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Refative clausesare sometinescalled adjectival clauses becsuse, like adjectives,they identifyor describe nouns.

jungletrackthat Wewere driving along a rough was nevermeantfor cars. Patrons who arrivelate mavnotbeadmitted to theconcert. A psychiatrist is a doctorwho treats disorders of the mind. Hewasa manwhosegreqtestpleasure was looking after his garden. wassomeone She onwhomyoucouldalwaysrely. rhatis an optionwhich I have alwaysrejected. rhis is a listof people who wereabdudedby the terrorists and about whose fate nothing is yet known. pronoun, phrase W Thenoun, or clause thatisidentified, described or commented on bytherelative is clause called the antecedent: Voters whose names beginwiththe letters M to Z goto Room should 2. Thatphotois a reminder of someonewho wasvery importantto me. Hands up everyonewho wouldlikea drink.

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A moteis an animalthailivesunderground. Hewas accused of being drunkin ctrarge of a vehicle, whichis a serious offence. I T h e w o r d th a t l i n ks th e re l a ti ve cfauseto its antecedent is a relative pronoun. The worOs thai, which,who,whomandwhosearerefative pronounii A moleis an animatthat lives underground. t havea friendwho once sailed across the paciflc in a small yacht. you'restartingdowna path which canonlylead to unhappiness. you'd be surprised atthenumber of childrenin this schoolwhose parents aredivorced. K The relative pronouns who/whom,which and that can be omitted unless they are the subjectof the relative clause: Have youstif l got the book I gaveyou?(= ,the book that, gave you,) fsthatthemanyou saw? (=,theman thatyou saw,) fsthatthe manyou werc speaking to?(=,the man to whomyou were speaking,) Whowasthat girl I saw you with last night? Shewas someoneyou couldalwaysrcly on. Thatis an option I havealwaysrejected. 1+9
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X Whenreferring to people, the relative pronouns to usearewho,whom,whoseandthat: theman who spoke the man that spoke (,Who, .oR is preferred asa subject pronoun, tnou[n both are correct.) theman whomI sawoR theman that l saw (,That, is preferred asan object pronoun,thoigh both are correct.) theman whosesonis an Mp theman to whom t spoke

t h e p ro n o u n s o r t h in g s , t o a n ima ls l: When re f e rrin g to usearewhich,that and whose: the catwhich was sittingon the nrot oR the cat thatwas sittingon the mat oR the bool<thstI the bookwhicht mentioned mentioned the bookwhosecoverwas torn a bookto which t oftenrefer W hen ref e rrin gt o t h in g s ,y o u c a n u s e o f wh ic h instead of whose: of which wastorn a bookthecover

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who is a subject pronoun and Strictlyspeaking, to he and whom an object pronoun,comparable him,they andthem,etc: wasthere'.) the man who wasthere(Compare'He saw him'.) the man whom t saw (compare't whom is generally in everydayEnglish, However, followsa replacedby who unlessit immediately preposition: the manwho I saw to the man who you werespeaking the man to whom you weresPeaking. Theyelected Smithchairman,than whom there choice. couldhavebeenno beLIer

where,when and why can also O The conjunctions whoseantecedents clauses be usedto form relative places, times and causes referring to are nouns respectively: where I was born. I oftenwalk pastthe house that time when you fell into the Doyou remember pool? swimming why t wentthere. remember the reason I don't

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W Relative pickout or describe clauses that identify, a particular personor thing are calledrestrictiveor defining relative clauses: youstillgot thebook Have I gaveyou? (thisidentifres oneparticular book.) I have a neighbour who comes frcm ttaly. (This identifies particular one neighbour.) Whois that man you weretalking toZ (rhis identifies a particular man.) He's engaged to a girl who'sthe daughter of an earl. Relative clauses that serve not to identify a particular person or thing but simplyto provide somefurther information aboutthem arecalled non-restrictive or non-definingrelative clauses: tvty neighbours, who comefrcmttaly,make pasta wonderful (rherelative dishes. clause does not identify theneighbours but makes a comment about them.) The Hobbit,which was wrifren by Tolkien,is the story of theadventures of Bilbo Baggins. Thebook, which was lyingon the table,was something to do with uros. N Notethat whilewho andwhich canbe usedin both restrictive and non-restrictive relative cla uses, that can onlybe usedin restrictiverelative clauses: fsthisthe bookthatyoulentme? These are the plantsthat l wastalkingabout. And it is only in restrictive relative clauses that the pronoun relative canbe omittedaltogether: (that)you lentme? lsthisthe book These aretheplants(that)t wastalkingabout.

