v e t h e
I n this article, I h a v e g i v e n a r g u m e n t s f o r c l o n i n g b u t I h a v e g i v e n several g o o d a r g u m e n t s a g a i n s t c l o n i n g .
(H> N o w it's your turn.You are going to write your own magazine article on what your life will be like in ten years' time. First discuss these questions with a partner and make notes. W h a t are you doing n o w ? H o w d o y o u see yourself c h a n g i n g in t h e n e x t f e w y e a r s ? W h a t will y o u b e d o i n g ? W h a t will y o u h a v e d o n e ? W h e r e will y o u b e living? Will y o u h a v e got m a r r i e d ? Will y o u h a v e t r a v e l l e d a lot?
49
looking after yourself

1 In the hectic world of today, people are always searching for more w a y s of keeping fit and healthy. Susan Jones has b e e n looking into some of the w a y s of looking good and feeling good. 1 5 Running is excellent exercise. Before you start running, you should w a r m up first, using slow movements that make all your muscles work. But be careful! If you stretch w h e n your muscles are cold, you might do yourself an injury. Always ] 0 wear comfortable clothing and make sure your trainers are in good shape. If you w e a r shoes that give good support to your whole foot, you will put less pressure on your knees. You should start exercising slowly, at a pace you can keep 15 up for about 15-20 minutes. Try to exercise on soft ground as this will protect your knees and hips from too much stress. 2 It's ok if you go to bed late occasionally but if you regularly cut d o w n on your sleep, it will 20 soon start to have a bad effect on your skin. If 1 you get a good night's rest, it will do your appearance the world of good. It is not called beauty sleep for nothing! Lack of sleep can cause acne or dry skin. Make sure you get a 25 good night's sleep by going to bed and getting up at regular times: don't burn t h e candle at both ends. During the day, keep active: if you don't get enough exercise during the day, you may end up sleepless all night. 30 Did you know t h a t standing, sitting and walking badly can make you look heavier t h a n you really are? If w e w a t c h e d the w a y w e sat and stood, it would improve our appearance a great deal. Stand in front of t h e mirror with your feet apart and your 35 legs straight. Pull in your tummy, check that your ears, shoulders, hips, knees and ankles are in line with each other. You should be feeling and looking better already! 4 Most of us live in large polluted cities. If w e got 40 more fresh air, w e would look healthier and more attractive. A brisk walk is one of the best things you can do for your circulation and appearance. Walking slowly is useful but a quick pace gets more oxygen into your lungs. So don't just go for a pleasant stroll, 45 try and find an area that doesn't have much pollution, and get moving! 5 Many young people feel guilty about eating too much chocolate, and some even say they are addicted to it, t h o u g h there is no evidence to 50 support this. Chocolate does contain a lot of fat, however, and therefore any addicts out there would do better to eat less. However, if your diet is balanced, you n e e d n ' t feel guilty: eating chocolate in moderation is fine - but don't eat it instead of a 55 proper meal!
Are you
50
L o o k i n g goo],, W o r k with a partner. Look at the photographs and discuss these questions.
feeBooiig
g o o d
5 The best way to get fresh air is A walking slowly in the park. B walking quickly along the street. C strolling in the open air. D walking quickly where there is no traffic. 6 It is alright to eat chocolate A if it gives you pleasure. B if it doesn't contain a lot of fat. C if you avoid eating a lot. D after a proper meal. 7 Which of the following do you think the author might say is the best way to protect your appearance? A Wearing the right clothes. B Going on a chocolate-free diet. C Getting regular exercise. D Getting up early every morning.
1 What are they doing? 2 Which is the best way to keep fit? 3 Which of these activities would you prefer to do?
Read the article quickly and choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each part 1-5 of the article.There is an extra heading that you do not need to use.
A Get a good night's rest B Find time to relax C Sit up straight! D Spend more time in the open air E Don't overdo it F Go for a run

For questions 1-7, choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D.
1 Do you look after yourself? 2 What do you do to keep fit?

W h a t do these expressions mean? Choose the correct answer, using the context in the article to help you decide.
1 The writer says that you should A start running as quickly as possible. B r u n slowly before you start exercising. C do stretching exercises before you warm up. D warm up by moving your body slowly. 2 Why is running on soft ground best? A It makes your hips stronger. B You will feel more relaxed. C It is better for your knees. D It protects your trainers. 3 The author says going to bed late A doesn't matter most of the time. B will make you feel dry. C does harm to your skin. D is alright if you get up early. 4 Some people look heavier than they are because A t h e y sit down a lot. B they don't walk enough. C they don't stand with their backs straight. D they eat too much chocolate.
1 If you 'warm up' (line 6) you: A put more clothes on. B get ready to do something. 2 If something is 'in good shape' (line 11) it: A is in good condition. B looks good. 3 If you 'keep something up' (line 14-15) you: A continue with it. B go faster. 4 If you 'burn the candle at both ends' (line 26-7) you: A go to bed early and get up late. B go to bed late and get up early. 5 If you are 'addicted' to something (line 49) you: A can't do without it. B hate it.
L o o k i n g g o o d , feeloong
good!
dir a m m air a n d Use o f EougDnsGi]

Conditionals (1): first and second conditionals
P I Complete these sentences and answer the questions that follow. I Look at this pair of sentences. D o they have the same meaning?
1 Be careful! If you stretch w h e n your muscles are cold, you do yourself an injury. 2 If I a million pounds, I would build an Olympic-sized swimming pool in my garden. a Which sentence describes a likely or possible present/future situation? Which sentence describes an unlikely or unreal present/future situation? Which sentence is a first conditional? Which sentence is a second conditional?
a I'll go running tomorrow morning if it doesn't rain. b I'll go running tomorrow morning unless it rains.
Look at this pair of sentences and complete the second sentence.
I eat chocolate every day, unless I'm dieting. I eat chocolate every day, if .
Complete this rule to express the difference in form.
Unless = if +
+ verb.
See grammar reference page 146.
(IT) Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. D o not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given.There is an example at the beginning (0).
5 Eating chocolate in moderation won't do you any harm, (much) Unless chocolate, it is harmless.
6 If I'm not feeling energetic, I won't come for a walk, (unless) I won't I'm feeling energetic.
0 Try to exercise on soft ground as this will protect your knees from too m u c h stress, (take) If you take exercise on soft ground, there will be less stress on your knees. 1 To make sure you get a good night's sleep go to bed and get up at regular times, (bed) If and get up early, you will not get a good night's sleep. 2 Walking badly can make you look heavier than you really are. (walk) You may look heavier than you really are if _ _ _ _ _ properly. 3 Getting lots of fresh air can keep you looking healthy and attractive, (continue) You healthy and attractive if you get lots of fresh air. 4 Walking at a quick pace gets more oxygen into your lungs, (quickly) If get more oxygen into your lungs.
Match the sentence beginnings in list A with the sentence endings in list B. A
1 If we go to the cinema tonight 2 I wouldn't eat vegetables unless 3 You would look a lot healthier if 4 If I finish my homework early 5 I would die of happiness if 6 We will come to the party tomorrow if
B
a I'm going to watch TV. b we aren't feeling too tired, c e f Leonardo DiCaprio asked me for a date, there was nothing else to eat. we could go for a pizza before the film starts. d you got more fresh air every day.
52
Choose the correct form in these sentences.
1 I wouldn 't/won't know what to do if I w o n the lottery. 2 I would go skiing every year if I could/can afford it. 3 W h e n making bread, remember that it won 't/wouldn't rise unless you put yeast in it. 4 If you eat/are eating lots of carrots you'll see better in the dark. 5 If you ate healthier food, you will/would feel better. 6 If I would walk/walk at a brisker pace, I'll use u p more energy.

Answer these questions.
1 Which of the things to eat (pictures 1 - 6 ) do you think are good for your health? Which do you like most/least? 2 What is your favourite food? How often do you eat it?
( ) Read the following text. W h a t advice does it give parents? Underline the advice you agree with.
iVleal times: advice to parents

If children don't eat their food, parents usually get very anxious. But experts say, children (1) resist n e w food less, if parents didn't make (2) a fuss. (3) parents avoided saying silly things at meal times, life (4) be m u c h happier for everyone. Kids find it boring to hear the same old lines: 'If you don't eat your vegetables, you (5) get any pudding!' A report on children's eating habits says children (6) eat more if parents were more relaxed about mealtimes. However, kids (7) more likely to eat food if it looks familiar, so you (8) avoid giving t h e m exotic-looking dishes like sushi or snails. But if you serve the snails at the beginning of the meal, w h e n the child is hungriest, they might just (9) t h e m without thinking!
For questions 1-9, read the text again and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
53
Word building: food

^ Complete this chart using the words below.
bake food pot cooker meal plate tasty bite dish tasteless boil fry sweet salty snack grill raw chew oven lick

Match these words with their meanings below, meal cuisine course cook dish
appetizer
swallow
saucepan
dessert
1 Food which is eaten at about t h e same time each day. 2 The separate stages in w h i c h a meal is served. 3 Food prepared in a particular way, often typical of a particular area. 4 A person w h o makes food. 5 A particular style of cooking.
N o w correct these sentences.
Ways of cooking Ways of eating Things we use Things we eat Describing food
Stuffed peppers is a traditional food in my country.
Complete these sentences using an appropriate form of one of the words from the chart above.
2 Dinner usually consists of three dishes: an appetizer, a main dish and a dessert. 3 He is a good cooker. 4 French kitchen is very popular t h r o u g h o u t the world.
her o w n bread in t h e oven. the spaghetti for t e n m i n u t e s in a large saucepan. 3 After going to the dentist, h e f o u n d it difficult to his food. 4 If you . y o u r food slowly, it makes the meal last longer. 5 I don't boil carrots - I usually eat t h e m 6 Switch the off a n d take the food out.
5 W h e n our parents w e r e away we h a d to prepare our o w n dishes.
Phrasal verbs (food and drink)

Match the phrasal verbs in list A with their meanings in list B. A B
1 drink u p 2 3 4 drink to cut up cut d o w n on
take a drink with or after food finish w h a t you are drinking reduce the a m o u n t of something wish someone success/ happiness a n d have a drink cut into small pieces
m e some chips a n d a couple 7 My Dad of eggs for m y lunch.
5 wash d o w n
Complete these sentences using one of the phrasal verbs from exercise 5.
1 The doctor told h e r to 2 Before you eat the meat, _ into little pieces.
fatty foods, it it
3 We h a d a lovely meal a n d with a nice glass of mineral water.
4 It's time to close now, can you all please and leave now. 5 Let's peace a n d good health.
54
Listening and
2 Crabbe's n e w book
0 Cfc Compare and contrast these photographs. Use words from the box to help you.
tattoo tribe fashion traditional skin pierce ugly colourful painful
A is a complete history of tattooing. B gives help for those w h o want a tattoo. C explains why tattoos are popular. 3 The American Indians used tattooing A during the marriage ceremony. B to show which tribe they are from. C to show their courage. 4 Body piercing first became more popular amongst teenagers A in ancient times. B in the 1970s. C in the 1980s. 5 What part of their body would adults pierce? A Their tongue. B Their eyebrows. C Their chest. 6 Why would older people have body piercings? A Because it makes t h e m feel fashionable. B It reminds t h e m of w h e n they were young. C Because they are against big business.
( f i ) Complete these sentences from the listening text.
attractive fashionable
decorate
^Q)
1 Is tattooing and body piercing common in your country? 2 What kind of people do it and why?
(Q W o r k with a partner and talk about how you would react if your girlfriend or boyfriend had a tattoo or a part of their body pierced. W h a t would you say? Use these examples below to help you.
People do it to look different/to shock people. People do it to make themselves more attractive.
I S l Listen to a radio interview about tattoos and body piercing. Compare your answers in exercises 2 and 3 with what the speaker says.

( j | ) E 3 Listen again. For questions 1-6, choose the best answer A, B or C.
1 If you walk down the street in any big city in Europe you probably see someone with a tattoo, or a ring in their ear or nose or even their eyebrow. 2 If young girls, even today, are not decorated with beautiful tattooing, they be allowed to get married. 3 If you . to frighten your enemy, you'd have to get yourself tattooed first.
1 How was some tattooing done in the past? A With a shell. B With a pen. C With a brush.
55
Looking good, feeling g o o d
FCE practice: Informal letter

( X A friend of yours from Britain is visiting your country for the first time. You have received the following postcard from your friend. W h a t is their main reason for writing? To ask if it's OK to visit you. To ask f o r y o u r advice. To a n s w e r y o u r q u e s t i o n s .
Hi Katerina Just writing to say I'llprobably be coming over at the end of May. As it's my first visit, I'd really like some advice about where to go, what places to visit and so on, because / really have no idea and I'm sure you know some great places / should see. If I do come in May, will / need warm clothes, orjust T-shirts and shorts? Let me know what you think! Take care and write soon, Trevor
Find phrases in the postcard which have the same meaning as the formal expressions below. 1 I i n t e n d t o c o m e ... 2 I w o u l d a p p r e c i a t e ... 3 4 5 I a m c e r t a i n t h a t ... will it b e n e c e s s a r y to ... p l e a s e i n f o r m m e of y o u r o p i n i o n ...
56
Looking go!!,,feefliiouggoo]
Read the letter below quickly and answer these questions. Complete the sentences using the phrases below.
1 What's the w e a t h e r like in May? 2 W h a t accommodation does Katerina m e n t i o n ? 3 W h a t traditional dish does Katerina m e n t i o n ? 4 W h a t is Katerina's favourite food?
( S ) Read the letter again and underline the phrases which express advice.
m a k e sure you if I w e r e you if you like I would r e c o m m e n d you could try I would book a flight early, since it's a busy time of year. fish, you'll love this seafood dish, which is a speciality of this area.
bear Trevor Thanks for your letter, I'll do my best to answer your questions. Well, first of all, if you come in May, most places will be quite warm, but if! wereyou, / would pack a pullover too as the evenings can get a bit cold. if you like swimming you could try The Qolden Coast, where the beaches are great, if you like the mountains, try the villages near Montbelle. The islands are very popular so / suggest that you book a hotel in advance - it isn't a good idea to leave this until the last minute. If you want something cheap, / would recommend a room with a family. Let me know what you want, and I'll try to book it for you. The food is delicious and there will be lots to choose from in the summer. You should defnitely start with the traditional salad, with lots of olive oil! As a main course, / would recommend stuffedpeppers - my favourite! Make sureyou try the steak too, as long as you're not a vegetarian, of course! That's allfor now, Best wishes Katerina
3 If there are no vacancies at this hotel, the Pension Splendid w h i c h has rooms at the same price. 4 For beach-lovers, this coastline, which has beautiful stretches of white sand. 5 If you are naturally fair-skinned, sunblock otherwise you will b u r n . wear
( f i ) N o w it's your turn.You are going to answer your friend's postcard using your own country as an example. First discuss with a partner what advice you would give to your friend and make notes under the following headings:
W h e n to come W h e r e to go W h e r e to stay W h a t to w e a r Other tips
Use the following plan to help you structure your letter:
greeting * reason for writing development on this subject concluding sentence(s) closing remarks
N o w write your letter using your notes and the plan above to help you. W r i t e between 120 and 180 words.
57
ffi
Complete the sentences using an appropriate word.
Complete these sentences using an appropriate preposition.
1 What's the weather I suppose, as always.
there? Rainy,
1 She was nervous
speaking in public. the going with him to ghosts.
2 We took a few board games with us to help us the time while we were on holiday. 3 The traffic is bad, so try to leave in time. 4 I hope you brought an umbrella with you. The weather forecast was for turning to heavy rain. 5 It's best to your time w h e n answering exam questions, to avoid making mistakes. 6 The weather will be be warm with sunshine. tomorrow - it'll
2 She has been doing research causes of cancer. 3 His mother insisted the doctor. 4 I have always believed
5 Spielberg refused to give an answer the reporters when asked about his new film. 6 I am not interested night. 7 He is afraid 8 I do not approve drinking alcohol. 9 She is not very keen sport. life 10 We had an interesting discussion after death. spiders. my children what you did last
Replace the underlined words in these sentences with the correct form of one of the phrasal verbs below. Make any other changes necessary.
rami out of take up
put off set off
go by hold up
1 Time passes slowly when you are bored. 2 I was late finishing at the bank because of the long queues. 3 Looking after my mother when she was ill required most of my free time. 4 When they had loaded all the luggage in the car they were ready to go. 5 They postponed the flight till the weather had improved. 6 I had to come back home early from holiday because I had no more money.
( ^ i Read the definitions below, then write the word or phrase they describe.The first letter of each word is given to help you.
1 a mixture of sound, pictures, film and writing to give information m -m 2 dance music with a repetitive beat, and strong rhythm t 3 changing the genes of a person or plant to improve it g e 4 computer images and sound which make things seem real when they are not v.
Match the questions in list A to their answers in list B. A B
1 Why was the meal so expensive? 2 What's in the saucepan? 3 How did you burn the steak? 4 How would you like your eggs? 5 What's your favourite cuisine? 6 Would you like an appetizer? 7 Is there any food in the fridge?
Just a few vegetables and a bit of cheese. Fried, please. I'm just boiling the cabbage. Probably because we had three courses. No, I'll start with the main course please. I forgot it under the grill. I like Italian best.
( ) Match the sentence beginnings in list A with the correct endings in list B. B
1 If you take more exercise 2 If I were taller 3 If you eat a lot of chocolate 4 You would make a lot of money 5 You will get a grade A 6 You would have lots of free time 7 You will fail the exam 8 I'll lend you my car 9 If I could afford it 10 You'll have to pay for that vase
you will get fat. I would buy a car. if you were unemployed, you will lose weight, if you don't do any work, if you owned Macdonald's. if you work hard, if you break it. I would be a basketball player. if I am not using it.
Complete these sentences using an appropriate modal verb and the words in brackets.
If you spoke more languages If you get up earlier If you lose your temper If you're getting tired of your job _ If you're not busy at the weekend . If you need help with the housework . hand) 7 If you spent less money on clothes more) 8 If the symptoms don't go away
(enjoy travel more) (get more work done) (feel sorry afterwards) (resign) _ (go for a meal) (give you a (afford to go out (go and see the doctor)
For questions 1-13, read the text and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.
Dear Georgia, I am just writing to let you k n o w w h e n I'll be arriving (1) Thursday. I think the plane gets in (2) about 11.30 from Zurich. You don't have to pick me up (3) the airport; I think I'll be able to make my own way. If all (4) well, I'll be arriving (5) your house at about 12.30. I will have (6) flying for about four hours altogether so I suppose I'll (7) feeling quite tired. I don't think I (8) be needing anything to eat, so please don't (9) one of your big meals or anything. Other news? I've still got that terrible headache. I will have to go (10) the doctor if this headache continues. It always starts to bother me (11) the spring; hay fever perhaps. It started on Saturday, so I will have had it for a nearly a week (12) the time I see you on Thursday. I certainly won't be (13) to work tomorrow, if I don't feel better. That's all for now.
m.
Read the stories A - D quickly and match them to the pictures. N o w answer these questions.
Which animals are mentioned? Three of the stories are modern and one is traditional. Which is the traditional story? 3 How did you spot the modern stories?
One afternoon, in a dark wood, little her grandmother's house, carrying appeared and asked her where she Red Riding Hood was on her way to
Once a seal was lying on a rock,
to herself: 'Life is so boring! All I do only I could do something more is lie around all day and swim. If
sunbathing. Suddenly, she thought
a basket of food. Suddenly, a wolf was going. Little Red Riding Hood told him and continued on her the forest.
would be far more exciting.' And 35 After a couple of years, the seal so she joined a circus.
interesting! If I joined a circus, life
55 'I'll make you an offer you can't give me your wings.'
One day the lion said to the eagle, refuse. I'll give you my mane, if you 'You must be joking,' said the eagle, 'if I didn't have my wings, I
journey. The wolf disappeared into 10 When the little girl opened the door of her grandmother's house, she noticed immediately that the wolf
dressed in her fine clothes and expensive shoes, the seal went old friends.
soon very rich. A few years later,
became a famous acrobat and was
60 wouldn't be able to fly.' 'Don't 'if it weren't for my mane, I
had got dressed up as the old lady. 15 girl and was not taken in for a But Red Riding Hood was a clever
worry about that,' replied the lion, wouldn't be the king of the jungle.'
40 back home to her rock to visit her She showed the other seals all the new tricks she had learnt in the circus and then asked them to 45 show her something they could do. They dived into the water and swam beautifully. When the acrobatic seal tried to follow them, she realized she had forgotten how 50 to swim, and her clothes were so heavy that she would have drowned, if the other seals hadn't rushed to her rescue.
moment: the wolf had forgotten to put Grandmother's glasses on.
65 eagle agreed to make the exchange.
So after thinking for a while, the
While the wolf was lying in bed
20 dashed out of the house, locked the door, and called the police on her mobile phone. After a few minutes,
waiting to eat Red Riding Hood she
the police turned up and arrested 25 to put on the glasses!' the wolf growled.
the wolf. 'If only I hadn't forgotten
When the eagle got home, wearing the lion's mane, he thought he'd give his wife and children a 70 surprise by sticking his head over the nest and shouting 'Boo!' Unfortunately, his wife mistook him for the lion and took a gun out of the drawer and fired at the 75 stranger. Fortunately, she missed.
60

( S ) Read the stories again. For questions 1-7 choose from the stories A-D. Some of the stories may be used more than once. W h e n more than one answer is required, these may be given in any order.
Which story is about: 1 not being deceived? 2 fame and fortune? 3 using a disguise? 4 thinking fast in order to solve a problem? 5 being unhappy with your present life?
0
There was once a donkey who was tired of being a donkey. 'I wish I were a lion or tiger,' he thought. So one day when he 80 found a lion's skin he put it on. Then he began trying to frighten whoever he happened to meet along the road. Everyone he met believed he was a lion, and ran 85 away as quickly as they could on seeing him approach. Delighted by the success of his trick, the donkey brayed loudly. The fox guessed who was hiding under 90 the lion's skin and, laughing, he said, 'My dear friend, you can come out now. I'd have been afraid of you too, if I hadn't heard your loud voice.'
/ / / /
6 making a deal with someone else? 7 being too proud?

