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What's in a cell?
All animals and plants are made of cells. Animal and plant cells have features in common, such as a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria and ribosomes. Plant cells also have a cell wall, and often have chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole. Note that cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function. We use microscopes to see very tiny structures such as cells.
Mitochondria Most energy is released by respiration here Ribosomes Protein synthesis happens here
Cell wall
Chloroplasts Contain chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy for photosynthesis Permanent vacuole Filled with cell sap to help keep the cell turgid [turgid: Having turgor; enlarged and swollen with water ]
Make sure you can label diagrams of animal and plant cells, like these:
Microscopes
Microscopes have been in use for approximately 350 years. Hans and Zaccharias Janssen are credited with constructing the first usable one in the 1590s.
Modern microscope
Early microscopes did not magnify to a great extent and scientists have worked hard to improve this. We now have modern light microscopes that can magnify 1,500 times and electron microscopes that can magnify up to two million times. This has allowed scientists to see things such as cells in much greater detail. As a result our understanding of their structure and function has improved.
Magnification calculations
We can calculate the length of a magnified object by using the magnification of the lens. Length of object = length of magnified object magnification For example, if a specimen appeared 10mm in length under a microscope with a magnification of 1,000 times, the calculation of the actual length would be: Length of object = 10 1000 = 0.01 mm Now try a Test Bite.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_edexcel/cells/cells_print.shtml[10/21/2013 8:17:02 PM]