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K N o te th e differ encein punctuationbetween restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses. A restrictive relative clause is not separated from the restof the sentence by commas, whereas a nonrestrictive relative clause is: the bookwhichwas onthetablewasmine. (the 'which words wason thetable' identify whichbook is meant- this is a restrictive relative clause.) . Thebook, whichwcs on the table, wasmine.(the 'which words wqson thetable'simply add information aboutthe book - thisisa nonr estri ctiv e relative clause.l S i mi l a rly: She had lostthe ring that I had givenher for (rherelative Christmas. clause identifies which ring.) Shehad lost the ring, which .t had given her for (the relative Christmqs. clause simplymakes a comment aboutthering.)

Thatcanbe botha subordinating conjunction and pronoun.There a relative are, however, several ways of distinguishing thesetwo uses of the word. lf that is . a re la t iv ep ro n o u n ,it will h a v e a n antecedent: She hadlostthe ring that t had given herfor Christmas. rtenguins are birdsthat swin4.. lf thatisaconjunction,there will beno antecedent: I knowthat, shedoesn'tlike me.ffhereis no antecedentfor thatto referto.) t don't believe that she is tellingthetruth.

lf that is a relativepronoun, it can be replaced by which; if it is a conjunction, it cannotbe replaced by which: shehadlostthe ring that t hadgiven herfor (pronoun) Christmas. had lostthe ring whichI had givenher She for christmas. I knowthat shedoesn'tlike me.(conjunction) NOT me. " I knowwhichshedoesn'tlike lf that is a conjunction, then whatfollowsit in thl subordinate clause canmake a complete statement on itsown: I don'tthinkthatshe iscoming with us Wefoundoutthat nicardo hadwontheprize job Barttoldmethatlanet'slooking for a new 'She iscomingwith us','Ricardo hadwon the prize', job'all andlanet's looking fora new make complete statements. lf on theotherhand, pronoun,then thatisarelative whatfollows it in the clause willnot be a complete statement: given had lostthe ring that shehad been She for Christmas. Where's the booktholt I lefr. on thetableZ 'She hadbeengivenfor Christmas'and'l lefton the table'are not complete statements.They don'tsay what shehad beengivenfor Christmas or what I lefton the table.
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Similar to relative clauses areappositiveclauses, in whichinformation isprovided abouta preceding noun such as belief, thought, saying,possibility, feeling,etc: Thebelief that the world is flat waswidespread in ('Th6ttheworld theaiddleAges. isflot' iswhatthe belief is.)

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N Note the d if f e re n c e in p u n c t u a t io n b e t we e n re la t iv ec la u s e sA . restrictive a n d n o n -re s t ric t iv e from the restrictive relative clauseis not separated rest of the sentenceby commas,whereasa nonis: restrictive relative clause Thebookwhich was on the table wasmine.(rhe words'whichwas on the table' identifywhich book relative clause.) is meant- this is a restrictive the book,which was on the table, wasmine.(the words'whichwason the table'simplyadd - thisis a noninformation aboutthebook restri ctiv e relative clause.l S imilarly:
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and conjunction That can be both a subordinating I ways are, however, severa a relativepronoun.There thesetwo usesof the word. of distinguishing lf that is a relative pronoun, it will have an antecedent: Shehad lostthe ringthat I had givenher for ChristmTs. Penguins are birds that swim. will be no antecedent: lf thotis a conjunction,there me. (rhereis no I knowthst shedoesn'tlike thotto referto.) antecedentfor I don't believe that sheis tellinathe truth.

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by it can be replaced ) lf that is a relativepronoun, it cannotbe replaced if it is a conjunction, which; by which: herfor hadlostthe nng that I hadgiven She (pronoun) Christmas. had lostthe ring whichI had givenher She for Christmas. me.(coniundion) I knowthat shedoesn'tlike . me. doesn'tlike NoT I knowwhichshe thenwhatfollowsit in the t lf that is a conjunction, statement make a complete can clause subordinate on itsown: withus iscoming I don'tthinkthat she hadwontheprize we foundoutthat Ricqrdo job looking methat Janet's Barttold for a new hadwon the prizei 'She with usl'Ricardo iscoming complete fora newjob'allmake looking and'Janet's statements. pronoun,then thatisarelative ff,on theotherhand, willnot be a complete it in the clause whatfollows statement: given hadbeen hadlostthe ringthat she She for Christm6s. s the bookthat I lefton thetablez where' lefton the for Christmas'and'l 'She hadbeengiven don'tsay statements.They not complete table'are or what I what shehad beengivenfor Christmas lefton the table. I areappositiveclauses, clauses to relative Similar aboutapreceding isprovided in whichinformation noun such as belief, thought, saying,possibility, feeling,etc: rea d in Th ef that the worfd is fl at waswidesp e b eli ('Thattheworld isflat'iswhatthe ages. theMiddle is.) belief

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