(J3 Discuss these questions.
1 What do we learn about people from these stories? 2 In w h a t ways do the stories illustrate this statement: 'Don't try to be something you are not.' ?
^ D Complete these sentences using words from the text. T h e first letter of each word is given to help you.
1 The j
will take much longer if you go by bus. that I fell asleep in the middle. into the water and .
2 The film was so b started to swim.
3 The sea was so w a r m they just d
4 If he asks her to marry him, I don't think she will r 5 Sorry, I m a friend.
you for someone else. I thought you were loudly and broke it. 61
6 The evening was quiet until a donkey b the silence. 7 I wasn't sure of the correct answer, so I g
A good story
Grammar and Us f Eonglosl

Conditionals (2): third conditional,, wishes and regrets
fl Read these sentences from the text and then answer the questions below.
5 If you me you were going to arrive so late, I'd have brought a book to read, (tell) 6 We wouldn't have invited you to the concert if we you were going to hate it. (know) 7 If I hadn't stayed so late, I bus home, (not/miss) the last
1 I'd have been afraid of you too, if I hadn't heard your voice. 2 She would have drowned, if the other seals hadn't rushed to her rescue. a Was the fox afraid? Did he hear the donkey's voice? Is the situation real? b Did the seal drown? Did the other seals rescue her? Is the situation real? c Which tenses are used in third conditional sentences? In the if clause we use tense and in the main clause we use would + have + See grammar reference page 147.
Complete this rule:
1 1 Look at these sentences and say which ones refer to the past, and which to the present.
1 I wish I were a lion. 2 If only I could do something more interesting. 3 If only I hadn't forgotten to put on the glasses.
From the pairs of sentences below, choose the one which has the same meaning as the sentences 1-3 above.
a He is a lion. He wants to be a lion, b He wishes he had done something interesting. He wants to do something interesting, c . He forgot to put his glasses on. He doesn't want to forget to put his glasses on. See grammar reference page 147.
Correct these sentences.
( J ) Read the stories again and complete these sentences.
1 If Red Riding Hood hadn't had her mobile phone with her,
2 If the wolf hadn't forgotten to put grandmother's glasses on, . 3 If the seal hadn't felt bored, she 4 The seal would've drowned, if the other seals 5 If the eagle's wife hadn't mistaken him for the lion, she 6 If the donkey hadn't brayed so loudly, the fox
Complete these sentences with an appropriate form of the third conditional using the verbs in brackets.
1 I wish I will have a big house, instead of this little flat. 2 If only we locked the door, the thieves wouldn't have got in. 3 'If only I have become an artist,' said the doctor. 4 I wish I would play the trumpet. 5 I wish I wouldn't cut my hair - I preferred it w h e n it was long.
1 If she h o m e five minutes earlier, she would have caught the burglar, (return) 2 If he hadn't gone to the party, he his wife, (never/meet) 3 If we had wanted a beach holiday, we to Marbella. (go) 4 If it so m u c h this winter, there wouldn't have been so many avalanches in the mountains, (not/snow)
A good story
^ Look at the pictures and imagine w h a t t h e p e o p l e are thinking or saying. C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s .
1 If only I had
2 I wish I could
3 I wish I had
4 If only I hadn't

Read t h e following t e x t and find o u t why Mr Moneybags had t o w o r k s o hard.
comfortably into their house, Mrs If they hadn't bought all that furniture and h a d (1) round Moneybags would not have been (2) to invite her poorer friends to (3) invited them round, they would not have for all those luxurious feasts; and if she (4) t h e m round the luxurious rooms, and she (6) have felt jealous as she (5) heard them sigh 'I (7) . we had a house like this!' If they hadn't built the house, she wouldn't have been able to feel sorry (8) her neighbours. Nor (9) she have been able to complain to her husband (10) the housework and he wouldn't have taken (11) two servants to help her with it. And while Mrs Moneybags was (12) their beautiful house in the country, Mr Moneybags would not have had to do (13) at the office every day in order to (14) enough money to pay their debt on the house and the expensive furniture and the feasts that Mrs Moneybags' friends enjoyed so much.
Q ) For questions 1 - 1 4 , read t h e t e x t again and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
1 A sat
2
B live B B possible hadn't B be B _put B' wouldn't wish about would in to amusing B B overwork do
C gone C capable i C come C hasn't C went C would C want C from C wouldn't C to C up C relaxing overtime ( C earn
D > settled D fond D have D wouldn't D showed D will D regret D off D shall D for D in (D enjoying D duties D give
A able
3 A turn 4 A didn't 5 A looked

6 A won't
7 A hope 8 A for 9 A will 10 A about 11 A ,on 12 A liking 1 A extra 14 A take
A good story
W o e a t a i a i r f
Word building
{)' ( J ) Put t h e s e w o r d s into the appropriate group below.
Collocation (go and have)

(@) C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s b e l o w using the c o r r e c t form of o n e of t h e s e phrases. g o for a w a l k g o for a st roll I have a row have a l o o k have a c h a t
whisper stare wander mumble chat glare limp stride swear glance see
stare
1 Can I- ,r>,)<{ speak

whisper
at the paper, please?
walk
wander
2 Bianca and Ricky both look very angry - I think they're about to ! fH ? . I - ' 3 Why don't we p j . . along the beach? 4 What have you been doing lately? We must (x (Me^ / _ A & 5 You could ",'v ! c , if you need some exercise.
N o w match the w o r d s t o the c o r r e c t definition.
ft
1 to use bad language
cXwJC"2 to talk to people in a friendly, informal way A{OA fc to walk quickly taking big steps Mi l7 y \j( to speak quietly but not clearly so it is difficult for people to understand you
(J G

Q ) C o m p l e t e t h e definitions b e l o w using o n e of t h e s e words. watch see look tell speak talk
5 to walk with difficulty because you have hurt ^ your foot or leg viU 6 to look very quickly at something or someone <h \o f 7 to look angrily at someone ^
t0
We Afrig-L by using our voice, We W C at something deliberately, by turning our eyes towards it id?<? _ someone facts or information. 3 We d-H'-V 4 We JL someone or something deliberately, over a period of time. 5 We them. 6 We friends w h e n we visit or meet to someone about something.
h i n g f r moving your eyes
at somet
l n 8 time without
(vifu-'i^M 9 to walk without hurrying, without going anywhere directly 10 to speak very quietly
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using t h e c o r r e c t form of t h e w o r d s from exercise I.
1 After he was fouled, Owen pitch in great pain. 2 We spent the day looking at the sights.
off the round Rome, just
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using the c o r r e c t form of o n e of t h e w o r d s from exercise 4.
1 We looked for her at the concert, but didn't her. 2 If you're not switch it off and tomorrow? the programme can we about the meeting
3 He tripped over the table leg and loudly. 4 We weekend. about how we had spent the
She the message into my ear so no-one else could hear. 6 She something which I didn't catch and left the room.
3 I've you many times, I can't in front of an audience. I just freeze and can't think of anything to . 4 The car has broken down and John me he'd come and have a at it. 5 Were you night? about the film you saw last
7 He at the TV, and then returned to reading the newspaper. 8 People stopped to at the accident. 9 She at her husband, trying to get him to shut up.
64
6 I'm Francesca tomorrow. Do you want to come too?
A good story
(4|) C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s . T h e n decide w h e t h e r Bill or Bill's wife said t h e m . 0 Look at t h e t w o pictures above and predict w h a t happens in t h e stories. N o w predict which of t h e s e w o r d s g o with which story.
1 If I this was a residential area, I wouldn't have driven so fast. 2 If I 3 I wish you 4 I wish you 5 If only I
(g)
the sign, I would have slowed down. your seat belt. your big mouth! you at home!
wheel compartment speed limit station powder platform seat belt ticket elephant police officer newspaper
(&) S I Listen t o t h e tape and check your predictions.
W o r k with a partner and d o this task.

(jQl1 S I Listen again. For each question 1 - 7 , decide w h e t h e r t h e answer is Yes o r No.
You are going to work out what happened in a shipwreck story by describing a set of pictures that tell the story. Student A, look at the pictures on page 139. Student B, look at the pictures on page 140. Tell each other your part of the story. Student A begin.
( Q C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s about t h e s t o r y using the w o r d s in brackets.
1 Did the policewoman stop the car because the m a n was drunk? 2 Did the m a n admit he was driving too fast? 3 Was the m a n glad that his wife was with him in the car? 4 Did the stranger get on the train at Madrid? 5 Did Maria think the stranger's behaviour was strange? 6 Did the stranger hope to attract elephants with his powder? 7 Did Maria see any elephants?
1 If the weather hadn't been bad (shipwreck) 2 If they hadn't found the lamp (escape) 3 Bill wouldn't have felt so lonely (other two m e n leave)
(J/, Imagine you are on a d e s e r t island and a genie appears and gives you t h r e e wishes. W h a t w i s h e s w o u l d you make?
Writing
FCE practice: Short story
I 1 2 3 4 5 6 D e c i d e which of t h e s e tips for writing a s t o r y are g o o d advice and which are bad advice. O n l y u s e t h e past s i m p l e t e n s e . N e v e r u s e direct s p e e c h . Begin t h e story b y s e t t i n g t h e s c e n e . Use a p e r s o n a l style, eg first p e r s o n . D o n ' t use p a r a g r a p h s . Have a surprise ending.
Read t h e s t o r y b e l o w and c o m p l e t e t h e gaps using these sentences. I s t a r t e d to r u n , a f r a i d t o look b a c k . O n a cold w i n t e r e v e n i n g , w e w e r e driving t h r o u g h t h e forest, h i g h u p in t h e mountains. Soon I was alone and could n o l o n g e r see t h e lights of t h e car. W e w e r e b e g i n n i n g to feel w o r r i e d .
0)
It had been snowing all day. Suddenly, the engine
started to make a strange noise and five minutes later it stopped. A t first, we thought we had run out of petrol, but then we still had a little bit left. We tried pushing the car, but it wouldn't start. (2) It was already dark and cold. We waited, in case a car came past. An hour later, we decided one of us should go on ahead and get help, while the other two stayed behind in case a car turned up. A few minutes later, torch in hand, I started walking. (3) I felt afraid. A t first, I whistled to cheer myself up but after a while I stopped. I thought I could hear something or someone following me. Perhaps there were wild animals in the forest. (4)
3 4
Read t h e s t o r y again and underline any s e q u e n c i n g w o r d s A g o o d s t o r y also u s e s e x p r e s s i o n s w h i c h tell us w h e n things h a p p e n e d and in w h a t o r d e r t h e y happened. D e c i d e w h i c h of t h e s e phrases tell us w h e n o r in w h a t o r d e r t h e e v e n t s in a s t o r y t o o k place. A d d t h e m t o t h e b o x below. in my opinion finally by then that evening moreover a few years ago an hour later by contrast in a few minutes on a hot summer's day eventually as soon as however at first soon five minutes later after a while in the beginning later previously the previous week in the meantime when during on a cold winter evening
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using appropriate s e q u e n c i n g w o r d s f r o m e x e r c i s e 4.
1 It was very quiet in the room. Then, popping sound broke the silence.
, an extremely loud
2 I hadn't seen him for a few days: we had met lor a coffee 3 They waited for what seemed like an eternity, and then she turned up. 'You'll never guess what happened to me'!' she began. 4 I didn't recognize him, but as he got closer, it became obvious to m e that he was the man from the old house. 5 She fell asleep as the sun began to set in the sky. She woke up to find it was dark.
N o w it's y o u r turn. You a r e g o i n g t o w r i t e a s t o r y f o l l o w i n g these instructions.
You have decided to enter a short story competition. The competition rules say that the story must begin or end with the words: 'If 1 had only stayed at home ...' Write between 120 and ISO words.
Make n o t e s using this plan t o help you structure y o u r story. If you w a n t to, include s o m e of t h e s e e x p r e s s i o n s in y o u r story.
Last year, I went to ... A lew minutes later, something awful happened ... Then, just when I thought the worst was over ... By then, I was beginning to feel ... As soon as we arrived ...
Wonders of t i e world
Look at the pictures and label t h e m using t h e names from the list below.
The v-'-; crumbled into the sea about 600 years ago but before that it was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It is not known who built the Pharos, but we do know that it was the last Wonder to be built, in 280 BC. In ancient times it was a great help to ships trying to get through the rocky harbour entrance. Yet it was not a lighthouse in the modern sense, but rather a giant advertisement for Alexandria. The remains of the Pharos were found quite recently. The word pharos is still used in some modern languages to mean 'lamp' or 'lighthouse'. B An early historian described the 'i-u -i- ; - . at Ephesus as the greatest of the Seven Wonders. The remains of the building - a few stones near modem Efes suggest that the writer was exaggerating. The temple was large, rich and beautifully decorated, but there were many temples in the ancient world which were much more beautiful. Its power was due to the fact that Artemis was a goddess worshipped all over Asia. In Rome she was called Diana. The first temples on that site go back to the eighth century BC and the many visitors to the temple were important for trade.
,/ . i ^
The Pyramids The Hanging Gardens of Babylon The Statue of Zeus at Olympia The Colossus of Rhodes The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus The Parthenon The Temple of Artemis at Ephesus The Pharos of Alexandria
W h i c h of t h e above is n o t o n e of the Seven W o n d e r s of t h e World? (Ql Read t h e t e x t s quickly and write in the missing headings for each t e x t from the list in exercise I. 68
20
15
25
/onders of the w o r l d
.J.

For questions 1 - 9 c h o o s e from the t e x t s A - E . S o m e of the t e x t s may be c h o s e n m o r e than o n c e . W h e n m o r e than o n e answer is required, t h e s e may be given in any order.
In which of the texts does it say the monument: 1 was built by a w e l l - k n o w n artist? 2 was not built for a god or goddess?
3 was built after all the others? ,1 . Y V4 was built to m a k e m o r e m o n e y for the city? 5 was connected w i t h sport? 6 has remains w h i c h can still be seen today? 7 was the idea of a w o m a n ? 8 attracted people for religious purposes? 9 could be seen f r o m far away? n
According to tradition, the JJI'^^ 30 stood - legs apart - over the harbour at Rhodes and the ships passed in and out between its legs. The Colossus attracted ships to Rhodes because, like the Pharos at Alexandria, it was a giant advertisement for 35 the city. It could be seen from miles away. The statue was built between 294 and 282 BC, to celebrate the defeat of the Macedonians, who had failed to conquer the city. When the statue was pulled down in 40 654 AD, 900 camels were used to take away the pieces. D has left no remains. We know what it looked like because it was shown on coins and travellers said that it 45 was made of gold and ivory. It was built to celebrate the Olympic Games, and stood for 1000 years before it was destroyed in a fire in the fifth century AD. The sculptor was the famous Pheidias who made some of the 50 finest statues on the Parthenon.
The'^k
A/A
c b JL/L_
Imagine o n e of the Seven W o n d e r s of the World could have been saved from destruction. W h i c h o n e would you c h o o s e t o save and why? Find w o r d s in the t e x t that have a similar meaning t o the following.The first letter of each w o r d is given t o help you.
1 a calm area of water next to the land, w h e r e ships are safe h 2 a tall, n a r r o w building with a p o w e r f u l light that shows ships w h e r e there is danger 1 3 a building w h e r e people go to worship t 4 to take control of land belonging to a n o t h e r country or people by force c 5 a h u n d r e d years c 6 a m e m o r y or image w h i c h stays with you a long time i 7 broken pieces of a larger whole f
E was named after the The I.V.-W man it was built for: Mausolus, the ruler of Caria. Ancient writers say that Mausolus' wife had the tomb built after his death in 55 353 BC. During his lifetime, Mausolus filled his capital city, Halicarnassus, with impressive buildings. His tomb made a great impression on anyone who saw it. By Roman times, 400 years later, the word 60 mausoleum was used to describe any large tomb. Today, only a few fragments of the Mausoleum remain.
69
W o n d e r s of the w o r l d .
&addi]mar a n d Us f EougjIosGu
The passive
W Look at t h e s e s e n t e n c e s which all contain the passive. Rewrite them using the active form.
1 In Rome, Artemis was called Diana. 2 The Colossus could be seen from miles away. 3 The Pharos was the last Wonder of the World to be built.
N o w match the passive s e n t e n c e s with the correct use of the passive.
a because we don't know who did it b because it isn't important who did it c because it is obvious who did it
The following chart s h o w s the main forms of the passive. C o m p l e t e the chart. active Present simple Past simple Modal verbs Present c o n t i n u o u s Past c o n t i n u o u s Present perfect Past perfect Modal perfect use built could see is moving was making has found had built could have conquered passive is used (1) could be seen is being moved (2) has been found (3) (4)
Rewrite these active s e n t e n c e s in the passive.
( P ) Rewrite the following t e x t changing the underlined verbs into the passive. Make any other changes necessary.
1 They close more factories every year. 2 They are building a new office block in the square. 3 The Egyptians built the first pyramids. 4 You could see the Pyramids from a long way away. They were making plans for the new museum. They have found the remains of a temple. They had never built such a large tomb before. An earthquake might have destroyed the monument.
The H a n g i n g Gardens of Babylon People believe that King Nebuchadnezzar built the Gardens as a present for his wife, Amytas, in 600 BC. Archeologists had not found any evidence until recently that the Gardens existed at all. For a long time, experts believed that the Greek poets had made the Gardens up. Babylonian historians do not mention them at all. Archeologists discovered the remains of the Palace of Babylon a few years ago and they have now found huge walls which may have been built as part of the Gardens. The ancient Babylonians grew the Gardens 75 metres above the ground. Today, visitors to modern Iraq can see the ruins of Babylon, though only a stone lion remains of the glory that was Babylon.
70
By+
agent
] W e add by + noun w h e n w e w a n t t o mention w h o o r w h a t d o e s t h e action of a passive verb.
That church was designed by Wren.

Put this s e n t e n c e in the passive using by.
Lightning struck the tree. The tree See grammar reference page 148.
W o r k in t w o t e a m s and d o this quiz.
Team A look at page 139. Think of the questions for your answers and write them down. Then test Team B by reading out your questions and correct their mistakes! Team B look at page 140. Think of the questions for your answers and write them down. Then test Team A by reading out your questions and correct their mistakes! Team A: Who is 'Holiday' sung by? Team B: 'Holiday' is sung by Madonna.

( ) Look at t h e picture on the right and a n s w e r t h e s e questions.
1 How old do you think these buildings are? 2 Who were they built by? 3 Why were they built? 4 In which countries can they be found?
( H 1 Read this t e x t and check your answers.
Pyramids 1 Pyramids are huge four-sided buildings. They have a square base. 2 The sides are triangles that are meet in a point at the top. 3 The ancient Egyptians have built pyramids as royal tombs but we 4 are not sure exactly how they were built them. The first was built in 5 about 2560 BC at Sakkara. It is 62 metres high. The three most famous 6 pyramids are near Giza: the Great Pyramid which was been built around 7 2600 BC by the Pharaoh Khufu is 137 metres high. About 100,000 slaves 8 were been used to build it. The second and the third pyramids 9 were being built by other pharaohs. There are about 80 pyramids 10 still standing in Egypt today. Central and South American Indians 11 also did built pyramids as temples during the first six centuries AD. 12 One pyramid is at Cholula, near Mexico City. It is about 54 metres high.
For questions 1 - 1 2 , read t h e t e x t again and look carefully at each line. S o m e of t h e lines are correct, and s o m e have a w o r d which should n o t be there. If a line is correct, put a tick ( / ) . if a line has a w o r d which should not be there, write t h e word.
71
to
W o n d e r s off tlhe w o r l d
&u-J-<q
ad. c/e v <r^c Om Cfi 'fiV /
Vocabulary
Noun suffixes
We can make nouns from verbs by adding
Phrasal verbs with up and down

^ Match the phrasal verbs in list A with their meanings in list B. A B
the following endings: -ion, -ation, -ance, -ment,

-ing. Sometimes the spelling changes, for example w h e n a word ends in e: educate/education. Add a suffix t o t h e s e verbs t o make nouns.
1 put up 2 turn up 3 look up 4 pull down5 knock down 6 fall down.
find in a book hit by a car build something appear -collapse destroy something purposefully
1 enjoy 2 collect 3 employ 4 move 5 perform
suggest train examine admire pollute
7 8 9 10
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using the c o r r e c t form of t h e phrasal verbs from exercise 4.
1 I'd been looking for my glasses everywhere, and then they suddenly ~ h < .'..''/..-_1 on the kitchen table! The old bridge is going to be Many buildings .'-.. When did they blocks? pfdw v+sf 3*1 PîQusfato^ U _ in the earthquake, those new office
f
^
H o w much d o you k n o w about this building? W h e n w a s it built? W h o built it? W h y ^ , - ^ -J) | if tfflVdto Read t h e following t e x t and check your gj c j ^ f 0 Tr answers.
If I don't know the meaning of a phrasal verb I Ajr\}>it in a dictionary. U yesterday as she 6 My neighbour was L < was crossing the road.
The Parthenon in the 5th century BC in honour of The Parthenon was (1) the (2) Athena who protected the city of Athens. Work on the (3) was begun in 447 BC and it was completed 15 years later. Today, (4) to the Parthenon are still filled with (5) for its beauty. The first (6) you get is one of balance and harmony. Although the details of its (7) have been lost, we know it was planned by Pericles and the famous (8) Pheidias. Lord Elgin's (9)_ 1' i-i' of many of the sculptures in 1801 led to the (10) of parts of the building. Until recently, the remains of the Parthenon were not well guarded and (11) took the stones away as souvenirs. Today, traffic (12) is the biggest threat to the Parthenon.
Read the t e x t again. U s e the w o r d given in capitals at t h e end of each line t o form a w o r d that fits in space in t h e same line.
BUILD GOD BUILD VISIT ADMIRE IMPRESS CONSTRUCT SCULPT REMOVE DESTROY TOUR POLLUTE
72
Wonders of tGne woirDdl

L i s t e n i n g aim] spe
(Jo) B e f o r e y o u listen t o t h e tape, c h e c k t h e meaning of t h e s e w o r d s with y o u r teacher.

I S Listen again. For q u e s t i o n s 1 - 5 , c h o o s e w h i c h of t h e ' w o n d e r s ' A - F each s p e a k e r is referring to. U s e t h e l e t t e r s only o n c e . T h e r e is o n e e x t r a l e t t e r w h i c h y o u d o n o t n e e d t o use.
haunted t r a d e m a r k index i n g e r angle
three-dimensional
I S Listen t o t h e s e p e o p l e talking a b o u t s o m e m o d e r n w o n d e r s of t h e w o r l d . W r i t e t h e n u m b e r of t h e e x t r a c t n e x t t o each picture.
Which 'wonder':' A was unpopular when it was being built? B cannot be visited at present? C has been good for the city? D can be seen from far away? E was built to celebrate a sports event? F offers visitors entertainment? Speaker Speaker Speaker 5 J L Stef"4oL Speaker 1
J
Ut
US
K f c t i U c f i M
toUiMiJ)
t f m '
Speaker 2 t
tncMOL.
S Listen t o t h e a c c e n t s . D i s c u s s with a partner w h i c h c o u n t r y y o u think t h e s p e a k e r s are from: US, France, Britain, Scotland o r Australia.

^ Look at t h e p h o t o g r a p h s of different m o d e r n w o n d e r s of t h e w o r l d . C h o o s e t w o and c o m p a r e and c o n t r a s t t h e m . @ ^ W o r k with a partner and d o this task.
You are planning a tourist brochure called The wonders of the world for your country. Choose two or three monuments or natural wonders. Give reasons for your choice. Use these words and the expressions in the box below to help you.
castle tower church temple mountain palace statue cave fort waterfall lake river
I think we should include ... because ... Do you think ... is a'wonder' of our country? ... should definitely be on our list because ... What about ...? We have to include ... because ... We've got ... on our list because ...
W W
L J J
73
) W o n d e r s of the w o r l d
Writing
FCE practice: Report
A report contains facts and information which are often based on some kind of research; it doesn't usually contain personal opinion. A report should have an informative title and sub-headings for each new section. Here are some tips on writing a report: use an impersonal style - don't express strong personal opinions make sure that all the information you include is relevant to the topic use sub-headings to make your report clearer in the introduction, state the aim and content of the report
Read t h e following extracts f r o m a r e p o r t on t h e Hagia Sophia. Match t h e s e s e n t e n c e s with t h e part of t h e t e x t y o u think they are from.
1 You must see the mosaics. 2 You will need two hours to see the m o n u m e n t properly. 3 The aim of this report ... 4 The Emperor Justinian I built the church in 537 AD. A Introduction B Background C W h a t to see D Advice
C h e c k your a n s w e r s with the m o d e l text.
(J
W h a t d o you k n o w about this building?
!hJHagia_SogJija INTRODUCTION
The aim of this report is to describe the Hagia Sophia. It is one of the most important buildings in the world and should not be missed.
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
537 A n T h f H a g i a S p h i a w a s b u i l t ^ 537 AD by the Emperor Justinian I It was called the Great Church because of i t V s ^ e . Over the years, the Hagia Sophia has been damaged by f i r e and earthquakes and parts of the building have been rebuilt several ^ b u l d i n g has been used as an Orthodox Church, a Catholic Church and
T h
(jQ Tick t h e features which w e use w h e n writing a report.
tahemn0Sinei9S T
then m
r ^
as a
"d
rauseum.
headings short forms formal style generalizations passive voice facts informal chatty style
1934 it was re-opened
WHAT TO SEE
It is definitely worth visiting the dome of the church and the mosaic of the Virgin Mary, which are both quite spectacular to see.
ADVICE TO VISITORS
The Hagia Sophia Museum can be visited every day 9.00-17.30, except Mondays. V-: - T 0rq are_advised to allow at least t w o " h J J r s for their visit as there is a lot to see."
74
Wonders of the world

^ M Find phrases in t h e r e p o r t w h i c h are e x a m p l e s of g o o d f e a t u r e s of a r e p o r t . U s e t h e information in e x e r c i s e 2 t o help you. Q Find w o r d s o r phrases in t h e t e x t w h i c h m e a n t h e s a m e as t h e following: H e r e are s o m e w o r d s w h i c h will be useful t o you w h e n writing a b o u t buildings and m o n u m e n t s . A d d t h e m t o t h e spidergram. round stone
1 the purpose 2 during a certain period of time 3 you should see something 4 impressive
5 include a certain a m o u n t of time in your plans

Q ) N o w c o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using t h e w o r d s y o u f o u n d in e x e r c i s e 5.
1 The exhibition is famous pictures there.
They've got all the

painting
2 When waiting to go on a ride at Disneyland you have to at least 40 minutes. 3 tourists. 4 The architect's was to design the tallest tower in the world. 5 The fireworks we saw last night were the pyramids have been damaged by
square tower mosaic church ruins architect temple plastic engineer build panoramic design concrete modern stone wooden brick statue painting marble cement museum designer carpenter stonemason round painting ancient
W r i t e this r e p o r t o n t h e Eiffel T o w e r by expanding t h e n o t e s given in each paragraph. N o w it's y o u r turn. W r i t e your report following t h e s e instructions. U s e s o m e of t h e vocabulary f r o m e x e r c i s e 8.
The ESffel Tower

INTRODUCTION
This report describes the Eiffel Tower. designed/Gustave Eiffel/1889
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
used as/radio/television/transmitter been/called/large/flagpole/worid
WHAT TO SEE
not miss/opportunity/climb/top/tower
ADVICE TO VISITORS
feel tired/take lift/top buy/season ticket/main tourist sites/valid/l/3/5 days
Write a report for a travel agency on an important m o n u m e n t in your city, using the topic vocabulary to help you. Write between 120 and 180 words.
75
Star players
Reported speech heading
W o r k with a partner. Look at t h e photograph and discuss t h e s e questions
1 What has just happened? 2 How does he feel? 3 What is he thinking? 4 What do you think he's going to say to the other players?
The one and only

Michael James Owen, born in Chester on 1 4 one of the most promising now has a regular first team place. He was voted Young Player of the Tear in 1998 and he was the youngest player to play for England this century, when he played against Chile at the age of 18. He was ihe joint leading scorer in the Premiership season 1 9 9 7 / 9 8 with 18 g o a k H e is sure to be a favourite with fans for years to come. 20 His father, Terry Owen, was a professional player as well and the football training he provided for Michael helped to make his son a superstar. Mrs Owen is very proud of her son. According to her, Michael has no night life: 'He won't go out drinking 25 and he doesn't seek the limelight he tries his best to escape from the media," she says. 4 1)
10 Michael believes that if you want to be a top player you should want responsibility. 'You should want to take the free-kicks, the corners, the throw-ins, everything,' he says. Although Michael is small, he is not afraid to tackle big players: 'When I see a big 15 defender I think, great, he can't turn.' He reckons the best moment on the pitch is when a player sends the ball into the back of the net. 'When I score, I don't feel the need to go crazy, but I do feel good inside!'
Michael was in the primary school team in his village, Hawarden. 'I 've loved playing football since I was six or seven. By the time I was eight, I was 30 playing really well for the school team and got picked for the district, even though I was three years younger than some of the other lads.'
76
Stair players FCE practice: Part 1

