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vi
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 3.5.5. Specify Load Step Options
..................................................................................
.................. 3–6 3.5.6. Participation Factor Table Output
..................................................................................
....... 3–7 3.5.7. Solve
..................................................................................
................................................. 3–7 3.5.7.1. Output
..................................................................................
...................................... 3–7 3.5.7.1.1. Output From Subspace Mode-
Extraction Method ................................................ 3–7 3.5.8. Exit
the Solution Processor
..................................................................................
................. 3–8 3.6. Expand the Modes
..................................................................................
...................................... 3–8 3.6.1. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
.......................... 3–8 3.6.2. Expanding the Modes
..................................................................................
........................ 3–8 3.7. Review the Results
..................................................................................
.................................... 3–10 3.7.1. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
......................... 3–10 3.7.2. Reviewing Results Data
..................................................................................
.................... 3–10 3.7.3. Option: Listing All Frequencies
..................................................................................
......... 3–10 3.7.4. Option: Display Deformed Shape
..................................................................................
...... 3–11 3.7.5. Option: List Master DOF
..................................................................................
.................... 3–11 3.7.6. Option: Line Element Results
..................................................................................
............ 3–11 3.7.7. Option: Contour Displays
..................................................................................
................. 3–11 3.7.8. Option: Tabular Listings
..................................................................................
.................... 3–12 3.7.9. Other Capabilities
..................................................................................
............................ 3–12 3.8. A Sample Modal Analysis (GUI Method)
..................................................................................
..... 3–12 3.8.1. Problem Description
..................................................................................
........................ 3–12 3.8.2. Problem Specifications
..................................................................................
..................... 3–12 3.8.3. Problem Sketch
..................................................................................
................................ 3–13 3.9. A Sample Modal Analysis (Command or
Batch Method) ............................................................... 3–13
3.10. Where to Find Other Examples
..................................................................................
................ 3–14 3.11. Prestressed Modal Analysis
..................................................................................
..................... 3–15 3.12. Prestressed Modal Analysis of a Large-Deflection
Solution ......................................................... 3–15 3.13.
Comparing Mode-Extraction Methods
..................................................................................
..... 3–16 3.13.1. Block Lanczos Method
..................................................................................
.................... 3–17 3.13.2. Subspace Method
..................................................................................
.......................... 3–18 3.13.3. PowerDynamics Method
..................................................................................
................ 3–18 3.13.4. Reduced Method
..................................................................................
............................ 3–18 3.13.5. Unsymmetric Method
..................................................................................
..................... 3–18 3.13.6. Damped Method
..................................................................................
............................ 3–18 3.13.6.1. Damped Method-Real and Imaginary Parts
of the Eigenvalue ................................... 3–19 3.13.6.2. Damped
Method-Real and Imaginary Parts of the Eigenvector
.................................. 3–19 3.13.7. QR Damped Method
..................................................................................
...................... 3–19 3.14. Matrix Reduction
..................................................................................
.................................... 3–19 3.14.1. Theoretical Basis of Matrix
Reduction
................................................................................
3–20 3.14.1.1. Guidelines for Selecting Master DOF
........................................................................ 3–20
3.14.1.2. A Note About Program-Selected Masters
.................................................................. 3–22 4.
Harmonic Response Analysis
..................................................................................
............................ 4–1 4.1. Definition of Harmonic Response Analysis
..................................................................................
... 4–1 4.2. Uses for Harmonic Response Analysis
..................................................................................
.......... 4–1 4.3. Commands Used in a Harmonic Response Analysis
........................................................................ 4–2 4.4.
The Three Solution Methods
..................................................................................
....................... 4–2 4.4.1. The Full Method
..................................................................................
................................. 4–2 4.4.2. The Reduced Method
..................................................................................
......................... 4–2 4.4.3. The Mode Superposition Method
..................................................................................
....... 4–3 4.4.4. Restrictions Common to All Three Methods
.......................................................................... 4–3
4.5. How to Do Harmonic Response Analysis
..................................................................................
...... 4–3 4.5.1. Full Harmonic Response Analysis
..................................................................................
........ 4–3
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
vii
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 4.5.2. Build the Model
..................................................................................
................................. 4–4 4.5.2.1. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
.................. 4–4 4.5.3. Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution
..................................................................................
. 4–4 4.5.3.1. Enter the ANSYS Solution Processor
............................................................................. 4–4
4.5.3.2. Define the Analysis Type and Options
.......................................................................... 4–4
4.5.3.3. Apply Loads on the Model
..................................................................................
......... 4–5 4.5.3.3.1. Applying Loads Using Commands
....................................................................... 4–8
4.5.3.3.2. Applying Loads and Listing Loads Using the GUI
................................................. 4–8 4.5.3.4. Specify Load Step
Options
..................................................................................
......... 4–9 4.5.3.4.1. General Options
..................................................................................
................ 4–9 4.5.3.4.2. Dynamics Options
..................................................................................
........... 4–10 4.5.3.4.3. Output Controls
..................................................................................
.............. 4–10 4.5.3.5. Save a Backup Copy of the Database to a Named File
................................................. 4–10 4.5.3.6. Start Solution
Calculations
..................................................................................
....... 4–10 4.5.3.7. Repeat for Additional Load Steps
............................................................................... 4–
11 4.5.3.8. Leave SOLUTION
..................................................................................
..................... 4–11 4.5.4. Review the Results
..................................................................................
........................... 4–11 4.5.4.1. Postprocessors
..................................................................................
........................ 4–11 4.5.4.2. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
................ 4–11 4.5.4.3. Using POST26
..................................................................................
.......................... 4–11 4.5.4.4. Using POST1
..................................................................................
............................ 4–12 4.6. Sample Harmonic Response Analysis (GUI
Method) ..................................................................... 4–13
4.6.1. Problem Description
..................................................................................
........................ 4–13 4.6.2. Problem Specifications
..................................................................................
..................... 4–13 4.6.3. Problem Diagram
..................................................................................
............................. 4–14 4.6.3.1. Set the Analysis Title
..................................................................................
................ 4–14 4.6.3.2. Define the Element Types
..................................................................................
........ 4–14 4.6.3.3. Define the Real Constants
..................................................................................
........ 4–15 4.6.3.4. Create the Nodes
..................................................................................
..................... 4–15 4.6.3.5. Create the Spring Elements
..................................................................................
...... 4–15 4.6.3.6. Create the Mass Elements
..................................................................................
........ 4–16 4.6.3.7. Specify the Analysis Type, MDOF, and Load Step
Specifications .................................. 4–16 4.6.3.8. Define Loads and
Boundary Conditions
...................................................................... 4–16
4.6.3.9. Solve the Model
..................................................................................
...................... 4–17 4.6.3.10. Review the Results
..................................................................................
................. 4–17 4.6.3.11. Exit ANSYS
..................................................................................
............................. 4–18 4.7. Sample Harmonic Response Analysis (Command
or Batch Method) ............................................. 4–18 4.8. Where to
Find Other Examples
..................................................................................
.................. 4–19 4.9. Reduced Harmonic Response Analysis
..................................................................................
....... 4–19 4.9.1. Apply Loads and Obtain the Reduced Solution
................................................................... 4–20 4.9.2.
Review the Results of the Reduced Solution
........................................................................ 4–21
4.9.3. Expand the Solution (Expansion Pass)
.................................................................................
4–21 4.9.3.1. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
................ 4–21 4.9.3.2. Expanding the Modes
..................................................................................
.............. 4–21 4.9.4. Review the Results of the Expanded Solution
...................................................................... 4–23 4.9.5.
Sample Input
..................................................................................
................................... 4–23 4.10. Mode Superposition Harmonic
Response Analysis
..................................................................... 4–24 4.10.1.
Obtain the Modal Solution
..................................................................................
.............. 4–25 4.10.2. Obtain the Mode Superposition Harmonic Solution
.......................................................... 4–25 4.10.3. Expand the
Mode Superposition Solution
......................................................................... 4–27
4.10.4. Review the Results
..................................................................................
......................... 4–27 4.10.5. Sample Input
..................................................................................
................................. 4–27
viii
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 4.11. Other Analysis Details
..................................................................................
............................. 4–28 4.11.1. Prestressed Harmonic Response Analysis
.......................................................................... 4–28
4.11.1.1. Prestressed Full Harmonic Response Analysis
........................................................... 4–28 4.11.1.2.
Prestressed Reduced Harmonic Response Analysis
................................................... 4–28 4.11.1.3. Prestressed
Mode Superposition Harmonic Response Analysis ................................. 4–
29 5. Transient Dynamic Analysis
..................................................................................
.............................. 5–1 5.1. Definition of Transient Dynamic Analysis
..................................................................................
..... 5–1 5.2. Preparing for a Transient Dynamic Analysis
..................................................................................
. 5–1 5.3. Three Solution Methods
..................................................................................
.............................. 5–2 5.3.1. Full Method
..................................................................................
....................................... 5–2 5.3.2. Mode Superposition Method
..................................................................................
.............. 5–2 5.3.3. Reduced Method
..................................................................................
............................... 5–3 5.4. Performing a Full Transient Dynamic
Analysis
................................................................................
5–3 5.4.1. Build the Model
..................................................................................
................................. 5–4 5.4.1.1. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
.................. 5–4 5.4.2. Establish Initial Conditions
..................................................................................
................. 5–4 5.4.3. Set Solution Controls
..................................................................................
.......................... 5–6 5.4.3.1. Access the Solution Controls Dialog Box
...................................................................... 5–6
5.4.3.2. Using the Basic Tab
..................................................................................
................... 5–7 5.4.3.3. Using the Transient Tab
..................................................................................
............. 5–7 5.4.3.4. Using the Remaining Solution Controls Tabs
................................................................ 5–8 5.4.4. Set
Additional Solution Options
..................................................................................
......... 5–8 5.4.4.1. Prestress Effects
..................................................................................
......................... 5–9 5.4.4.2. Damping Option
..................................................................................
....................... 5–9 5.4.4.3. Mass Matrix Formulation
..................................................................................
........... 5–9 5.4.5. Apply the Loads
..................................................................................
................................. 5–9 5.4.6. Save the Load Configuration for the
Current Load Step ....................................................... 5–10
5.4.7. Repeat Steps 3-6 for Each Load Step
..................................................................................
. 5–10 5.4.8. Save a Backup Copy of the Database
..................................................................................
5–10 5.4.9. Start the Transient Solution
..................................................................................
.............. 5–10 5.4.10. Exit the Solution Processor
..................................................................................
............. 5–11 5.4.11. Review the Results
..................................................................................
......................... 5–11 5.4.11.1. Postprocessors
..................................................................................
...................... 5–11 5.4.11.2. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
.............. 5–11 5.4.11.3. Using POST26
..................................................................................
........................ 5–11 5.4.11.4. Other Capabilities
..................................................................................
.................. 5–12 5.4.11.5. Using POST1
..................................................................................
.......................... 5–12 5.4.12. Sample Input for a Full Transient Dynamic
Analysis ........................................................... 5–12 5.5.
Performing a Mode Superposition Transient Dynamic Analysis
.................................................... 5–13 5.5.1. Build the Model
..................................................................................
................................ 5–13 5.5.2. Obtain the Modal Solution
..................................................................................
............... 5–13 5.5.3. Obtain the Mode Superposition Transient Solution
............................................................. 5–14 5.5.3.1. Points
to Remember
..................................................................................
................ 5–14 5.5.3.2. Obtaining the Solution
..................................................................................
............ 5–14 5.5.4. Expand the Mode Superposition Solution
........................................................................... 5–18
5.5.5. Review the Results
..................................................................................
........................... 5–18 5.5.6. Sample Input for a Mode Superposition
Transient Dynamic Analysis ................................... 5–18 5.6.
Performing a Reduced Transient Dynamic Analysis
...................................................................... 5–19 5.6.1.
Obtain the Reduced Solution
..................................................................................
............ 5–19 5.6.1.1. Define the Analysis Type and Options
........................................................................ 5–20
5.6.1.2. Define Master Degrees of Freedom
............................................................................ 5–20
5.6.1.3. Define Gap Conditions
..................................................................................
............. 5–20
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
ix
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 5.6.1.3.1. Gap Conditions
..................................................................................
............... 5–20 5.6.1.4. Apply Initial Conditions to the Model
......................................................................... 5–21
5.6.1.4.1. Dynamics Options
..................................................................................
........... 5–22 5.6.1.4.2. General Options
..................................................................................
.............. 5–22 5.6.1.4.3. Output Control Options
..................................................................................
.. 5–23 5.6.1.5. Write the First Load Step to a Load Step File
............................................................... 5–23 5.6.1.6.
Specify Loads and Load Step Options
......................................................................... 5–23
5.6.1.7. Obtaining the Solution
..................................................................................
............ 5–23 5.6.2. Review the Results of the Reduced Solution
........................................................................ 5–23
5.6.3. Expand the Solution (Expansion Pass)
.................................................................................
5–24 5.6.3.1. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
................ 5–24 5.6.3.2. Expanding the Solution
..................................................................................
........... 5–24 5.6.4. Review the Results of the Expanded Solution
...................................................................... 5–25 5.7.
Sample Reduced Transient Dynamic Analysis (GUI Method)
......................................................... 5–26 5.7.1. Problem
Description
..................................................................................
........................ 5–26 5.7.2. Problem Specifications
..................................................................................
..................... 5–26 5.7.3. Problem Sketch
..................................................................................
................................ 5–27 5.7.3.1. Specify the Title
..................................................................................
....................... 5–27 5.7.3.2. Define Element Types
..................................................................................
.............. 5–27 5.7.3.3. Define Real Constants
..................................................................................
.............. 5–27 5.7.3.4. Define Material Properties
..................................................................................
....... 5–28 5.7.3.5. Define Nodes
..................................................................................
.......................... 5–28 5.7.3.6. Define Elements
..................................................................................
...................... 5–28 5.7.3.7. Define Analysis Type and Analysis Options
................................................................. 5–29 5.7.3.8.
Define Master Degrees of Freedom
............................................................................ 5–29
5.7.3.9. Set Load Step Options
..................................................................................
............. 5–29 5.7.3.10. Apply Loads for the First Load Step
.......................................................................... 5–29
5.7.3.11. Specify Output
..................................................................................
...................... 5–29 5.7.3.12. Solve the First Load Step
..................................................................................
........ 5–30 5.7.3.13. Apply Loads for the Next Load Step
.......................................................................... 5–30
5.7.4. Solve the Next Load Step
..................................................................................
.................. 5–30 5.7.4.1. Set the Next Time Step and Solve
............................................................................... 5–
30 5.7.4.2. Run the Expansion Pass and Solve
.............................................................................. 5–
30 5.7.4.3. Review the Results in POST26
..................................................................................
.. 5–31 5.7.4.4. Review the Results in POST1
..................................................................................
.... 5–31 5.7.4.5. Exit ANSYS
..................................................................................
............................... 5–31 5.8. Sample Reduced Transient Dynamic
Analysis (Command or Batch Method) ................................. 5–31 5.9.
Performing a Prestressed Transient Dynamic Analysis
.................................................................. 5–32 5.9.1.
Prestressed Full Transient Dynamic Analysis
........................................................................ 5–32
5.9.2. Prestressed Mode Superposition Transient Dynamic Analysis
.............................................. 5–33 5.9.3. Prestressed Reduced
Transient Dynamic Analysis
................................................................ 5–33 5.10. Other
Analysis Details
..................................................................................
............................. 5–33 5.10.1. Guidelines for Integration Time Step
.................................................................................
5–33 5.10.2. Automatic Time Stepping
..................................................................................
............... 5–35 5.10.3. Damping
..................................................................................
........................................ 5–36 5.11. Where to Find Other Examples
..................................................................................
................ 5–40 6. Spectrum Analysis
..................................................................................
............................................. 6–1 6.1. Definition of Spectrum
Analysis
..................................................................................
.................. 6–1 6.2. What is a Spectrum?
..................................................................................
................................... 6–1 6.2.1. Response Spectrum
..................................................................................
........................... 6–1 6.2.1.1. Single-Point Response Spectrum (SPRS)
....................................................................... 6–1
6.2.1.2. Multi-Point Response Spectrum (MPRS)
....................................................................... 6–1
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 6.2.2. Dynamic Design Analysis Method (DDAM)
............................................................................ 6–2
6.2.3. Power Spectral Density
..................................................................................
...................... 6–2 6.2.4. Deterministic vs. Probabilistic Analyses
.................................................................................
6–2 6.3. Steps in a Single-Point Response Spectrum (SPRS) Analysis
............................................................ 6–2 6.3.1. Build the
Model
..................................................................................
................................. 6–3 6.3.1.1. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
.................. 6–3 6.3.2. Obtain the Modal Solution
..................................................................................
................. 6–3 6.3.3. Obtain the Spectrum Solution
..................................................................................
............ 6–3 6.3.4. Expand the Modes
..................................................................................
............................. 6–6 6.3.5. Combine the Modes
..................................................................................
........................... 6–6 6.3.6. Review the Results
..................................................................................
............................. 6–8 6.4. Sample Spectrum Analysis (GUI Method)
..................................................................................
... 6–10 6.4.1. Problem Description
..................................................................................
........................ 6–10 6.4.2. Problem Specifications
..................................................................................
..................... 6–10 6.4.3. Problem Sketch
..................................................................................
................................ 6–11 6.4.4. Procedure
..................................................................................
........................................ 6–11 6.4.4.1. Set the Analysis Title
..................................................................................
................ 6–11 6.4.4.2. Define the Element Type
..................................................................................
.......... 6–11 6.4.4.3. Define the Real Constants
..................................................................................
........ 6–11 6.4.4.4. Define Material Properties
..................................................................................
....... 6–12 6.4.4.5. Define Keypoints and Line
..................................................................................
....... 6–12 6.4.4.6. Set Global Element Density and Mesh Line
................................................................. 6–12 6.4.4.7.
Set Boundary Conditions
..................................................................................
......... 6–13 6.4.4.8. Specify Analysis Type and Options
............................................................................. 6–13
6.4.4.9. Solve the Modal Analysis
..................................................................................
......... 6–13 6.4.4.10. Set Up the Spectrum Analysis
..................................................................................
6–13 6.4.4.11. Define Spectrum Value vs. Frequency Table
............................................................. 6–14 6.4.4.12. Solve
Spectrum Analysis
..................................................................................
........ 6–14 6.4.4.13. Set up the Expansion Pass
..................................................................................
...... 6–14 6.4.4.14. Expand the Modes
..................................................................................
................. 6–14 6.4.4.15. Start Expansion Pass Calculation
.............................................................................. 6–
15 6.4.4.16. Set Up Mode Combination for Spectrum Analysis
..................................................... 6–15 6.4.4.17. Select Mode
Combination Method
........................................................................... 6–15
6.4.4.18. Combine the Modes
..................................................................................
.............. 6–15 6.4.4.19. Postprocessing: Print Out Nodal, Element, and
Reaction Solutions ............................ 6–15 6.4.4.20. Exit ANSYS
..................................................................................
............................. 6–16 6.5. Sample Spectrum Analysis (Command or Batch
Method) ............................................................. 6–16 6.6.
Where to Find Other Examples
..................................................................................
.................. 6–17 6.7. How to Do a Random Vibration (PSD) Analysis
............................................................................. 6–18
6.7.1. Expand the Modes
..................................................................................
........................... 6–18 6.7.2. Obtain the Spectrum Solution
..................................................................................
.......... 6–18 6.7.3. Combine the Modes
..................................................................................
......................... 6–21 6.7.4. Review the Results
..................................................................................
........................... 6–22 6.7.4.1. Reviewing the Results in POST1
.................................................................................
6–22 6.7.4.1.1. Read the Desired Set of Results into the Database
.............................................. 6–22 6.7.4.1.2. Display the Results
..................................................................................
.......... 6–23 6.7.4.2. Calculating Response PSDs in POST26
........................................................................ 6–23
6.7.4.3. Calculating Covariance in POST26
.............................................................................. 6–
23 6.7.5. Sample Input
..................................................................................
................................... 6–24 6.8. How to Do DDAM Spectrum Analysis
..................................................................................
........ 6–25 6.9. How to Do Multi-Point Response Spectrum (MPRS) Analysis
........................................................ 6–25 7. Buckling Analysis
..................................................................................
.............................................. 7–1
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
xi
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 7.1. Definition of Buckling Analysis
..................................................................................
.................... 7–1 7.2. Types of Buckling Analyses
..................................................................................
......................... 7–1 7.2.1. Nonlinear Buckling Analysis
..................................................................................
................ 7–1 7.2.2. Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis
..................................................................................
.............. 7–1 7.3. Commands Used in a Buckling Analysis
..................................................................................
....... 7–2 7.4. Procedure for Nonlinear Buckling Analysis
..................................................................................
... 7–2 7.4.1. Applying Load Increments
..................................................................................
................. 7–2 7.4.2. Automatic Time Stepping
..................................................................................
................... 7–2 7.4.3. Important
..................................................................................
.......................................... 7–2 7.4.4. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
.......................... 7–3 7.5. Procedure for Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis
..................................................................................
. 7–3 7.5.1. Build the Model
..................................................................................
................................. 7–3 7.5.1.1. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
.................. 7–4 7.5.2. Obtain the Static Solution
..................................................................................
.................. 7–4 7.5.3. Obtain the Eigenvalue Buckling Solution
.............................................................................. 7–5
7.5.4. Expand the Solution
..................................................................................
........................... 7–6 7.5.4.1. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
.................. 7–6 7.5.4.2. Expanding the Solution
..................................................................................
............. 7–6 7.5.5. Review the Results
..................................................................................
............................. 7–7 7.6. Sample Buckling Analysis (GUI Method)
..................................................................................
...... 7–8 7.6.1. Problem Description
..................................................................................
.......................... 7–8 7.6.2. Problem Specifications
..................................................................................
....................... 7–8 7.6.3. Problem Sketch
..................................................................................
.................................. 7–9 7.6.3.1. Set the Analysis Title
..................................................................................
.................. 7–9 7.6.3.2. Define the Element Type
..................................................................................
........... 7–9 7.6.3.3. Define the Real Constants and Material Properties
...................................................... 7–10 7.6.3.4. Define Nodes
and Elements
..................................................................................
..... 7–10 7.6.3.5. Define the Boundary Conditions
................................................................................
7–11 7.6.3.6. Solve the Static Analysis
..................................................................................
........... 7–11 7.6.3.7. Solve the Buckling Analysis
..................................................................................
...... 7–11 7.6.3.8. Review the Results
..................................................................................
................... 7–12 7.6.3.9. Exit ANSYS
..................................................................................
............................... 7–12 7.7. Sample Buckling Analysis (Command or
Batch Method) ............................................................... 7–12
7.8. Where to Find Other Examples
..................................................................................
.................. 7–12 8. Nonlinear Structural Analysis
..................................................................................
........................... 8–1 8.1. What is Structural Nonlinearity?
..................................................................................
.................. 8–1 8.1.1. Causes of Nonlinear Behavior
..................................................................................
............. 8–1 8.1.1.1. Changing Status (Including Contact)
............................................................................ 8–2
8.1.1.2. Geometric Nonlinearities
..................................................................................
........... 8–2 8.1.1.3. Material Nonlinearities
..................................................................................
............... 8–2 8.1.2. Basic Information About Nonlinear Analyses
......................................................................... 8–2
8.1.2.1. Conservative versus Nonconservative Behavior; Path Dependency
............................... 8–5 8.1.2.2. Substeps
..................................................................................
................................... 8–5 8.1.2.3. Load Direction in a Large-
Deflection Analysis
............................................................... 8–6 8.1.2.4.
Nonlinear Transient Analyses
..................................................................................
..... 8–6 8.2. Using Geometric Nonlinearities
..................................................................................
................... 8–6 8.2.1. Stress-Strain
..................................................................................
....................................... 8–7 8.2.1.1. Large Deflections with Small
Strain
.............................................................................. 8–7
8.2.2. Stress Stiffening
..................................................................................
................................. 8–7 8.2.3. Spin Softening
..................................................................................
................................... 8–8 8.3. Modeling Material Nonlinearities
..................................................................................
................ 8–8 8.3.1. Nonlinear Materials
..................................................................................
............................ 8–8
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 8.3.1.1. Plasticity
..................................................................................
................................... 8–9 8.3.1.1.1. Plastic Material Options
..................................................................................
... 8–10 8.3.1.2. Multilinear Elasticity
..................................................................................
................. 8–16 8.3.1.3. User Defined Material
..................................................................................
.............. 8–16 8.3.1.4. Hyperelasticity
..................................................................................
........................ 8–17 8.3.1.4.1. Mooney-Rivlin Hyperelastic Option
(TB,HYPER) .................................................. 8–18 8.3.1.4.2.
Ogden Hyperelastic Option
............................................................................... 8–
18 8.3.1.4.3. Neo-Hookean Hyperelastic Option
.................................................................... 8–19
8.3.1.4.4. Polynomial Form Hyperelastic Option
............................................................... 8–19 8.3.1.4.5.
Arruda-Boyce Hyperelastic Option
..................................................................... 8–19
8.3.1.4.6. Gent Hyperelastic Option
..................................................................................
8–20 8.3.1.4.7. Yeoh Hyperelastic Option
.................................................................................
8–20 8.3.1.4.8. Blatz-Ko Foam Hyperelastic Option
................................................................... 8–20
8.3.1.4.9. Ogden Compressible Foam Hyperelastic Option
................................................ 8–20 8.3.1.4.10. User-Defined
Hyperelastic Option
................................................................... 8–21
8.3.1.4.11. Mooney-Rivlin Hyperelastic Option (TB,MOONEY)
............................................ 8–21 8.3.1.5. Creep
..................................................................................
...................................... 8–29 8.3.1.5.1. Implicit Creep Procedure
..................................................................................
. 8–30 8.3.1.5.2. Explicit Creep Procedure
..................................................................................
. 8–31 8.3.1.6. Shape Memory Alloy
..................................................................................
................ 8–31 8.3.1.7. Viscoplasticity
..................................................................................
......................... 8–33 8.3.1.8. Viscoelasticity
..................................................................................
.......................... 8–33 8.3.1.9. Swelling
..................................................................................
.................................. 8–34 8.3.2. Material Model Combinations
..................................................................................
........... 8–35 8.3.2.1. BISO and CHAB Example
..................................................................................
.......... 8–35 8.3.2.2. MISO and CHAB Example
..................................................................................
......... 8–35 8.3.2.3. NLISO and CHAB Example
..................................................................................
........ 8–35 8.3.2.4. BISO and RATE Example
..................................................................................
........... 8–36 8.3.2.5. MISO and RATE Example
..................................................................................
.......... 8–36 8.3.2.6. NLISO and RATE Example
..................................................................................
......... 8–37 8.3.2.7. BISO and CREEP Example
..................................................................................
......... 8–37 8.3.2.8. MISO and CREEP Example
..................................................................................
........ 8–37 8.3.2.9. NLISO and CREEP Example
..................................................................................
....... 8–38 8.3.2.10. BKIN and CREEP Example
..................................................................................
....... 8–38 8.3.2.11. HILL and BISO Example
..................................................................................
.......... 8–38 8.3.2.12. HILL and MISO Example
..................................................................................
......... 8–39 8.3.2.13. HILL and NLISO Example
..................................................................................
........ 8–39 8.3.2.14. HILL and BKIN Example
..................................................................................
.......... 8–39 8.3.2.15. HILL and MKIN Example
..................................................................................
......... 8–40 8.3.2.16. HILL and KINH Example
..................................................................................
.......... 8–40 8.3.2.17. HILL and CHAB Example
..................................................................................
........ 8–41 8.3.2.18. HILL and BISO and CHAB Example
............................................................................ 8–41
8.3.2.19. HILL and MISO and CHAB Example
........................................................................... 8–41
8.3.2.20. HILL and NLISO and CHAB Example
.......................................................................... 8–42
8.3.2.21. HILL and RATE and BISO Example
............................................................................. 8–43
8.3.2.22. HILL and RATE and MISO Example
............................................................................ 8–44
8.3.2.23. HILL and RATE and NLISO Example
........................................................................... 8–44
8.3.2.24. HILL and CREEP Example
..................................................................................
........ 8–45 8.3.2.25. HILL and CREEP and BISO Example
........................................................................... 8–46
8.3.2.26. HILL and CREEP and MISO Example
.......................................................................... 8–47
8.3.2.27. HILL and CREEP and NLISO Example
......................................................................... 8–47
8.3.2.28. HILL and CREEP and BKIN Example
........................................................................... 8–47
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 8.3.2.29. Hyperelasticity and Viscoelasticity
(Implicit) Example ................................................ 8–48 8.4.
Running a Nonlinear Analysis in ANSYS
..................................................................................
..... 8–48 8.5. Performing a Nonlinear Static Analysis
..................................................................................
...... 8–49 8.5.1. Build the Model
..................................................................................
................................ 8–49 8.5.2. Set Solution Controls
..................................................................................
........................ 8–49 8.5.2.1. Using the Basic Tab: Special Considerations
............................................................... 8–50 8.5.2.2.
Advanced Analysis Options You Can Set on the Solution Controls Dialog Box
............. 8–50 8.5.2.2.1. Equation Solver
..................................................................................
.............. 8–50 8.5.2.3. Advanced Load Step Options You Can Set on the
Solution Controls Dialog Box .......... 8–51 8.5.2.3.1. Automatic Time Stepping
.................................................................................
8–51 8.5.2.3.2. Convergence Criteria
..................................................................................
...... 8–51 8.5.2.3.3. Maximum Number of Equilibrium Iterations
...................................................... 8–53 8.5.2.3.4. Predictor-
Corrector Option
............................................................................... 8–
53 8.5.2.3.5. Line Search Option
..................................................................................
......... 8–53 8.5.2.3.6. Cutback Criteria
..................................................................................
.............. 8–53 8.5.3. Set Additional Solution Options
..................................................................................
........ 8–53 8.5.3.1. Advanced Analysis Options You Cannot Set on the Solution
Controls Dialog Box ........ 8–54 8.5.3.1.1. Stress Stiffness
..................................................................................
................ 8–54 8.5.3.1.2. Newton-Raphson Option
..................................................................................
8–54 8.5.3.2. Advanced Load Step Options You Cannot Set on the Solution Controls
Dialog Box ..... 8–55 8.5.3.2.1. Creep Criteria
..................................................................................
.................. 8–55 8.5.3.2.2. Time Step Open Control
..................................................................................
.. 8–55 8.5.3.2.3. Solution Monitoring
..................................................................................
........ 8–56 8.5.3.2.4. Birth and Death
..................................................................................
.............. 8–56 8.5.3.2.5. Output Control
..................................................................................
............... 8–56 8.5.4. Apply the Loads
..................................................................................
............................... 8–57 8.5.5. Solve the Analysis
..................................................................................
............................ 8–57 8.5.6. Review the Results
..................................................................................
........................... 8–57 8.5.6.1. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
................ 8–57 8.5.6.2. Reviewing Results in POST1
..................................................................................
..... 8–57 8.5.6.3. Reviewing Results in POST26
..................................................................................
... 8–59 8.5.7. Terminating a Running Job; Restarting
............................................................................... 8–
60 8.6. Performing a Nonlinear Transient Analysis
..................................................................................
. 8–60 8.6.1. Build the Model
..................................................................................
................................ 8–60 8.6.2. Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution
..................................................................................
8–60 8.6.3. Review the Results
..................................................................................
........................... 8–62 8.7. Sample Input for a Nonlinear Transient
Analysis
.......................................................................... 8–62
8.8. Restarts
..................................................................................
.................................................... 8–63 8.9. Using Nonlinear
(Changing-Status) Elements
............................................................................... 8–
63 8.9.1. Element Birth and Death
..................................................................................
.................. 8–63 8.10. Tips and Guidelines for Nonlinear Analysis
.................................................................................
8–64 8.10.1. Starting Out with Nonlinear Analysis
.................................................................................
8–64 8.10.1.1. Be Aware of How the Program and Your Structure Behave
........................................ 8–64 8.10.1.2. Keep It Simple
..................................................................................
....................... 8–64 8.10.1.3. Use an Adequate Mesh Density
................................................................................
8–64 8.10.1.4. Apply the Load Gradually
..................................................................................
....... 8–65 8.10.2. Overcoming Convergence Problems
.................................................................................
8–65 8.10.2.1. Performing Nonlinear Diagnostics
............................................................................ 8–65
8.10.2.2. Tracking Convergence Graphically
........................................................................... 8–67
8.10.2.3. Using Automatic Time Stepping
............................................................................... 8–
67 8.10.2.4. Using Line Search
..................................................................................
.................. 8–68 8.10.2.5. Using the Arc-Length Method
..................................................................................
8–68
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 8.10.2.6. Artificially Inhibit Divergence in Your
Model's Response ........................................... 8–70 8.10.2.7. Turn
Off Extra Element Shapes
.................................................................................
8–70 8.10.2.8. Using Birth and Death Wisely
..................................................................................
. 8–70 8.10.2.9. Read Your Output
..................................................................................
.................. 8–70 8.10.2.10. Graph the Load and Response History
.................................................................... 8–72 8.11.
Sample Nonlinear Analysis (GUI Method)
..................................................................................
. 8–72 8.11.1. Problem Description
..................................................................................
...................... 8–72 8.11.2. Problem Specifications
..................................................................................
................... 8–73 8.11.3. Problem Sketch
..................................................................................
.............................. 8–73 8.11.3.1. Set the Analysis Title and Jobname
.......................................................................... 8–73
8.11.3.2. Define the Element Types
..................................................................................
...... 8–74 8.11.3.3. Define Material Properties
..................................................................................
...... 8–74 8.11.3.4. Specify the Kinematic Hardening material model (KINH)
........................................... 8–74 8.11.3.5. Label Graph Axes and
Plot Data Tables
..................................................................... 8–74
8.11.3.6. Create Rectangle
..................................................................................
................... 8–75 8.11.3.7. Set Element Size
..................................................................................
.................... 8–75 8.11.3.8. Mesh the Rectangle
..................................................................................
............... 8–75 8.11.3.9. Assign Analysis and Load Step Options
.................................................................... 8–75
8.11.3.10. Monitor the Displacement
..................................................................................
... 8–76 8.11.3.11. Apply Constraints
..................................................................................
................ 8–76 8.11.3.12. Solve the First Load Step
..................................................................................
...... 8–77 8.11.3.13. Solve the Next Six Load Steps
.................................................................................
8–77 8.11.3.14. Review the Monitor File
..................................................................................
....... 8–78 8.11.3.15. Use the General Postprocessor to Plot Results.
........................................................ 8–78 8.11.3.16. Define
Variables for Time-History Postprocessing
................................................... 8–78 8.11.3.17. Plot Time-
History Results
..................................................................................
..... 8–79 8.11.3.18. Exit ANSYS
..................................................................................
........................... 8–79 8.12. Sample Nonlinear Analysis (Command or Batch
Method) ........................................................... 8–79 8.13.