C h o o s e the m o s t suitable heading from t h e list A - H for each part I - 7 of the article.There is an extra heading which you d o not need t o use. A B e h a v i o u r o n t h e field B A short biography C N o t t h e first f o o t b a l l e r in t h e f a m i l y D Childhood memories E F Someone he admired Looking towards the future ( | | ) Here are five answers given by Michael O w e n . Look at the t e x t again and discuss with your partner w h a t t h e questions w e r e . 1 2 3 4 5 14 D e c e m b e r , 1979. I scored 18. I feel g o o d inside. M y family, No, I d o n ' t h a v e a n y p l a n s t o get m a r r i e d . < Here are the questions for the answers above C o m p l e t e t h e questions. 1 2 3 4 5 How. 1997-1998 season? H o w d o y o u feel Who Do y o u y o u r life? t o get m a r r i e d ? born? score i n t h e L-
G The next World Cup H T h e i n f l u e n c e of his f a m i l y
| | | ) Ask and answer t h e s e questions with a partner.
1 2 3
As for influences on his life, Michael wasn't the type to put football posters up in his bedroom. 35 'I just wanted to go out and play the game,' he says. 'But Gary Lineker became my boyhood hero when I saw him play in the 1990 World Cup. I was ten at the time and dreamed of following in his footsteps.'
W h a t is t h e m o s t s u c c e s s f u l t h i n g y o u h a v e ever done? W h a t is t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t t h i n g in y o u r life? W h o h a s h a d t h e biggest i n f l u e n c e o n y o u r life?
^ ^ j C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using w o r d s from the t e x t . T h e first letter of each w o r d is given \w t o help you. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 student, and w e S h e is a n e x t r e m e l y p_ e x p e c t this t o s h o w in h e r e x a m results. T h e j u d g e s of t h e c o m p e t i t i o n d e c i d e d t o give a j first prize to t h e t w o b e s t c o n t e s t a n t s . I ' d h a t e to b e a d o c t o r - t h e y h a v e f a r t o o much r . W h e n t h e b a n d w a l k e d o u t o n t o t h e stage, t h e crowd went c with excitement. p i a n i s t - s h e j u s t plays She's n o t a p_ t h e p i a n o b e c a u s e s h e likes it. It m u s t b e h a r d f o r f a m o u s p e o p l e a l w a y s b e i n g in t h e 1 a n d n e v e r g e t t i n g a n y privacy. The teacher w a n t e d s o m e o n e to read the p o e m a n d t h e n she p me. S h e a_ apologize. s h e h a s told lies a n d will
4-
1/
40 Michael's family are the most important people in his life. 'Most of the family still live near home and me and my younger sister Lesley are staying with Mum and Dad. I'm having a house built nearby, so I can get out of 45 their way, though,' he adds. With his family around Michael is confident that all the good things people are saying about him will not go to his head: 'It's nice to hear all the comments but I'm pretty relaxed,' he says.
50 Michael says he loves his girlfriend and they are both very happy. 'But I've no plans to get tarried,' he aclinits.ji^voLnclrfr""everrcoiisrdcr any thing as-serious~as that for at least another five years.' A t the moment he just looks 55 forward to going on holiday to other countries with his girlfriend.
(irammair a n d Us f ionglosGi)
Reported speech
Q Look at t h e s e n t e n c e s from t h e reading t e x t and write d o w n h o w the t e n s e s change from direct s p e e c h t o reported speech.
Reported questions
0 Look at t h e s e s e n t e n c e s and answer the questions below.
1 'My big sister is 22.' 'I was playing really well for the school team and got picked for the district.' present simple past simple past continuous -
He said his big sister was

22.
1 'What is the most important thing in your life?' The interviewer asked him what the most important thing in his life was. 2 'Do you love your girlfriend?' The interviewer asked him if/whether he loved his girlfriend, a Do the tenses change? b What happens to the subject and verb of the sentences? c Are any n e w words added? See grammar reference pages 149-50.
He said that he had been playing really well for the school team and had got picked for the district.
C o m p l e t e the s e c o n d s e n t e n c e s o that it has a similar meaning t o t h e first s e n t e n c e , using t h e w o r d given. D o n o t change t h e w o r d given.You must use b e t w e e n t w o and five w o r d s , including the w o r d given.
'Do you like taking free-kicks?' The interviewer asked him 'Do you think fame will change you?' The interviewer asked him 'Has money changed you?' The interviewer asked him
1 'My family are the most important people in my life.' (life) He said the most important his family. 2 'Most of the family still live near home.' (far) He said most of the family from home. 3 'I've practised my autograph a lot.' (often) He said He said autograph. the comments. 4 'It is nice to hear all the comments.' (enjoyed) 5 'I wouldn't even consider anything as serious as that.' (out) He said something as serious the question.
(Q) Rewrite t h e s e s e n t e n c e s , changing t h e direct questions t o reported speech.
Reporting verbs, time and place expressions

W e can use o t h e r reporting verbs which describe t h e way a person is speaking, eg apologizing o r admitting something:
'I am sorry I broke the vase.' 'I stole the purse,' said the thief.
John apologized for breaking the vase. The thief admitted he had stolen the purse.
W o r d s of time and place can change w h e n w e r e p o r t w h a t s o m e b o d y said. Match a w o r d from list A with a w o r d o r phrase from list B. A B
1 now 2 today 3 here 4 tomorrow
the next day that day then there
1 'What do you think w h e n you see w h e n a big defender?' The interviewer asked him 2 'What is your ambition?' My m u m asked me .
78
9 Stair players
C o m p l e t e t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e s o that it has a similar meaning t o the first s e n t e n c e , using o n e of t h e reporting verbs below. ( ) Read t h e t e x t and check your answers.
Formula o n e a n d only Mika Hakkinen had hardly changed out of his overalls, which were soaked in champagne, when he promised he (1) keep the world drivers' championship after winning the Japanese Grand Prix. He (2) that the accident he had suffered in Australia in 1995 had (3) his life and that from that day on he had (4) a different person. He (5) he would never forget that time and the support the team had (6) him. He explained that he thought (7) things more now. He (8) not thinking much about the future except that he and the McLaren team (9) remain champions. Hakkinen's victory came after his great rival Michael Schumacher had a blow out. 'From that moment on, I knew 1(10) win the race,' he said.
( | | ) For questions I SO, read t h e t e x t again and think of the w o r d which best fits each space. U s e only o n e w o r d in each space.
apologized explaoned
claim
advised
announced
'I am so sorry for forgetting to meet you yesterday!' Maria said to Peter. Maria . 'There is nobody here to answer your questions n o w / the secretary said to them. The secretary 3 'We'll be getting married in July,' Katherine told her friends. Katherine . 4 'I was nowhere near the scene of the crime,' said the suspect. The suspect . 5 'I think you should relax a bit,' the doctor told her. The doctor
( | | ) Think of t h e last question you w e r e asked by t h e following people: your best friend a m e m b e r of your family a stranger
N o w report t o t h e class w h a t they said.
My best friend asked me if I could lend her some money.

( S ) T h e man in the photograph is Mika Hakkinen. H e has just w o n t h e Japanese Grand Prix against his arch-rival Michael Schumacher. D e c i d e which of the following you think he said after his victory and write your answers.
/
This has changed my life. I knew I would win the race. 1 I think he said 2 I don't think he said .
79
Stair players
Antonyms
Some words have more than one opposite. We use different words depending on the context.

Match t h e w o r d s b e l o w with their definitions,
The opposite of old can be young or new

depending on whether w e are talking about people or things. < Match t h e s e w o r d s with their o p p o s i t e s using w o r d s from the b o x below. C o m p a r e with a partner h o w many w o r d s have t w o opposites.
earn
gain
win
beat
popular J
famous
1' to get money by working 3 j known by a lot of people 4 J liked by a lot of people 5-' to get the most points in a game 6 to defeat your opponent
2 to get something that is useful or/Valuable
1 short 2 hard 3 top 4 success 5 friend
6 7 8 9 10
stop small win early good
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using the c o r r e c t w o r d from exercise 3.
1 You w o n ' t 2 She became she w o n the Oscar.
m u c h selling matches! all over the world w h e n with tourists;
bottom go failure big evil long enemy easy bad lose late tall start soft
3 This restaurant is very it's difficult to get a table. 4 I didn't
(D
a lot by joining the army; it
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s with an appropriate w o r d from exercise I.
was a waste of time. 5 I believe we can 6 When was the last time I table-tennis? the game. you at
1 The test was really answers.

2
. I k n e w all the
My n e w sweater is really comfortable because it's so . as his
Collocation (sport)
(IT C o m p l e t e t h e chart by matching each s p o r t with t h e place and equipment which g o with it.
3 He's not short, but he's not as brother. 4 How is the Mississippi river?
5 Star Wars is about the struggle between good and .

6 That food tastes
boots costume pool ring slope skis boat racket stadium rink oar rod court ball gloves river alley pitch hoop"
! I can't eat it. w h e n the traffic light sport

football boxing skiing basketball tennis ice-skating rowing fishing swimming
7 You have to turns red.
place
equipment
8 Don't singing until the conductor gives the signal to begin.
r
9 Stair p l a y e r s
Listening aim] speaking

EH Listen again and c o m p l e t e t h e n o t e s . 1 Name: DO^'-U'O
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1,0
Name of first film to win Oscar: Name of latest film: Favourite kind of weather: Height: His role in the film: Chosen book: Other jobs done:
r m-
J-
J j f WW Ml a.v ci r f ' e aa ^vJa

0 fl tMK^s
" kliL" C f *
Where When What What
AMCHifja lo difiB Most important change in life: ^ (V Feelings about signing autographs:
C o m p l e t e t h e s e questions.
born? born? your eyes? drive? a pet? food do you like? your hobbies? actress? music do you like? favourite place?
3
B e f o r e y o u listen t o t h e tape, c h e c k t h e meaning of t h e s e w o r d s with y o u r teacher.
4 5
6
nomination significant
(0
promote sentimental
stranded flattered
7 8 9
10
Who
W h o is y o u r favourite film star? W r i t e t h r e e q u e s t i o n s y o u w o u l d like t o ask him/her.
W o r k with a partner and c o m p l e t e this task. ( Q ) HH Listen t o a phone-in p r o g r a m m e with a film star and match t h e beginning of t h e s e n t e n c e in list A with t h e end of t h e s e n t e n c e in list B. A B
1 The first listener asked him 2 The second listener asked him 3 The third listener^, asked him 4 The fourth listener asked him 5 The fifth listener asked him
whether he liked / signing autographs. how tall he was. J i o w his life had changed since he had w o n awards. \ what his n e w film was âbout. which book he would take with him if he was stranded on a desert island.
You are going to find out about Leonardo DiCaprio. Student A, look at the notes on page 139. Student B, look at the notes on page 140. Complete the information in your chart by asking questions and taking notes. Use the questions above to help you, but remember to change the questions into the third person. Student A should begin.

(J?) H o w w o u l d y o u a n s w e r t h e s e questions? i n t e r v i e w each o t h e r using t h e q u e s t i o n s a b o v e and w r i t e d o w n y o u r partner's a n s w e r s .
81
Stair players
Wrotioig
FCE practice: Magazine article

2'') L o o k at t h e s e p e o p l e w h o became famous when they w e r e v e r y young. W h a t are t h e advantages and disadvantages of being f a m o u s w h e n y o u are still young? Read this magazine article f o r a t e e n a g e magazine o n t h e advantages and disadvantages of being f a m o u s w h e n y o u are still at s c h o o l .
a catchy t i t l e
YOUiG
SJAUS
not a bed of roses!

The biggest disadvantage for famous teenagers is that they don't usually lead a normal life: they have to travel a lot and work long hours. Also, they might have problems finding real friends w h o are interested in them, and not the glamorous lifestyle. Thus, in spite of the glamour of being young and famous there are serious drawbacks, too.
Imagine the look on your classmate's face if one day you became famous! M o s t people believe it must be great to become famous when you are still at school. But in spite of the advantages there are drawbacks, too. O n the one hand, you get special privileges but on the other, you will not be able to have a normal childhood. First of all, y o u n g film stars are allowed to have time off school. What's more, they are very popular and have lots of friends. Apart from that, they don't have to worry about money or what they are g o i n g to do w h e n they leave school.
82
Stair players
N o w c h o o s e the c o r r e c t answer A, B o r C t o complete these sentences.
I don't like the weather in Britain; hut I love the place. A apart from this B although C in addition On the one hand, he likes maths but he gets bad marks in tests. A furthermore B on the other C in contrast add You will need to add salt; a little pepper, if you like. you can A on the other end. A moreover B however C at the same time The main problem is the traffic; problem is the pollution. A the greatest B in addition C another B yet C also . we stayed till the The film was boring;
A student's magazine has asked you t o write an article imagining t h e advantages and disadvantages of being famous. W r i t e b e t w e e n 120 and 180 w o r d s . A g o o d magazine article has certain features. Label the model article with t h e s e features. The first is d o n e as an example for you. Before you begin t o write, look at the list b e l o w and divide the points into advantages and disadvantages. Then add s o m e of your o w n ideas.
a catchy title an interesting first line a general statement in the first paragraph specific points that support the general statement 5 specific points that support the general negative statement 6 conclusion
Underline all the linking w o r d s and phrases in the model and add them t o the list of e x p r e s s i o n s below.
You can buy whatever you want. You have no privacy. You travel all over the world. People are jealous of your success. You are recognized wherever you go. People want your autograph. You need bodyguards. You meet lots of other famous people. People are interested in your opinions. Journalists and photographers follow you around.
N o w write t h e article, using your n o t e s t o help you.
contrasting points: yet, however, although, at the same time, in contrast advantages/disadvantages: one, another, a further, the greatest adding points: in addition, furthermore, moreover
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using the c o r r e c t form of o n e of the w o r d s below. stare stride limp see whisper wander watch
( | C o m p l e t e this chart. Make nouns from the verbs on the left, using the suffixes -ance, -ion, -ment. Make any spelling changes necessary. veirb nouo
1 Don't you know it's rude to people like that?

2
at
enjoy collect perform communicate profess move compete admire educate
Why are you us.
? Nobody can hear
3 We around Rome for hours without a map, not knowing where we were going. 4 He ahead of his girlfriend, w h o was trying to walk as quickly as him. 5 I stayed up late to television.
6 If you
a film on the Mary tonight, can you give
her this message? 7 He was because he had twisted his ankle going down the stairs.
Match a w o r d from list A with a w o r d from list B, then c o m p l e t e the s e n t e n c e s b e l o w using o n e of t h e s e phrases. U s e s o m e of t h e phrases m o r e than o n c e .
pollute
Q ) C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using an appropriate w o r d from exercise 3.
1 He ate his meal quickly, and with obvious 2 I didn't enjoy last night's actors kept forgetting their lines. . The
A B i
have
go a stroll run a look
a chat a row a walk
3 She got an excellent 4 His club takes part in a basketball every year.
at her school.
It was a pleasant evening so we for a nice in the park. a quick at your
2 Can I newspaper?
5 Greenpeace is taking direct action to try and stop in cities. 6 The post office makes a every morning at 7.30 am. of post
3 We were a in the coffee bar before the lesson w h e n my friend arrived. 4 I always for a park in the morning to keep fit. a terrible 5 The couple before they decided to break up. for a two-mile 6 If you every day, you'll soon get fit. 7 The doctor told her patient to say 'aah' so that she could a down her throat. in the
7 The burglar made a sudden and the police saw him hiding behind the curtain. 8 The old w o m a n watched the fireman in as he rescued her cat.
( 8 / Match t h e s e w o r d s with w o r d s from the box b e l o w t o make pairs of opposites. S o m e w o r d s have t w o opposites.
lose bottom early easy enemy big soft new

late t o p win small hard old
young
success
failure
friend
Read the definitions below, then write t h e w o r d they describe.The first letter of each w o r d is given t o help you.
1 a field where football games are played P 2 a place where sporting events are held s 3 the players who play on the same side t 4 the number of points or goals in a game s 5 the thing you use to play tennis r 6 the place where you play tennis c 7 a person w h o is playing against you in a game o
Match the beginnings of t h e s e conditional s e n t e n c e s in list A t o their c o r r e c t endings in list B. A
C o m p l e t e the second sentence s o that it has a similar meaning t o the first sentence, using the word given. D o not change the word given.You must use b e t w e e n t w o and five words, including the word given.
1 All the hotels were full so we let Herbert stay with us for a few nights, (put) All the hotels were full so for a few nights. 2 She decided not to accept the offer of a job as she wanted something better, (take) She decided the job as she wanted something better. 3 They are going to demolish the old house in order to build an office block, (pulled down) m The old house order to build an office block. 4 The accident took place because he didn't look before he crossed the road, (looked) If he the accident wouldn't have taken place. 5 It's a pity we didn't go and see the film w h e n it was on. (wish) I w h e n it was on. to see the film
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
If they had had a car, If I had got the job in America, If I had gone for a holiday in Switzerland, If they had met Robert De Niro, I would have taken the dog for a walk He would definitely have drowned She might have won the lottery Mary would have made a chocolate cake She would have been a doctor If they had left in good time,
B
6 It's a real shame you didn't come to the party, (only) If to the party. 7 'I've got to get up early tomorrow,' she said to her father, (told) She early the next day. to get up
a b c d e f g h i j
they would have asked for his autograph, I would have gone skiing in the Alps, if you had wanted me to. I would have lived in New York, they would have given him a lift, if he hadn't k n o w n how to swim, they would have caught the train, if she had been better at science subjects, if she had had the recipe, if she had bought a lottery ticket.
8 When they have repaired the car we can continue our journey, (been) When continue our journey. we can
9 'Don't make so much noise,' the teacher said to the class, (told) The teacher so much noise. make
10 They are going to build a garage next to the house, (built) next to A garage _ the house.
Kaading
Q W o r k with a partner. Look at t h e pictures and say w h a t t h e p e o p l e are doing and why. Read t h e t e x t b e l o w and find things w h i c h are similar t o w h a t happens in y o u r country.
VWCIP's)
1
c.Bile.bra
N e w Year's Day is celebrated all 30 their behaviour in some way, by more accurate to say that the over the world, but not always at giving up bad habits. People police try to control the crowd but the same time. Our N e w Year might decide to give up smoking, 60 in such an atmosphere it is very starts on 1 January but the for example, or to go on a diet. difficult, and a lot of people end 5 Chinese N e w Year takes place any These promises are often broken up in the fountain in the Square time between 21 January and 19 35 in the first few days of the N e w with all their clothes on. February, depending on the year. Year, however! I n Germany, a few centuries ago, In China, days before N e w people celebrated the N e w Year in O n N e w Year's Eve many 65 Year's Day, every family is busy 10 November, because this w a s the people go to parties or get giving its house a thorough time when they had finished together with their families, cleaning. They hope to sweep bringing in the harvest. They 40 neighbours or friends and they away all the ill-fortune there may looked forward to this part of the stay up until midnight to see the have been in the family to make year because after the harvest N e w Year in. Some people can't 70 w a y for good luck in the coming 15 they would have a period of rest resist drinking a little bit more year. People also paint their doors w h e n they could relax and have than they should on this night. I n and windows red. The N e w Year's fUn ' 45 Britain and especially in Scotland, Eve supper is an important family they sing a special song called event. All members of the family Nowadays, N e w Year is 'Auld Lang Syne'. I n London, 75 like to have dinner together. regarded as a time for celebrating people gather to celebrate in W h e n it is over, the whole family 20 and for making a new start in life. Trafalgar Square, waiting for Big stays up late playing cards or People w i s h each other 'Happy Ben to strike twelve. W h e n it is board games. A t midnight the N e w Year' and often send special almost midnight people are very whole sky lights up with greetings cards. In recent years, quiet but when Big Ben begins to 80 fireworks. Very early next these cards have been replaced strike they all start cheering. morning, children greet their 25 by colourful e-mail messages. I n People greet each other with parents and receive their present: many European countries, people 5 5 'Happy N e w Year' and some even money wrapped in red paper. make N e w Year's resolutions. This kiss the police who are there to involves people promising control the crowd. It would be themselves that they will improve
86
Fhodti and games
In A B C D
Trafalgar Square on New Year's Eve the police join in the party. people are allowed to kiss the police. the police don't work very hard. the police try to stop people from jumping in the fountain.

( ) Read t h e magazine article again. For questions 1 - 7 , c h o o s e the c o r r e c t answer, A, B, C o r D.
6 In China, people clean their houses before the New Year A to get rid of all the bad things that have happened during the year. B because a dirty house is full of ghosts. C because it brings the whole family together. D to get t h e m ready to be painted. 7 The New Year's Eve supper in China A starts with games involving all the family. B is accompanied by a firework display. C brings together the whole family. D has several different courses.
( Q ) W h a t d o t h e s e w o r d s o r e x p r e s s i o n s mean? Match t h e m t o t h e c o r r e c t definition, using the c o n t e x t in t h e t e x t t o help you decide.
1 New Year in China falls A on 1 February. B on the same day every year. C on the same day in February. D later than in Europe. 2 In Germany the New Year was originally A a celebration to mark the end of winter. B a celebration at the end of the harvest. C celebrated by holding a big party. D a time w h e n people were on holiday. 3 The promises people make for the New Year A don't last long. B make them healthier. C change their lives. D are written on special cards. 4 On New Year's Eve people A never drink alcohol. B sometimes drink too much. C drink a special New Year's drink. D start drinking at midnight.
1 takes place (line 5) 2 resolutions (line 27) 3 improve (line 29) 4 giving up (line 31) 5 resist (line 43) 6 gather (line 48) 7 ill-fortune (line 68)
try to avoid doing something meet occurs bad luck decisions stopping doing something make better
87
^Q
Fyiro a n d g a m e s
(grammar aoud Us f ionglos&D

Gerunds and infinitive with to
H C o r r e c t t h e s e s e n t e n c e s , then c h e c k your answers with t h e text. C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using the c o r r e c t form of t h e verbs in brackets.
1 People decided they will give up to smoke. 2 Some people can't resist to drink a little bit more than they should on this night. 3 They hope sweeping away all the ill-fortune there may have been in the family.
W h i c h s e n t e n c e s use the gerund and which use t h e infinitive with to? Is there a difference in meaning b e t w e e n t h e s e pairs of sentences? If so, explain w h a t it is.
Where would you rather this year? (go) At what age do people stop in your country? (go)
on holiday to school
3 Would you stop to your friend in the street if you were in a hurry? (talk) Would you pretend the answer to a question when you didn't really know the answer? (know) What would you like your next birthday? (do) Does your bicycle need Do you enjoy to celebrate
She began doing her homework.
b She began to do her homework. c I stopped talking to my friend. d I stopped to talk to my friend.
? (repair) cards? (play)
Ask and answer t h e questions with a partner. ( 0 ) C o m p l e t e the s e c o n d s e n t e n c e s o that it has a similar meaning t o t h e first s e n t e n c e , using the w o r d given. D o n o t change t h e w o r d given. You must use b e t w e e n t w o and five w o r d s , including the w o r d given.
Infinitive without to
W h a t d o t h e s e s e n t e n c e s have in c o m m o n ?
1 I'd rather go to the cinema than go to the theatre.
1 When the teacher told them off, the children were quiet, (stopped) The children told them off. 2 I studied German at school but I can't speak it very well, (how) Although I studied German at school I didn't learn it very well. 3 Parents always allow their children go to bed late on New Year's Eve. (let) Parents always New Year's Eve. up late on
2 You'd better revise for the test on Monday. 3 They wouldn't let him enter the country without a passport. 4 You must have a driving licence to drive.
C o m p l e t e this rule.
must/would rather/had better/let (someone) are followed by the See grammar reference page 151.
D e c i d e which of t h e s e w o r d s g o with a gerund and which with the infinitive with to, and c o m p l e t e t h e chart using w o r d s from t h e box.
4 It would be a good idea to start the journey early if we don't want to be late, (set) We'd to be late. early if we don't want
afford miss give up hope dislike agree suggest promise avoid decide enjoy refuse keep
5 Tradition is still a great influence on people's behaviour on New Year's Eve. (continues) Tradition a great influence on people's behaviour on New Year's Eve. 6 She is very keen to start going to school, (wait) She to school.
geruod]
infinitive with to
88
Fyou and games

C o m p l e t e t h e s e questions using the verb in brackets and then discuss t h e m i with a partner. Have you ever admitted . something wrong? (do) 2 Have you ever refused _ 3 Would you ever 4 Would you rather (celebrate) what somebody told you? (do) to sing in public? (agree) _ your birthday with your family or your friends?
Ô

( ) Look at t h e pictures and discuss with a partner h o w t h e s e games are played. Read t h e t e x t and find out.
Learning can be fun Games are for (1) as well as for learning; and we should not assume that children only learn from (2) toys. A cuddly toy such as a teddy bear can help the child's (3) growth; a skateboard will be (4) in learning how to balance. Of course, some toys involve a great deal of (5) . Rubilc's cube, which made its first (6) in the 1970s and was hardly noticed, went on to make its (7) a millionaire. It also made millions of people spend hours desperately trying to find a (8) to the puzzle. Monopoly is a board game in which (9) buy, rent and sell squares on the board using (10) money; the aim is to try and get more money than your (11) . The cost of the property depends on how (12) the places would be in real life.
For questions 1 - 1 2 , read t h e t e x t again. U s e t h e w o r d given in capitals at t h e end of each line t o form a w o r d that fits t h e space in the same line.
PLEASE EDUCATION EMOTION USE THINK APPEAR INVENT SOLVE PLAY IMITATE OPPOSE VALUE
89
Fyim aim!l games
Vocabulary
Countable and uncountable nouns
Q ) Read t h e following s e n t e n c e s , then c o m p l e t e the rules for countable and uncountable nouns. ( | | ) C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s with t h e correct form of o n e of t h e phrases in exercise 3.
1 I heard a really
joke the other day.
Bananas are my favourite fruit. I love eating j8ie cheese. Most jobs require some knowledge of computers nowadays. Computer games can cost a lot of money. We can count words like apple and banana. They have a singular and form. Other nouns are 'uncountable'. This means they are only singular and take a verb. With uncountable nouns we do not use a/the. We use them alone or with I any, much, .
Read the t e x t below. S o m e of t h e lines in the t e x t are c o r r e c t and s o m e have a w o r d which should not be there. If a line is correct, put a tick ( / ) . If a line has a w o r d which should not be there, write the w o r d .
2 He's so ! His stories kept the audience laughing all night. I don't what you said at all You're so serious - don't you ever do anything just ? I am looking forward to at the party.
Worels often confused

( | | ) Match t h e w o r d s in list A with their meanings in list B. A 1 take place B
be similar to look after participate be careful occur
2 take part 3 take care 4 take care of 5 take after
Quiz s h o w s 1 Television can be a useful source of the information about 2 what's happening in the world but it is also full of rubbish. 3 Parents should to stop their children from wasting their 4 time on it and get them to read many books or listen to some 5 music. I really can't stand to watching those silly quiz 6 shows which are supposed to test your knowledge of a variety 7 of subjects. I don't mind having the thing on in the background 8 if I'm doing a housework as it helps to pass the time. They put 9 on a new quiz game last night which was like so many others: 10 there are the several competitors, who are people from different 11 parts of the country. The one w h o answers most of questions 12 correctly wins a prize, which it is usually a lot of money.
Collocation (fun and games)

We use fun to talk about games and activities which are enjoyable. Funny is used for things which make you smile or laugh.
^ ^ C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using the c o r r e c t form of o n e of t h e phrases from exercise 5.
1 do something for fun 2 have some fun 3 be funny 4 find something funny
1 Could you the baby for us on Saturday evening? The Chinese New Year . sometime in February. 3 Could you not to break any of the eggs on your way home? 4 She 5 Everybody her mother. in the harvest.
Fun and g a m e s
The Valentine bun was A an amount of money. B a kind of cake. C a kind of fruit. Modern Valentine cards appeared because A people preferred something handmade. B they were cheaper than presents. C people were spending more on Christmas presents. What does Jane say about the bird tradition? A It is just a story for children. B It is probably true. C It is still believed by some people.
,/ You are going t o hear a radio discussion a b o u t St Valentine's Day. First, decide w h e t h e r t h e s e s e n t e n c e s are true or false. W h a t have you learnt about St Valentine's day which you did n o t k n o w before?