Where to Find Other Examples
..................................................................................
................ 8–82 9. Material Curve Fitting
..................................................................................
....................................... 9–1 9.1. Applicable Material Behavior
Types
..................................................................................
............. 9–1 9.2. Hyperelastic Material Curve Fitting
..................................................................................
.............. 9–1 9.2.1. Using Curve Fitting to Determine Your Hyperelastic
Material Behavior ................................. 9–1 9.2.1.1. Prepare
Experimental Data
..................................................................................
........ 9–2 9.2.1.2. Input the Data into ANSYS
..................................................................................
......... 9–3 9.2.1.2.1. Batch
..................................................................................
................................ 9–3 9.2.1.2.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................... 9–3 9.2.1.3. Select a Material Model Option
..................................................................................
.. 9–3 9.2.1.3.1. Batch
..................................................................................
................................ 9–4 9.2.1.3.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................... 9–4 9.2.1.4. Initialize the Coefficients
..................................................................................
............ 9–4 9.2.1.4.1. Batch
..................................................................................
................................ 9–5 9.2.1.4.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................... 9–5 9.2.1.5. Specify Control Parameters and
Solve ..........................................................................
9–6 9.2.1.5.1. Batch
..................................................................................
................................ 9–6 9.2.1.5.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................... 9–6 9.2.1.6. Plot Your Experimental Data and
Analyze ..................................................................... 9–6
9.2.1.6.1. Batch
..................................................................................
................................ 9–6 9.2.1.6.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................... 9–7 9.2.1.6.3. Review/Verify
..................................................................................
................... 9–7 9.2.1.7. Write Data to TB Command
..................................................................................
....... 9–7 9.2.1.7.1. Batch
..................................................................................
................................ 9–7
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 9.2.1.7.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................... 9–8 9.3. Creep Material Curve Fitting
..................................................................................
....................... 9–8 9.3.1. Using Curve Fitting to Determine Your Creep
Material Behavior ........................................... 9–8 9.3.1.1. Prepare
Experimental Data
..................................................................................
........ 9–8 9.3.1.2. Input the Data into ANSYS
..................................................................................
....... 9–10 9.3.1.2.1. Batch
..................................................................................
.............................. 9–10 9.3.1.2.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................. 9–10 9.3.1.3. Select a Material Model Option
..................................................................................
9–10 9.3.1.3.1. Batch
..................................................................................
.............................. 9–10 9.3.1.3.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................. 9–11 9.3.1.4. Initialize the Coefficients
..................................................................................
.......... 9–11 9.3.1.4.1. Batch
..................................................................................
.............................. 9–12 9.3.1.4.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................. 9–12 9.3.1.5. Specify Control Parameters and
Solve ........................................................................ 9–
12 9.3.1.5.1. Batch
..................................................................................
.............................. 9–13 9.3.1.5.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................. 9–13 9.3.1.6. Plot the Experimental Data and
Analyze ..................................................................... 9–13
9.3.1.6.1. Batch
..................................................................................
.............................. 9–13 9.3.1.6.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................. 9–14 9.3.1.6.3. Analyze Your Curves for Proper
Fit ..................................................................... 9–14
9.3.1.7. Write Data to TB Command
..................................................................................
..... 9–14 9.3.1.7.1. Batch
..................................................................................
.............................. 9–14 9.3.1.7.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................. 9–14 9.3.2. Tips For Curve Fitting Creep Models
..................................................................................
. 9–14 9.4. Viscoelastic Material Curve Fitting
..................................................................................
............. 9–15 9.4.1. Using Curve Fitting to Determine the Coefficients of
Viscoelastic Material Model ................. 9–16 9.4.1.1. Prepare Experimental
Data
..................................................................................
...... 9–16 9.4.1.2. Input the Data into ANSYS
..................................................................................
....... 9–17 9.4.1.2.1. Batch
..................................................................................
.............................. 9–17 9.4.1.2.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................. 9–18 9.4.1.3. Select a Material Model Option
..................................................................................
9–18 9.4.1.3.1. Batch
..................................................................................
.............................. 9–18 9.4.1.3.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................. 9–18 9.4.1.4. Initialize the Coefficients
..................................................................................
.......... 9–19 9.4.1.4.1. Batch
..................................................................................
.............................. 9–19 9.4.1.4.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................. 9–20 9.4.1.5. Specify Control Parameters and
Solve ........................................................................ 9–
20 9.4.1.5.1. Temperature Dependent Solves Using the Shift Function
.................................. 9–21 9.4.1.5.2. Temperature Dependent Solves
Without the Shift Function ............................... 9–21 9.4.1.5.3. Batch
..................................................................................
.............................. 9–22 9.4.1.5.4. GUI
..................................................................................
................................. 9–23 9.4.1.6. Plot the Experimental Data and
Analyze ..................................................................... 9–23
9.4.1.6.1. Batch
..................................................................................
.............................. 9–23 9.4.1.6.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................. 9–23 9.4.1.6.3. Analyze Your Curves for Proper
Fit ..................................................................... 9–23
9.4.1.7. Write Data to TB Command
..................................................................................
..... 9–23 9.4.1.7.1. Batch
..................................................................................
.............................. 9–23 9.4.1.7.2. GUI
..................................................................................
................................. 9–24 10. Gasket Joints Simulation
..................................................................................
............................... 10–1 10.1. Overview of Gasket Joints
..................................................................................
....................... 10–1 10.2. Performing a Gasket Joint Analysis
..................................................................................
.......... 10–1 10.3. Finite Element Formulation
..................................................................................
..................... 10–2
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 10.3.1. Element Topologies
..................................................................................
....................... 10–2 10.3.2. Thickness Direction
..................................................................................
........................ 10–2 10.4. ANSYS Family of Interface Elements
..................................................................................
........ 10–3 10.4.1. Element Selection
..................................................................................
.......................... 10–3 10.4.2. Applications
..................................................................................
................................... 10–3 10.5. Material Definition
..................................................................................
.................................. 10–4 10.5.1. Material Characteristics
..................................................................................
.................. 10–4 10.5.2. Input Format
..................................................................................
.................................. 10–5 10.5.2.1. Define General Parameters
..................................................................................
.... 10–6 10.5.2.2. Define Compression Load Closure Curve
.................................................................. 10–6 10.5.2.3.
Define Linear Unloading Data
..................................................................................
10–6 10.5.2.4. Define Nonlinear Unloading Data
............................................................................. 10–7
10.5.3. Temperature Dependencies
..................................................................................
........... 10–8 10.5.4. Plotting Gasket Data
..................................................................................
..................... 10–11 10.6. Meshing Interface Elements
..................................................................................
.................. 10–12 10.7. Solution Procedure and Result Output
..................................................................................
... 10–16 10.7.1. Typical Gasket Solution Output Listing
............................................................................ 10–17
10.8. Reviewing the Results
..................................................................................
........................... 10–19 10.8.1. Points to Remember
..................................................................................
..................... 10–19 10.8.2. Reviewing Results in POST1
..................................................................................
.......... 10–19 10.8.3. Reviewing Results in POST26
..................................................................................
........ 10–20 10.9. Sample Gasket Element Verification Analysis (Command or Batch
Method) .............................. 10–20 11. Fracture Mechanics
..................................................................................
........................................ 11–1 11.1. Definition of Fracture
Mechanics
..................................................................................
............. 11–1 11.2. Solving Fracture Mechanics Problems
..................................................................................
..... 11–1 11.2.1. Modeling the Crack Region
..................................................................................
............. 11–1 11.2.1.1. 2-D Fracture Models
..................................................................................
.............. 11–3 11.2.1.2. 3-D Fracture Models
..................................................................................
.............. 11–4 11.2.2. Calculating Fracture Parameters
..................................................................................
..... 11–5 11.2.2.1. Stress Intensity Factors
..................................................................................
.......... 11–5 11.2.2.2. J-Integral
..................................................................................
............................... 11–6 11.2.2.3. Energy Release Rate
..................................................................................
............... 11–8 12. Composites
..................................................................................
.................................................... 12–1 12.1. Definition of
Composites
..................................................................................
......................... 12–1 12.2. Modeling Composites
..................................................................................
............................. 12–1 12.2.1. Choosing the Proper Element Type
..................................................................................
. 12–1 12.2.2. Defining the Layered Configuration
..................................................................................
12–2 12.2.2.1. Specifying Individual Layer Properties
...................................................................... 12–3
12.2.2.2. Defining the Constitutive Matrices
........................................................................... 12–4
12.2.2.3. Sandwich and Multiple-Layered Structures
............................................................... 12–4 12.2.2.4.
Node Offset
..................................................................................
........................... 12–5 12.2.3. Specifying Failure Criteria
..................................................................................
............... 12–5 12.2.4. Additional Modeling and Postprocessing Guidelines
......................................................... 12–6 13. Fatigue
..................................................................................
........................................................... 13–1 13.1. Definition
of Fatigue
..................................................................................
............................... 13–1 13.1.1. What the ANSYS Program Does
..................................................................................
...... 13–1 13.1.2. Basic Terminology
..................................................................................
.......................... 13–1 13.2. Doing a Fatigue Evaluation
..................................................................................
..................... 13–2 13.2.1. Enter POST1 and Resume Your Database
.......................................................................... 13–2
13.2.2. Establish the Size, Fatigue Material Properties, and Locations
............................................ 13–2 13.2.3. Store Stresses and
Assign Event Repetitions and Scale Factors
........................................... 13–4 13.2.3.1. Storing Stresses
..................................................................................
..................... 13–4
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 13.2.3.1.1. Manually Stored Stresses
.................................................................................
13–4 13.2.3.1.2. Nodal Stresses from Jobname.RST
................................................................... 13–5
13.2.3.1.3. Stresses at a Cross-Section
...............................................................................
13–5 13.2.3.2. Listing, Plotting, or Deleting Stored Stresses
............................................................. 13–6 13.2.3.3.
Assigning Event Repetitions and Scale Factors
......................................................... 13–6 13.2.3.4.
Guidelines for Obtaining Accurate Usage Factors
..................................................... 13–7 13.2.4. Activate the
Fatigue Calculations
..................................................................................
.... 13–9 13.2.5. Review the Results
..................................................................................
......................... 13–9 13.2.6. Other Approaches to Range Counting
.............................................................................. 13–
9 13.2.7. Sample Input
..................................................................................
................................. 13–9 14. p-Method Structural Static Analysis
..................................................................................
.............. 14–1 14.1. Definition of p-Method Analysis
..................................................................................
.............. 14–1 14.2. Benefits of Using the p-Method
..................................................................................
............... 14–1 14.3. Using the p-Method
..................................................................................
................................ 14–1 14.3.1. Select the p-Method Procedure
..................................................................................
...... 14–1 14.3.2. Build the Model
..................................................................................
.............................. 14–2 14.3.2.1. Define the Element Types
..................................................................................
...... 14–2 14.3.2.1.1. Specifying a p-Level Range
.............................................................................. 14–
2 14.3.2.2. Specify Material Properties and/or Real Constants
.................................................... 14–3 14.3.2.2.1. Material
Properties
..................................................................................
........ 14–3 14.3.2.2.2. Real Constants
..................................................................................
.............. 14–3 14.3.2.3. Define the Model Geometry
..................................................................................
... 14–4 14.3.2.4. Mesh the Model into Solid or Shell Elements
............................................................ 14–4 14.3.2.4.1.
Using Program Defaults
..................................................................................
14–4 14.3.2.4.2. Specifying Mesh Controls
................................................................................
14–4 14.3.2.4.3. Guidelines for Creating a Good Mesh
............................................................... 14–5 14.3.3.
Additional Information for Building Your Model
................................................................ 14–5 14.3.3.1.
Viewing your element model
..................................................................................
. 14–5 14.3.3.2. Coupling
..................................................................................
............................... 14–6 14.3.3.2.1. Coupling of Corner Nodes
...............................................................................
14–6 14.3.3.2.2. Midside Node Coupling
..................................................................................
. 14–7 14.3.4. Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution
................................................................................
14–7 14.3.5. Helpful Hints for Common Problems
...............................................................................
14–12 14.3.6. Review the Results
..................................................................................
........................ 14–12 14.3.6.1. The p-Element Subgrid
..................................................................................
........ 14–13 14.3.7. Querying Subgrid Results
..................................................................................
............. 14–13 14.3.8. Printing and Plotting Node and Element Results
............................................................. 14–14 14.3.8.1.
Specialized p-Method Displays and Listings
............................................................ 14–14 14.4. Sample p-
Method Analysis (GUI Method)
.................................................................................
14–14 14.4.1. Problem Description
..................................................................................
..................... 14–15 14.4.2. Problem Specifications
..................................................................................
................. 14–15 14.4.3. Problem Diagram
..................................................................................
......................... 14–15 14.4.3.1. Set the Analysis Title
..................................................................................
............ 14–15 14.4.3.2. Select p-Method
..................................................................................
.................. 14–15 14.4.3.3. Define the Element Type and Options
.................................................................... 14–15
14.4.3.4. Define the Real Constants
..................................................................................
.... 14–16 14.4.3.5. Define Material Properties
..................................................................................
.... 14–16 14.4.3.6. Create Plate with Hole
..................................................................................
.......... 14–16 14.4.3.7. Mesh the Areas
..................................................................................
.................... 14–16 14.4.3.8. Define Symmetry Boundary Conditions
.................................................................. 14–17 14.4.3.9.
Define Pressure Load along Right Edge.
.................................................................. 14–17
14.4.3.10. Define Convergence Criteria
................................................................................
14–17
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 14.4.3.11. Solve the Problem
..................................................................................
.............. 14–17 14.4.3.12. Review the Results and Exit ANSYS
....................................................................... 14–18
14.5. Sample p-Method Analysis (Command or Batch Method)
......................................................... 14–18 15. Beam Analysis
and Cross Sections
..................................................................................
................ 15–1 15.1. An Overview of Beams
..................................................................................
............................ 15–1 15.2. What Are Cross Sections?
..................................................................................
........................ 15–1 15.3. How to Create Cross Sections
..................................................................................
.................. 15–2 15.3.1. Defining a Section and Associating a Section ID
Number ................................................... 15–3 15.3.2. Defining
Cross Section Geometry and Setting the Section Attribute Pointer
...................... 15–3 15.3.2.1. Determining the Number of Cells to Define
.............................................................. 15–3 15.3.3.
Meshing a Line Model with BEAM44, BEAM188, or BEAM189 Elements
.............................. 15–4 15.4. Creating Cross Sections
..................................................................................
........................... 15–5 15.4.1. Using the Beam Tool to Create Common
Cross Sections .................................................... 15–5 15.4.2.
Creating Custom Cross Sections with a User-defined Mesh
................................................ 15–6 15.4.3. Creating Custom
Cross Sections with Mesh Refinement and Multiple Materials .................. 15–7
15.4.4. Defining Composite Cross Sections
..................................................................................
. 15–8 15.4.5. Defining a Tapered Beam
..................................................................................
............... 15–8 15.5. Using Nonlinear General Beam Sections
..................................................................................
.. 15–9 15.5.1. Defining a Nonlinear General Beam Section
.................................................................... 15–10
15.5.1.1. Strain Dependencies
..................................................................................
............ 15–11 15.5.2. Considerations for Employing Nonlinear General Beam
Sections ..................................... 15–11 15.6. Managing Cross Section
and User Mesh Libraries
..................................................................... 15–12 15.7.
Sample Lateral Torsional Buckling Analysis (GUI Method)
......................................................... 15–12 15.7.1. Problem
Description
..................................................................................
..................... 15–13 15.7.2. Problem Specifications
..................................................................................
................. 15–13 15.7.3. Problem Sketch
..................................................................................
............................ 15–14 15.7.4. Eigenvalue Buckling and Nonlinear
Collapse ................................................................... 15–14
15.7.5. Set the Analysis Title and Define Model Geometry
........................................................... 15–15 15.7.6. Define
Element Type and Cross Section Information
....................................................... 15–15 15.7.7. Define the
Material Properties and Orientation Node
...................................................... 15–15 15.7.8. Mesh the Line
and Verify Beam Orientation
..................................................................... 15–16
15.7.9. Define the Boundary Conditions
..................................................................................
... 15–16 15.7.10. Solve the Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis
......................................................................... 15–17
15.7.11. Solve the Nonlinear Buckling Analysis
........................................................................... 15–18
15.7.12. Plot and Review the Results
..................................................................................
........ 15–18 15.8. Sample Problem with Cantilever Beams, Command Method
.................................................... 15–19 15.9. Where to Find
Other Examples
..................................................................................
.............. 15–20 16. Shell Analysis and Cross Sections
..................................................................................
.................. 16–1 16.1. An Overview of Shells
..................................................................................
.............................. 16–1 16.2. What Are Cross Sections?
..................................................................................
........................ 16–1 16.3. How to Create Cross Sections
..................................................................................
.................. 16–1 16.3.1. Defining a Section and Associating a Section ID
Number ................................................... 16–2 16.3.2. Defining
Layer Data
..................................................................................
........................ 16–2 16.3.3. Overriding Program Calculated Section
Properties ............................................................ 16–3
16.3.4. Specifying a Shell Thickness Variation (Tapered Shells)
...................................................... 16–3 16.3.5. Setting the
Section Attribute Pointer
................................................................................
16–3 16.3.6. Associating an Area with a Section
..................................................................................
.. 16–3 16.3.7. Using the Shell Tool to Create Sections
............................................................................. 16–3
16.3.8. Managing Cross Section Libraries
..................................................................................