() W o r k with a partner and read the task below.
1 St Valentine never existed. 2 St Valentine's Day is a modern custom. 3 A 'Valentine' is someone you love. 4 A 'Valentine' is a kind of card. 5 Birds choose their partners on St Valentine's Day.
^ ^ EI] Listen t o the interview and check your answers.
Your school is going to have a carnival day. Work with a partner and plan the day. Use these questions to help you. What kind of food will you provide? What kind of music? How will you decorate the school? What kind of games will you organize? What kind of prizes will you give?
^^ Discuss t h e s e questions.

( | | ) EU Listen again. For questions 1 - 1 0 , c h o o s e t h e best answer A, B or C.
1 Jane Grantley has written a book about A St Valentine's Day. B young people. C traditional customs. 2 The original Valentine A was a priest. B was a Roman soldier. C was a blind man. 3 In ancient Rome, w h o sent the first anonymous Valentine cards? A They were sent by boys to girls. B They were sent by girls to boys. C It is not k n o w n w h o sent them.
1 What sort of festivals do you celebrate in your country? 2 What do you do at these festivals?
It would be a good idea if we ... We should also think about ... We could ... I think it would be good to ... How about if we ...? Why don't we ...? What kind of (games) should we organize? That's a nice idea, but I don't think it's very practical. We could do that, but ... Yes, but on the other hand ...
9 1 1
<|0
Fun and g a m e s
Writing
FCE practice: Descriptive composition
A descriptive composition expresses the writer's thoughts about a particular subject. When describing a place, the composition should include details of where the place is, what it looks like, and what happens there. For a person, give details about their appearance and personality, and what they mean to you. For a thing, describe what it looks like, what it is made of, and what it is used for. Try to engage the interest of the reader by: making the narrative style personal (use first or third person) using interesting adjectives to bring your subject alive 0 describing your own feelings towards your subject 0 describing the surroundings and atmosphere
paragraph i
summary of the event
involved
paragraph 2
'
--developmentlottbe ^ ^ facts, description Paraph

paragraph 3 5^msry ofzhe subject opiniotL
Read this task. Your teacher has asked for a composition describing the festival students have most enjoyed and why. Read this c o m p o s i t i o n plan and t h e m o d e l c o m p o s i t i o n below. Has t h e s t u d e n t f o l l o w e d t h e plan?
fr
^^maicommentor
Semana Santa in Seville During Easter, we usually visit my aunt in Seville. I love going to Seville during Holy Week or Semana Santa because there they celebrate the event in a really special way. It is a marvellous sight. There are colourful processions every night all over the city. The processions are organized by rival groups. Men from each group carry large litters - or pasos - on their shoulders. There can be as many as sixty men carrying these litters, which are decorated with beautiful jewels and flowers. The litters also carry wooden statues painted in bright colours. The statues are accompanied by "penitents' who are people that want to be forgiven for their sins; these penitents wear tall pointed hoods which cover their faces and make them look rather sinister. The atmosphere at this festival is rather strange and unforgettable - you can hear mournful voices lamenting, which is very moving. However, Holy Week in Seville is followed by the April Fair when the city becomes a happy fairground with horse-and-carriage parades. It is a really joyful event after the rather sad celebrations of Semana Santa. I always enjoy the time we spend in Seville, and each year I look forward to our next trip. Each time I see the festival, I take away new memories with me.
^ ^ Find e x a m p l e s of t h e following in t h e c o m p o s i t i o n : 1 2 3 4 gerunds the passive personal pronouns relative clauses Find adjectives in t h e c o m p o s i t i o n w h i c h describe: 1 2 3 4 objects the atmosphere feelings sounds
92
Fuou aim!! games

( | | ) U n d e r l i n e w o r d s in t h e c o m p o s i t i o n w h i c h have a similar meaning t o t h e w o r d s in t h e box. N o w it's y o u r turn. W r i t e y o u r c o m p o s i t i o n following t h e s e instructions, and using t h e q u e s t i o n s b e l o w t o help you.
^0
memorable happy evil procession
melancholy
mysterious
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using an appropriate w o r d f r o m t h e b o x in e x e r c i s e 3.
An international students' magazine has asked you to write about what you like/dislike about an important festival, eg Easter, in your country. Write between 120 and 180 words. Where does the event take place? W h e n does it take place? What people are involved? What do these people do? What sounds can you hear? How do the celebrations end?
1 My friends organized a surprise party for me - I wondered why everyone was behaving in such a way! 2 The of dancers and musicians at the Rio carnival is quite amazing. 3 He always feels his dog died. every year on the day -
What sights can you see?
4 The old house was a dangerous and looking place. 5 I love weddings. They are such occasions.
tall pointed hood
From Columbus to Ciiicolde

Reading
Q H o w much d o you k n o w about Christopher Columbus? D o t h e following quiz.
3 Columbus set off for the n e w world in A 1453. B 1492. C 1602. D 1653.
1 Where was Columbus born? A Spain B Portugal C Greece D Italy
4 Which of the following is not the n a m e of a ship Columbus took on his first voyage? A Santa Maria B Santa Barbara C Pinta D Nina
Read t h e t e x t quickly and check your answers.
2 Columbus wanted to find a n e w route to A Africa. B America. ;C India. D Australia.
Columbus:
hero or villain?
The traditional view
1 Most people are taught at school that Columbus is one of the greatest heroes of Western civilization. For a lot of people, he not only discovered America but introduced the arts, law and religion to the primitive 5 tribes of the New World. ! ^ Which view is more reliable? We should first consider the facts.
Roads to the East

In the 15th century, the Portuguese were one of the most powerful nations on earth. By the end of the century, they were sailing further and further into the 10 Atlantic, in search of a new route to India. 2 It seemed the most sensible thing to do, but the journey was much further than they thought.
A new approach
Columbus came up with an original solution to the problem: he decided to turn Portugal's strategy for an 15 eastern sea route on its head. 3 C No European before had deliberately sailed ships away from land, with no certainty of getting back home
F r o m C o l u m b u s to FCE practice: Part 3
Read t h e article again. Seven s e n t e n c e s have been removed from t h e article. C h o o s e from t h e s e n t e n c e s A - H t h e o n e which fits each gap I - 7 . T h e r e is o n e extra s e n t e n c e which you d o n o t n e e d t o use.
(4J) Discuss t h e s e questions.
1 What do you think are the positive things and the negative things about Columbus mentioned in the text? 2 Do you think he was a hero or a villain?
( i ^ Find and underline w o r d s that mean:
This is why he thought they would make good servants and slaves. B W h e n the Spaniards were ready, they picked the 500 best 'specimens' to load onto the ships. Why not sail west, thought Columbus, and reach the Indies that way? D W h e n Columbus and his sailors came ashore, the Arawaks ran to greet t h e m bringing food and gifts. ,E They thought the best way to do this was by sailing south round Africa and eastwards. /F' For others, he is responsible for the introduction of slavery and the destruction of native American culture. | Gj We k n o w very little about Columbus' childhood and education. H He was determined to find gold.
1 the way from one place to another (paragraph 3) 2 travelled by ship (paragraph 3)
3 w h e n people are owned by another person and must work for t h e m (paragraph 3) 4 the people w h o work on a ship (paragraph 4) 5 clever, good at understanding things (paragraph 6) 6 journeys by ship (paragraph 6)
7 bad, catastrophic, ending in failure (paragraph 7)
safely In the end, it was the Spanish King and Queen who gave Columbus ships and men and in return he 20 promised to bring 'as much gold as they need ... and as many slaves as they ask'.
guarded by Spaniards and dogs. 5 R Of those 500, only 300 survived the trip. When they arrived in Spain they were sold.
A new world
In 1492 Columbus sailed west with three small ships: the Nina, the Pintci and the Santa Maria. After three weeks, on 12 October, Columbus and his crew arrived 25 at an island in the Bahamas inhabited by the Arawak Indians. 4 Columbus wrote the following in his diary: 'They brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which we exchanged for glass beads. They willingly traded 30 everything they owned. They do not bear arms, and do not seem to know them.'
Mixed feelings
Columbus thought the Indians were gentler and more 40 intelligent than he had expected. 6 /[_ During his later voyages to the Caribbean he imposed terrible punishments on the Indians. Yet Columbus was always warning his officers to treat the Indians well and he often seems genuinely moved by the 45 beauty of the natives' culture.
His reputation today

Five hundred years later, Christopher Columbus remains an enigma. He clearly had a very strong desire for riches. 7 ll In this he was successful. However, his attempt to create a colony was 50 disastrous. He died after a fourth voyage, richer than a Genoese weaver's son could ever have dreamed. Was he a hero or a villain? The answer must surely be that Christopher Colombus was a bit of both.
How they lost their freedom

When the gold Columbus found was not enough, he made the natives into slaves. The slave trade started when Columbus' men captured 500 Arawak men, 35 women and children and kept them imprisoned,
95
n
(Sraoirmar a n d Use f EtmgflDi
J ] C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s f r o m t h e t e x t using t h e w o r d s in b r a c k e t s . T h e n c h e c k y o u r answers.
(D C o m p l e t e
long
this t e x t using an appropriate f o r m of t h e w o r d s b e l o w . You can u s e s o m e of t h e w o r d s m o r e than o n c e .
1 The Portuguese were one of on earth, (powerful) 2 The 'Indians' were and he had expected, (gentle, intelligent)
nations than
fast
less
good
Atlantic crossings
Today, thanks to modern air travel, it takes a plane about seven hours to fly from London to New York which is much (1) than it used to be. But Concorde can do it in much (2 ) time than that - it takes about three hours. Alcock and Brown made the first flight across the Atlantic in 1919 and it took 16 hours 12 minutes - about five times (3 ) than Concorde. Lindbergh made a solo flight which took a lot (4) than Alcock and Brown: he flew from Paris to New York in 33 hours 30 minutes. It was a woman however who achieved the (5) results. Amelia Earhart's first solo flight across the Atlantic took only 14 hours 56 minutes.
To c o m p a r e t w o p e o p l e o r things w e can use:
than a He died after a fourth voyage, Genoese weaver's son could ever have dreamed, (rich)
S o m e adjectives are irregular, e g good and far. C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s f r o m t h e t e x t using an appropriate f o r m of good or far.
1 They would make servants. 2 The way to do this was by sailing south round Africa. They were sailing and
C h e c k y o u r a n s w e r s with t h e t e x t . C o m p l e t e this chart.
adjective good bad far
comparative 1 worse 3
superlative best 2 furthest
as + adjective + as She is as tall as her brother.

>11 To make a link b e t w e e n t w o actions o r situations, w e can use:

( i f ) C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s , using t h e c o r r e c t f o r m of t h e w o r d s in brackets.
the + comparative + the + comparative The quicker we get there the better.
1 The Santa Maria was . ships, (big) 2 Spain was (rich) 3 Spain was time, (wealthy) 4 Jumbo jets are _ (heavy)
of the three
(||
C o m p l e t e t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e s o it has a similar meaning t o t h e first s e n t e n c e .
Portugal and England, country in Europe at the other kinds of plane. it
1 Travelling by train is expensive. Travelling by plane is more expensive. Travelling by train is not . 2 Flying is the fastest form of transport. No other form of transport is as 3 If you buy a good car, it will last longer. The better the car is, the . 4 The price of a train ticket is the same as hiring a car. Going by train is just as expensive . .
Travelling in those days was much is today, (uncomfortable) Columbus' first voyage was probably his of all. (difficult)
96
F r o m C o l u m b u s to C o n c o r d e
Q ) W o r k with a partner. C h o o s e t w o photographs and c o m p a r e them, using as many different comparative forms as you can.
'-fl

Read the t e x t b e l o w and answer t h e s e questions.
1 When was the first flight in an aeroplane? 2 How far did the first flight go? 3 How high could aircraft fly in 1914? 4 What made flying more dangerous 50 years ago? 5 What made flying more pleasant? Flying: the early days Mythology is full of stories about the first attempts to fly, but in modern times, the first (1) was in the Wright brothers' machine Flyer, which was (2) by Orville, the elder of the two brothers, on 17 December, 1903. It was one of the (3) flights ever - it lasted only 12 seconds and it got no (4) than 120 feet. Later the same day, the two brothers did even (5) when they flew 852 feet in 59 seconds. During World War I (1914-1918) aircraft developed at a faster (6) . The more the War in Europe spread (7) urgent it was to build aircraft. The new planes were to fly faster than 125 mph at heights of (9) than 15,000 feet. (8) With the end of the war, pilots were used for more (10). . purposes: the new airlines used wartime planes as passenger carriers and (11) to fly greater and greater distances. Conditions in the cabins were probably (12) uncomfortable than today, and journeys were much (13) , without radio or any air traffic control. (14) efficient lighting of the runways and the flights became more pleasant when cabin crew were introduced. made landing (15)_
For questions l - l 5, read the t e x t again and decide which answer A, B, C o r D best fits each space.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
try driven fastest distance greater time more had taller peaceful would most more danger An safer
B B B B B B B B B B B B B B B
flight taken longest place higher rate the more capable bigger quiet reached much danger Some safely
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
voyage flown shortest more faster amount most able better nicer began more more dangerous More more safe
D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D
travel fled quicker further better way the most managed greater good succeeded more than dangerous Most most safe
97
F r o m C o l u m b u s t o C o n c o r d e '-fl
Vocabulary
Word formation (making adjectives)
W e can identify different adjectives by their endings or suffixes. Look at t h e s e words and say which are nouns and which are verbs. D o e s the spelling change for any of the words?

( 0 ) C o m p l e t e the sentences using o n e of t h e s e words.
transport
travel travelling
rely
power
origin
W r i t e the adjective for each word, then c o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using t h e a p p r o p r i a t e adjective.
1 We all w a n t e d to go to t h e airport but we had no . 2 Modern by air is m u c h m o r e comfortable t h a n it used to be. 3 I hate 4 Public expensive. 5 She is always by air. in m y country is not very in her job.
1 The US is one of the most the world. 2 You need to have interesting book.
countries in ideas to write an
3 I don't think the facts in that n e w s p a p e r report are . I checked t h e m a n d there w e r e several mistakes.
(Q) Make adjectives from the w o r d s b e l o w using -able, -ive, -ous, -ful and -al, and c o m p l e t e the chart.
Collocation [take)
( ) Tick the w o r d s in the b o x b e l o w which go with take.
holiday meal bus coffee exam haircut trip bicycle

( ) C o m p l e t e the second s e n t e n c e so that it has a similar meaning t o the first sentence, using the appropriate form of take and o n e of the words from exercise 5.
disaster danger adventure expense drink wonder comfort act fury beauty music wash effect read
-able -ive -ous -ful -al
1 The trip to the border lasted three hours. The trip We're Why I'm going EXPENSE ECONOMY ENJOY SAFE DANGER ANXIETY WONDER COMFORT NERVE EASE three hours. Monday. holiday? home. 2 We've got an e x a m on Monday. 3 It's about time you h a d a few days holiday. 4 I think I'll go h o m e by bus.
Read the t e x t below. U s e t h e w o r d given in capitals at the end of each line t o form a word that fits the space in the same line.
Fasten y o u r seat belts There is no doubt that air travel is more (1) t h a n any other form of m o d e r n transport, b u t although it would be m o r e (2) to travel by train I often fly because I find it m o r e (3) . Strangely enough, they say it is t h e (4) f o r m of travel. Apparently, it is m o r e (5) to drive or cross the road so I don't feel as (6) as I used to w h e n I travel by air. I usually ask for a w i n d o w seat because you get a (7) view, although it can be quite (8) because there is less space. Others feel less (9) next to the aisle because they find it (10) to forget h o w high u p they are.
98
F r o m C o l u m b u s to C o n c o r d e
'-fl
CK W o r k with a partner. Look at t h e s e photographs of different f o r m s of transport. C h o o s e t w o , and c o m p a r e and contrast them. U s e t h e w o r d s in the b o x b e l o w t o help you.
HU Listen t o this radio programme about C o n c o r d e and c h e c k your answers.

HH Listen again and c o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s .
Both photos are on the subject of ... Both photos show ... The photos are different because ... They are both photos of ... Both photos are connected to ...
1 Concorde is one of the r ^ ? y J J / ^ symbols of modern Britain. \ Concorde is remarkable because of its A Concorde can travel. speed of sound. oVl the
Discuss t h e s e questions.
1 What's your favourite form of transport? 2 What's the best/worst journey you have ever taken?
( ) Read t h e s e statements and decide w h e t h e r they are true o r false.
4 By the time Concorde reaches New York it is law Q\.f /.' w h e n it set out. 5 It is ,, ,' expensive to fly on Concorde than on an ordinary plane. 6 Concordes make four or five j-^-e-; " flights than jumbos. 7 The youngest person to fly on Concorde was <\ 2 ; the oldest was /iiit'/ /i/o n
( J ) Imagine you have just w o n a holiday for t w o in N e w York, travelling on C o n c o r d e . W h o would you take with you and w h a t would you d o in N e w York?
1 Concorde was built by Britain and the US. 2 Concorde can travel faster than the speed of light. 3 Concorde can carry more passengers than an ordinary plane. 4 Concorde spends less time in the air than a jumbo jet.
99
From Columbus to Concorde
Writing
FCE practice: Report
Read this task. Expand t h e s e n o t e s into c o m p l e t e s e n t e n c e s .
You have been asked to write a report on the advantages and disadvantages of air travel.
Read t h e s e c o m m e n t s and d e c i d e w h e t h e r t h e y are a b o u t planes, trains o r buses. 1 2 The trip to the airport took almost as long as the flight. There was no toilet.
1 fly/quick/other/forms/transport 2 3 turbulence/make/journey/uncomfortable bus/expensive/train
4 airconditioned bus/comfortable/train 5 high speed train/fast/plane/short distances 6 waste time/stop/many places 7 often/long/delays/airport
3 I've never seen such a long queue at the check-in. 4 The seats were made into beds on night journeys. 5 It kept stopping at traffic lights. 6 The driver was awful. 7 You couldn't get up to stretch your legs. 5 There was a buffet car selling drinks and snacks.
| | | Read t h e r e p o r t below. C h o o s e t h e right heading f o r each paragraph A - D . T h e r e is o n e e x t r a heading w h i c h you d o n o t n e e d t o use.
1 Why air travel? 2 The aim of the report 3 Summing up 4 Less pollution 5 The problems of air travel
A
(1) Nowadays/It seems to me, the main forms of public t r a n s p o r t are buses, t r a i n s and aeroplanes. In t h i s r e p o r t , I describe the advantages and disadvantages of a i r t r a v e l .
B
(2) Of c o u r s e / F i r s t l y , a i r t r a v e l i s quicker than other means of t r a n s p o r t . This i s p a r t i c u l a r l y t r u e if you are t r a v e l l i n g long d i s t a n c e s . (3) All in all/Moreover, many people enjoy t r a v e l l i n g by a i r because of the meal and the entertainment on board. (4) As a consequence/In f a c t , the time goes ^ J ^ _ _ m o r e quickly when t r a v e l l i n g by plane.
From Columbus to Concorde

( Q Read the r e p o r t again, and c h o o s e the m o s t appropriate expressions (questions I - 8 ) t o c o m p l e t e t h e text. Q 1 2 3 4 Q Find w o r d s or phrases in the model which have a similar meaning t o t h e following: most common drawbacks faster cheaper N o w it's your turn.You are going t o write a report following t h e s e instructions. The local municipality is trying to encourage people to leave their cars at home and travel by bus instead. They have asked pupils to investigate the problem and write a report outlining the advantages and disadvantages of travelling by bus. Write between 1 2 0 and 180 words. 5 types
11]
6 like 7 bad weather
(5) I believe/However, f l y i n g o f t e n involves delays and c a n c e l l a t i o n s . (6) For t h i s reason/Furthermore, you often spend more time getting to and from the a i r p o r t than a c t u a l l y f l y i n g . In addition, planes are often cramped - people with long legs can find s i t t i n g in a plane f o r hours very uncomfortable. Turbulence can also spoil the f l i g h t . (7) Anyway/Finally, there are occasionally t e r r o r i s t t h r e a t s which would d e f i n i t e l y spoil any journey.
D
First, ask your classmates t h e s e questions. How do you get to school? How often do you travel by public transport? How long do you usually have to wait for the bus? Do you enjoy travelling by bus? W h y ? W h y not?
(8) To sum up/People claim, i t could be said t h a t f l y i n g i s more e f f i c i e n t than other forms of public t r a n s p o r t if you have to v i s i t another country or continent. In other cases, i t i s more p r a c t i c a l and economical to go by t r a i n or bus.
Discuss with a partner the advantages and disadvantages of bus travel. Make n o t e s on your ideas, using t h e s e w o r d s and t h e vocabulary from previous exercises t o help you.
speed safety cleanliness cost frequency comfort the environment parking traffic nowadays in conclusion punctual rush hour crowded miss efficient convenient
N o w write your report.
101

Relative clauses
ieadong
(J W o r k with a partner and d o this quiz.
1 Which country do Reebolcs come from? 2 What does the n a m e Reebok mean? 3 What is an 'Airmax'? 4 What is a 'Beckham'? 5 What have the Spice Girls got to do with trainers?
^ Read t h e t e x t quickly and c h e c k y o u r a n s w e r s .
HAlll) TRAINING
5 Nike. Here, the great goddess Nike, who wears a Ronaldo shirt, looks d o w n on the other gods, Reebok and A d i d a s . This land is a dangerous one for parents. H o w can they make their child, w h o lives for nothing but sport, happy at Christmas? The trainers kids want to wear these days are so expensive! Take Derek Hill, 15, whose wardrobe is full of basketball trainers: he will only buy w e l l - k n o w n brands like Nike and Reebok. ' I like to wear something that's comfortable and smart,' he says, 'the cheaper ones don't last that long.' Derek is not a basketball player, and he doesn't watch much basketball; he is just keeping up with the latest fashion. One of the things that he likes doing most on 25 Saturdays is shopping for new trainers. Trainers have been around for at least a hundred years. I n 1900 Joseph Foster set up a company 30 in E n g l a n d which produced and sold trainers. This company, w h i c h was then k n o w n as Fosters, is n o w k n o w n as Reebok. The name Reebok is 35 African and comes from a type of animal called a gazelle, which runs very fast. Today, Reebok Classics, which come with a smart zip, are very 40 popular with teenagers; the younger ones may prefer Reebok Fruit, which also have a transparent stripe. The Airmax comes with a bubble in the sole, which 45 gives added bounce to the shoe. 50 The b i g names in teenage footwear are Reebok, N i k e and A d i d a s and the competition between these companies can be fierce. They all want teenagers to buy their shoes and not a rival brand. O n e battle the sports companies have been fighting recently is persuading famous sports stars to link their names w i t h their trainers. Football players such as R o n a l d o or Beckham and basketball players as popular as Michael Jordan, can cost the footwear companies a great deal of money in sponsorship fees. However, if sales increase as a result of successful advertising, they can also bring in enormous profits. There is only one brand of football boots which teenagers are happy to be seen in and that
10
55
15
60
20
65
102
, O M l a D c n c r a g ] money, spending moimey

(JT Read t h e t e x t again. For q u e s t i o n s 1 - 7 , c h o o s e t h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r A, B, C o r D.
Sports stars are paid a lot of money A to advertise footwear. B to advise footwear companies. C if sales of footwear increase. D to train other players.
1 Parents think that trainers are A dangerous. B necessary. C too expensive. D very cheap. 2 Derek likes trainers A he can play basketball in. B that aren't too expensive. C that are worn by famous people. D that feel good and look good. 3 Reebok trainers A are also called Fosters. B are made by Fosters. C used to be called Fosters. D were popular 100 years ago.
5 Why do teenagers want to wear 'the Beckham'? A To advertise football boots. B Because they are comfortable. C They are the most fashionable boots to be seen in. D They want to meet David Beckham. 6 The Spice Girls A like to play sport in trainers. B have made trainers popular with girls. C prefer to wear Nike. D think trainers m e a n 'girl power'. 7 What does the article say about brand-name trainers? A They aren't worth the money. B They should be cheaper. C They look attractive but are badly made. D They look attractive and are popular.
D o y o u think t h e b e s t trainers are t h o s e w h i c h feel c o m f o r t a b l e , o r w h i c h l o o k g o o d ?
is the 'Beckham', or the A d i d a s 70 Predator Accelerate, which is their offical name. These days, trainers seem to be an essential part of any teenager's wardrobe. Pop groups such as the 75 Spice Girls have had an enormous influence in m a k i n g trainers highfashion wear for girls. Given the power of modern marketing methods, parents have a 80 difficult job persuading their children to wear less well-known, cheaper brands. Are the brand-name trainers worth the m o n e y ? They certainly look good, and plenty of 85 effort is made by companies in m a k i n g their latest models better than the rest. So it seems likely that brand-name trainers will continue to be a popular choice w i t h both 90 athletes and kids.
Words from the text

(@) C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using w o r d s f r o m t h e t e x t . T h e first l e t t e r of each w o r d is given t o help you.
1 Goods which are the product of a particular firm. I think all soap b are the same as each other. 2 A long line that is different in colour from its background. He wore pyjamas which had a blue and white s . 3 Things we wear on our feet, like shoes and boots. F should be comfortable to walk in. 4 Something which is very important or necessary. E qualities in a good footballer are fitness and skill.
5 Famous. Products which are w.

usually cost more.
Or a m m a it a n d Us f ionglosh
Relative clauses
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s f r o m t h e t e x t with who, whose, which, that o r n o relative p r o n o u n . Q Read t h e s e s e n t e n c e s , t h e n a n s w e r t h e questions.
How can they make their child, lives for nothing but sport, happy at Christmas? Take Derek Hill, 15, wardrobe is full of basketball trainers: he will only buy well-known brands like Nike and Reebok. 3 One of the things he likes doing most on Saturdays is shopping for n e w trainers. This company, was then k n o w n as Fosters, is now k n o w n as Reebok. Reebok Classics, come with a smart zip, are very popular with teenagers. There is only one brand happy to be seen in. teenagers are
1 These shoes are the ones which I always wear to school. 2 Reeboks, which are my favourite trainers, are very expensive. a In which sentence can you miss out the relative pronoun? Is this a defining or a non-defining clause? b In which sentence is it not possible to replace the relative pronoun with that? Is this a defining or a non-defining clause? See grammar reference page 153.
C h e c k y o u r a n s w e r s with t h e t e x t .
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using an appropriate word.
( ) C o m p l e t e this t e x t using o n e appropriate w o r d in each space.
1 A purse is a small bag people, usually women, use to carry money in. 2 A trainer is someone _ _ _ _ _ _ teaches a skill through practice. 3 A gazelle is a kind of small antelope can r u n very fast. 4 Reeboks, gazelle family. live in Africa, belong to the
Nike
Nike is an American manufacturer of sports clothes and shoes, (1) has become very fashionable, particularly with young people. Nike, (2) is pronounced 'nikey', is the goddess victory in Greek mythology. Nike, (3) sat at the side of Zeus, was usually represented as a winged figure. Caroline Davidson, a graphic design student at Portland State University, was commissioned to design the Nike 'swoosh' logo (4) now appears on every pair of Nike shoes. The Nike logo, for (5) Davidson was paid only 35 dollars, captures the spirit of the goddess (6) inspired the most courageous Greek warriors. Nike is the twentieth-century footwear (7) helps the world's greatest athletes win new victories.
5 Nike, means 'victory' in Greek, was an ancient goddess. 6 'Victorian', refers to the time Queen Victoria ruled in England, is the period between 1837 and 1901. 7 A place people of similar interests meet is called a club. 8 Reebok, reputation is worldwide, has w o n many international prizes.
I',
I,:-:* ^ tea
C I'/'.V
104
, *
M a k i n g moimey, s p e n d i n g mooney 12
L o o k at t h e e x a m p l e s and w r i t e similar s e n t e n c e s a b o u t yourself.
1 My father, who is 70 years old, has now retired. My father, who is ... 2 The town where I live has a population of one million. The town where ... 3 My friend Trevor, whose Dad is an architect, wants to be an engineer. My best friend, who ... 4 I don't like people who don't listen to my opinion. I don't like people who ...

@ For q u e s t i o n s I - 1 3 , read t h e t e x t b e l o w and d e c i d e w h i c h a n s w e r A, B, C o r D b e s t fits each space.
M a k i n g shoes, m a k i n g m o n e y If you visit an Asian factory which produces sports shoes you will see the major (1) coming off the same production lines. The sports shoe (2) have mostly become design and marketing companies, which (3) a lot of attention to coming (4) with original ideas. There are teams (5) only (6) is to design and (7) new ideas for footwear. The logos are very important: the Nike swoosh; the three stripes of Adidas. These companies (8) huge amounts of money on advertising. The image they try and is American, young and hi-tech. The shoes they make are particularly (10) (9) with males who like to (11) themselves as tough and competitive. The compani their clothes. (12) compete to persuade top sports personalities to (13)
1 2
A brands A groups
B types B products B make B in B who B work B test B put B make up B a lot B make B too B carry
C goods C companies C pay C up C whose C profession C do C use C create C loved C show C also C show
D sorts D shops D ask D away D that D hobby D control D pass D invent D popular D see D and D wear
3 A take 4 A down
5 6
A which
A job 7 A make 8 A spend 9 A do 10 A famous 11 A look 12 A addition 13 A put
( S ) Read the text again and find a relative clause where the pronoun has been left out.
105
Vocabulary
Transitive and intransitive verbs
L o o k at these w a y s of talking about the clothes w e wear. to dress s o m e o n e to be dressed in s o m e t h i n g to w e a r s o m e t h i n g to get dressed
Phrasal verbs with take

Match t h e v e r b s in list A t o their definitions in list B. A B
1 take after someone 2 take something away
S o m e verbs are transitive - they have an object.
get responsibility for something remove something from someone or somewhere behave or look like another member of your family return something to the shop where you bought it remove something
She is wearing a tracksnit and trainers.

S o m e verbs are intransitive - they don't have an object.
He got dressed.
S o m e verbs have a n object after the particle.
3 take something back
He is dressed in black. 4 take something off
5 take over something
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using o n e of t h e phrasal v e r b s f r o m e x e r c i s e 3.
1 He had parked his car illegally so the police came and removed it. The police
S o m e verbs have the object after the m a i n verb.
his car. her mother.
2 Susan behaves just like her mother. Susan 3 You should always remove your shoes w h e n entering a Buddhist temple. You must I'm going to your shoes to the shop. . 4 I wasn't happy with the clothes I bought. 5 His daughter will be responsible for the business w h e n she's 21. His daughter will the business.
She always dresses her baby in pink.

O C h o o s e the correct verb t o complete these sentences.
1 She has to her father now he's too old to manage himself, (dress/get dressed) She in black for the party. (wore/dressed) 3 They were all (wearing/dressed) traditional costume.
4 He quickly since he was late for school, (got dressed/dressed in)

Correct these sentences.

C o m p l e t e t h e s e n t e n c e s using t h e c o r r e c t f o r m of o n e of t h e s e verbs. match suit fit
1 She was dressed in a pair of sunglasses. 2 He always wears casually w h e n he goes out. 3 The guests got dressed informal clothes. 4 She always wears her children in expensive clothes. 5 They were all wearing in traditional costume.
1 Having your hair shorter really .
you!
2 Her skirt and top are nice, but the colours are awful. They just don't . 3 Since he's got thinner, his clothes don't well anymore.
M a k i n g moimey, s p e n d i n g mooney
12

( J Check with your teacher the meaning of t h e s e phrases. set u p save u p (for) get sick of get h o l d of H o w much pocket money d o you get? Tick the chart t o s h o w which things you spend it on. Topic clothes bicycle lessons music food comics hobbies study S 3 Listen t o the tape and tick the chart t o s h o w which speakers spend money on the things listed above. You Speaker I Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Speaker 4 Speaker 5

EH Listen again. For questions 1-5, c h o o s e from the list A - F which statement refers t o which speaker. Use the letters only o n c e . T h e r e is o n e extra letter which you do not need t o use. W h i c h speaker: A has an u n u s u a l hobby? B likes f a s h i o n ? C p r e f e r s to e a r n h i s / h e r o w n m o n e y ? D is going to b u y a c o m p u t e r ? E is saving u p to b u y s o m e t h i n g ? F h a s m o n e y in t h e b a n k ? Speaker 1 Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Speaker 4 Speaker 5

(@) Look at the pictures. C h o o s e o n e item which you would like t o buy. W o r k with a partner and plan a TV advert for one of these items. Use the questions below to help you. W h a t age g r o u p are y o u selling t o ? A r e y o u going to u s e a f a m o u s p e r s o n ? If so, w h o ? W h a t will h a p p e n in t h e a d v e r t ? W h a t m u s i c will y o u u s e ? W h a t slogan will y o u u s e ? Discuss t h e s e questions. 1 2 Do y o u t h i n k adverts w o r k ? What's your favourite advert? . - ^ g g a * itee,
107
12
Writing
Read this task.
You wrote off for the CD advertised below and found that the product was faulty. Write a letter asking for a replacement or a refund.
This kind of letter means you must use information you are given to communicate a particular message. The information may be an advertisement, notes, instructions. Remeimbeir: who you are writing to, eg a stranger, a friend how formal the letter should be to get your message across clearly to make sure you include all the information single CO sent
not same collection; boxes broken arrived a month later
mention this
reason for writing
( f y Read the letter and label it using t h e n o t e s below.
*t r W r i t i "9 to
-L flrr>
( | | ) Underline w o r d s or phrases which tell you this is a formal letter.
108
: Match the beginnings of these sentences with the correct endings. 1 I have just received 2 I expect you to 3 Furthermore, it seemed to m e that 4 a First, I was led to believe that there would be a free gift included with the cassettes.
Read this student's letter and the advert, and answer the following questions: Are all t h e notes covered in the letter? Is the style appropriate? Is the text organized clearly?
Read the letter again and correct the mistakes.
b the boxed set of cassettes you advertised in Music Unlimited magazine. c the cassettes h a d been used since t h e boxes were dirty.
bear Madams / am writing for to complain about your holiday camp. / havejust returnedfrom a holiday camp in Wales which / found it very disappointing. Your advertise said that the accommodation would be five-star bungalows. However, this was not the case: the only accommodations available was tents. As for the mealsyou mention, the all we got every day was spaghetti and things like that. / insist on a full refund. And there were few opportunity to meet any people to practise speaking English with. Please write to me soon, Best wishes, Pancho
d refund the full a m o u n t of m o n e y that I paid you.
homsuns Holiday Camp

ave
you had enough of the same
kind of holidays?
Feel like a change?

TryThomsuns
Holiday Camp this summer!!!
we were given tents spaghetti and sandwiches every day mountainbiking cancelled for the whole week
beautiful stone bungalows
N o w it's your turn. Write your letter following these instructions. You may add other points of your own. You have just returned f r o m a Thomsun's Holiday Camp w h i c h was very disappointing. You decide to write to the company to complain about the holiday a n d ask for some m o n e y back. Write b e t w e e n 120 and 180 words.
all meals included wide range of activities including swimming, volleyball, mountain-dimbing and cycling
practiseyourEngiish with local people few opportunities to do this
free pick-up service from railway station
no pick-up - had to take a taxi 109
(IT T h e s e s e n t e n c e s are incorrect. Find t h e mistakes and rewrite t h e s e n t e n c e s correctly.
2 I hate to listen to people quarrelling, (stand) I I to people quarrelling. to work. 3 It's all the same to me if I walk to work, (mind) 4 Why don't you use the spare room as a study? (make) I suggest into a study. 5 I don't have guitar lessons anymore because I don't have time, (given) I I don't have time. guitar lessons because
1 The advices she gave me were very good. 2 We w o n the other team by three goals to two. 3 I lost the bus because I woke up late. 4 He did a very f u n n y joke and everyone burst out laughing. 5 The knowledges we get from school are not always useful. 6 Please come to the beach - I k n o w we're going to do lots of fun. 7 Let's make a game of chess - I've got nothing else to do.
Q ) A n s w e r t h e following questions using w o r d s from t h e b o x below.
6 If you don't make less noise you'll wake the baby up. (keep) If you you'll wake the baby up. so m u c h noise
original comfortable successful disastrous
nervous intelligent adventurous
7 I would rather watch a video than go to the cinema tonight, (prefer) I cinema tonight. 8 a video than go to the
1 What do you call someone w h o achieves the things they set out to do? Someone 2 W h o would you ask to go on an exciting but maybe dangerous trip? Someone 3 How would you describe someone w h o is clever and good at understanding things? 4 How would describe an accident in which a lot of people were killed? 5 What do you call something that is imaginative and new? _ _ _ 6 How would you feel about having an operation in hospital? 7 How do trainers feel that fit your feet well?
She says she w o n ' t resign though she has been asked to. (refuses) She been asked to. _ _ _ though she has
C o m p l e t e t h e t e x t b e l o w using an appropriate form of t h e w o r d in brackets.
Travelling light
Although flying is (1)__ (fast) form of travel and some people say it's (2) (safe) too, it can often be (3) (tiring) travelling by plane than by other means. W h e n I travel I hate (4) (carry) a lot of luggage with me so I try (5) (pack) all the things I need into a small suitcase. Not only is a small suitcase (6) (easy) to carry than a large one but the airline company are also (1) (likely) to let you (8) (take) it onto the plane with you as hand luggage. So while everybody else is waiting in (9) (long) queues to check in their bags, you can relax. Of course, it is (10) (difficult) to take all the things you want in a small suitcase but I think that the advantages are (11) (great) the disadvantages. I prefer (12) (leave) a few things behind than to carry heavy luggage around the world with me.
| P l C o m p l e t e the s e c o n d s e n t e n c e s o that it has a similar meaning t o t h e first s e n t e n c e , using t h e w o r d given. D o n o t change t h e w o r d given. You must use b e t w e e n t w o and five w o r d s , including t h e w o r d given.
1 I am really looking forward to going to France in the summer, (wait) I summer. to France in the
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S, ! R e w r i t e t h e following pairs of s e n t e n c e s t o make o n e s e n t e n c e using who, which, whom, that, where o r whose t o make o n e s e n t e n c e .
( f f ) C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using an appropriate p r e p o s i t i o n f o r phrasal verbs with take.
m
2
3 9 5B
2
O
I
MacDonald's is an American company. It sells fast food. MacDonald's is an American company which sells fast food. 1 2 3 That is the factory. They make Nike trainers there. Reebok is the n a m e of a popular sports shoe. Young people like to wear them. A department store is a shop with many floors. You can buy lots of different kinds of goods there. Henry Ford made cars. They became famous all over the world. Henry Ford was a car maker. He became famous all over the world. That is the man. I told you about him. Our neighbours come from Australia. Their children are studying at university. Phoebus was the name of the god of the sun. It is pronounced Feebus. Columbus was a famous explorer. He discovered the Americas. Flyer is the name of an early aeroplane. It was flown by the Wright brothers.
1 He's just like his father. He takes him in everything. 2 This wasn't the book I asked for - I'm going to take it to the shop. 3 If you're feeling hot, take your jacket 4 There is far too m u c h work for me to take by myself. 5 Who's going to take from the director w h e n she retires next year?
R e w r i t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using t h e w o r d o r phrase in brackets.
4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 It took us three hours to get to London, (lasted) 2 I thought I would walk into the town centre, (on foot) 3 We could go to the cafe across the road and talk, (chat) 4 I'd rather take a taxi home, (by) 5 Do you have sugar in your tea? (take) 6 Bill's not in at the m o m e n t - do you want to leave a message? (take) 7 He takes no interest in books, (interested)
Nj
For q u e s t i o n s 1 - 1 4 , read t h e t e x t and l o o k carefully at each line. S o m e of t h e lines are c o r r e c t , and s o m e have a w o r d that should n o t b e t h e r e . If a line is c o r r e c t , put a ( / ) . If a line has a w o r d w h i c h s h o u l d n o t b e t h e r e , w r i t e t h e w o r d .
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
My teenage children would rather not to go out at all than go out wearing the 'wrong' clothes or footwear. Even in cold weather they prefer to go out without to wearing a jacket if it means avoiding of wearing something which does not make t h e m to look cool. The problem is the clothes that teenagers think are cool tend to be more expensive than those which are not. Also, the 'uncool' clothes are as often m u c h warmer than the trendy ones, but unfortunately kids can't stand from wearing them. Certain brand names are not as popular, for some reason, as all others. Take boots, for example. I bought a pair of boots for my young son which looked like exactly the same as another more well-known make of boots, which were also cost twice as m u c h as the ones I had chosen. He refused to wear the boots I had got for him.
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Smart kids
Modal verbs
(i> R e a d i n g
W o r k with a partner. Read t h e s e c o m m e n t s made by students about t o begin an FCE c o u r s e . D o they e x p r e s s t h e way you feel? Discuss your answer with a partner.
'I think the Use of English is going to be the most difficult paper.' George Papadopoulos, Greece 'Our FCE course starts next year so I'm going to start reading English books just for pleasure.' Carmen Silva, Brazil 'I'm going to get hold of the cassette that goes with our textbook, and listen to it every night.' Hans Sveltberg, Munich
Read t h e paragraphs A - H quickly and c h o o s e a heading for each paragraph from the list below.
1 Make important information stand out 2 Read widely 3 The oral exam 4 A f u n way of learning 5 Believe in yourself 6 A useful qualification 7 What the exam is all about 8 A technique for taking notes A Succeeding in the FCE means you will be able to go on to take more advanced examinations such as the Proficiency exam. In some countries, this may enable you to teach English. B There are many cases of people w h o were able to communicate in a foreign language after a matter of months just by reading on a regular basis. You should start with simplified readers and then go on to magazine articles. C A technique which will help you revise and recall information more easily is to write down useful phrases or rules on small cards. D Remember to use a highlighter pen to pick out the main ideas in a text - this will help you recall vocabulary more easily later. E Listening to songs is not only enjoyable but memorable because of the melody. Singing to yourself in English while you're waiting for the bus is an excellent way of revising your grammar and vocabulary. F It is not possible to re-sit individual papers of the FCE. The exam is designed to be a test of students' overall competence in English, and their final grade is the total score of all five papers. G Candidates have to take five papers, including a speaking test which will take the form of a 'paired' interview with another candidate. H First of all, whatever your aims in taking the exam, you must set out with a positive attitude towards studying. If you think you will fail, the chances are you will.
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S m a r t kids FCE practice: Fart 3

Seven parts in exercise 2 have been r e m o v e d from t h e article C h o o s e from t h e parts A - H t h e o n e which fits each gap I - 7 . T h e r e is o n e extra paragraph which you d o not need t o use.
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Success comes in Scans'7 not in ^can'ts'!

I This June, about 300,000 candidates will sit for the Cambridge First Certificate Examination in thirty different countries. These candidates, aged between 12 and 65, will have studied English for at least 5 500 hours and sitting the examination will be an opportunity to see what they have learnt. 1 You could also try writing down the words of songs in English and learning verses by heart. 5 The good thing about this form of revision is that you can do it any time and any 30 place. Of course, not every student is interested in getting a top grade - some students would be quite happy with a pass - and you don't have to be a genius to get a grade C in the FCE. If you approach the exam 35 in the right way, you ought to pass. But you must make the most of your abilities and this will mean making the most of your memory. 6 Another thing you can do to help your memory to work more efficiently is to take notes while you're 40 reading; writing things down can help you retain things more easily. Experts say the middle part of a text is the part we tend to forget more easily so pay particular attention to this part of a text, reading and re-reading carefully if necessary. 7 45 Carry the cards with you so you can revise at odd moments of the day. Finally, it will help to talk to other candidates and share ideas. You can learn a lot from each other. Above all, remember to think positive: don't say 'I 50 could never do it', say: 'I can, I will'.
The average pass rate for the FCE is 70-75 per cent. 2 If students do fail, they can re-sit the 10 exam a few months later - in December - or they can wait till the following June. What can candidates do to prepare themselves for the great day and make sure they get the best possible results? 3 You have to make the decision to be successful - it's in your hands, nobody else can do it for you. Secondly, if you are interested in a good grade (an A or B) you will have to do much more than just attend classes and hand in your 20 homework in a half-hearted way. Long before you have to sit for the examination you should get into the habit of reading something in English just for the fun of it. 4 After a while, you will be able to understand basic 25 messages. 15
IQ) Read t h e t e x t and find t h e three m o s t useful tips for preparing t o take t h e FCE for you. Find w o r d s in t h e t e x t that have a similar meaning t o the following. T h e first letter of each w o r d is given t o help you.
1 to take an exam s 2 to take the same exam a second time r 3 a mark in an exam g 4 the parts of a song or poem v 5 a very clever or skilled person g 6 reading something again r
Smart kids 13
Grammar and Us f EtmgjDOslh

Modal verbs (1)
2 I'm sure you are tired after studying all night.
Underline t h e modal v e r b s in t h e s e s e n t e n c e s .
You
tired, after studying all night.
He can't be interested in taking the exam, because he never does any work. They can re-sit the exam a few months later. He must be clever to have got into Oxford University! You could try writing down the words of songs. We should do well in our exams because we've had excellent teachers. If you approach the exam in the right way, you ought to pass. She's not very confident, but she's intelligent and might do better than she thinks.
N o w a n s w e r t h e s e q u e s t i o n s using t h e e x a m p l e s a b o v e t o help you.
3 I don't believe this mark is correct. I hardly made any mistakes. This mark be correct! 4 It's possible you'll pass the exam, but it is unlikely. You pass the exam. 5 I haven't decided whether to take the exam in December or June. I take the exam in December or June.
jCS U n d e r l i n e t h e modal v e r b s in t h e following sentences.
What form of verb follow modal verbs? Which sentences express advice and degrees of possibility?
Match t h e following s e n t e n c e s with o n e of t h e s e meanings. W h e n y o u think s o m e t h i n g is:
1 I must try and have a positive attitude. 2 Candidates have to take five papers. 4 You mustn't copy another candidate's answers. 5 You don't have to stay if you've finished the test - you can go.
N o w answer these questions about the sentences above.
possible certain He must be mad to want to do a bungey jump! She's not very confident, but she's intelligent and might do better than she thinks. This grade can't be correct - the examiners must have made a mistake. You may pass if the questions aren't too difficult. See grammar reference page 154. a
Which verbs express obligation, prohibition and lack of necessity? b Which sentence expresses obligation coming from the speaker him/herself? c Which sentence expresses obligation which is outside the speaker him/herself?
In t h e past and future, must is replaced by have to.
We had to take a lot of exams when I was at school. We will have to take an exam at the end of the year. See grammar reference page 154.
( J ) C o m p l e t e t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e s o that it has a similar meaning t o t h e first s e n t e n c e using an appropriate modal verb.
1 I'm not sure if the test is on Monday or Wednesday. The test be on Monday, but it be on Wednesday.
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S m a r t kids FCE practice: Part 2

C o m p l e t e this t e x t by choosing t h e c o r r e c t verb form for each s e n t e n c e . For questions I - 1 4 , read the t e x t b e l o w and think of the w o r d which best fits each space. U s e only o n e w o r d in each space.
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General exam tips

Here are some last words of advice to help you do well in exams. First of all, you (1) should/can't avoid staying up late the night before. Eight hours sleep (2) will/could make you feel fully awake the next day but if you (3) can't/mustn't manage that, seven hours (4) must/should be enough. You (5) must/don't have to remember to take your identity card or other form of identification with you. Remember, you (6) don't have to/mustn't copy out the question as this will waste valuable time. You (7) may/ought to end up not having enough time to answer the question itself. There are five papers and you (8) must/don't have to pass all five to pass the exam. You (9) may/have to answer all the sections on each paper. You (10) mustn't/can't forget to put your name on all papers.
W r i t e your o w n advice t o a friend w h o is ( 1 ) anxious about an important exam, using modal verbs and the w o r d s below.
Babies are g o o d at g r a m m a r Scientists have succeeded (1) proving what every parent knows: babies are intelligent. All healthy babies (2) able to put together rules of grammar almost before they (3) talk. At first, scientists could not understand how babies were (4) to do this. To find out, scientists (5) to invent a new language and speak it in front of the babies. The babies quickly (6) to make sense of the new language. They (7) able to do this by listening to the sounds: even newborn babies (8) tell the difference between sounds like 'pah' and 'bah'. Researchers also managed (9) show that children are sensitive to grammatical information from the age of five months. At ten months an infant (10) use information about the order of nouns and verbs, and at 16 months they know where nouns and verbs belong in a sentence. However, although the baby (11) have a good idea about the rules of the language, it may (12) know much about meaning. 'Daddy', for example, (13) be used for all men rather than just one. Children soon succeed (14) overcoming that difficulty. Once they reach the age of about 15 months, they learn about ten words a day, every day.
1 stay up/late 2 get/fresh air 3 worry/too much 4 take/breaks 5 study/too hard 6 eat/healthy food 7 revise/with a friend
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S m a r t kids
Vocabulary
Parts of speech
EH Are you good at grammar? Listen and read this 'nonsense' verse by Lewis Carroll. Find examples of parts of speech such as verbs and nouns, and write them in the chart.
Jabberwocky
Twas brillia, and the slithy foves Did gyre and nimble in the wabe All mimsy were the borofioves And the mome raths outfirabe.
Q ) C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using the correct form of do or make.
1 2 Can I
m e a favour - help m e with this test. a suggestion? W h y don't you
noun verb adjective conjunction preposition

Q ) C o m p l e t e these sentences with a nonsense word from the chart, using the appropriate part of speech.
delay taking t h e e x a m till next year? 3 He 4 lots of mistakes in the exam.
She m u c h worse in the test t h a n her teachers expected.
5 It would m e really happy to get a grade A in t h e exam. 6 I've got a lot of revision to exam. for the
Collocation (exams)
( S ) Look at t h e s e ways of talking about exams.
1 I m e t some friendly weekend. 2 He bought some really a shop in town. 3 Can you enough ?
at a party last trousers f r o m
enter for an e x a m sit (for)/take an e x a m take/do a test get a good or high m a r k in a test get into university Spanish. pass/fail an e x a m
N o w correct t h e s e sentences.
an exam if you h a v e n ' t done
4 I'd love to be able to
5 They don't k n o w w h e t h e r to play today.
Collocation ( make and do)

Match the words and phrases in the box with either make or do.
1 I a m going to write the First Certificate Exam on Saturday. 2 I got a high m a r k in m y e x a m a n d passed to university. 3 I took a good m a r k in the test. 4 I am going to take myself for the exam. 5 She succeeded to the exam. 6 How m a n y exams are you getting this summer?
a mistake a suggestion a promise well your best badly the bed the shopping revision someone a favour someone happy
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Sonnart Scids
?GM
( F ) Look at this p i c t u r e . W h o are t h e s e p e o p l e and h o w d o you think they feel?
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Candidates will lose marks if they don't express interesting opinions.
5 The candidate should try and make the examiner feel relaxed. 6 The examiner will do his best to find out your mistakes. 7 Our body can send important messages to the examiner. 8 Candidates should try and smile and joke a lot.