... 16–5 16.4. Using Preintegrated General Shell Sections
...............................................................................
16–5 16.4.1. Defining a Preintegrated Shell Section
.............................................................................. 16–
6 16.4.2. Considerations for Employing Preintegrated Shell Sections
............................................... 16–6
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide Index
..................................................................................
............................................................... Index–1
List of Figures
2.1. Diagram of Allen Wrench
..................................................................................
................................ 2–14 3.1. Diagram of a Model Airplane Wing
..................................................................................
.................. 3–13 3.2. Choose Master DOF
..................................................................................
........................................ 3–20 3.3. Choosing Master DOFs
..................................................................................
.................................... 3–21 3.4. Choosing Masters in an Axisymmetric
Shell Model
............................................................................. 3–21
4.1. Harmonic Response Systems
..................................................................................
............................. 4–1 4.2. Relationship Between Real/Imaginary
Components and Amplitude/Phase Angle ................................. 4–6 4.3. An
Unbalanced Rotating Antenna
..................................................................................
..................... 4–7 4.4. Two-Mass-Spring-System
..................................................................................
................................ 4–14 5.1. Examples of Load-Versus-Time Curves
..................................................................................
............... 5–4 5.2. Examples of Gap Conditions
..................................................................................
............................ 5–21 5.3. Model of a Steel Beam Supporting a
Concentrated Mass
.................................................................... 5–27 5.4.
Effect of Integration Time Step on Period Elongation
......................................................................... 5–34
5.5. Transient Input vs. Transient Response
..................................................................................
............ 5–35 5.6. Rayleigh Damping
..................................................................................
.......................................... 5–38 6.1. Single-Point and Multi-Point
Response Spectra
..................................................................................
. 6–2 6.2. Simply Supported Beam with Vertical Motion of Both Supports
......................................................... 6–11 7.1. Buckling
Curves
..................................................................................
................................................ 7–1 7.2. Adjusting Variable Loads
to Find an Eigenvalue of 1.0
.......................................................................... 7–4
7.3. Bar with Hinged Ends
..................................................................................
........................................ 7–9 8.1. Common Examples of Nonlinear
Structural Behavior
........................................................................... 8–1
8.2. A Fishing Rod Demonstrates Geometric Nonlinearity
........................................................................... 8–2
8.3. Newton-Raphson Approach
..................................................................................
.............................. 8–3 8.4. Traditional Newton-Raphson Method vs. Arc-
Length Method .............................................................. 8–4
8.5. Load Steps, Substeps, and Time
..................................................................................
........................ 8–4 8.6. Nonconservative (Path-Dependent) Behavior
..................................................................................
.... 8–5 8.7. Load Directions Before and After Deflection
..................................................................................
...... 8–6 8.8. Stress-Stiffened Beams
..................................................................................
...................................... 8–8 8.9. Elastoplastic Stress-Strain Curve
..................................................................................
........................ 8–9 8.10. Kinematic Hardening
..................................................................................
.................................... 8–10 8.11. Bauschinger Effect
..................................................................................
........................................ 8–11 8.12. NLISO Stress-Strain Curve
..................................................................................
.............................. 8–14 8.13. Cast Iron Plasticity
..................................................................................
......................................... 8–16 8.14. Hyperelastic Structure
..................................................................................
................................... 8–17 8.15. Typical Hyperelastic Stress-Strain
Curves
..................................................................................
....... 8–23 8.16. Data Locations in Stress and Strain Input Arrays
............................................................................... 8–
25 8.17. Typical Evaluated Hyperelastic Stress-Strain Curve
........................................................................... 8–27
8.18. Stress Relaxation and Creep
..................................................................................
.......................... 8–29 8.19. Time Hardening Creep Analysis
..................................................................................
..................... 8–30 8.20. Shape Memory Alloy Phases
..................................................................................
.......................... 8–32 8.21. Viscoplastic Behavior in a Rolling Operation
..................................................................................
.. 8–33 8.22. Viscoelastic Behavior (Maxwell Model)
..................................................................................
........... 8–34 8.23. Linear Interpolation of Nonlinear Results Can Introduce
Some Error ................................................. 8–58 8.24.
Convergence Norms Displayed By the Graphical Solution Tracking (GST) Feature
............................. 8–67 8.25. Typical Nonlinear Output Listing
..................................................................................
................... 8–71 8.26. Cyclic Point Load History
..................................................................................
............................... 8–73 10.1. Element Topology of a 3-D 8-Node
Interface Element
...................................................................... 10–2 xx
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 10.2. Pressure vs. Closure Behavior of a Gasket
Material
............................................................................ 10–5
10.3. Gasket Material Input: Linear Unloading Curves
...............................................................................
10–7 10.4. Gasket Material Input: Nonlinear Unloading Curves
......................................................................... 10–8
10.5. Gasket Compression and Unloading Curves at Two Temperatures
.................................................. 10–11 10.6. Gasket Finite
Element Model Geometry
..................................................................................
....... 10–14 10.7. Whole Model Mesh with Brick Element
..................................................................................
........ 10–14 10.8. Interface Layer Mesh
..................................................................................
................................... 10–15 10.9. Whole Model Tetrahedral Mesh
..................................................................................
................... 10–15 10.10. Interface Layer Mesh with Degenerated Wedge
Elements ............................................................ 10–16 11.1.
Crack Tip and Crack Front
..................................................................................
.............................. 11–2 11.2. Examples of Singular Elements
..................................................................................
...................... 11–3 11.3. A Fracture Specimen and 2-D FE Model
..................................................................................
......... 11–4 11.4. Taking Advantage of Symmetry
..................................................................................
.................... 11–4 11.5. Crack Coordinate Systems
..................................................................................
............................. 11–5 11.6. Typical Path Definitions
..................................................................................
................................. 11–6 11.7. J-Integral Contour Path Surrounding a
Crack-Tip
............................................................................. 11–7
11.8. Examples of Paths for J-integral Calculation
..................................................................................
... 11–7 12.1. Layered Model Showing Dropped Layer
..................................................................................
........ 12–3 12.2. Sandwich Construction
..................................................................................
................................. 12–4 12.3. Layered Shell With Nodes at Midplane
..................................................................................
........... 12–5 12.4. Layered Shell With Nodes at Bottom Surface
..................................................................................
. 12–5 12.5. Example of an Element Display
..................................................................................
...................... 12–7 12.6. Sample LAYPLOT Display for [45/-45/ - 45/45]
Sequence .................................................................. 12–8
13.1. Cylinder Wall with Stress Concentration Factors (SCFs)
.................................................................... 13–4 13.2.
Three Loadings in One Event
..................................................................................
......................... 13–5 13.3. Surface Nodes are Identified by PPATH Prior
to Executing FSSECT .................................................... 13–6
14.1. Fan Model Showing p-Element vs. h-Element Meshes
...................................................................... 14–5 14.2.
Coupled Nodes on One Element
..................................................................................
.................... 14–6 14.3. Nodes Coupled Between Adjacent Elements
..................................................................................
. 14–6 14.4. Both Corner Nodes are Coupled
..................................................................................
.................... 14–7 14.5. All Coupled Nodes are Midside Nodes
..................................................................................
........... 14–7 14.6. Constraints on Rotated Nodes
..................................................................................
....................... 14–9 14.7. p-Element Subgrids for Quadrilateral Elements
.............................................................................. 14–
13 14.8. Steel Plate With a Hole
..................................................................................
................................ 14–15 15.1. Plot of a Z Cross Section
..................................................................................
................................ 15–2 15.2. Types of Solid Section Cell Mesh
..................................................................................
.................... 15–4 15.3. BeamTool with Subtypes Drop Down List Displayed
........................................................................ 15–6
15.4. Lateral-Torsional Buckling of a Cantilever I-Beam
........................................................................... 15–13
15.5. Diagram of a Beam With Deformation Indicated
............................................................................ 15–14
16.1. Plot of a Shell Section
..................................................................................
.................................... 16–2 16.2. Shell Tool With Layup Page
Displayed
..................................................................................
........... 16–4 16.3. Shell Tool With Section Controls Page Displayed
.............................................................................. 16–
4 16.4. Shell Tool With Summary Page Displayed
..................................................................................
...... 16–5
List of Tables
1.1. Structural Element Types
..................................................................................
.................................. 1–2 2.1. Basic Tab Options
..................................................................................
............................................. 2–3 2.2. Sol'n Options Tab Options
..................................................................................
................................. 2–4 2.3. Nonlinear Tab Options
..................................................................................
...................................... 2–4 2.4. Advanced NL Tab Options
..................................................................................
................................. 2–5
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide 2.5. Loads Applicable in a Static Analysis
..................................................................................
................. 2–8 3.1. Analysis Types and Options
..................................................................................
............................... 3–2 3.2. Loads Applicable in a Modal Analysis
..................................................................................
................ 3–5 3.3. Load Commands for a Modal Analysis
..................................................................................
............... 3–5 3.4. Load Step Options
..................................................................................
............................................ 3–6 3.5. Expansion Pass Options
..................................................................................
.................................... 3–9 3.6. Symmetric System Eigensolver Choices
..................................................................................
........... 3–17 4.1. Analysis Types and Options
..................................................................................
............................... 4–4 4.2. Applicable Loads in a Harmonic Response
Analysis
.............................................................................. 4–7
4.3. Load Commands for a Harmonic Response Analysis
............................................................................ 4–8
4.4. Load Step Options
..................................................................................
............................................ 4–9 4.5. Expansion Pass Options
..................................................................................
.................................. 4–22 5.1. Transient Tab Options
..................................................................................
....................................... 5–8 5.2. Options for the First Load Step-
Mode Superposition Analysis
............................................................. 5–15 5.3. Options
for the First Load Step-Reduced Analysis
.............................................................................. 5–
22 5.4. Expansion Pass Options
..................................................................................
.................................. 5–24 5.5. Damping for Different Analysis Types
..................................................................................
.............. 5–36 5.6. Damping Matrix Formulation with Different Damping
Coefficients .................................................... 5–39 6.1.
Analysis Types and Options
..................................................................................
............................... 6–4 6.2. Load Step Options
..................................................................................
............................................ 6–4 6.3. Solution Items Available in
a PSD Analysis
..................................................................................
....... 6–21 6.4. Organization of Results Data from a PSD Analysis
.............................................................................. 6–
22 8.1. Suggested Mooney-Rivlin Constants
..................................................................................
............... 8–23 8.2. Data Locations in Stress and Strain Input Arrays
.................................................................................
8–24 9.1. Experimental Details for Case 1 and 2 Models and Blatz-Ko
.................................................................. 9–2 9.2.
Experimental Details for Case 3 Models
..................................................................................
............. 9–2 9.3. Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types
..................................................................................
............. 9–4 9.4. Creep Data Types and Abbreviations
..................................................................................
................. 9–9 9.5. Creep Model and Data/Type Attribute
..................................................................................
............... 9–9 9.6. Creep Models and Abbreviations
..................................................................................
..................... 9–11 9.7. Viscoelastic Data Types and Abbreviations
..................................................................................
...... 9–16 15.1. ANSYS Cross Section Commands
..................................................................................
................... 15–2 15.2. ANSYS Commands for Specifying Nonlinear General
Beam Section Data ........................................ 15–10 16.1. ANSYS Cross
Section Commands
..................................................................................
................... 16–1 16.2. ANSYS Commands for Specifying Preintegrated Shell
Section Data .................................................. 16–6
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Chapter 1: Overview of Structural Analyses
1.1. Definition of Structural Analysis
Structural analysis is probably the most common application of the finite element
method. The term structural (or structure) implies not only civil engineering
structures such as bridges and buildings, but also naval, aeronautical, and
mechanical structures such as ship hulls, aircraft bodies, and machine housings,
as well as mechanical components such as pistons, machine parts, and tools.
1–2
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Chapter 2: Structural Static Analysis
2.1. Definition of Static Analysis
A static analysis calculates the effects of steady loading conditions on a
structure, while ignoring inertia and damping effects, such as those caused by
time-varying loads. A static analysis can, however, include steady inertia loads
(such as gravity and rotational velocity), and time-varying loads that can be
approximated as static equivalent loads (such as the static equivalent wind and
seismic loads commonly defined in many building codes). Static analysis is used to
determine the displacements, stresses, strains, and forces in structures or
components caused by loads that do not induce significant inertia and damping
effects. Steady loading and response conditions are assumed; that is, the loads
and the structure's response are assumed to vary slowly with respect to time. The
kinds of loading that can be applied in a static analysis include: • • • • •
Externally applied forces and pressures Steady-state inertial forces (such as
gravity or rotational velocity) Imposed (nonzero) displacements Temperatures (for
thermal strain) Fluences (for nuclear swelling)
More information about the loads that you can apply in a static analysis appears
in Section 2.3.4: Apply the Loads.
Note the following information about mesh density: • • Regions where stresses or
strains vary rapidly (usually areas of interest) require a relatively finer mesh
than regions where stresses or strains are nearly constant (within an element).
While considering the influence of nonlinearities, remember that the mesh should
be able to capture the effects of the nonlinearities. For example, plasticity
requires a reasonable integration point density (and therefore a fine element
mesh) in areas with high plastic deformation gradients.
2–2
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 2.3: Performing a Static Analysis You can use the Basic tab to set the
options listed in Table 2.1: “Basic Tab Options”. For specific information about
using the Solution Controls dialog box to set these options, access the dialog
box, select the Basic tab, and click the Help button.
Control time settings, including: time at end of load step [TIME], automatic time
stepping [AUTOTS], and number of substeps to be taken in a load step [NSUBST or
DELTIM] Specify solution data to write to database [OUTRES]
• •
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
2–3
Chapter 2: Structural Static Analysis
Note — The AMG and DDS solvers are part of Parallel Performance for ANSYS, which
is a separately-licensed product. See Chapter 14, “Improving ANSYS Performance and
Parallel Performance for ANSYS” in the ANSYS Advanced Analysis Techniques Guide
for more information about these solvers.
2–4
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 2.3: Performing a Static Analysis
Option Activate a predictor on the DOF solution [PRED] Specify the maximum number
of iterations allowed per substep [NEQIT] Specify whether you want to include
creep calculation [RATE] Set convergence criteria [CNVTOL] Control bisections
[CUTCONTROL] For more information about this option, see the following section(s)
in the ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide: • • • • • • Section 8.5.2.3.4: Predictor-
Corrector Option Section 8.5.2.3.3: Maximum Number of Equilibrium Iterations
Section 8.3.1.5: Creep Section 8.5.3.2.1: Creep Criteria Section 8.5.2.3.2:
Convergence Criteria Section 8.5.2.3.6: Cutback Criteria
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
2–5
Chapter 2: Structural Static Analysis • Prior to the analysis, you know that the
structure is not likely to fail because of buckling (bifurcation, snap through).
2–6
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 2.3: Performing a Static Analysis
2.3.4.1.2. Forces (FX, FY, FZ) and Moments (MX, MY, MZ)
These are concentrated loads usually specified on the model exterior. The
directions implied by the labels are in the nodal coordinate system.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
2–7
Chapter 2: Structural Static Analysis
Body Loads Section 2.6.8: Body Loads in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide Inertia
Loads Section 2.6.9: Inertia Loads in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide
• •
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
2–9
Chapter 2: Structural Static Analysis
FINISH /SOLU D,... F,... SF,... OUTPR,ALL,ALL IRLF,1 PSOLVE,ELFORM PSOLVE,ELPREP
IRLIST FINISH
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for discussions of the OUTPR, IRLF, IRLIST, and
PSOLVE commands.
2.
3.
4.
Derived data: – – – Nodal and element stresses Nodal and element strains Element
forces
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
2–10
Section 2.3: Performing a Static Analysis – – Nodal reaction forces and so on
2.3.6.1. Postprocessors
You can review these results using POST1, the general postprocessor, and POST26,
the time-history processor. • • POST1 is used to review results over the entire
model at specific substeps (time-points). Some typical POST1 operations are
explained below. POST26 is used in nonlinear static analyses to track specific
result items over the applied load history. See Chapter 8, “Nonlinear Structural
Analysis” for the use of POST26 in a nonlinear static analysis. For a complete
description of all postprocessing functions, see Chapter 4, “An Overview of
Postprocessing” in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
2.
3.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
2–11
Chapter 2: Structural Static Analysis Use the PRESOL,F (or M) command to list
nodal forces and moments (Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Element
Solution). You can list the sum of all nodal forces and moments for a selected set
of nodes. Select a set of nodes and use this feature to find out the total force
acting on those nodes: Command(s): FSUM GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Nodal
Calcs> Total Force Sum You can also check the total force and total moment at each
selected node. For a body in equilibrium, the total load is zero at all nodes
except where an applied load or reaction load exists: Command(s): NFORCE GUI: Main
Menu> General Postproc> Nodal Calcs> Sum @ Each Node The FORCE command (Main Menu>
General Postproc> Options for Outp) dictates which component of the forces is
being reviewed: • • • • Total (default) Static component Damping component Inertia
component
For a body in equilibrium, the total load (using all FORCE components) is zero at
all nodes except where an applied load or reaction load exists. Option: Line
Element Results For line elements, such as beams, spars, and pipes, use ETABLE to
gain access to derived data (stresses, strains, and so on) (Main Menu> General
Postproc> Element Table> Define Table). Results data are identified by a
combination of a label and a sequence number or component name on the ETABLE
command. See the ETABLE discussion in The General Postprocessor (POST1) in the
ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for details. Option: Error Estimation For linear static
analyses using solid or shell elements, use the PRERR command to list the
estimated solution error due to mesh discretization (Main Menu> General Postproc>
List Results> Percent Error). This command calculates and lists the percent error
in structural energy norm (SEPC), which represents the error relative to a
particular mesh discretization. Option: Structural Energy Error Estimation Use
PLESOL,SERR to contour the element-by-element structural energy error (SERR) (Main
Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Element Solu). Regions of high
SERR on the contour display are good candidates for mesh refinement. (You can
activate automatic mesh refinement by means of the ADAPT command - see the ANSYS
Modeling and Meshing Guide for more information.) See Section 5.3.6: Estimating
Solution Error in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for more details about error
estimation. Option: Contour Displays Use PLNSOL and PLESOL to contour almost any
result item, such as stresses (SX, SY, SZ...), strains (EPELX, EPELY, EPELZ...),
and displacements (UX, UY, UZ...) (Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results>
Contour Plot> Nodal Solu or Element Solu). The KUND field on PLNSOL and PLESOL
gives you the option of overlaying the undeformed shape on the display. 2–12
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 2.4: A Sample Static Analysis (GUI Method) Use PLETAB and PLLS to contour
element table data and line element data (Main Menu> General Postproc> Element
Table> Plot Element Table and Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour
Plot> Line Elem Res). Caution: Derived data, such as stresses and strains, are
averaged at the nodes by the PLNSOL command. This averaging results in "smeared"
values at nodes where elements of different materials, different shell
thicknesses, or other discontinuities meet. To avoid the smearing effect, use
selecting (described in Chapter 7, “Selecting and Components” in the ANSYS Basic
Analysis Guide) to select elements of the same material, same shell thickness, and
so on before issuing PLNSOL. Alternatively, use PowerGraphics with the AVRES
command (Main Menu> General Postproc> Options for Outp) to not average results
across different materials and/or different shell thicknesses. Option: Vector
Displays Use PLVECT to view vector displays (Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot
Results> Vector Plot> Predefined) and PRVECT to view vector listings (Main Menu>
General Postproc> List Results> Vector Data). Vector displays (not to be confused
with vector mode) are an effective way of viewing vector quantities, such as
displacement (DISP), rotation (ROT), and principal stresses (S1, S2, S3). Option:
Tabular Listings Use these commands to produce tabular listings: Command(s):
PRNSOL (nodal results), PRESOL (element-by-element results) PRRSOL (reaction
data), and so on GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> solution option
Use the NSORT and ESORT commands to sort the data before listing them (Main Menu>
General Postproc> List Results> Sorted Listing> Sort Nodes or Sort Elems). Other
Postprocessing Capabilities Many other postprocessing functions - mapping results
onto a path, load case combinations, and so on - are available in POST1. See
Chapter 4, “An Overview of Postprocessing” in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for
details.
2–13
Chapter 2: Structural Static Analysis Length of handle = 20 cm Bend radius = 1 cm
Modulus of elasticity = 2.07 x 1011 Pa Applied torquing force = 100 N Applied
downward force = 20 N
2–14
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
¥£ ¡ ¦¤¢ #¡ #¢¡ # #¡ #¢
Section 2.4: A Sample Static Analysis (GUI Method)
Parameter W_HEX W_FLAT L_SHANK L_HANDLE BENDRAD L_ELEM NO_D_HEX TOL .01 W_HEX*
TAN(30) .075 .2 .01 .0075 2 25E-6 Value Description Width of hex across flats =
.01 m Width of flat = .0058 m Length of shank (short end) .075 m Length of handle
(long end) .2 m Bend radius .01 m Element length .0075 m Number of divisions along
hex flat = 2 Tolerance for selecting node = 25E-6 m
Note — You can type the labels in upper- or lowercase; ANSYS always displays the
labels in uppercase. 3. 4. Click on Close. Click on SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
2–15
Chapter 2: Structural Static Analysis 4. Click on OK. A hexagon appears in the
ANSYS Graphics window.
10. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Numbering. The Plot Numbering
Controls dialog box appears. 11. Click the Keypoint numbers radio button to turn
keypoint numbering on. 12. Click the Line numbers radio button to turn line
numbering on. 13. Click on OK. 14. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> Straight Line. The Create Straight Line picking
menu appears. 15. Click once on keypoints 4 and 1 to create a line between
keypoints 1 and 4. (If you have trouble reading the keypoint numbers in the ANSYS
Graphics window, use the controls on the Pan-Zoom-Rotate dialog box (Utility Menu>
PlotCtrls> Pan/Zoom/Rotate) to zoom in.) 16. Click once on keypoints 7 and 8 to
create a line between keypoints 7 and 8. 17. Click once on keypoints 8 and 9 to
create a line between keypoints 8 and 9. 18. Click on OK.
2–16
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 2.4: A Sample Static Analysis (GUI Method)
9.
10. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Comp/Assembly> Create Component. The
Create Component dialog box appears. 11. Enter BOTAREA for component name. 12. In
the Component is made of drop down menu, select "Areas." 13. Click on OK.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
2–17
Chapter 2: Structural Static Analysis 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Choose menu path Main
Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Elem Attributes. The Element
Attributes dialog box appears. In the Element type number drop down menu, select
“2 PLANE42” and click on OK. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing>
Mesher Opts. The Mesher Options dialog box appears. In the Mesher Type field,
click on the Mapped radio button and then click on OK. The Set Element Shape
dialog box appears. Click on OK to accept the default of Quad for 2-D shape key.
Click on SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
10. Click on Pick All. A second picking box appears. 11. Click once on lines 8,
10, and 9 (in that order). 12. Click on OK. The 3-D model appears in the ANSYS
Graphics window. 13. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Plot> Elements. 14. Click on
SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
10. Click on OK. 11. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply>
Structural> Displacement> On Nodes. The Apply U,ROT on Nodes picking menu appears.
12. Click on Pick All. The Apply U,ROT on Nodes dialog box appears. 13. In the
scroll list for DOFs to be constrained, click on "ALL DOF." 14. Click on OK. 15.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Entities. 16. In the top drop down menu,
select "Lines." 17. Click on the "Sele All" button, then click on Cancel.
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Chapter 2: Structural Static Analysis 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. In the second drop down
menu, select "By Location." Click on the "Y coordinates" radio button to select
it. Enter BENDRAD,L_HANDLE for Min, Max, and click on Apply. Click on "X
coordinates" to select it. Click on Reselect. Enter W_FLAT/2,W_FLAT for Min, Max,
and click on Apply. In the top drop down menu, select "Nodes."
10. In the second drop down menu, select "Attached to." 11. Click on the "Areas,
all" radio button to select it. 12. Click on the "From Full" radio button to
select it. 13. Click on Apply. 14. In the second drop down menu, select "By
Location." 15. Click on the "Y coordinates" radio button to select it. 16. Click
on the "Reselect" radio button. 17. Enter L_HANDLE+TOL,L_HANDLE-(3.0*L_ELEM)-TOL
for Min, Max. 18. Click on OK. 19. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Parameters> Get
Scalar Data. The Get Scalar Data dialog box appears. 20. In the scroll box on the
left, scroll to "Model Data" and select it. 21. In the scroll box on the right,
scroll to "For selected set" and select it. 22. Click on OK. The Get Data for
Selected Entity Set dialog box appears. 23. Enter "minyval" for the name of the
parameter to be defined. 24. In the scroll box on the left, click once on "Current
node set" to select it. 25. In the scroll box on the right, click once on "Min Y
coordinate" to select it. 26. Click on Apply. 27. Click on OK again to select the
default settings. The Get Data for Selected Entity Set dialog box appears. 28.
Enter "maxyval" for the name of the parameter to be defined. 29. In the scroll box
on the left, click once on "Current node set" to select it. 30. In the scroll box
on the right, click once on "Max Y coordinate" to select it. 31. Click on OK. 32.
Choose menu path Utility Menu> Parameters> Scalar Parameters. The Scalar
Parameters dialog box appears. 33. Type the text PTORQ=100/(W_HEX*(MAXYVAL-
MINYVAL)) in the Selection text box and click on Accept. 34. Click on Close. 35.
Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure>
On Nodes. The Apply PRES on Nodes picking menu appears. 36. Click on Pick All. The
Apply PRES on Nodes dialog box appears. 37. Enter PTORQ for Load PRES value and
click on OK. 38. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Everything. 2–20
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Section 2.4: A Sample Static Analysis (GUI Method) 39. Choose menu path Utility
Menu> Plot> Nodes. 40. Click on SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
10. Click on Apply. 11. In the top drop down menu, select "Nodes." 12. In the
second drop down menu, select "Attached to." 13. Click on the Areas, all radio
button to select it, and click on Apply. 14. In the second drop down menu, select
"By Location." 15. Click on the "Y coordinates" radio button to select it. 16.
Click on the "Reselect" radio button. 17. Enter L_HANDLE+TOL,L_HANDLE-
(3.0*L_ELEM)-TOL for Min, Max. 18. Click on OK. 19. Choose menu path Main Menu>
Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure> On Nodes. The Apply PRES on
Nodes picking menu appears. 20. Click on Pick All. The Apply PRES on Nodes dialog
box appears. 21. Enter PDOWN for Load PRES value and click on OK. 22. Choose menu
path Utility Menu> Select> Everything. 23. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Plot>
Nodes.
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Chapter 2: Structural Static Analysis
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape.
The Plot Deformed Shape dialog box appears. 11. Click on the "Def + undeformed"
radio button and click on OK. 12. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Save
Plot Ctrls. The Save Plot Controls dialog box appears. 13. Type "pldisp.gsa" in
the Selection box, and click on OK. 14. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls>
View Settings> Angle of Rotation. The Angle of Rotation dialog box appears. 15.
Enter 120 for Angle in degrees. 16. In the Relative/absolute drop down menu,
select "Relative angle." 17. In the Axis of rotation drop down menu, select
"Global Cartes Y." 18. Click on OK. 19. Choose menu path Main Menu> General
Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu. The Contour Nodal Solution Data
dialog box appears. 20. In the scroll box on the left, click on "Stress." In the
scroll box on the right, click on "Intensity SINT." 21. Click on OK. 2–22
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Section 2.4: A Sample Static Analysis (GUI Method) 22. Choose menu path Utility
Menu> PlotCtrls> Save Plot Ctrls. The Save Plot Controls dialog box appears. 23.
Type "plnsol.gsa" in the Selection box, and click on OK.
10. Type "plnsol.gsa" in the Selection box, and click on OK. 11. Choose menu path
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu. The Contour
Nodal Solution Data dialog box appears. 12. In the scroll box on the left, click
on "Stress." In the scroll box on the right, scroll to "Intensity SINT" and select
it. 13. Click on OK.
10. On the Pan-Zoom-Rotate dialog box, click on the large round dot several times
to zoom in on the cross section.
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Chapter 2: Structural Static Analysis 3. Click on OK.
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Section 2.5: A Sample Static Analysis (Command or Batch Method)
ACLEAR,ALL ASEL,ALL FINISH ! delete the 2-D elements
! Apply loads and obtain the solution /SOLU ANTYPE,STATIC ! Static analysis
(default) /TITLE,Allen wrench -- Load step 1 ! First fix all nodes around bottom
of shank CMSEL,,BOTAREA ! Bottom areas of shank LSEL,,EXT ! Exterior lines of
those areas NSLL,,1 ! Nodes on those lines D,ALL,ALL ! Displacement constraints
LSEL,ALL /PBC,U,,1 ! Displacement symbols turned on /TITLE,Boundary conditions on
end of wrench NPLOT !Now apply pressure on handle to represent 100-N (22.5-lb)
finger force ASEL,,LOC,Y,BENDRAD,L_HANDLE ! Areas on handle
ASEL,R,LOC,X,W_FLAT/2,W_FLAT ! Two areas on one side of handle... NSLA,,1 ! ...and
all corresponding nodes NSEL,R,LOC,Y,L_HANDLE+TOL,L_HANDLE-(3.0*L_ELEM)-TOL !
Reselects nodes at ! back end of handle (3 element lengths)
*GET,MINYVAL,NODE,,MNLOC,Y ! Get minimum Y value of selected nodes
*GET,MAXYVAL,NODE,,MXLOC,Y ! Get maximum Y value of selected nodes
PTORQ=100/(W_HEX*(MAXYVAL-MINYVAL)) ! Pressure equivalent to 100 N
SF,ALL,PRES,PTORQ ! PTORQ pressure on all selected nodes ALLSEL ! Restores full
set of all entities /PSF,PRES,,2 ! Pressure symbols turned on /TITLE,Boundary
conditions on wrench for load step 1 NPLOT LSWRITE ! Writes first load step
/TITLE, Allen wrench -- load step 2 ! Downward pressure on top of handle,
representing 20-N (4.5 -lb) force PDOWN=20/(W_FLAT*(MAXYVAL-MINYVAL))
ASEL,,LOC,Z,-(L_SHANK+(W_HEX/2)) ! Area on top flat of handle... NSLA,,1 ! ...and
all corresponding nodes NSEL,R,LOC,Y,L_HANDLE+TOL,L_HANDLE-(3.0*L_ELEM)-TOL !
Reselects nodes at ! back end of handle (3 element lengths) SF,ALL,PRES,PDOWN !
PDOWN pressure at all selected nodes ALLSEL /TITLE,Boundary conditions on wrench
for load step 2 NPLOT LSWRITE ! Writes second load step SAVE ! Save database
before solution LSSOLVE,1,2 ! Initiates solution for load step files 1 and 2
FINISH !Review the results /POST1 SET,1 ! Reads load step 1 results PRRSOL !
Reaction solution listing /PBC,DEFA ! No BC symbols /PSF,DEFA ! No surface load
symbols /EDGE,,1 ! Edges only, no interior element outlines /TITLE,Deformed allen
wrench caused by torque PLDISP,2 ! Deformed shape overlaid with undeformed edge
plot /GSAVE,pldisp,gsav ! Saves graphics specifications on pldisp.gsav
/PLOPTS,INFO,ON ! Turns on entire legend column /PLOPTS,LEG1,OFF ! Turns off
legend header /ANGLE,,120,YM,1 ! Additional rotation about model Y (to see high
stress areas) /TITLE,Stress intensity contours caused by torque PLNSOL,S,INT !
Stress intensity contours
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Chapter 2: Structural Static Analysis
/GSAVE,plnsol,gsav ! Saves graphics specifications to plnsol.gsav SET,2 ! Reads
load step 2 results PRRSOL ! Reaction solution listing /GRESUME,pldisp,gsav !
Resumes graphics specifications from pldisp.gsav /TITLE,Deformed allen wrench
caused by torque and force PLDISP,2 /GRESUME,plnsol,gsav ! Resumes graphics
specifications from plnsol.gsav /TITLE,Stress intensity contours caused by torque
and force PLNSOL,S,INT WPOF,,,-0.067 ! Offset the working plane for cross-section
view /TYPE,1,5 ! Capped hidden display /CPLANE,1 ! Cutting plane defined to use
the WP /VIEW, 1 ,WP ! View will be normal to the WP /DIST,1,.01 ! Zoom in on the
cross section /TITLE,Cross section of the allen wrench under torque and force
loading PLNSOL,S,INT FINISH /EXIT,ALL
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Chapter 3: Modal Analysis
3.1. Definition of Modal Analysis
You use modal analysis to determine the vibration characteristics (natural
frequencies and mode shapes) of a structure or a machine component while it is
being designed. It also can be a starting point for another, more detailed,
dynamic analysis, such as a transient dynamic analysis, a harmonic response
analysis, or a spectrum analysis.
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Chapter 3: Modal Analysis define the required real constants for the specific
element type (COMBIN7, COMBIN14, COMBIN37, and so on).
Note — When you specify a modal analysis, a Solution menu that is appropriate for
modal analyses appears. The Solution menu will be either “abridged” or
“unabridged,” depending on the actions you took prior to this step in your ANSYS
session. The abridged menu contains only those solution options that are valid
and/or recommended for modal analyses. If you are on the abridged Solution menu
and you want to access other solution options (that is, solution options that are
valid for you to use, but their use may not be encouraged for this type of
analysis), select the Unabridged Menu option. For details, see Section 3.5.1:
Using Abridged Solution Menus in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide. Note — In the
single point response spectrum (SPOPT,SPRS) and Dynamic Design analysis method
(SPOPT,DDAM), the modal expansion can be performed after the spectrum analysis,
based on the significance factor SIGNIF on the MXPAND command. If you want to
perform modal expansion after the spectrum analysis, choose NO for mode expansion
(MXPAND) on the dialog box for the modal analysis options (MODOPT).
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Section 3.5: Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution Note — Restarts are not valid in
a modal analysis. If you need to apply different sets of boundary conditions, do a
new analysis each time (or use the "partial solution" procedure described in
Chapter 3, “Solution” in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide).
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Chapter 3: Modal Analysis For most applications, you will use the Block Lanczos,
subspace, reduced, or PowerDynamics method. The unsymmetric, damped, and QR damped
methods are meant for special applications. When you specify a mode-extraction
method, ANSYS automatically chooses the appropriate equation solver. Note — The
damped, unsymmetric, and QR damped methods are not available in the ANSYS
Professional program.
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Section 3.5: Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution
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Chapter 3: Modal Analysis
Damping is valid only for the damped and QR damped mode-extraction methods.