^g) W o r k with a partner and d o the task below.
You are both members of the student committee and have been asked to help the government work out a new curriculum.
A n s w e r t h e s e questions t o help you plan your curriculum. You d o not have t o agree with your partner. ( S ) Before you d o t h e following section check your understanding of t h e s e key words.
approach squeeze issues t o catch s o m e o n e o u t nod
initiative gaze
1 Look at the list of traditional subjects (A). Which three should be given the most time and which three the least time? 2 Look at the list of new subjects (B). Which ones would you add to the curriculum?
B
( j j ) HH You are going t o hear an examiner talking about an oral interview. Listen and a n s w e r t h e questions.
1 The speaker is A describing the type of questions asked in an oral interview. B giving candidates advice. C discussing the problems of examining. 2 The speaker says oral examinations A can be difficult for the examiner. B must be taken seriously. C can be enjoyable.
Latin Ancient Greek home economics history chemistry religious education maths English
environment sex education money management politics pop music cultural studies graphic design marketing

(5) Listen again. For questions 1-8, decide which of t h e s t a t e m e n t s are true or false according t o t h e speakers.
1 The oral interview is to allow candidates to show their ability. 2 Candidates should always give long answers. 3 Candidates should carefully prepare one topic to talk about.
In my opinion, ... is very important because ... As far as I'm concerned/As I see it ... I would say that ... is more useful than ... I feel strongly that ... I feel the same way as you./l agree with you about that. That's absolutely right. I see what you mean, but ... You've got a point, but what about the fact that ...? But don't you think that ...? What do you think?/What are your views?
( ) CK- What's your favourite/least favourite subject at school?
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Smart kids
Writing
FCE practice: Opinion composition
A
(jJJ) Look at the pictures and c o m p l e t e the names of the s c h o o l subjects below.Then match t h e pictures t o t h e names.
An opinion composition expresses the writer's personal opinion about a particular subject and contains arguments that support that opinion. Here are some tips on writing a good opinion composition: 0 use a formal or semi-formal style 0 make sure that all the points you include are relevant to the subject 0 state your opinion in the introduction 0 begin a new paragraph for each main point and give examples or supporting arguments 0 use linking words to connect your ideas in each paragraph, and to link the paragraphs together 0 In the conclusion, summarize your main points and re-state your opinion in different words
Maths
2 E
4 B
8 M
W h i c h of t h e s e subjects can you d o at your school? W o r k with a partner. Look at t h e school subjects above, and discuss which are fun, interesting, helpful, boring o r n o t useful. D e c i d e which of t h e s e s e n t e n c e s could be used in t h e discussion in exercise 2.
1 The most important subject, in my opinion, is maths. 2 Teachers shouldn't give us so m u c h homework. 3 I can't see why we should do ancient languages like Latin. 4 If you don't do well in maths you can't get into university. 5 I must work harder at school. 6 One of the most useful subjects is geography. 7 We should do more experiments at school. 8 Physical education is a waste of time.
D o you agree or disagree with t h e s e statements?
S m a r t kids
(Qj Read the composition below. Which paragraphs have the following functions? 1 to m a k e a statement 2 to justify the statement using examples 3 to s u m up
13
The most important school subjects Nowadays, we have to study a lot of subjects at school. Although most subjects can be interesting, I think the most important subjects are those which are useful, that is, those which help you to find a job. In my opinion, we shouldn't have to study subjects which are not useful, such as Latin. Latin is a language that nobody speaks, and is therefore not likely to be useful in many jobs. English, on the other hand, ought to be taught because we might find it useful for writing letters and applications. We might also need English to express ourselves in interviews for a job. Look at the text again and find words which have the following functions: 1 three phrases which give a personal opinion 2 one purpose clause 3 one phrase w h i c h introduces an example 4 one superlative phrase Information technology is another important subject. It should be taught because everyone will need to use computers in the future, otherwise they won't be able to get a job. In conclusion, subjects such as classical languages might be interesting but they aren't important in terms of getting a job. Personally speaking, I think subjects should be useful, but they should be interesting too.
www:!
( 0 ) N o w it's your turn. Write your composition following these instructions. Which are the most important subjects for y o u n g people to study at school a n d w h y ? Write b e t w e e n 120 and 180 words.
Use this plan to help you.
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S t a t e your opinion clearly. Make t w o or t h r e e p o i n t s ^&upp.ortiJig.yo.ur_Qpinii2nt Sum up by restating your . apiflionj'n_a_djfferent way,
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Hie the world's worst

Modal verbs (2): modal perfect
Reading
( j l 1 W o r k with a partner. Look at this photograph and discuss t h e following question.
This is a famous author of detective novels. In December 1926 she suddenly disappeared. She turned up several days later. Can you explain the mystery? Use these words to give you ideas. kidnap go abroad memory murder leave her husband suicide accident lost
Read t h e t e x t quickly. W h i c h explanations for Agatha Christie's disappearance are mentioned? Underline them.
THE MYSTERY OF THE DISAPPEARING AUTHOR

T"< here can't be many people who because most people do it at home and JL haven't heard of Agatha Christie. do not drive off in the middle of the She must have sold more novels night. What few people would have than anybody else in history. 25 known was that Agatha Christie's life I In that year, she was couldn't have been very happy at the involved in a mysterious case of an time. 3 She had been author who vanished - the author was sleeping badly, eating irregularly, and herself. moving furniture around the house for 30 no apparent reason. Some newspapers t the age of thirty-six, Agatha hinted that her husband would have Christie must have been an gained much from the death of his enviable figure. She lived with her wife, but he couldn't have murdered husband, Colonel Archibald Christie, her because he had been at a party all in a magnificent country house and 35 weekend in Surrey: he had a perfect she was already the author of seven alibi. Other journalists suspected she 15 detective novels. Then on the freezing might have disappeared in order to get cold night of 3 December, 1926, she publicity in the press. Then her left her home in Sunningdale, brother-in-law Campbell received a Berkshire, and disappeared. 40 letter from her whose postmark 2 At first, the police indicated that it had been posted in suspected suicide. Her husband said London at 9.45 am on the day after shj^-eouldn-'t have committed suicide her disappearance, so she couldn't 1
r
45
have been in Guildford at that time. 4 Colonel Christie took an afternoon train from London to Harrogate and learned that his wife had been staying in the hotel for a week and a half. She had apparently 50 seemed 'norma] and happy'. She sang, danced, played billiards, read the newspaper reports of her own disappearance, chatted with her fellow guests and went for walks. I 5 Ifflmpater. Archibald 55 Christie told reporters: 'She has suffered from a loss of memory and I do not think she knows who she is.' But Ritchie-Calder, a friend of hers, thought her condition did not 60 resemble the usual eases of amnesia. ine consequences or tne wnoie story were not all unpleasant.
TSue w o r l d ' s best, tthe worSd's w o r s t FCE practice: Part 3

Read t h e article again. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the article below. C h o o s e from t h e paragraphs A - H t h e o n e which fits each gap I - / . T h e r e is o n e extra paragraph which you d o not need t o use.
E Her husband had fallen in love with another w o m a n and her mother's death must have been a great shock for her. Her behaviour at home suggested she could have been on the verge of a nervous breakdown. F At eleven the next morning, an officer at Guildford police station was handed a report saying that Agatha Christie's car had been found halfway down a grassy bank with its bonnet buried in some bushes. G She was reading a newspaper which contained her story, with a photograph, w h e n her husband made his way over to her. 'She did not seem to recognize him,' said the hotel manager. H Then, on 14 December, a waiter in a hotel in Harrogate, Yorkshire, looked more closely at a female guest and realized from the newspaper photographs he had seen that it must have been the missing novelist. He rang the Yorkshire police w h o contacted her home.
(4} C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s about t h e story.
A Till her death in 1976, Agatha Christie refused to discuss the mystery of her own disappearance. Her biographer, Janet Morgan, accepts that it must have been a case of nervous breakdown followed by amnesia. B He felt that she had prepared for her disappearance because she had 300 with her, and she had also told other guests in the hotel that she was a visitor from South Africa. C She wrote under her first husband's surname. She wrote more than 70 novels featuring the Belgian detective, Hercule Poirot or the curious village lady, Miss Marple. D Yet there was a time w h e n Agatha Christie was relatively u n k n o w n . The first time she came to the attention of the public in a big way was in 1926.
1 Agatha Christie can't have been a happy person because ... 2 She must have been well-off because ... 3 She must have had a lot of imagination because ...
Agatha Christie's next novel, The Big Four, was received badly by reviewers, but sold 65 nine thousand copies - more than twice as many as The Murder of Roger Acbvyd. And from then on her books sold in increasing quantities. 7 Yet this is difficult to accept. Why did she register in 70 the hotel using the name of her husband's mistress? A television play produced after her death even suggested that the whole event might have been part of a plot to murder her husband's mistress. The only thing that is 75 certain is that her disappearance in 1926 turned Agatha Christie into a best-selling writer and a millionaire. Perhaps her disappearance was Agatha Christie's most successful story. Find w o r d s in t h e t e x t that have a similar meaning t o t h e following.The first letter of each w o r d is given t o help you.
1 disappeared v 2 said something in an indirect way h 3 proof that someone was not where a crime took place a 4 the attention that someone or something gets from the media p 5 the brother of your wife or husband b 6 a game you play on a rectangular table, using a long stick to knock balls into pockets around the table b 7 w h e n you lose your memory a 8 things that happen as a result of something else c 9 a secret plan to do something p
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TDue
's best, the w o r l d ' s w o r s t
(^rammae 3 a n d Us f EoDgflos[
SVIodal verbs (2): modal perfect
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s from t h e text.
4 I called by at their house but there was no answer. (They/not/get/back/holiday/yet) 5 My wallet's been missing for days. (I/lost/it) but it's possible someone stole it. 6 I saw Madonna at the supermarket yesterday. Don't be silly. (That/not/be/Madonna) she lives in the US.
( ) C o m p l e t e t h e s e c o n d s e n t e n c e s o that it has a similar meaning t o t h e first s e n t e n c e , using t h e w o r d given. D o n o t change t h e w o r d given. You must use b e t w e e n t w o and five words, including t h e w o r d given.
1 There be many people who haven't heard of Agatha Christie. 2 Her husband said she suicide. have committed
C h e c k your answers with the text.Tick t h e s e n t e n c e which refers t o a past event. N o w c o m p l e t e t h e following rules:
When modal When modal
talking about a present situation we use + infinitive without talking about a past situation, we use + have +
D e c i d e w h a t degree of possibility is e x p r e s s e d in t h e following sentences:
possible
b certain 1 She must have been very unhappy. 2 He might have stayed in a different hotel. 3 They can't have wanted to come. 4 She may have gone straight home.
1 I'm not sure that she killed herself, (have) She suicide.
2 She must have been nearby because her coat was in the car. (far) She can't coat was in the car. away because her
5 I could have taken the train. See grammar reference page 155.
3 The hotel owner obviously did not recognize her. (known)

Read t h e situations and write s e n t e n c e s using the n o t e s in brackets. U s e a past modal form.
The hotel owner
was her.
1 I wonder w h o left this parcel on the doorstep? (It/be/postman) It can't have been my neighbour. 2 I think it was the butler w h o killed Lord Moneybags. (It/be/butler) I disagree. because he was not in the house at the time. 3 I wonder why she didn't say hello this morning. (She/not/see/you) It's not like her.
122
4 I expect she was not feeling very well at the time, (bad) She must at the time.
5 One possibility was to ask a doctor's help, (doctor) She to help her.
6 The waiter guessed she was the missing novelist, (have) The waiter thought she missing novelist. 7 It's clear to me that Miss Scarlet did not commit the crime, (committed) . Miss Scarlet the crime. the
14 Tlhe w o r l d ' s best, t h e w o r l d ' s w o r s t

Look at pictures 1 - 5 and imagine w h a t must have happened o r can't have happened in each case. Discuss your answers with a partner.

4} W h a t d o y o u k n o w a b o u t driving a car? W h a t d o y o u p r e s s w h e n y o u w a n t t o d o t h e f o l l o w i n g things?
1 To make the car go faster? a 2 To warn someone to get out of your way? h 3 To stop the car? b
Read the t e x t and check your answers.
Learning to drive Until recently the record for the worst (1) in the world was held by Helen Ireland from California w h o failed her (2) test in the first second, by mistaking the (3) for the clutch and shooting straight through the wall of the test centre (4) . This record seemed (5) until 1981 w h e n a motor mechanic called Thomson failed the test before the (6) had even got into the car. On (7) at the test centre, Thomson tooted the horn to let everyone know he was ready; the examiner strode (8) out to the vehicle, told Thomson it was (9) to sound your horn while stationary, announced Thomson's (10) to pass the test and strode away again. By March 1980, Betty Tudor had taken an (11) 273 lessons. During this time she had had nine (12) and was banned from three driving schools. Her (13) test ended w h e n she drove in the wrong (14) round a roundabout. 'If it hadn't been for the cars coming the (15) way, he wouldn't have noticed anything wrong,' said Mrs Tudor (16) . 'And anyway, the brakes were working fine.'
For questions 1 - 1 6 , read t h e t e x t again. U s e t h e w o r d given in capitals at the end of each line t o form a w o r d that fits t h e space in the same line.
DRIVE DRIVE ACCELERATE BUILD BEAT EXAMINE ARRIVE ANGRY LEGAL FAIL BELIEVE INSTRUCT SEVEN DIRECT OPPOSE BITTER
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1 4 Tlhe world's best, the world's w o r s t
:abuiary
W o r d formation (noun suffixes)
W e use -er and -or t o describe what a person d o e s . T h e s e suffixes are also used for things such as tools, machines and instruments. Which of the following words are things and which are people? Divide them into t w o groups.
Collocation (law and order)

C o m p l e t e the chart using the phrases in the box.
charge someone find someone guilty arrest someone commit a crime put someone on trial steal something
officer screwdriver reviewer projector tin-opener visitor typewriter biographer cooker murderer operator
criminal have a motive
police suspect someone
judge sentence someone
Phrasal verbs with break

break out break into something break down break op with someone break out of something break up
C o m p l e t e this t e x t using the appropriate form of o n e of the phrases above.
(J^, Rewrite t h e s e sentences replacing the underlined phrase with an appropriate phrasal verb from the list above.
1 The burglars gained entry to the building at night. 2 Our car stopped working on the motorway. 3 The police are searching for t h e convict w h o escaped f r o m prison. 4 World War II started in 1939. 5 Michael and Cecily separated after five years together. 6 She left her boyfriend.
The police (1) Matilda Evans of the m u r d e r because she h a d an obvious (2) - she w a n t e d her husband's money. They couldn't (3) her with the murder, however, because they had n o evidence. But w h e n they f o u n d the bottle of poison with her fingerprints on it, they were able to (4) her, and t h e court (5) her guilty of murder. Matilda Evans was (6)_ to life imprisonment.
Read the t e x t below. U s e the w o r d given in capitals at the end of each line t o form a word that fits the space in the same line.
The musical thief

Once a y o u n g Russian (1) broke into a flat in the t o w n of Baku, while the (2)_ w e r e away on holiday. Exhausted after filling his bag w i t h (3) goods, he ran himself a nice hot bath. Feeling hungry, he switched on the (4)_ and m a d e himself a tasty meal. The (5) washed it d o w n with a few glasses of vodka. Being a bit of an a m a t e u r (6) h e t h e n sat d o w n and started playing Grieg's Piano Concerto, which woke up the nextdoor neighbours. W h e n the police (7)_ arrived they found the (8) thief happily at the piano. BURGLE OWN STEAL COOK ROB MUSIC OFFICE MUSIC
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Tlhe w o r l d ' s [est, t l h e w o r Q d ' s w o r s t
14-
m< a n d s p e a k i n g
Before you listen, check with your teacher the meaning of these words.
Crime Speaker I Speaker 2 Speaker 3 Speaker 4 Speaker 5
blackmail
shoplifting
mugging
burglary
robbery
kidnapping
EH Listen t o five speakers talking about different crimes and c o m p l e t e the chart.You can use s o m e crimes m o r e than once.

() Listen again. For questions 1-5, c h o o s e which of t h e situations A - F each speaker is talking about. U s e the letters only once. There is o n e extra letter which you d o not need t o use.
In which extract: A was the thief arrested immediately? B w e r e the thieves strangers to the area? C was the thief very ineffective? D was the thief a teenager? E was the thief an old m a n ? F was one of the thieves probably very small?
( | j D o you know anyone w h o has had a similar experience t o the o n e s in the listening text? ( W o r k with a partner. Look at the pictures and tell the story, using the words in the b o x t o help you.
Speaker 1_ Speaker 2_ Speaker 3_ Speaker 4_ Speaker 5_ rocking chair cat lap stroke happy purr climb stuck mew despair telephone dial 999 fire-brigade fireman ladder rescue cup of tea hero fire-engine wave goodbye
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1 4
Tlhe w o r l d ' s b e s t , t h e w o r l d ' s
worst
Writing
FCE practice: Argumentative compositSon
(dj^ L o o k at t h e s e p h o t o g r a p h s . C o m p a r e and c o n t r a s t t h e m with a partner. 'Life is much better than it was 200' years ago,'..Discuss, Although there. are many things .wrong -vit-h the. way we .ive toî^y, in my view, life is setter now than it was 20C
Firstly, we are much more technologically advanced today. Modern communication s y s t e m s mean t h a t we can now communicate easily with people all over the world. _ Also, nowadays, people's standard of living is quite high and veov\s live longer d j e t o moderr. advances jn_medji3fle_and-healthcare,^s.jffilLas improvements in living conditions and diet. On the other hand, today we face serious environmental problems such as pollution of the atmosphere and global .warming, Another problem related to modern living is the pace of life; many people today suffer from stress-related illnesses lo_S-um_up,,U2elie-V6-ljfeJiQday is easier in many ways because of progress in science and technology but we have created new problems too.
L o o k at this advice a t e a c h e r gave her student. L o o k at t h e m o d e l again and d e c i d e w h e t h e r t h e s t u d e n t t o o k t h e teacher's advice. o o ' D o n ' t f o r g e t t o give t h e b a s i c o u t l i n e of y o u r a r g u m e n t i n t h e first p a r a g r a p h . ' 'One paragraph should be about arguments i n f a v o u r of t h e s t a t e m e n t . '
Read this task.Then read t h e m o d e l c o m p o s i t i o n and discuss with a partner w h e t h e r you agree o r disagree with t h e statement. 'Life t o d a y is m u c h b e t t e r t h a n it w a s 2 0 0 y e a r s a g o . ' W r i t e y o u r a n s w e r u s i n g b e t w e e n 120 a n d 180 words.
'Another paragraph should contain a r g u m e n t s against the statement.' o 'Your conclusion should b e a balanced s u m m a r y t a k i n g b o t h sides i n t o a c c o u n t . '
126
, , - , The worQd's best, tlhe w o r l d ' s w o r s t

Read t h e following s e n t e n c e s and divide t h e m into arguments 'for' and 'against' t h e question in exercise 2. Then decide in which paragraph the writer might have used t h e s e n t e n c e s . W o r k with a partner and c o m p l e t e t h e diagram using w o r d s from t h e box. D e c i d e which w o r d s are g o o d things and which are bad things.
14
computers telephones aeroplanes central heating cars television nuclear energy diseases poverty video pollution noise violence space travel
diseases
1 Overcrowding is a common sight in cities all around the world. 2 People are better-educated these days. 3 All in all, I think life is better today. 4 We have very efficient forms of transport. 5 New incurable diseases have appeared.
Q ) Find w o r d s o r phrases in t h e c o m p o s i t i o n which: TECHNOLOGY
HEALTH
violence
CITIES
space travel
TODAY
1 refer to the present 2 draw comparisons 3 give examples 4 express an opinion
HOUSES
TRANSPORT
centra heating
aeroplanes
N o w it's your turn. W r i t e your c o m p o s i t i o n following t h e s e instructions.
'There are more bad things than good things about living in the 21st century.' Discuss. Write between 120 and 180 words.
Reading
W o r k with a partner. L o o k at t h e p h o t o g r a p h s and match t h e m with t h e jobs b e l o w . T h e n discuss t h e questions.
hotel receptionist shop assistant garage mechanic c a m p leader
waitress
1 What do these people have to do in their job? 2 Which job would you like to do this summer? Why?
Read t h e magazine article and match t h e five p e o p l e with t h e p h o t o g r a p h s .
HAVING FUN IN THE SUN?