Damping is ignored for the other mode-extraction methods; see the Note below. If
you include damping and specify the damped mode-extraction method, the calculated
eigenvalues and eigenvectors are complex. If you include damping and specify the
QR damped mode-extraction method, the eigenvalues are complex. However, the real
eigenvectors are used for the mode superposition analysis. See Section 3.13:
Comparing Mode-Extraction Methods for details. Also see the section Section
5.10.3: Damping in Chapter 5, “Transient Dynamic Analysis” for more information on
damping. Only the QR damped method supports the constant material damping
coefficient application in a downstream mode superposition harmonic analysis. The
QR damped eigen analysis itself, however, does not include the effect of the
constant material damping coefficient. The corresponding modal damping matrix is
formulated during modal harmonic analysis. Note — Damping can be specified in a
non-damped modal analysis if a single-point response spectrum analysis is to
follow the modal analysis. Although the damping does not affect the eigenvalue
solution, it is used to calculate an effective damping ratio for each mode, which
is then used to calculate the response to the spectrum. Spectrum analyses are
discussed in Chapter 6, “Spectrum Analysis”.
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Section 3.5: Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution
3.5.7. Solve
Before you solve, you should save (SAVE) a back-up copy of the database to a named
file. You can then retrieve your model by reentering the ANSYS program and issuing
RESUME. Now start the solution calculations. Command(s): SOLVE GUI: Main Menu>
Solution> Solve> Current LS
3.5.7.1. Output
The output from the solution consists mainly of the natural frequencies, which are
printed as part of the printed output (Jobname.OUT) and also written to the mode
shape file (Jobname.MODE). The printed output may include reduced mode shapes and
the participation factor table, depending on your analysis options and output
controls. No mode shapes are written to the database or to the results file, so
you cannot postprocess the results yet. To do this, you need to expand the modes
(explained next).
To change the shift point that was used in the eigenvalue extraction, you can
issue the MODOPT,,,FREQB command. If you prefer to use the GUI to change the shift
point, follow these steps:
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Chapter 3: Modal Analysis 1. 2. 3. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis
Type> Analysis Options. The Modal Analysis dialog box appears. Choose “Subspace”
as the mode-extraction method and specify the number of modes to extract; then
click OK. The Subspace Modal Analysis dialog box appears. Change the value of the
FREQB field and click OK.
If you use the damped mode-extraction method, the eigenvalues and eigenvectors are
complex. The imaginary part of the eigenvalue represents the natural frequency,
and the real part is a measure of the stability of the system. If you use the QR
damped mode-extraction method, the eigenvalues are complex. However, the real
eigenvectors are used for the mode superposition analysis.
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Section 3.6: Expand the Modes
No. of Modes to Expand MXPAND Freq. Range for Expansion MXPAND Stress Calc. On/Off
MXPAND
Each of these options is explained in detail below. Expansion Pass On/Off [EXPASS]
Choose ON. Number of Modes to Expand [MXPAND, NMODE] Specify the number. Remember
that only expanded modes can be reviewed in the postprocessor. Default is no modes
expanded. Frequency Range for Expansion [MXPAND,, FREQB, FREQE] This is another
way to control the number of modes expanded. If you specify a frequency range,
only modes within that range are expanded. Stress Calculations On/Off [MXPAND,,,,
Elcalc] Choose ON only if you plan to do a subsequent spectrum analysis and are
interested in stresses or forces to do the spectrum. "Stresses" from a modal
analysis do not represent actual stresses in the structure, but give you an idea
of the relative stress distributions for each mode. Default is no stresses
calculated. 3. Specify load step options. The only options valid in a modal
expansion pass are output controls: • Printed output Use this option to include
any results data (expanded mode shapes, stresses, and forces) on the printed
output file (Jobname.OUT). Command(s): OUTPR GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step
Opts> Output Ctrls> Solu Printout • Database and results file output Use this
option to control the data on the results file (Jobname.RST). The FREQ field on
OUTRES can be only ALL or NONE; that is, the data are written for all modes or no
modes. For example, you cannot write information for every other mode. Command(s):
OUTRES GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> DB/Results File 4.
Start expansion pass calculations. The output consists of expanded mode shapes
and, if requested, relative stress distributions for each mode. Command(s): SOLVE
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS
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Chapter 3: Modal Analysis 5. Repeat steps 2, 3, and 4 for additional modes to be
expanded (in different frequency ranges, for example). Each expansion pass is
stored as a separate load step on the results file. Caution: Spectrum analyses
expect all expanded modes to be in one load step. In the single point response
spectrum (SPOPT,SPRS) and Dynamic Design analysis method (SPOPT,DDAM), the modal
expansion can be performed after the spectrum analysis, based on the significance
factor SIGNIF on the MXPAND command. If you want to perform modal expansion after
the spectrum analysis, choose NO for mode expansion (MXPAND) on the dialog box for
the modal analysis options (MODOPT). 6. Leave SOLUTION. You can now review results
in the postprocessor. Command(s): FINISH GUI: Close the Solution menu.
Note — The expansion pass has been presented here as a separate step. However, if
you include the MXPAND command in the modal solution step, the program not only
extracts the eigenvalues and eigenvectors, but also expands the specified mode
shapes.
You can review these results in POST1 [/POST1], the general postprocessor. Some
typical postprocessing operations for a modal analysis are described below. For a
complete description of all postprocessing functions, see Chapter 4, “An Overview
of Postprocessing” in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
2.
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Section 3.7: Review the Results
***** SET 1 2 3 4 INDEX OF DATA SETS ON RESULTS FILE ***** TIME/FREQ LOAD STEP
SUBSTEP CUMULATIVE 22.973 1 1 1 40.476 1 2 2 78.082 1 3 3 188.34 1 4 4
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Section 3.9: A Sample Modal Analysis (Command or Batch Method)
The detailed step-by-step procedure for this example, Modal Analysis of a Model
Airplane Wing, is included in the Modal Tutorial.
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Chapter 3: Modal Analysis
! extracting 5 modes ! Unselect element type 1
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Section 3.12: Prestressed Modal Analysis of a Large-Deflection Solution VM89 -
Natural Frequencies of a Two-mass-spring System VM151 - Nonaxisymmetric Vibration
of a Circular Plate VM152 - Nonaxisymmetric Vibration of a Stretched Circular
Membrane (Harmonic Els) VM153 - Nonaxisymmetric Vibration of a Stretched Circular
Membrane (Modal) VM154 - Vibration of a Fluid Coupling VM175 - Natural Frequency
of a Piezoelectric Transducer VM181 - Natural Frequency of a Flat Circular Plate
with a Clamped Edge VM182 - Transient Response of a Spring-mass System VM183 -
Harmonic Response of a Spring-mass System VM202 - Transverse Vibrations of a Shear
Beam VM203 - Dynamic Load Effect on Simply-supported Thick Square Plate VM212 -
Modal Analysis of a Rectangular Cavity
2.
3.
Step 1 above can also be a transient analysis. In such a case, save the EMAT and
ESAV files at the desired time point. If the deformed shape from the static
solution differs significantly from its nondeformed shape, you can perform a
prestressed modal analysis of a large-deflection solution instead.
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Chapter 3: Modal Analysis • • Stress-stiffening (SSTIF,ON) must be applied
instead. (This requirement applies to elements outside of the 18x family of
elements only.) The EMATWRITE,YES command is also necessary to write the element
matrices to File.EMAT.
Note — You may also use one of the other eigensolvers (PSOLVE,EIGSYM,
PSOLVE,EIGUNSY, PSOLVE,EIGDAMP or PSOLVE,EIGREDUC). In such a case, a
PSOLVE,TRIANG command must precede the PSOLVE,EIGxxx command.
[K ]{φ i} = ω2 [M]{φ i} i
where: [K] = stiffness matrix {Φi} = mode shape vector (eigenvector) of mode i ω2
Ωi = natural circular frequency of mode i ( i is the eigenvalue) [M] = mass matrix
Many numerical methods are available to solve the above equation. ANSYS offers
these methods:
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Section 3.13: Comparing Mode-Extraction Methods • • • • • • • Block Lanczos method
(default) Subspace method PowerDynamics method Reduced (Householder) method
Unsymmetric method Damped method (The damped method solves a different equation;
see the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more information.) QR damped method (The
QR damped method solves a different equation; see the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference
for more information.) Note — The damped, unsymmetric, and QR damped methods are
not available in the ANSYS Professional program. The first four methods (Block
Lanczos, subspace, PowerDynamics, and reduced) are the most commonly used. Table
3.6: “Symmetric System Eigensolver Choices” compares these four mode-extraction
methods. Following the table is a brief description of each mode-extraction
method.
Subspace
Low
High
Power Dynamics To find few modes (up to about 20) of large models. Recommended for
fast computation of eigenvalues of over 100K DOF models. On coarse mesh models,
the frequencies are approximate. Missed modes are possible when repeated
frequencies are present. Reduced To find all modes of small to medium models (less
than 10K DOF). Can be used to find few modes (up to about 40) of large models with
proper selection of master DOF, but accuracy of frequencies depends on the master
DOF selected.
High
Low
Low
Low
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Section 3.14: Matrix Reduction
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Chapter 3: Modal Analysis then expand the solution to the full DOF set by
performing an expansion pass. The main advantage of this procedure is the savings
in CPU time to obtain the reduced solution, especially for dynamic analyses of
large problems.
(a) Possible out-of-plane masters for a flat plate(b) Motion in X induces motion
in Y • Choose masters at locations having relatively large mass or rotary inertia
and relatively low stiffness (see Figure 3.3: “Choosing Master DOFs”). Examples of
such locations are overhangs and "loosely" connected structures. Conversely, do
not choose masters at locations with relatively small mass, or at locations with
high stiffness (such as DOF close to constraints).
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Section 3.14: Matrix Reduction
Choose masters at locations with (a) large rotary inertia, (b) large mass • • • •
If your primary interest is in bending modes, you can neglect rotational and
"stretching" DOF. If the degree of freedom to be chosen belongs to a coupled set,
choose only the first (primary) DOF of the coupled set. Choose master DOF at
locations where forces or nonzero displacements are to be applied. For
axisymmetric shell models (SHELL51 or SHELL61), choose as masters the global UX
degree of freedom at all nodes on those sections of the model that are parallel to
or nearly parallel to the center line, so oscillatory motions between master DOF
can be avoided (see Figure 3.4: “Choosing Masters in an Axisymmetric Shell
Model”). This recommendation can be relaxed if the motion is primarily parallel to
the centerline. For axisymmetric harmonic elements with MODE = 2 or greater,
choose as masters both UX and UZ degrees of freedom.
The best way to check the validity of the master DOF set is to rerun the analysis
with twice (or half) the number of masters and to compare the results. Another way
is to review the reduced mass distribution printed during a modal solution. The
reduced mass should be, at least in the dominant direction of motion, within 10-15
percent of the total mass of the structure.
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis
4.1. Definition of Harmonic Response Analysis
Any sustained cyclic load will produce a sustained cyclic response (a harmonic
response) in a structural system. Harmonic response analysis gives you the ability
to predict the sustained dynamic behavior of your structures, thus enabling you to
verify whether or not your designs will successfully overcome resonance, fatigue,
and other harmful effects of forced vibrations.
Typical harmonic response system. Fo and Ω are known. uo and Φ are unknown (a).
Transient and steady-state dynamic response of a structural system (b). Harmonic
response analysis is a linear analysis. Some nonlinearities, such as plasticity
will be ignored, even if they are defined. You can, however, have unsymmetric
system matrices such as those encountered in a fluidstructure interaction problem
(see Chapter 15, “Acoustics” in the ANSYS Coupled-Field Analysis Guide). Harmonic
analysis can also be performed on a prestressed structure, such as a violin string
(assuming the harmonic stresses are much smaller than the pretension stress). See
Section 4.11.1.1: Prestressed Full Harmonic Response Analysis for more information
on prestressed harmonic analyses.
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis
A disadvantage is that this method usually is more expensive than either of the
other methods when you use the frontal solver. However, when you use the JCG
solver or the ICCG solver, the full method can be very efficient.
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Section 4.5: How to Do Harmonic Response Analysis • The initial solution
calculates only the displacements at the master DOF. A second step, known as the
expansion pass, is required for a complete displacement, stress, and force
solution. (However, the expansion pass might be optional for some applications.)
Element loads (pressures, temperatures, etc.) cannot be applied. All loads must be
applied at user-defined master degrees of freedom. (This limits the use of solid-
model loads.)
• •
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis 2. 3. Apply loads and obtain the solution.
Review the results.
Analysis Type: Harmonic Response ANTYPE Solution Method Solution Listing Format
Mass Matrix Formulation Equation Solver HROPT HROUT LUMPM EQSLV
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 4.5: How to Do Harmonic Response Analysis • Option: New Analysis (ANTYPE)
Choose New Analysis. Restarts are not valid in a harmonic response analysis; if
you need to apply additional harmonic loads, do a new analysis each time. •
Option: Analysis Type: Harmonic Response (ANTYPE) Choose Harmonic Response as the
analysis type. • Option: Solution Method (HROPT) Choose one of the following
solution methods: – Full method – Reduced method – Mode superposition method •
Option: Solution Listing Format (HROUT) This option determines how the harmonic
displacement solution is listed in the printed output (Jobname.OUT). You can
choose between real and imaginary parts (default), and amplitudes and phase
angles. • Option: Mass Matrix Formulation (LUMPM) Use this option to specify the
default formulation (which is element dependent) or lumped mass approximation. We
recommend the default formulation for most applications. However, for some
problems involving "skinny" structures such as slender beams or very thin shells,
the lumped mass approximation often yields better results. Also, the lumped mass
approximation can result in a shorter run time and lower memory requirements.
After you complete the fields on the Harmonic Analysis Options dialog box, click
on OK to reach a second Harmonic Analysis dialog box, where you choose an equation
solver. • Option: Equation Solver (EQSLV) You can choose the frontal solver
(default), the sparse direct solver (SPARSE), the Jacobi Conjugate Gradient (JCG)
solver, or the Incomplete Cholesky Conjugate Gradient (ICCG) solver. The frontal
direct solver or sparse direct solver is recommended for most structural models.
When using a direct solver to solve a relatively large problem, choose the sparse
solver over the frontal solver.
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis
The amplitude is the maximum value of the load, which you specify using the
commands shown in Table 4.2: “ Applicable Loads in a Harmonic Response Analysis”.
The phase angle is a measure of the time by which the load lags (or leads) a frame
of reference. On the complex plane (see Figure 4.2: “Relationship Between
Real/Imaginary Components and Amplitude/Phase Angle”), it is the angle measured
from the real axis. The phase angle is required only if you have multiple loads
that are out of phase with each other. For example, the unbalanced rotating
antenna shown in Figure 4.3: “An Unbalanced Rotating Antenna” will produce out-of-
phase vertical loads at its four support points. The phase angle cannot be
specified directly; instead, you specify the real and imaginary components of the
out-of-phase loads using the VALUE and VALUE2 fields of the appropriate
displacement and force commands. Pressures and other surface and body loads can
only be specified with a phase angle of 0 (no imaginary component) with the
following exceptions: nonzero imaginary components of pressures can be applied
using the SURF153 and SURF154 elements in a full harmonic response analysis, or
using a mode superposition harmonic response analysis if the mode-extraction
method is Block Lanczos (see the SF and SFE commands). Figure 4.2: “Relationship
Between Real/Imaginary Components and Amplitude/Phase Angle” shows how to
calculate the real and imaginary components. The forcing frequency range is the
frequency range of the harmonic load (in cycles/time). It is specified later as a
load step option with the HARFRQ command.
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#¨ #© ¦§ P ¤
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis
Load Type Gravity, Spinning, etc. Category Inertia Loads Cmd Family GUI Path Main
Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Other
Solid Model Keypoints Solid Model Lines Solid Model Areas Finite Elem Nodes Nodes
Force Pressure
Solid Model Keypoints Finite Elem Solid Model Lines Solid Model Areas Finite Elem
Finite Elem Nodes Elements
Temperature, Fluence
Solid Model Keypoints Solid Model Lines Solid Model Areas Solid Model Volumes
Finite Elem Nodes
Elements -
BFEDELE -
BFELIST -
BFSCALE -
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Section 4.5: How to Do Harmonic Response Analysis
ALPHAD, BETAD, DM- Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/FrePRAT quenc>
Damping MP,DAMP, MP,DMPR Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> Change Mat
Props> Material Models> Structural> Damping Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts>
Output Ctrls> Solu Printout Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> DB/
Results File Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Integration Pt
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis
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Section 4.5: How to Do Harmonic Response Analysis
4.5.4.1. Postprocessors
You can review these results using either POST26 or POST1. The normal procedure is
to first use POST26 to identify critical forcing frequencies - frequencies at
which the highest displacements (or stresses) occur at points of interest in the
model - and to then use POST1 to postprocess the entire model at these critical
forcing frequencies. • • POST1 is used to review results over the entire model at
specific frequencies. POST26 allows you to review results at specific points in
the model over the entire frequency range.
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis 2. Graph the variables (versus frequency or
any other variable). Then use PLCPLX to work with just the amplitude, phase angle,
real part, or imaginary part. Command(s): PLVAR, PLCPLX GUI: Main Menu> TimeHist
Postpro> Graph Variables Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Settings> Graph Get a
listing of the variable. To list just the extreme values, use the EXTREM command.
Then use the PRCPLX command to work with amplitude and phase angle or real and
imaginary part. Command(s): PRVAR, EXTREM, PRCPLX GUI: Main Menu> TimeHist
Postpro> List Variables> List Extremes Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> List Extremes
Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Settings> List
3.
Many other functions, such as performing math operations among variables (in
complex arithmetic), moving variables into array parameters, moving array
parameters into variables, etc., are available in POST26; see Chapter 6, “The
Time-History Postprocessor (POST26)” in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for
details. By reviewing the time-history results at strategic points throughout the
model, you can identify the critical frequencies for further POST1 postprocessing.
2.
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Section 4.6: Sample Harmonic Response Analysis (GUI Method) GUI: Main Menu>
General Postproc> List Results> Nodal Solution Main Menu> General Postproc> List
Results> Element Solution Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Reaction
Solution Use the NSORT and ESORT commands to sort the data before listing them.
Many other functions, such as mapping results on to a path, transforming results
to different coordinate systems, load case combinations, etc., are available in
POST1; see Chapter 3, “Solution” in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for details.
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the ANTYPE, HROPT, HROUT,
HARFRQ, DMPRAT, NSUBST, KBC, NSOL, ESOL, RFORCE, PLCPLX, PLVAR, PRCPLX, PRVAR,
PLDISP, PRRSOL, and PLNSOL commands.
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis
10. Click on OK. 11. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create>
Nodes> Fill between Nds. A picking menu appears. 12. In the ANSYS Graphics window,
click once on nodes 1 and 4 (on the left and right sides of the screen). A small
box appears around each node. 13. Click on OK on the picking menu. The Create
Nodes Between 2 Nodes dialog box appears. 14. Click on OK to accept the default of
2 nodes to fill. Nodes 2 and 3 appear in the graphics window.
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis 6. 7. Click once on nodes 3 and 4. Click on
OK. A line appears between the selected nodes.
4.6.3.7. Specify the Analysis Type, MDOF, and Load Step Specifications
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type>
New Analysis. Click once on "Harmonic" and click on OK. Choose menu path Main
Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Options. Click once on "Full" to select
the solution method. Click once on "Amplitud + phase" to select the DOF printout
format and click on OK. Click OK in the Full Harmonic Analysis dialog box. Choose
menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Solu Printout. Click
on "Last substep" to set the print frequency and click on OK. Choose menu path
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Freq and Substeps.
10. Enter 0 and 7.5 for the harmonic frequency range. 11. Enter 30 for the number
of substeps. 12. Click once on "Stepped" to specify stepped boundary conditions.
13. Click on OK.
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Force/
Moment> On Nodes. A picking menu appears. 11. In the graphics window, click once
on node 2. 12. Click on OK. The Apply F/M on Nodes dialog box appears. 13. In the
scroll box for direction of force/moment, click once on "FX." 14. Enter 200 for
the real part of force/moment and click on OK.
10. Click on OK to accept the default of Nodal DOF result. The Define Nodal Data
dialog box appears. 11. Enter 3 for reference number of variable. 12. Enter 3 for
node number. 13. Enter 3UX for the user-specified label. 14. In the scroll box on
the right, click once on "Translation UX" to highlight it. 15. Click on OK. 16.
Click on Close. 17. Choose menu path Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Graphs. The
Graph Controls dialog box appears. 18. In the scroll box for type of grid, scroll
to "X and Y lines" to select it.
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis 19. Click on OK. 20. Choose menu path Main
Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Graph Variables. The Graph Time-History Variables dialog
box appears. Your graph should look like this:
21. Enter 2 for 1st variable to graph. 22. Enter 3 for 2nd variable to graph. 23.
Click on OK. A graph appears in the graphic window.
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Section 4.9: Reduced Harmonic Response Analysis
N,4,1 FILL E,1,2 E,2,3 E,3,4 TYPE,2 REAL,2 E,2 E,3 FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,HARMIC
HROPT,FULL HROUT,OFF OUTPR,BASIC,1 NSUBST,30 HARFRQ,,7.5 KBC,1 D,1,UY,,,4
D,1,UX,,,4,3 F,2,FX,200 SOLVE FINISH /POST26 NSOL,2,2,U,X,2UX NSOL,3,3,U,X,3UX
/GRID,1 /AXLAB,Y,DISP PLVAR,2,3 FINISH
4–19
Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis 2. 3. 4. 5. Apply the loads and obtain the
reduced solution. Review the results of the reduced solution. Expand the solution
(expansion pass). Review the results of the expanded solution.
Of these, the first step is the same as for the full method. Details of the other
steps are explained below.
2.
3.
Define master degrees of freedom. Master DOF are essential or dynamic degrees of
freedom that characterize the dynamic behavior of the structure. For a reduced
harmonic response dynamic analysis, master DOF are also required at locations
where you want to apply forces or nonzero displacements. See Section 3.14: Matrix
Reduction for guidelines to choose master DOF. Apply loads on the model. Harmonic
loading is the same as described for the full method, except for the following
restrictions: • • Only displacements and forces are valid. Element loads such as
pressures, temperatures, and accelerations are not allowed. Forces and nonzero
displacements must be applied only at master DOF.
4.
5.
Specify load step options. These are the same as described for the full method
except that the OUTRES and ERESX commands are not available, and the constant
material damping coefficient (MP,DMPR) is not applicable for the reduced method.
The OUTPR command controls the printout of the nodal solution at the master DOF
(OUTPR,NSOL,ALL (or NONE)). Save a copy of the database. Command(s): SAVE GUI:
Utility Menu> File> Save as Start solution calculations. Command(s): SOLVE GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS Repeat steps 4 through 7 for any additional
loads and frequency ranges (that is, for additional load steps). If you plan to do
time-history postprocessing (POST26), the frequency ranges should not overlap from
one load step to the next. Another method for multiple load steps, which allows
you to store the load steps on files and then solve them at once using a macro, is
described in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
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7.
8.
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Section 4.9: Reduced Harmonic Response Analysis 9. Leave SOLUTION. Command(s):
FINISH GUI: Close the Solution menu.
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis
5.
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis
! Apply Loads and Obtain the Reduced Solution /SOLU ! Enter SOLUTION ANTYPE,HARMIC
! Harmonic analysis HROPT,REDU ! Reduced method HROUT,... ! Harmonic analysis
output options M,... ! Master DOF TOTAL,... D,... ! Constraints F,... ! Loads
(real and imaginary components) HARFRQ,... ! Forcing frequency range DMPRAT,... !
Damping ratio NSUBST,... ! Number of harmonic solutions KBC,... ! Ramped or
stepped loads SAVE SOLVE ! Initiate multiple load step solution FINISH ! Review
the Results of the Reduced Solution /POST26 FILE,,RFRQ ! Postprocessing file is
Jobname.RFRQ NSOL,... ! Store nodal result as a variable PLCPLX,... ! Define how
to plot complex variables PLVAR,... ! Plot variables PRCPLX,... ! Define how to
list complex variables PRVAR,... ! List variables FINISH ! Expand the Solution
/SOLU EXPASS,ON EXPSOL,... HREXP,... OUTRES,... SOLVE FINISH
! ! ! !
Reenter SOLUTION Expansion pass Expand a single solution Phase angle for expanded
solution
! Review the Results of the Expanded Solution /POST1 SET,... ! Read results for
desired frequency PLDISP,... ! Deformed shape PRRSOL,... ! List reactions
PLNSOL,... ! Contour plot of nodal results -----! Other postprocessing as desired
--FINISH
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the ANTYPE, HROPT, HROUT, M,
TOTAL, HARFRQ, DMPRAT, NSUBST, KBC, FILE, NSOL, PLCPLX, PLVAR, PRCPLX, PRVAR,
EXPASS, EXPSOL, HREXP, PLDISP, PRRSOL, and PLNSOL commands.
Of these, the first step is the same as described for the full method. The
remaining steps are described below. 4–24
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Section 4.10: Mode Superposition Harmonic Response Analysis
• •
• •
2.
•
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis • Optionally, at each frequency, print a
summary table that lists the contributions of each mode to the response (HROUT).
Note, OUTPR,NSOL must be specified to print mode contributions at each frequency.
3.
Apply loads on the model. Harmonic loading is the same as described for the full
method, except for the following restrictions: • Only forces, accelerations, and
the load vector created in the modal analysis are valid. Use the LVSCALE command
to apply the load vector from the modal solution. Note that ALL loads from the
modal analysis are scaled, including forces and accelerations. To avoid load
duplication, delete any loads that were applied in the modal analysis. If mode
shapes from a reduced modal solution are being used, forces may be applied only at
master DOF.
4.
Specify load step options. These are the same as described for the reduced method
except that you can also specify modal damping (MDAMP). In addition, if the QR
damped method is specified, constant material damping coefficients (MP,DMPR) can
be defined. The NSUBST command specifies the number of solutions on each side of a
natural frequency if the clustering option (HROUT) is chosen. The default is to
calculate four solutions, but you can specify any number of solutions from 2
through 20. (Any value over this range defaults to 10 and any value below this
range defaults to 4.)
5.
If you used either the Block Lanczos (default) or the subspace option for the
modal analysis (MODOPT,LANB or SUBSP), you may use a nodal component with the
OUTRES,NSOL command to limit the displacement data written to the reduced
displacement file Jobname.RFRQ. The expansion pass will only produce valid results
for those nodes and for those elements in which all of the nodes of the elements
have been written to the .RFRQ file. To use this option, first suppress all
writing by invoking OUTRES,NSOL,NONE, then specify the item(s) of interest by
invoking OUTRES,NSOL,ALL,component. Repeat the OUTRES command for any additional
nodal components that you want to write to the .RFRQ file. Save a copy of the
database. Command(s): SAVE GUI: Utility Menu> File> Save as Start solution
calculations. Command(s): SOLVE GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS Repeat
steps 3 to 7 for any additional loads and frequency ranges (that is, for
additional load steps). If you plan to do time-history postprocessing (POST26),
the frequency ranges should not overlap from one load step to the next. Leave
SOLUTION. Command(s): FINISH GUI: Close the Solution menu.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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Section 4.10: Mode Superposition Harmonic Response Analysis
! Obtain the Modal Solution /SOLU ! Enter SOLUTION ANTYPE,MODAL ! Modal analysis
MODOPT,REDU ! Reduced method M,... ! Masters TOTAL,.. D,... ! Constraints SF,... !
Element loads SAVE SOLVE ! Initiate modal solution FINISH ! Obtain the Mode
Superposition Harmonic Solution /SOLU ! Enter SOLUTION ANTYPE,HARMIC
HROPT,MSUP,... HROUT,... LVSCALE,... F,... HARFRQ,... DMPRAT,... MDAMP,...
NSUBST,... KBC,... SAVE SOLVE FINISH ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Harmonic analysis Mode
superposition method; number of modes to use Harmonic analysis output options;
cluster option Scale factor for loads from modal analysis Nodal loads Forcing
frequency range Damping ratio Modal damping ratios Number of harmonic solutions
Ramped or stepped loads
! Initiate solution
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Chapter 4: Harmonic Response Analysis
EXPSOL,... HREXP,... SOLVE FINISH ! Expand a single solution ! Phase angle for
expanded solution
! Review the Results of the Expanded Solution /POST1 SET,... ! Read results for
desired frequency PLDISP,... ! Deformed shape PLNSOL,... ! Contour plot of nodal
results --FINISH
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the ANTYPE, MODOPT, M, TOTAL,
HROPT, HROUT, LVSCALE, F, HARFRQ, DMPRAT, MDAMP, NSUBST, KBC, FILE, NSOL, PLCPLX,
PLVAR, EXPASS, EXPSOL, HREXP, SET, and PLNSOL commands.
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Section 4.11: Other Analysis Details
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis
5.1. Definition of Transient Dynamic Analysis
Transient dynamic analysis (sometimes called time-history analysis) is a technique
used to determine the dynamic response of a structure under the action of any
general time-dependent loads. You can use this type of analysis to determine the
time-varying displacements, strains, stresses, and forces in a structure as it
responds to any combination of static, transient, and harmonic loads. The time
scale of the loading is such that the inertia or damping effects are considered to
be important. If the inertia and damping effects are not important, you might be
able to use a static analysis instead (see Chapter 2, “Structural Static
Analysis”). The basic equation of motion solved by a transient dynamic analysis is
(M){ u } + (C){ u } + (K){u} = {F(t)} where: (M) = mass matrix (C) = damping
matrix (K) = stiffness matrix { u } = nodal acceleration vector { u } = nodal
velocity vector {u} = nodal displacement vector {F(t)} = load vector At any given
time, t, these equations can be thought of as a set of "static" equilibrium
equations that also take into account inertia forces ((M){ u }) and damping forces
((C){ u }). The ANSYS program uses the Newmark time integration method or an
improved method called HHT to solve these equations at discrete time points. The
time increment between successive time points is called the integration time step.
2. 3.
4.
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis
The main disadvantage of the full method is that it is more expensive than either
of the other methods. For procedural information about using the full method, see
Section 5.4: Performing a Full Transient Dynamic Analysis.
The disadvantages of the mode superposition method are: • • • The time step must
remain constant throughout the transient, so automatic time stepping is not
allowed. The only nonlinearity allowed is simple node-to-node contact (gap
condition). It does not accept imposed (nonzero) displacements.
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Section 5.4: Performing a Full Transient Dynamic Analysis For procedural
information about using the mode superposition method, see Section 5.5: Performing
a Mode Superposition Transient Dynamic Analysis.
The disadvantages of the reduced method are: • The initial solution calculates
only the displacements at the master DOF. A second step, known as the expansion
pass, is required for a complete displacement, stress, and force solution.
(However, the expansion pass might not be needed for some applications.) Element
loads (pressures, temperatures, and so on) cannot be applied. Accelerations,
however, are allowed. All loads must be applied at user-defined master degrees of
freedom. (This limits the use of solid-model loads.) The time step must remain
constant throughout the transient, so automatic time stepping is not allowed. The
only nonlinearity allowed is simple node-to-node contact (gap condition).
• • • •
For procedural information about using the reduced method, see Section 5.6:
Performing a Reduced Transient Dynamic Analysis.
10. Section 5.4.10: Exit the Solution Processor 11. Section 5.4.11: Review the
Results
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis
Some comments on mesh density: • • • The mesh should be fine enough to resolve the
highest mode shape of interest. Regions where stresses or strains are of interest
require a relatively finer mesh than regions where only displacements are of
interest. If you want to include nonlinearities, the mesh should be able to
capture the effects of the nonlinearities. For example, plasticity requires a
reasonable integration point density (and therefore a fine element mesh) in areas
with high plastic deformation gradients. If you are interested in wave propagation
effects (for example, a bar dropped exactly on its end), the mesh should be fine
enough to resolve the wave. A general guideline is to have at least 20 elements
per wavelength along the direction of the wave.
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 5.4: Performing a Full Transient Dynamic Analysis The first load step you
apply is usually to establish initial conditions. You then specify the loads and
load step options for the second and subsequent transient load steps. For each
load step, you need to specify both load values and time values, along with other
load step options such as whether to step or ramp the loads, use automatic time
stepping, and so on. You then write each load step to a file and solve all load
steps together. Establishing initial conditions is described below; the remaining
tasks are described later in this chapter. The first step in applying transient
loads is to establish initial conditions (that is, the condition at Time = 0). A
transient dynamic analysis requires two sets of initial conditions (because the
equations being solved are of
uo = 0.25, you can apply a displacement of 0.001 over a time interval of 0.004, as
shown below.
... TIMINT,OFF D,ALL,UY,.001 TIME,.004 LSWRITE DDEL,ALL,UY TIMINT,ON ... ! ! ! ! !
! Time integration effects off Small UY displ. (assuming Y-direction velocity)
Initial velocity = 0.001/0.004 = 0.25 Write load data to load step file
(Jobname.S01) Remove imposed displacements Time integration effects on
Nonzero initial displacement and nonzero initial velocity - This is similar to the
above case, except that the imposed displacements are actual values instead of
"small" values. For example, if uo = 1.0 and a displacement of 1.0 over a time
interval of 0.4:
... TIMINT,OFF D,ALL,UY,1.0 TIME,.4 LSWRITE DDELE,ALL,UY ! ! ! ! ! Time
integration effects off Initial displacement = 1.0 Initial velocity = 1.0/0.4 =
2.5 Write load data to load step file (Jobname.S01) Remove imposed displacements
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis
TIMINT,ON ... ! Time integration effects on
Nonzero initial displacement and zero initial velocity - This requires the use of
two substeps (NSUBST,2) with a step change in imposed displacements (KBC,1).
Without the step change (or with just one substep), the imposed displacements
would vary directly with time, leading to a nonzero initial velocity. The example
below shows how
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for discussions of the ACEL, TIME, NSUBST, KBC,
LSWRITE, DDELE, and KBC commands.
5–7
Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis
• •
Specify mass and stiffness damping (ALPHAD, BETAD) Choose the time integration
method, Newmark or HHT (TRNOPT) Define integration parameters (TINTP)
• •
Additional solution options for a full transient analysis that differ from those
for a static analysis, or have different descriptions are presented in the
following sections.
To use the MP form of damping: Command(s): MP,DAMP GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load
Step Opts> Other> Change Mat Props> Material Models> Structural> Damping Note that
constant material damping coefficient (MP,DMPR) is not applicable in transient
analysis. See Section 5.10.3: Damping for further details.
5–9
Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis Apply the Loads describes the types of loads
that are applicable. In an analysis, loads can be applied, removed, operated on,
or deleted. For a general discussion of solid-model loads versus finite-element
loads, see Chapter 2, “Loading” in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide. You can also
apply time-dependent boundary conditions by defining a one-dimensional table
(TABLE type array parameter). See Section 2.3.4.2.1: Applying Loads Using TABLE
Type Array Parameters.
5.4.6. Save the Load Configuration for the Current Load Step
As described in Section 5.4.2: Establish Initial Conditions, you need to apply
loads and save the load configuration to a load step file for each corner of the
load-versus-time curve. You may also want to have an additional load step that
extends past the last time point on the curve to capture the response of the
structure after the transient loading. Command(s): LSWRITE GUI: Main Menu>
Solution> Load Step Opts> Write LS File
5.4.11.1. Postprocessors
You can review these results using either POST26, which is the time-history
postprocessor, or POST1, which is the general postprocessor. • • POST26 is used to
review results at specific points in the model as functions of time. POST1 is used
to review results over the entire model at specific time points.