Choosing a summer job is not easy. Bruce inglis talks to five teenagers about their job plans for this summer. A Miguel Machado, 15, Granada
1 M i g u e l M a c h a d o , w h o will be taking his F C E this June, intends to work in his uncle's g a r a g e for a few w e e k s so that he can earn e n o u g h money to g o on holiday w i t h his friends. H i s m a i n reason for 5 choosing to work is to become less reliant on his parents for money. 'This summer, I ' m planning to work as hard as I can, so I can get some money to g o to the Canary Islands w i t h some friends. I don't suppose the job will be that exciting, but I ' d 10 rather w o r k in the garage t h a n deliver pizzas, w h i c h is w h a t m y b i g brother's g o i n g to do. M y intention is to work hard for four weeks, b y w h i c h time I'll have e n o u g h money to get a w a y a n d relax afterwards.' money, w h i c h I could get from m y parents anyway, I think it is important to be able to m a n a g e your o w n finances a n d to stand on your o w n t w o feet.' Another reason teenagers choose 25 to work in bars a n d cafes is because such places have a certain glamour for y o u n g people. T h e r e is usually cool music playing, a n d there are lots of y o u n g people sitting around chatting a n d having a g o o d time.'
C Rafael Garcia, 18, M e x i c o City

30 'Working at a summer camp is fantastic,' says Rafael, w h o will be w o r k i n g as a group leader in charge of a dozen 12-year-olds this summer. 'I do it so that I can work outdoors instead of being stuck in a restaurant somewhere in a polluted 35 city. You also get paid to do stuff y o u enjoy - like sailing, hiking a n d archery. L a s t year, I got to practise m y E n g l i s h too, because all the group leaders came from different countries, a n d E n g l i s h w a s the only l a n g u a g e w e h a d in common.' Rafael 40 doesn't only work in order to make money, but also because of the opportunities the summer
B Marcelle Dupont, 17, Lyon

15 Lots of students also get jobs w o r k i n g in bars or cafes. W o r k i n g conditions are usually poor a n d pay is even worse. So w h y do students queue u p to get these jobs w h e n they could be relaxing a n d enjoying their holidays? Marcelle D u p o n t s a y s she 20 does it for several reasons. 'Apart from the
128
Work and pDay
15

Q ) Read t h e t e x t s again. For q u e s t i o n s 1 - 8 c h o o s e f r o m t h e p e o p l e A - E . S o m e of t h e p e o p l e may be c h o s e n m o r e than o n c e . W h e n m o r e than o n e a n s w e r is required, t h e s e may be given in any order.
Which of the five people interviewed:

camp gives h i m to socialize a n d develop as a person. 'I s u p p o s e one of the most important boosts y o u get is that y o u become a hero to 45 y o u n g kids, a n d earn money at the same time!'
1 chose ltis/her job to be near a friend? 2 hopes to improve his/her language skills? 3 will learn useful skills for a future job? 4 will spend the money he earns on a holiday? 5 wants to be independent of his/her parents? 6 has chosen a job where he/she will make n e w friends? 7 thinks the job won't be very interesting? 8 will be combining work with a holiday? /. /.
D Jenny Logan, 16, Birmingham

W o r k i n g in the summer will be a n e w experience for Jenny Logan; she is g o i n g to be a sales assistant in a local supermarket. 'It'll give me valuable experience in dealing w i t h 50 people because w h e n I finish school I ' d like to g o into marketing or management. I ' m also doing it because of the chance it gives me to get out of the house a bit. The money will come in handy, but I ' m not s a v i n g u p for anything in 55 particular. I arranged this job so as not to get bored, I suppose: I didn't w a n t to be sitting around all day.'
E Sylvia Bonatti, 17, Naples

M o s t y o u n g people w o u l d like to s p e n d their summer near the seaside a n d a g o o d w a y of 60 combining w o r k w i t h leisure is to find a job at a seaside resort. Sylvia will be w o r k i n g as a hotel receptionist in a tourist hotel on the island of Capri near Naples. 'I chose the job in order to be w i t h m y boyfriend w h o is a lifeguard a n d 65 will be w o r k i n g o n Capri in the summer. Of course, it also m e a n s the sea is just a stone's throw a w a y so I can g o for a dip after w o r k a n d get a g o o d t a n too.'
W h i c h of t h e jobs d e s c r i b e d w o u l d y o u enjoy most? Why? Find and underline w o r d s and phrases that mean:
1 aims to (A) 2 dependent on (A) 3 prefer doing something (A) 4 wait in line (B)
6 7 8 9
enjoy oneself (B) responsible for (C) useful (D) so that (E) not far away (E)
5 be independent (B) 10
129
Work arad [lay
I r a m m a r a n d Us
Eo^gjOosth)
C o m p l e t e t h e s e s e n t e n c e s using an appropriate w o r d o r phrase.
Underline w o r d s o r phrases in t h e s e n t e n c e s b e l o w which express purpose.
1 I bought a bike
I can cycle to school.
1 His main reason for choosing to work is to become less dependent on his parents. 2 I do it so that I can work outdoors. 3 I arranged this job so as not to get bored. 4 I chose the job in order to be with my boyfriend.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e rules by adding an appropriate connector.
2 She chose the job she wanted to combine work and pleasure. 3 He became a sales representative travel. 4 She wants to be a manager salary. to the big to wake
5 She closed the door quietly so the baby. 6 She got up early in train. 7 She wants to go abroad . languages. 8 She went to live in Spain
1 2
expresses purpose and is followed by a sentence with a modal verb. express purpose and are followed by infinitive with to.
W h a t can w e u s e instead of in order to/so as to w h e n w e w a n t t o be m o r e informal? W h i c h s e n t e n c e s h o w s this?
to be late for the study foreign the weather.
B ? i U n d e r l i n e w o r d s o r phrases in t h e s e n t e n c e s b e l o w w h i c h e x p r e s s reason.
A n s w e r t h e s e q u e s t i o n s using an appropriate e x p r e s s i o n of p u r p o s e o r reason. S o m e p r o m p t s are given t o help you.
1 Another reason teenagers choose to work in bars and cafes is because such places have a certain glamour. 2 I'm also doing it because of the chance it gives me to get out of the house a bit.
C o m p l e t e t h e s e rules by adding an appropriate connector.
1 Why has she taken up Chinese? (in order/translator) 2 Why does he avoid eating cakes? (because/not get fat) 3 Why should people avoid smoking? (so as/not get heart disease) 4 Why did he become a pilot? (in order/travel) 5 Why is he learning to use the computer? (so that/find job in IT) 6 Why aren't they camping this weekend? (because of/weather) 7 Why did she go to university? (get/good education) 8 Why did he become an actor? (because of/fame)
(9 Complete these sentences.
shows the reason for or cause of something and is followed by a sentence (subject + verb). shows the reason for or cause of something and is followed by a n o u n phrase. See grammar reference pages 155-6.
1 I would like to study 2 I am studying English because
so as to
3 People become doctors in order to

C o m p a r e y o u r a n s w e r s with a partner.
130
W o r k aradl pflay FCE practice" Farts 1 and 4

(JCT Make a list of t h e jobs animals d o for people, eg dogs for t h e blind. ( ; Read t h e t e x t b e l o w and find o u t which animals are mentioned.
15
The perfect e m p l o y e e ? They are not very tall - less than a metre high - and don't (1) guns but the director of Bega prison in the south of Sweden (2) that his new members of (3) - ten domestic geese - are the perfect guards, better than dogs or men. The geese (4) gentle but they are fierce and intelligent, and they don't (5) longer holidays or overtime (6) . And they never (7) on strike. They feel very grateful to their employers because their new (8) has saved these geese from the butcher's block. Warden Lars Sjoberg says: 'We have such a small number of (9) that we need this kind of help, especially at night. Criminals are always (10) to escape over the fence, but now the geese guards quack loudly and alert the prison staff.'
( Q For questions 1 - 1 0 , read t h e t e x t again and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each space.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A A A A A A A A A A
hold believes employees are ask income be duty employers try
B B B B B B B B B B
carry asks workers looking go salary go work employment to try
C C C C C C C C C C
take expects staff look have pay going job unemployment tried
D D D D D D D D D D
bear tells team looking demand wages are going employ employees trying
Read t h e n e x t extract and find o u t w h a t ' 1 0 N o v e m b e r ' and '400' refer to.
Sauce for the guards

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Sjoberg says 'Geese they bite very hard and few people want to try a goose-bite a second time. They pinch hard with their beaks and can cut you if they do flap their wings about.' Sjobererg says they are call the geese 'Guard Unit B' and they patrol between two high-wire fences which are surround the prison near the city of Helsingborg. 'They used to give geese jobs like this in ancient Rome,' Sjoberg added. 'And in Scotland they are still use geese as guards.' The geese are lucky to be still alive. They were saved on 10 November, the date when many Swedes have celebrate the annual holiday of'Martin's goose'. The holiday is marks the birth of Martin Luther, the founder of the Lutheran church. The local flocks of 400 geese were all going to end up on the dinner table, but the prison reserved ten of them for special guard duty.
For questions 1 - 1 4 , read t h e t e x t again and look carefully at each line. S o m e of t h e lines are correct, and s o m e have a w o r d that should n o t be there. If a line is c o r r e c t put a tick (</). If a line has a w o r d which should not be there, write t h e word.
131
"15
Work and play
cabylary
Word formation (suffixes)
M a n y adjectives are made by adding the suffixes
Collocation and idioms (jobs)

apply for a job go for an interview do something for a living be given the sack get promoted
Look at the phrases above. C o m p l e t e the second s e n t e n c e s o that it has a similar meaning t o the first sentence, using the word given. D o not change the w o r d given. You must use between t w o and five words, including the w o r d given.
-ful, -able, -y and -al.

Make adjectives using the words below, and answer the questions.
scare truth believe luck profession suit count rely avoid help avoid help
+ +
-able -ful =
avoidable helpful
1 W h a t sometimes happens to the -e at the end of a verb w h e n we add a suffix? 2 All of these adjectives can be m a d e negative using the prefix un- except one. Which w o r d is it?
1 What's your job? (do) W h a t do 2 living? She had to leave her job because she was always arriving late, (given) She arriving late for work. because she was always

^ ^ C o m p l e t e the s e n t e n c e s using o n e of t h e s e words.
experience 1 2 3 4
qualifications
training
skills
3 Last year she was the assistant manager; n o w she is the manager, (got) This year manager to manager. f r o m assistant
She's never done anything like this before. She has n o . She's never worked at the job b u t has passed a lot of exams. She's got . She has the practical ability to do a difficult job well. She's got t h e . She got the job with little experience but the company gave her some excellent .
For questions I - 1 0 , read the t e x t below. U s e the w o r d given in capitals at the end of each line t o form a word that fits the space in the same line.
4 Your application should include a copy of your certificates, (job) If of y o u r certificates. , you should send a copy
(3
5 He's being interviewed today for a n e w job. (go) He an interview today for a n e w job.
Strictly confidential Reference for Joseph Bloggs I wish I could say it was a (1) . working w i t h Mr Bloggs but, (2) , this was not t h e case. He was (3) for the job but our attempts to train h i m totally failed. His office was always very (4) with paper scattered all over the place. He was very ( 5 ) _ and seemed (6) to r e m e m b e r anything. He was so (7) I could not even trust h i m to do the simplest tasks. Mr Bloggs was (8) to customers w h o often complained to m a n a g e m e n t about his (9) . In short, I believe he would be (10)_ for the job for which he applied. Regrettably, I cannot r e c o m m e n d him.
PLEASE FORTUNATE QUALIFY TIDY FORGET ABILITY RELY POLITE RUDE SUIT
132
W o r k aradl play
15
Listening and speakiing

1

Listen again. For questions I - 6 , c h o o s e the best answer A, B o r C.
1 How does the speaker feel about the course? A It could be better. B He would recommend it. C It's very varied. 2 Why did the speaker do the course? A In order to see London. B To help him with his acting techniques. C To improve his language skills. 3 Why did the speaker do the course? A Because she is interested in Spain. B To improve her computer skills. C To improve her reading skills. 4 What is the speaker's main reason for choosing the course? A The art classes. B To practise her Swedish. C To meet young people from different countries. 5 Why does the speaker recommend the camp? A It would make a nice change. B He would rather not go alone. C They will get swimming lessons. 6 Why does the speaker telephone? A To complain. B To apply for a job.

(jj) Look at the photographs of holiday c o u r s e s above. C h o o s e t w o and c o m p a r e and contrast them. Discuss t h e s e questions.
C To find out about a course.

Match t h e e x p r e s s i o n s in list A t o their definitions in list B. A B
a package the point body language fed up 5 booked up
1 What holiday course would you most/least like to do? Why? 2 If you could choose your own holiday, what three things would you do? 3 Have you ever been on a holiday course?
[ H I You will hear people talking about six different holiday courses. W h i c h c o u r s e s are mentioned?
expressing yourself with physical signs no room or spaces available bored or tired of something a holiday which includes travel and accommodation the purpose of something
133
<|5
Work
Writing
FCE practice: Letter of application
Read the following job advert.
The key to good letters of application is organization.You should use paragraphs to make the message clear. Here are some of the features we usually find in letters of application: 0 salutation 0 reason for writing 0 qualifications 0 experience closing remarks signing off
Read t h e letter of application b e l o w and put t h e parts in the c o r r e c t o r d e r using t h e advice in the writing b o x above t o help you.
Group U Skn ^ m o , I Vn-Ô J u t y
wsrssssss^"
o
. 0ovo*k*,uww
Tiujw-.
f l 5
children
All applicant mus* / look forward to hearing fromyou., Write to: Max Voxels 2 3 Chepstow Crescent
London
First of all, I speak English well and / raW write it fluently. Ipassed the Cambridge First Certificate exam with a grade B and I am now preparing for the Proficiency exam. I am keen on sports: / am a member of the local swimming club, and also play basketball regularly. / don't have any health problems. Finally, / think / would make a good cjvoup leader because / am friendly andyet on with people, especially children.
/ am writing to apply for thejob of group leader at the Sunny Days Summer Camp in San Remo this summer. / would like to give you some details about myself.
In terms of experience, although / have never been a group leader before, / have attended several summer camps, and therefore understand the kind of work they do. I believe / am a good leader (/ am President of my class at school) and last year / was captain of the basketball team.
/ am available to work during the period 15August.
bear Mr Vogels,
134
is
( ) Read this letter of application and find t h e following mistakes: 1 2 3 4 5 6 a w r o n g preposition r e p e t i t i o n of a w o r d or p h r a s e w r o n g tenses used a m i s s i n g article a w r o n g modal verb a spelling m i s t a k e C o r r e c t t h e mistakes using t h e model letter t o help you. N o w it's your turn.You have s e e n t h e following advertisement in t h e local newspaper for s u m m e r work. W r i t e a reply saying why you would be suitable for t h e job. W r i t e b e t w e e n 120 and 180 w o r d s .
Sunny Bead
The Parade
bear Sir, / have seen your advertisement in the baily Star. / am really interested in this sort of werk and / would like to give you some information about me. / would like you to know / am good student my best subjects are maths andphysics. / will take the FCE exam in December and / am also going often to the gym which it means / am very fit. t am also a member of the school athletic team. / would likeyou to know / went to a summer camp last year and / think this is a good thing for a good leader to do. I am 15years old. / would rather be a group leader in the frstperiod. (/ worked to a camp in Spain last year). / believe you must give me thejob because of my enthusiasm and because the children will like me and do what / tell them. Yours faithfully, Blanca Suarez
Receptionist
W e n e e d y o u n g p e o p l e (age 1 7 - 2 5 ) w i t h a g o o d k n o w l e d g e of English t o help o u t in t h e busy s u m m e r m o n t h s . You can w o r k m o r n i n g s o r evenings. To apply, w r i t e a l e t t e r in English saying w h y y o u s h o u l d g e t t h e job. Please w r i t e t o : Mrs A B o y c e
U s e t h e following n o t e s t o help you:
^yajvyoLumingt
^ m i o n ^ u m m m e i mpjirieme?
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o
2
Read the definitions below, then write the word they describe. T h e first letter of each word is given t o help you.
Q ) Five of t h e s e s e n t e n c e s are incorrect. Find the mistakes and rewrite the sentences correctly.
1 someone w h o kills a n o t h e r person deliberately m something you use for opening tins t
She will get into Oxford University. I really don't know. She can't be Mrs Bleany because Mrs Bleany died five years ago.
2 You ought to be clever to get a grade A. 3
3 someone w h o writes books, articles or plays a 4 someone w h o steals things f r o m other people's houses b__ 5 something you use to type letters t
6 someone w h o has a position of authority in the
4 You must tell lies. It's n o t honest. 5 They must be on holiday because there was nobody at h o m e w h e n I called. 6 I told you w e should have get u p earlier - n o w we've missed the train. 7 She must have b e e n a h a p p y w o m a n - she had so m a n y problems all her life.
army, navy or police o 7 something you use to t u r n screws s
C o n n e c t the sentence beginnings in list A with the sentence endings in list B using the expressions so/so that/because/because of. A B
1 The m a t c h was cancelled 2 We w e n t to bed early 3 I caught a taxi 4 She couldn't take part in the race 5 She locked the door carefully
6 Their flight was delayed
I w o u l d n ' t be late for the meeting. the rain. w e could get a good night's sleep. nobody could get in. the late arrival of the plane. the pain in her leg. it was damaging his health. he could lose weight.
7 He started taking m o r e exercise 8 He stopped smoking
Replace the underlined words in t h e s e sentences with the correct form of o n e of the phrasal verbs below. Make any other changes necessary.
catch up (with) break up (with)
break out hold on break down break into catch on break out (of)
1 How did the thieves get into t h e building?

2
W h a t will you do if the m a c h i n e stops working?
3 Can you tell Mrs Larkin to wait for a few minutes? 4 J o h n and Mary aren't getting on a n d they've decided to separate. 5 How did the prisoners m a n a g e to escape f r o m prison?
6 W h e n did the w a r in Bosnia start?
7 If y o u fall behind with your work, you'll have to w o r k harder to do the w o r k everyone else has done. 8 Do you think this kind of music will ever be popular?
Complete the sentences using t h e appropriate f o r m of t h e w o r d s and phrases below.
7 The police were able to the w o m a n with poisoning her husband because they found the poison in her handbag. 8 The policewoman the man in the supermarket where he had stolen two cans of beans.
C o m p l e t e this chart. Make adjectives f r o m t h e w o r d s o n t h e left, using t h e suffixes -al, -able, -ed, -ful and -y. Make any spelling c h a n g e s necessary.
39 <D
C
fl> <
steal (something) arrest (someone) rob ( s o m e o n e ) commit a crime charge ( s o m e o n e ) find ( s o m e o n e ) guilty suspect ( s o m e o n e ) have a motive Sherlock Holmes Professor Moriarty had committed these horrible crimes. Many people w h o , even murder, are never discovered by the police. The court all three m e n of armed robbery and sentenced t h e m to three years each in prison. Someone has my wallet from my handbag! How m a n y banks has he Matilda hated her husband, so she definitely for killing him.
verb educate scare help enjoy qualify fail
noun education scared help enjoyment qualification (s) failure
adjective 1 2 3 4 5
6
U s e an appropriate w o r d f r o m t h e c o m p l e t e d chart a b o v e t o complete these sentences.
I find using a dictionary very compositions in English. Do you find working as a waitress think I would like it at all!
w h e n I am writing ? I don't
3 His in the exam made him determined to succeed next time. I'm not very keen on soap operas best of all. TV programmes - I like , and
My sister always finds horror films very gets nightmares after watching them. You need a lot of to get a job as a pilot.
For q u e s t i o n s l - l I, read t h e t e x t . U s e t h e w o r d given in capitals at t h e end of each line t o f o r m a w o r d that fits t h e s p a c e in t h e s a m e line.
Learners
test four times Believe it or not, I took my (1) to tell other so I hardly have the right (2) _ learners and to do well people h o w to be (3) . However, my job as a teacher in a in their (4) school in London means I have to deal (5) with young people who are often very (6) but are thought to be (7) by their teachers. I have n o w been involved in (8) . for over twenty years and I have come to the (9) that children fail because of a lack of (10) in themselves which is the result of their teachers' lack of (11) m their ability to learn. DRIVE QUALIFY SUCCESS EXAMINE SECOND INTELLIGENCE FAIL EDUCATE CONCLUDE BELIEVE CONFIDE
137
138
Communication activities
Unit 3, page 29: Student A
1 Further research showed that the box which had contained the ship's compass had been smashed. 2 The compass itself was broken. 3 Someone had smashed one of the barrels of alcohol. 4 The lockers still contained plenty of food and water. 5 The sailors' chests were still there, which showed that they had probably deserted the ship in a great hurry. 6 But a search of the Captain's cabin showed that the ship's navigation instruments were missing. 7 This meant that the Mary Celeste had been sailing without a crew for nine days. 8 She had sailed 700 miles in those nine days. 9 Apart from the crew, the ship had sailed with Briggs's wife and his daughter.
Unit 8, page 71: Team A Famous facts quiz

1 Holiday is sung by Madonna. 2 The Theory of Relativity was developed by Albert Einstein. 3 Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare. 4 The English have been conquered by the Vikings and the Romans. 5 Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming.

Leonardo DiCaprio 1 Place of birth: 2 Date of birth: 11 November 1974 3 Eyes: blue 4 Car: 5 Pet: A lizard 6 Favourite food: pasta, cheeseburger, French fries with lots of ketchup, coke and lemonade
7 He loves: skydiving 8 Favourite actress: 9 Music: The Beatles, Led Zeppelin, Sugar Hill Gang, Pink Floyd
f
\
1 GRANT WISH TO
ONE EACH
OF
you.
139
Unit 3, page 29: Student B

1 Captain Morehouse of the Dei Gratia decided to take the ship back to Gibraltar. 2 Both ships arrived in Gibraltar harbour six days later. 3 From the beginning, the Mary Celeste had been an unlucky ship. 4 Her first captain had died within 40 hours of taking over the ship. 5 On her maiden voyage, she had had an accident and had to be repaired. 6 While she was being repaired, a fire had broken out on board. 7 Later, while she was sailing near Dover, she hit another ship, which sank. 8 This had happened under her third captain. 9 Before setting sail for Genoa, her owner had repaired the Mary Celeste. 10 This helped to explain why she had survived for so long in the wintry Atlantic after the crew had abandoned ship.
Unit 8, page 71: Team B Famous facts quiz

1 The next Olympic Games are being staged by Australia. 2 The tomb of Tutankamun was discovered by Howard Carter. 3 Microsoft is owned by Bill Gates. 4 The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. 5 Gravity was discovered by Sir Isaac Newton.

Leonardo DiCaprio 1 Place of birth: Hp/lywood, CA 2 Date of biifth: /I/I' m W u i m 3 Eyes: 4 Car: Silver BMW Coupe 5 Pet: Auml , ,
t
/^
^ ' (JT
f\ ^
, W'
6 Favourite food: 7 He loves: 8 Favourite actress: Meg Ryan :r 9 Music: -jftl h ' J f m . U
a M
/ .
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Grammar reference
)DUD'S U
I drink milk. He drinks milk. We drink milk. They drink milk.
They don't drink milk. It doesn't drink milk. Do you drink milk? Does she drink milk?
Present simple
The present simple is used to talk about things that happen or exist all the time, not just at the m o m e n t of speaking. It can have the following uses: imse to say something happens repeatedly to describe a general or permanent situation to talk about general scientific truths to describe present actions in commentaries or stories to talk about h o w often we do things to give instructions to talk about timetables and schedules* example The children always m a k e their own breakfast. He w o r k s in a bank. She lives on her own. The earth g o e s round the sun. Wright p a s s e s the ball to Jones. I go to the supermarket every Saturday. You p u t the eggs in a saucepan; you boil them. Our train l e a v e s at 10 o'clock.
Present continuous
form be + verb + ing I am leaving. He is leaving. They are leaving. use to talk about actions already happening at the m o m e n t of speaking to talk about temporary situations to talk about changing situations to express irritation (with always) to talk about plans and arrangements* I am not leaving. She is not leaving. We are not leaving. example I ' m g e t t i n g dressed - I'll be down in a moment. She's w o r k i n g in a bar at the moment. Things a r e g e t t i n g more and more expensive. She's always a r r i v i n g late. I ' m h a v i n g my hair cut tomorrow. Am I leaving? Are you leaving? Is he leaving?
Note
* See unit 4 on the future.
UDDDt
Past simple
form Regular: verb + ed Irregular: eg take!took, make/made, catch/caught She laughed. They didn't laugh. Did you laugh? yse to talk about events which happened at a particular time in the past to talk about situations in the past to talk about habits in the past I took it. He didn't take it. Did they take it? We made a cake. She didn't make a cake. Did you make a cake? example I s a w a great film last night. I lived in France for two years. We w e n t for long walks every day. I caught it. He didn't catch it. Did they catch it?
Note
Adverbs which we often use with the simple past include: at six o'clock, on last week, last month, last year, in 1999, days, yesterday, on Monday, ago.
8 August 1951,
Present perfect simple form

have + past participle I have been to Spain. She has been to Spain. We have been to Spain. They have been to Spain. use to talk about states or actions that started in the past and continue to the present when we can see the result of a past action in the present to talk about repeated actions in the past which continue in the present to talk about experiences in our life to talk about how many times we have done something with the superlative I haven't been to Spain. He hasn't been to Spain. Have you been to Spain? Has she been to Spain? example I've lived here for twenty years. She's b e e n ill since Monday. She h a s n ' t w o k e n u p yet. Look! You've m a d e a terrible mess in the living room. She's t a k e n p a r t in every race so far. H a v e you ever b e e n to France? I've never s e e n a whale. That's the third time he's w o n the prize. This is the best film I've ever seen.
Note
Adverbs which we often use with the present perfect:
yet, already, since, ever, ever since, never, still, before, this morning, this week.
142
Present perfect continuous

form have/has + been + verb + ing I have been eating. You have been eating. We have been eating. They have been eating. use to emphasize the duration of an action when we can see the results of an action to say an action is temporary to talk about temporary repeated actions to say an action is not complete He hasn't been eating. They haven't been eating. Has she been eating? Have we been eating? example I've b e e n w a i t i n g for an hour. Somebody's b e e n w a l k i n g on the flowerbeds. I've b e e n s t a y i n g with a friend. He's b e e n seeing a psychiatrist. I've b e e n t r y i n g to finish this assignment, but just can't finish it.
unit i
Past perfect simple
form had + past participle I had eaten dinner. You had eaten dinner. We had eaten dinner. They had eaten dinner. use for events that took place before another event in the past to emphasize the order in which events occurred in reported speech He hadn't eaten dinner. We hadn't eaten dinner. Had you eaten dinner? Had they eaten dinner? example I arrived at the station too late, and found that the train h a d already left. He didn't go out until he h a d d o n e all his work. He told us he h a d a r r i v e d a week before.
143
urdiTlioiar r e T e f e n C e
!... .
...
..... . .._,
Past perfect continuous

form had + been + present participle I had been sleeping. He hadn't been sleeping. Had she been sleeping?
use
to describe a past action which continued until another past action took place to explain why an action or feeling in the past occurred to emphasize that something happened for a long period of time before another event in the past
example She had been waiting by the phone

all night before he finally called.
I was tired; I had been working all day.

War suddenly broke out in a country where, until then, the people h a d b e e n living peacefully for hundreds of years.
Note
The past perfect continuous is often used with adverbs such
as for a n d since.
Past continuous
form was/were + verb + ing I was travelling. He was travelling. We were travelling. They were travelling. use to describe actions in progress in the past to describe an action in progress in the past which is interrupted by another action to emphasize that an event in the past was temporary to give descriptions to talk about something you planned to happen but did that not happen to talk about two or more actions going on at the same time in the past He wasn't travelling. They weren't travelling. Was she travelling? Were you travelling? example She w a s b u s y cleaning the house yesterday. He w a s w a t c h i n g TV when the doorbell rang. We w e r e s t a y i n g on a small island at the time.
The couple were standing on the balcony,

looking at the beautiful night sky.
We were going to go to Italy but we had

to cancel the trip. While John w a s p u t t i n g u p the tent, Bill w a s f r y i n g the sausages.
144
rar
form will, going to, present continuous, present simple It will rain. It will not/won't rain. Will it rain? It's going to rain. It isn't going to rain. Is it going to rain?
For present simple and continuous see Grammar reference page 141. use future facts predictions decision taken at the time of speaking intentions something in the future for which we have evidence now to talk about plans and arrangements to talk about timetables and schedules example Christmas will b e on a Saturday this year. It will b e a difficult test to pass. I'll d o the shopping. I'm going t o go to Italy this summer. Yes, he's going t o score! We're s e t t i n g off at 6 am. The train gets in at 9 pm.
UDDDt
form will have + past participle will have been + present participle will be + present participle I will have finished. He will not/won't have finished. Will we have finished? use an action that will be completed by a particular time in the future an action that will be in progress up to a particular time in the future an action that is expected to happen at some point in the future She will have been finishing. He will not/won't have been finishing Will they have been finishing? example They will h a v e a r r i v e d tomorrow night. On 6 May I will h a v e b e e n working here for twenty years. This time next week we'll b e sailing to Mykonos. I will be finishing. You will not/won't be finishing. Will we be finishing?
145
OJtnlOt
Conditionals (1): first and second conditionals First conditional form

Conditional clause: Main clause: Unless = if not If + present simple/present continuous future simple/present continuous/modal/imperative
If you leave now, you will/are going to/might catch the train. If you don't leave now, you will/are going to/might miss the train. Unless you leave now, you will/are going to/might miss the train. If you leave now, will/are you going to/might you catch the train? use to talk about a possible event in the future example If we p l a y well, we'll win. If you a r e c o m i n g to the party, b r i n g a friend. If w e ' v e f i n i s h e d by then, we c a n go out. Unless you p r a c t i s e hard, you'll never play the guitar well. Unless you a r e i n t e n d i n g to leave now, we a r e going to miss the boat.
Second conditional
form Conditional clause: Main clause: If + past simple/were modal + infinitive without to
If she cycled to work, she would feel better. If she didn't cycle to work, she would feel better. If she cycled to work, would she feel better? use to talk about an unlikely event in the present or future to talk about an imaginary event to give advice even if for emphasis example If I h a d more time, I'd come with you. If I w a l k e d to school, I'd be late. If I w e r e rich, I'd go and live in the Bahamas. If you p r a c t i s e d the guitar more, you m i g h t improve. E v e n if I saw him I w o u l d n ' t speak to him.
146
Umt
Conditionals (2): third conditional, wishes and regrets Third conditional

form
Conditional clause: Main clause:
If/If only + past perfect simple would have + past participle
If she had cycled to work, she would have felt better. If she hadn't cycled to work, she would have felt better. If she had cycled to work, would she have felt better?

use
example If she h a d r e a l i z e d he was lonely she w o u l d h a v e called him. If you h a d n ' t s t a y e d o u t so late you w o u l d n ' t h a v e got i n t o trouble. If I h a d w o k e n u p earlier I w o u l d h a v e h a d
to speculate about different outcomes for things which happened or didn't happen in the past
to express wishes and regrets
time for breakfast. If only you had told me you were coming I
w o u l d h a v e p r e p a r e d you a nice meal!
Wishes and regrets form wish + past simple

wish + was/were
wish + could + infinitive without to wish + past perfect wish + would + infinitive without to
use example
regrets about a present situation wishes about present or future actions regrets about the past to express irritation about a present situation Note
Wishes can refer to situations in the past, present or future.
I wish I had a bicycle.

I w i s h I w e r e on holiday now. I w i s h we c o u l d go to the circus.
I wish I had taken your advice. I wish you wouldn't phone me at work.
W e can use wish in fixed phrases like: I wish you a Merry Christmas.
147
Unit
The passive
form be + past participle The passive voice is formed by making the object of the active phrase into the subject of the new phrase. form present simple past simple modal verbs present continuous past continuous present perfect past perfect modal perfect impersonal example They make these boots in Italy. > These boots a r e m a d e in Italy. They bought these goods in France. > These goods w e r e b o u g h t in France. She couldn't see the car from the office. The car could not be s e e n from the office. They are changing the rules of the game. The rules of the game a r e b e i n g c h a n g e d . The damage was being repaired. The damage w a s b e i n g r e p a i r e d . He's lost the keys. > The keys h a v e b e e n lost. They had already built the Pyramids. > The Pyramids h a d already b e e n built. They might have beaten United. United might h a v e b e e n b e a t e n . They say he stole the money. He is said to have stolen the money.
use to describe a process when we want to focus on the action not on the person who did it when we don't want to identify the agent when we do not know who did the action
example A banoffi pie is m a d e with bananas and toffee. The garage rang to say your car h a s b e e n repaired. There's been an accident - coffee got spilt on the carpet. The car w a s s t o l e n from outside the house.
Note
W e use by + agent when w e want to emphasize the agent of an action, eg:
The Americas were discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492.
148
unit s
[Reported speech
direct speech p r e s e n t simple My mother is a lawyer. p r e s e n t continuous I ' m h a v i n g my hair cut today. past simple I s t a r t e d out as a teacher, p r e s e n t p e r f e c t simple I've p a s s e d my driving test. p r e s e n t p e r f e c t continuous I've b e e n h a v i n g lessons for a year. modal verbs can/will/must C a n you help me do my homework? I'll help you do your homework. You m u s t do your homework.
yes/no q u e s t i o n
reported speech past simple He said his mother w a s a lawyer, past continuous He said he w a s h a v i n g his hair cut that day. past perfect simple He said he h a d s t a r t e d out as a teacher, past perfect simple He said he h a d p a s s e d his driving test. past perfect continuous He said he h a d b e e n h a v i n g lessons for a year.
could/would/had to
She asked him if he c o u l d help her do her homework. She said she w o u l d help him do his homework. The teacher told him he h a d to do his homework. If + word o r d e r of a s t a t e m e n t She asked him if he w a n t e d more cake. If + word o r d e r of a s t a t e m e n t She asked if/whether she w a s g o i n g shopping that afternoon.
Do you w a n t some more cake?

yes/no q u e s t i o n
A r e you c o r n i n g shopping this afternoon? modal verb L e t ' s go to the beach.
She She She She
suggested suggested suggested suggested
g o i n g to the beach. t h e y go to the beach. t h e y w e n t to the beach. t h e y s h o u l d go to the beach.
wh- question What's your favourite sport? wh- question Where do you live? imperative H a v e a rest. negative imperative D o n ' t m a k e so much noise.
What + word o r d e r of a s t a t e m e n t I asked him what his favourite sport w a s . Where + word o r d e r of a s t a t e m e n t They asked her where she lived. W i t h to + infinitive She advised/told him t o h a v e a rest. Mot + to + infinitive He told them not t o m a k e so much noise.
Reported speech continued

The verb form in reported speech changes w h e n the report is made some time after the original statement. W e do not always make these changes when: we are reporting immediately after something has been said we are reporting a scientific fact we want to say something is still true we are reporting modal verbs might/could/would/should/ought to It's a lovely day today Mary says it's a lovely day today. The earth g o e s round the sun, the teacher said. Our teacher told us the earth goes round the sun. I ' m a teacher. > He said he's a teacher. I won't promise to come, but I m i g h t . He wouldn't promise to come to the party, but he said that he m i g h t .
Time audi place expressions

dioirect s p e e c h today now this here ago tomorrow yesterday last night next week next Wednesday this morning [reported speech that day then that there before/previously the next day/the following day the day before/the previous day the night before/the previous night the following week/the week after (that) the following Wednesday that morning
Reporting verbs
form verb + object + infinitive with to verb + that verb + object + that verb + ing veirbs ask advise beg encourage invite tell remind warn say claim admit promise deny tell remind warn deny admit suggest exarrnplle She a d v i s e d m e t o go to the doctor. She c l a i m e d t h a t she was innocent. She r e m i n d e d u s t h a t we had an appointment. She s u g g e s t e d g o i n g to the cinema.
Note
See also verbs followed by preposition + ing below.
150
U n i t 1
Gerunds and infinitives form
verb + ing, verb + infinitive with to, verb + infinitive without to I enjoy walking. They don't enjoy walking. Do they enjoy walking? form verb + ing I want to walk. We don't want to walk. Do you want to walk? verbs enjoy dislike don't mind avoid can't bear can't help practise put off risk suggest can't stand suggest give up keep (on) miss postpone afford decide agree arrange can't wait decide expect hope offer learn manage plan pretend promise refuse seem threaten want begin start continue like hate love prefer I would rather walk. They would rather walk. Would you rather walk? example
She enjoys singing.
He keeps laughing.
verb + infinitive with to
She can't a f f o r d t o go to Thailand.
She decided to go to Wigan

instead.
verb + ing or verb + infinitive with to with no or little difference in meaning verb + ing or verb + infinitive with to with significant change of meaning verb + infinitive without to verb + question words what, where, how, when + to infinitive
He started to tell a story. He started telling a

story.
stop remember try
LaX oq <jm >6 6 '(f
I remembered telling him his

sister phoned.
I remembered to tell him his

sister phoned. make let would rather had better modal verbs
He made us work hard. You had better find a job. She didn't know what to say. I didn't know where to go. She doesn't know how to speak
Italian.
They didn't know when to start

writing. verb + preposition + ing apologize for insist on succeed in look forward to accuse (someone) of
They apologized for being late. She insisted on coming with us. He succeeded in winning the
first prize. from you.
We look forward to hearing They accused him of stealing

the money.
151
nmar reteren
Unit
adjective 1-syllable and 2-syllable adjectives comparative adjective + -er + than superlative examples France is bigger t h a n Portugal. Asterix is braver t h a n Obelix. the + adjective in the class. She is t h e cleverest pupil T h e sky is bluest in Greece. Most 2-syllable adjectives and adjectives with 3 or more syllables more + adjective + than Trains are m o r e expensive t h a n buses.
+ -est
the + most + adjective as + adj + as to compare two people or things
History is t h e m o s t interesting subject of all. This restaurant is as good as the other one. She isn't as clever as her sister. New York isn't so far as Sydney. T h e older he gets t h e m o r e patient he becomes.
not so + adj + as to compare two or more things the + adj + -er + the + adj + -er to say two things change.
Irregular comparatives
adjective good bad far much/many little old comparative better worse further more less older/elder superlative best worst furthest most least older/eldest
Note
2-syllable adjectives ending in -y usually change to -ier and -/est: happy Adjectives ending in -e usually change to -r and -st: blue
happier -> happiest.
bluer > bluest.
I-syllable adjectives which have a vowel followed by a consonant at the end of the word, usually double the consonant before -er or -est: big -> bigger > biggest.
152
youDt
Relative clauses
pronoun who/that which/that where when why whose use people things places time reasons possessive of who example People w h o only talk about themselves are boring. The film w h i c h we saw was on at the Odeon. That's the village w h e r e I'd like to retire. That was a time w h e n we found it hard to make ends meet. I don't know w h y he behaved like that. That's the party w h o s e leader has just resigned.
Defining clauses
use give essential information about the person or thing being referred to commas are never used to mark a defining clause that can be used to refer to both people and things example The man with w h o m you must make contact is called James Bond. *The man, with whom you must make contact, is called James Bond. I can't stand people w h o / t h a t think they know everything. I like to wear shoes w h i c h / t h a t feel comfortable. I spoke to the boy (who) I met at the party yesterday. He's the man w h o s e shirt always matches his tie.
when the relative pronoun is the object of the defining clause, we can miss it out the relative possessive pronoun whose is used to show possession
Non-defining clauses
use give extra information (we use commas in non-defining clauses) we cannot miss out the relative pronoun which is used to refer to things; we cannot use that example My new neighbour, w h o I met for the first time today, is very nice. *His brother, is an actor, lives in Los Angeles. *My car, t h a t I call Fanny, is quite old now.
Note
* indicates a sentence which is wrong.
153
UM 1 3
Modal verbs (1)
form modal + infinitive without to can, could, may, might, shall, should, ought to, must, have to I can swim. He can't swim. Can they swim? I must swim. She mustn't swim. Must we swim? use to talk about possible events in the present or future You should swim. She shouldn't swim. Should we swim? I have to swim. You don't have to swim. Do we have to swim? example The weather c a n get very cold here in the winter. That m a y / m i g h t / c o u l d be John at the door. It m a y / c o u l d rain so take your coat. She m u s t be French with a name like Dupont. She c a n ' t be French with a name like Jones. She c a n / c a n ' t speak French. I c o u l d speak French if I took lessons. I c o u l d n ' t speak French even if I took lessons. You s h o u l d n ' t go out without an umbrella. C a n / C o u l d I go to the party on Saturday? I h a v e t o leave now. We h a v e t o sit for the exam. You o u g h t t o / s h o u l d / m u s t tell the truth. You d o n ' t h a v e t o come if you don't want to. You s h o u l d n ' t / m u s t n ' t lie.
to make guesses about things we are sure are true/not true in the present or future to talk about ability/inability in the present or future to give advice to talk about permission in the present or future to talk about obligation in the present or future
to talk about lack of obligation in the present or future to talk about prohibition in the present or future
154
u n i t 14
Modal verbs (2): modal perfect form
modal + present perfect simple She must have seen him. They can't have seen him. Should I have seen him? use to make guesses about the past when we are sure something happened/didn't happen to talk about possible events in the past example She can't have gone to London on her own. She must have gone to London with a friend. She c o u l d h a v e c a u g h t the train. He m i g h t h a v e f o r g o t t e n his appointment. You o u g h t t o / s h o u l d h a v e t o l d the truth. I h a d t o l e a v e at 6 o'clock. We d i d n ' t h a v e t o w a i t long for the bus. You s h o u l d n ' t h a v e t o l d so many lies.
to talk about obligation in the past to talk about lack of obligation in the past to talk about prohibition in the past
unit
form because + subject + verb because of + n o u n in order + infinitive with to in order not + infinitive with to meaning the reason for something the purpose so as + infinitive with to so as not + infinitive with to so (that) + modal verb
example He was tired b e c a u s e he overslept. He was late b e c a u s e of the snow. She put her She put her She put her She put her She put her see better. coat on in o r d e r to keep warm. coat on i n o r d e r n o t to feel cold. coat on so as to keep warm. coat on so as n o t to feel cold. glasses on so ( t h a t ) she could
155
rammar Connectors
connector however although (even) though in spite of despite after afterwards before rrn earning contrast contrast contrast contrast contrast sequence sequence sequence example I thought I was late. H o w e v e r , I got there first. A l t h o u g h I thought I was late, I got there first. E v e n t h o u g h it was raining, w e w e n t for a stroll. I n s p i t e of the rain, we w e n t for a stroll. D e s p i t e the rain, we w e n t for a stroll. A f t e r breakfast, I had a shower. A f t e r I had breakfast, I had a shower. A f t e r having m y breakfast, I h a d a shower. I had breakfast. A f t e r w a r d s , I had a shower. B e f o r e breakfast, I had a shower. B e f o r e I had breakfast, I had a shower. B e f o r e having breakfast, I had a shower.
Questions
question w o r d who what who what where when questions about place questions about time questions about the object use questions about the subject example W h o wrote this book? Tolstoy did. W h a t caused the accident? The bad w e a t h e r did. W h o does h e w o r k for? He works for a car firm. W h a t did she see? She saw a tiger. W h e r e did you grow u p ? I grew u p in the USA. W h e n did you get here? I got here at eight.
Yes/No questions
To m a k e Yes/No questions, w h e n there is an auxiliary or modal verb in the statement we change the order of t h e subject and the verb: statement She is going out. She has arrived. She can sing well. She will have finished soon. She had been to Rome before. She had b e e n working all day. question Is s h e going out? H a s s h e arrived? C a n s h e sing well? Will s h e have finished soon? H a d s h e been to Rome before? H a d s h e been working all day?
W h e n the statement has a m a i n verb, w e use the auxiliary do!did to f o r m questions. She lives in her o w n flat. She lived in her o w n flat. D o e s she live in her o w n flat? D i d she live in her o w n flat?
m^Rtu
break d o w n
stop working. When a machine
or a car breaks down it stops working.

The car broke down on the motorway. If you have a b r e a k d o w n w h e n you are travelling in the car, the car stops working.
c u t u p cut into little pieces. If you c u t something u p you cut into small pieces. Cut up the meat into four or five pieces. d r i n k t o wish someone success and have an alcoholic drink. If you d r i n k t o someone's health or success you drink an alcoholic drink and wish them success or good health. Let's drink to the happy couple! d r i n k u p finish what you are drinking. If you d r i n k u p you finish a drink. Come on, drink up, it's time to go.
break into
burgle. If someone breaks into a
building they get in by force in order to steal. A thief broke into the house and stole all their jewels. b r e a k o u t start (for war, disease). If something bad b r e a k s o u t it starts suddenly. The war broke out when villages near the border were attacked. b r e a k o u t of escape from prison. If someone b r e a k s o u t of prison they escape. Three criminals broke out of prison last night, killing a guard. b r e a k u p separate from a boy/girlfriend. If a marriage or close relationship b r e a k s u p it ends. She kept having disagreements with Peter so they decided to break up. b r i n g u p help children grow. W h e n you b r i n g u p a child you look after it until it is grown up. I was born in London but I was brought up by my grandparents in Canada. See g r o w u p .
fall down
collapse. If a tree or a house falls
d o w n it falls to the ground. The house was empty for years - in the end, it fell down. g e t a w a y manage to leave a place. If you g e t a w a y from somewhere you manage to leave that place. Sorry I'm late but my boss wanted me to work late and I couldn 't get away.
get back
return. If you get back to a place you
return there. We got back from the party just after midnight. The opposite is set off. g e t b a c k have something returned. If you g e t something b a c k you are given something which you used to have. Did you get that money back that you lent Peter? g e t b y have enough money to buy the things you need. If you g e t by you manage to continue with your way of life although you do not have m u c h money. She doesn 't earn much, but she gets by. g e t o n w i t h have a good relationship with. If you g e t o n w i t h somebody you like them and have a friendly relationship with them. She gets on very well with all the girls in her class, except for Debbie.
carry on
continue. If you carry on with an
activity you continue with it. He carried on talking in spite of the noise. Go o n has a similar meaning. c a t c h o n become popular. If something c a t c h e s o n it becomes popular. The new fashion in skirts caught on very quickly. c a t c h u p to come closer, to reach someone from behind. If you c a t c h u p with someone w h o is in front of you you reach them by walking faster. Pll walk on ahead and you can catch up with me later. c a t c h u p also means to reach the same standard as someone else. Our economy is catching up with that of the other countries in the European Union. The opposite is to fall behind (someone else).
get on with
continue with. If you get on with
something you continue doing it. I can't talk to you now -1 have to get on with my work. g e t o v e r recover from an illness. If you g e t o v e r an illness or other unpleasant experience, you no longer have it and you feel better. I still haven't got over the shock offailing the exam.
cut down (on)
reduce. If you cut d o w n on
something you reduce the amount. I've cut down on my smoking. You '11 have to cut down on the money you spend.
j fiction.
give u p to stop doing something. If you give u p s o m e t h i n g you decide to stop doing it. I've given up smoking. go a h e a d to start doing something. W h e n someone goes a h e a d with something they have planned to do they start doing it. We decided to go ahead with our holiday plans in spite of the bad weather. go b y pass (time). W h e n time goes b y it passes. Time goes by really slowly when you 're waiting for the bus in the rain. go off no longer like something. If you go off something or somebody you no longer like them. I used to like tea but I've gone off it now. go o n happen, occur. If something goes o n it takes place or happens. There was a concert going on in the main square and there were hundreds of people there. go t h r o u g h experience something difficult. If you go t h o u g h an unpleasant experience you experience a painful or difficult time. The team has been through some difficult times but this season has been very successful so far. h o l d u p delay. If someone or something h o l d s u p an activity they delay it. We were held up on the motorway by an accident. k n o c k d o w n pull down a building, demolish a building. If someone k n o c k s d o w n a building they intentionally destroy it. They are going to knock that old house down to build the new road. l o o k u p check information in a dictionary or reference book. If you l o o k u p an u n k n o w n word in a dictionary or a piece of information in a reference book you look there to find out more information about it. Why don't you look the word up in the dictionary to find out what it means?
pull down
demolish a building. If you pull
d o w n a building you deliberately destroy it. They are going to pull down that old building in order to build the new road. The opposite is to
put up a building. Knock down has a similar meaning to pull down.

p u t off postpone. If you p u t off doing something you delay doing it till another time. You can't put off going to the dentist forever - you '11 have to go soon. p u t u p build. If someone p u t s u p a building they build or raise it. They're going to put up a new office block where the park used to be. The
go through with
complete. If you go through
w i t h something, you complete something you intended to do, even if it is unpleasant. He went through with his decision to separate from his girlfriend even though it was painful.
opposite is knock down or pull down.

r u n o u t of have no more. If you r u n o u t of something, eg coffee, sugar, money or petrol, you have no more of it. What are we going to do if we run out of money? set off start a journey. If you s e t off on a journey you start a journey. What time do we set off in the morning? We set off on our journey at six o 'clock. Set o u t has a similar meaning.
grow up
become an adult. If you grow up you
develop from being a child and you become an adult. I grew up in Birmingham, though I was born in London.
hang around
If you hang around somewhere
you spend a lot of time in that place, often without having anything in particular to do. The kids were hanging around on the corner of the street. h o l d o n wait. If you want someone to h o l d o n you want them to wait for a short time. If you hold on a moment, I'll see if Rosa's in her room. H a n g o n means something similar but is more informal.
take after
resemble. If you take after
somebody you look like t h e m or behave like them. John takes after his father while Mary takes after her mother.
take away
remove. If you take something
hold up
rob. If someone holds you up they
a w a y (from someone or from a place) you remove it. I took away the knife so the baby would
point a gun or knife at you and force you to give them money or other valuable things. They held up the bank and got away with a million pounds.
not cut itself. The opposite is take back or give back. take back return. If you take something back
to the place from which you took it you return it. I have to take these books back to the library. The
opposite is take away.

158
t a k e off
remove (clothing). If you t a k e off
your clothes or something you are wearing you remove it. I'm going to take off my pullover because it's hot in here. The opposite is p u t on. t a k e off leave the ground. If an aeroplane t a k e s off it leaves the ground. As soon as the aeroplane took off I started to read my book. The
noun is takeoff.
t a k e o n start being responsible for. If you t a k e o n a job you agree to do it and be responsible for it. I only took the job on because I needed the money. t a k e o n accept somebody for employment. If you t a k e someone o n for a job you agree to give them a job. They took on a new teacher because they had a lot more pupils. t a k e o v e r become responsible in place of somebody else. If you take over someone else's job you take control of it or become responsible for it. John has taken over the position of captain of the basketball team. t a k e up require time. If something takes up time, it uses this amount of time in order to do something. Training for basketball takes up most of his free time. turn u p appear suddenly. If someone or something turns u p they appear suddenly. We weren 't expecting John to come to the meeting but in the end he turned up just as it was finishing. w a s h d o w n finish a meal with a drink. If you w a s h food d o w n you drink something while you are eating or when you have finished eating. We had a lovely meal and washed it down with a cool glass of lemonade.

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STUDENT'S

A Pre-First Certificate Course

Visions of the future

Science-fiction films, space travel

Past simple, present perfect simple and continuous

Open cloze (Part 2)

Past perfect simple and continuous, past continuous

Multiple choice cloze (Part 1)

Review: Units 1-3 page 32

The weather and the natural world

Open cloze (Part 2)

The secrets of science

Science and technology

Error correction (Part 4)

Looking good. feeling good

Health and fitness, food

Conditional (1): first and second conditionals

Open cloze (Part 2)

Review: Units 4-6 page 58

Conditional (2): third conditional, wishes and regrets

Multiple choice cloze (Part 1)

Wonders of the world

Error correction (Part 4)

Compound nouns Collocation (computers) Phrasal verbs w i t h get

Multiple matching (Part 4)

Multiple choice (Part 4)

Pairwork task (Parts 3 and 4)

Informal letter (Part 2)

Parts of speech Words often confused Phrasal verbs w i t h go

Gapped text: sentences (Part 3)

Short story (Part 2)

Idioms (time) Words often confused

Multiple choice (Part 2)

Yes/No questions (Part 4)

Transactional letter (Part 1)

Prepositions (with adjectives and nouns) W o r d s often confused

Multiple matching: headings (Part 1)

Multiple choice (Part 1)

Magazine article (Part 2)

W o r d building (food) Phrasal verbs (food and drink)

Multiple choice (Part 2)

Multiple choice (Part 4)

Informal letter (Part 2)

W o r d building Collocation (go and have) Words often confused

Multiple matching (Part 4)

Yes/No questions (Part 4)

Short story (Part 2)

Noun suffixes Phrasal verbs with up and down

Multiple matching (Part 4)

Multiple matching (Part 3)

Planning a tourist brochure

Review: Units 7-9 page 84

Celebrations and festivals

Gerunds and infinitives

Word formation (Part 5)

Travel and transport

Comparative and superlative adjectives

Multiple choice cloze (Part 1)

Making money, spending money

Shopping and consumerism

Relative clauses and pronouns

Multiple choice cloze (Part 1)

Review: Units 10-12 page 110

Modal verbs (1)