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis
2.
3.
! Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution /SOLU ! Enter SOLUTION ANTYPE,TRANS !
Transient analysis TRNOPT,FULL ! Full method D,... ! Constraints F,... ! Loads
SF,... ALPHAD,... ! Mass damping BETAD,... ! Stiffness damping KBC,... ! Ramped or
stepped loads TIME,... ! Time at end of load step AUTOTS,ON ! Auto time stepping
DELTIM,... ! Time step size OUTRES,... ! Results file data options LSWRITE ! Write
first load step -----! Loads, time, etc. for 2nd load step --LSWRITE ! Write 2nd
load step SAVE LSSOLVE,1,2 ! Initiate multiple load step solution FINISH ! !
Review the Results /POST26 SOLU,... ! Store solution summary data
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Section 5.5: Performing a Mode Superposition Transient Dynamic Analysis
NSOL,... ESOL,,,, RFORCE,... PLVAR,... PRVAR,... FINISH ! ! ! ! ! Store nodal
result as a variable Store element result as a variable Store reaction as a
variable Plot variables List variables
Read desired set of results into database Deformed shape Reaction loads Contour
plot of nodal results Global percent error (a measure of mesh adequacy) desired
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for discussions of the ANTYPE, TRNOPT, ALPHAD,
BETAD, KBC, TIME, AUTOTS, DELTIM, OUTRES, LSWRITE, LSSOLVE, SOLU, NSOL, ESOL,
RFORCE, PLVAR, PRVAR, PLDISP, PRRSOL, PLNSOL, and PRERR commands.
• •
• •
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis in the modal analysis. (ANSYS ignores
damping specified during the mode superposition harmonic analysis.) You can set a
constant damping ratio (DMPRAT) or define the damping ratio as a function of mode
(MDAMP) in a modal superposition harmonic analysis. Note that constant material
damping coefficient (MP,DMPR) is not applicable in transient analysis. • • Specify
displacement constraints, if any. These constraints will be ignored if they are
specified in the mode superposition transient solution instead of in the modal
solution. If you need to apply element loads (pressures, temperatures,
accelerations, and so on) in the transient dynamic analysis, you must specify them
in the modal analysis. The loads are ignored for the modal solution, but a load
vector will be calculated and written to the mode shape file (Jobname.MODE). You
can then use this load vector for the transient solution. The modes need not be
expanded for the mode superposition solution. (If you want to review mode shapes
from a reduced modal solution, however, you must expand the mode shapes.) The
model data (for example, nodal rotations) should not be changed between the modal
and transient analyses.
• •
2.
• • •
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Section 5.5: Performing a Mode Superposition Transient Dynamic Analysis • Specify
the number of modes you want to use for the solution (TRNOPT). This determines the
accuracy of the transient solution. At a minimum, you should use all modes that
you think will contribute to the dynamic response. If you expect higher
frequencies to be excited, for example, the number of modes specified should
include the higher modes. The default is to use all modes calculated in the modal
solution. If you do not want to use rigid body (0 frequency) modes, use MINMODE on
the TRNOPT command to skip over them. Nonlinear options (NLGEOM, SSTIF, NROPT) are
not available.
• • 3.
Define gap conditions, if any. They can only be defined between two master degree
of freedom (DOF) nodes or between master DOF nodes and ground. When a non-reduced
mode-extraction method is used, a master DOF implies an unconstrained, active DOF.
If you used the QR damped mode-extraction method, gap conditions are not
supported. More details about gap conditions are presented in Section 5.6.1.3.1:
Gap Conditions. Command(s): GP GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Dynamic Gap Cond> Define
Apply loads to the model. The following loading restrictions apply in a mode
superposition transient dynamic analysis: • Only forces, accelerations applied via
the ACEL command, and a load vector created in the modal analysis are valid.
Imposed nonzero displacements are ignored. Use the LVSCALE command (Main Menu>
Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Load Vector> For Mode Super) to apply the load
vector from the modal solution. If mode shapes from a reduced modal solution are
being used, forces may be applied only at master DOF.
4.
Multiple load steps are usually required to specify the load history in a
transient analysis. The first load step is used to establish initial conditions,
and second and subsequent load steps are used for the transient loading, as
explained next. 5. Establish initial conditions. In modal superposition transient
analyses, a first solution is done at TIME = 0. This establishes the initial
condition and time step size for the entire transient analysis. Generally, the
only load applicable for the first load step is initializing nodal forces. For
this pseudo-static analysis, the mode superposition method may yield poor results
at TIME = 0 if nonzero loads are applied. The following load step options are
available for the first load step:
Table 5.2 Options for the First Load Step-Mode Superposition Analysis
Option Dynamics Options Transient Integration Para- TINTP meters Load Vector
Damping LVSCALE Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time
Integration Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Load Vector> For Mode Super
Command GUI Path
ALPHAD, BETAD, Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> DMPRAT, MP,
Damping MDAMP Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> Change Mat Props>
Material Models> Structural> Damping
General Options
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis
Option Integration Time Step Output Control Options Printed Output OUTPR Main
Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Solu Printout Command DELTIM GUI
Path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> TimeTime Step
The only valid general option for the first load step is integration time step
(DELTIM), which is assumed to be constant throughout the transient. By default,
the integration time step is assumed to be 1/(20f), where f is the highest
frequency chosen for the solution. The DELTIM command is valid only in the first
load step and is ignored in subsequent load steps. Note — If you do issue the TIME
command in the first load step, it will be ignored. The first solution is always a
static solution at TIME = 0.
The output control option for the first load step is printed output (OUTPR). Use
this option to control printout of the displacement solution at the master DOF.
6.
Write the first load step to a load step file (Jobname.S01) by issuing the LSWRITE
command. Command(s): LSWRITE
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Section 5.5: Performing a Mode Superposition Transient Dynamic Analysis GUI: Main
Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Write LS File 7. Specify loads and load step
options for the transient loading portion, writing each load step to a load step
file (LSWRITE). • General options include the following: – Time Option (TIME) This
option specifies time at the end of the load step. – Load Vector (LVSCALE) The
load vector option allows you to apply a load vector created by the modal solution
as one of the loads. – Stepped or Ramped Loads (KBC) This option indicates whether
to ramp the load change over the load step (KBC) or to step-apply the load change
(KBC,1). The default is ramped. • Output control options include the following: –
Printed Output (OUTPR) Use this option to control printed output. – Database and
Results File Output (OUTRES) This option controls the data on the reduced
displacement file. The only valid label on these commands is NSOL (nodal
solution). The default for OUTRES is to write the solution for every fourth time-
point to the reduced displacement file (unless there are gap conditions defined,
in which case the default is to write every solution). 8. If you used either the
Block Lanczos (default) or subspace option for the modal analysis (MODOPT,LANB or
MODOPT,SUBSP), you may use a nodal component with the OUTRES,NSOL command to limit
the displacement data written to the reduced displacement file Jobname.RDSP. The
expansion pass will only produce valid results for those nodes and for those
elements in which all of the nodes of the elements have been written to the .RDSP
file. To use this option, first suppress all writing by invoking OUTRES,NSOL,NONE,
then specify the item(s) of interest by invoking OUTRES,NSOL,FREQ,COMP. Repeat the
OUTRES command for any additional nodal components that you want to write to the
.RDSP file. Only one output frequency is allowed - ANSYS uses the last frequency
specified by OUTRES. Save a backup copy of the database to a named file.
Command(s): SAVE GUI: Utility Menu> File> Save as
9.
10. Start the transient solution. Command(s): LSSOLVE GUI: Main Menu> Solution>
Solve> From LS Files 11. Leave SOLUTION. Command(s): FINISH GUI: Close the
Solution menu.
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis The mode superposition transient solution is
written to the reduced displacement file, Jobname.RDSP, regardless of whether the
subspace, Block Lanczos, reduced, PowerDynamics, or QR damped method was used for
the modal solution. You will therefore need to expand the solution if you are
interested in stress results.
! Obtain the Modal Solution /SOLU ! Enter SOLUTION ANTYPE,MODAL ! Modal analysis
MODOPT,REDU ! Reduced method M,... ! Master DOF TOTAL,... D,... ! Constraints
SF,... ! Element loads ACEL,... SAVE SOLVE FINISH ! Obtain the Mode Superposition
Transient Solution /SOLU ! Reenter SOLUTION ANTYPE,TRANS ! Transient analysis
TRNOPT,MSUP,... ! Mode superposition method LVSCALE,... ! Scale factor for element
loads F,... ! Nodal Loads MDAMP,... ! Modal damping ratios DELTIM,... !
Integration time step sizes LSWRITE ! Write first load step (Remember: the first
load step --! is solved statically at time=0.) -----! Loads, etc. for 2nd load
step TIME,... ! Time at end of second load step KBC,... ! Ramped or stepped loads
OUTRES,... ! Results-file data controls --LSWRITE ! Write 2nd load step (first
transient load step) SAVE
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Section 5.6: Performing a Reduced Transient Dynamic Analysis
LSSOLVE FINISH ! Initiate multiple load step solution
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for discussions of the ANTYPE, MODOPT, M, TOTAL,
ACEL, TRNOPT, LVSCALE, MDAMP, DELTIM, TIME, KBC, OUTRES, LSSOLVE, FILE, SOLU,
NSOL, PLVAR, PRVAR, EXPASS, NUMEXP, OUTRES, PLDISP, PRRSOL, PLNSOL, and PRERR
commands.
Of these, the first step is the same as for the full method, except that no
nonlinearities are allowed (other than simple node-to-node contact, which is
specified in the form of a gap condition instead of an element type). Details of
the other steps are explained below.
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis GUI: Main Menu> Solution
• • •
Gap conditions are similar to gap elements and are specified between surfaces that
are expected to contact (impact) each other during the transient. The ANSYS
program accounts for the gap force, which develops when the gap closes, by using
an equivalent nodal load vector. Some guidelines to define gap conditions are
presented below: • • Use enough gap conditions to obtain a smooth contact stress
distribution between the contacting surfaces. Define a reasonable gap stiffness.
If the stiffness is too low, the contacting surfaces may overlap too much. If the
stiffness is too high, a very small time step will be required during impact. A
general recommendation is to specify a gap stiffness that is one or two orders of
magnitude higher than the adjacent element stiffness. You can estimate the
adjacent element stiffness using AE/L, where A is the contributing area around the
gap condition, E is the elastic modulus of the softer material at the interface,
and L is the depth of the first layer of elements at the interface. The nonlinear
gap damping provided through the DAMP field of the GP command runs faster than a
full transient analysis using a gap element COMBIN40. Only TRNOPT = MSUP allows
the nonlinear gap damping action. Damping conditions are ignored for the reduced
transient analysis method.
As mentioned for the full method, multiple load steps are usually required to
specify the load history in a transient analysis. The first load step is used to
establish initial conditions, and second and subsequent load steps are used for
the transient loading, as explained next. • Establish initial conditions. The only
initial condition that may be explicitly established is the initial displacement
(uo); that is, initial velocity and acceleration must be zero ( o = 0, o = 0).
Displacements cannot be deleted in subsequent load steps, therefore they cannot be
used to specify an initial velocity. In a reduced transient analysis, a static
solution is always performed as the first solution, using the loads given, to
determine uo.
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis • Specify load step options for the first
load step. Valid options appear in Table 5.3: “Options for the First Load Step-
Reduced Analysis”.
General Options Integration Time Step Output Control Options Printed Output OUTPR
DELTIM
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Section 5.6: Performing a Reduced Transient Dynamic Analysis
Output Controls – Printed output (OUTPR) – Reduced displacement file (OUTRES) The
only valid label on these commands is NSOL (nodal solution). The default for
OUTRES is to write the solution for every fourth time-point to the reduced
displacement file (unless there are gap conditions defined, in which case the
default is to write every solution).
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis FILE command would be: FILE,TRANS,RDSP. (By
default, POST26 looks for a results file, which is not written by a reduced
transient solution.) • Only nodal degree of freedom data (at master DOF) are
available for processing, so you can use only the NSOL command to define
variables.
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Section 5.6: Performing a Reduced Transient Dynamic Analysis Specify the number.
This number of evenly spaced solutions will be expanded over the specified time
range. The solutions nearest these times will be expanded. Also specify whether to
calculate stresses and forces (default is to calculate both). • Option: Single
Solution to Expand (EXPSOL) Use this option to identify a single solution for
expansion if you do not need to expand multiple solutions in a range. You can
specify it either by load step and substep number or by time. Also specify whether
to calculate stresses and forces (default is to calculate both). 3. Specify load
step options. The only options valid for a transient dynamic expansion pass are
output controls: • Output Controls – Printed Output (OUTPR) Use this option to
include any results data on the output file (Jobname.OUT). – Database and Results
File Output (OUTRES) This option controls the data on the results file
(Jobname.RST). – Extrapolation of Results (ERESX) Use this option to review
element integration point results by copying them to the nodes instead of
extrapolating them (default). Note — The FREQ field on OUTPR and OUTRES can only
be ALL or NONE. ERESX allows you to review element integration point results by
copying them to the nodes instead of extrapolating them (default).
4.
Start expansion pass calculations. Command(s): SOLVE GUI: Main Menu> Solution>
Solve> Current LS Repeat steps 2, 3, and 4 for additional solutions to be
expanded. Each expansion pass is stored as a separate load step on the results
file. Leave SOLUTION. Command(s): FINISH GUI: Close the Solution window.
5. 6.
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis
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Section 5.7: Sample Reduced Transient Dynamic Analysis (GUI Method)
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Enter 1 for Area, 800.6
for IZZ, and 18 for Height. Click on OK. In the Real Constants dialog box, click
on Add. Click on Type 2 MASS21 and click on OK. The Real Constant Set Number 2,
for MASS21 dialog box appears. Enter .0259067 in the 2-D mass field and click on
OK. Click on Close in the Real Constants dialog box.
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Section 5.7: Sample Reduced Transient Dynamic Analysis (GUI Method) 9. Click on
SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis 2. Click on the "Every substep" radio button
and click on OK.
10. Click on OK, then click on Close in the Defined Time-History Variables dialog
box. 11. Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Graph Variables. 12. Enter
2 for 1st variable to graph and click on OK. The graph appears in the ANSYS
Graphics window. 13. Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> List Variables.
14. Enter 2 for 1st variable to list and click on OK. 15. Review the information
in the status window and click on Close.
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis
ET,2,MASS21,,,4 R,1,1,800.6,18 R,2,.0259067 MP,EX,1,30e3 N,1 N,3,240 FILL E,1,2!
Beam elements EGEN,2,1,1 TYPE,2 REAL,2 E,2 M,2,UY FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,TRANS
TRNOPT,REDUC,,NODAMP DELTIM,.004 D,1,UY D,3,UX,,,,,UY OUTPR,BASIC,1 OUTRES,ALL,1
F,2,FY,0 SOLVE TIME,.075 F,2,FY,20 SOLVE TIME,.1 SOLVE FINISH ! 2-D mass ! Beam
area = 1, I = 800.6, h = 18 ! Mass
/SOLU ! The following is the expansion pass using BEAM3 and MASS21 elements
EXPASS,ON ! Expansion pass on EXPSOL,,,0.092 ! Time of maximum response SOLVE
FINISH /POST26 NUMVAR,0 FILE,file,rdsp NSOL,2,2,U,Y,NSOL PLVAR,2 PRVAR,2 FINISH
/POST1 SET,FIRST PLDISP,1 FINISH
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Section 5.10: Other Analysis Details • • • • • Apply all prestressing loads. Turn
time integration effects off (TIMINT,OFF). Turn stress stiffening effects on
(SSTIF,ON). Set time equal to some small dummy value (TIME). Write your first load
step to Jobname.S01 (LSWRITE).
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis 1. Resolve the response frequency. The time
step should be small enough to resolve the motion (response) of the structure.
Since the dynamic response of a structure can be thought of as a combination of
modes, the time step should be able to resolve the highest mode that contributes
to the response. For the Newmark time integration scheme, it has been found that
using approximately twenty points per cycle of the highest frequency of interest
results in a reasonably accurate solution. That is, if f is the frequency (in
cycles/time), the integration time step (ITS) is given by ITS = 1/20f Smaller ITS
values may be required if acceleration results are needed. The following figure
shows the effect of ITS on the period elongation of a single-DOF spring-mass
system. Notice that 20 or more points per cycle result in a period elongation of
less than 1 percent.
For the HHT time integration method, the same guidelines for time step should be
applied. Note that if the same time step and time integration parameters are used,
the HHT method will be more accurate compared to the Newmark method. 2. Resolve
the applied load-versus-time curve(s). The time step should be small enough to
“follow” the loading function. The response tends to lag the applied loads,
especially for stepped loads, as shown in Figure 5.5: “Transient Input vs.
Transient Response”. Stepped loads require a small ITS at the time of the step
change so that the step change can be closely followed. ITS values as small as
1/180f may be needed to follow stepped loads.
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Section 5.10: Other Analysis Details
3.
Resolve the contact frequency. In problems involving contact (impact), the time
step should be small enough to capture the momentum transfer between the two
contacting surfaces. Otherwise, an apparent energy loss will occur and the impact
will not be perfectly elastic. The integration time step can be determined from
the contact frequency (fc) as:
ITS =1/Nfc
fc =(1/ 2π) k /m
where k is the gap stiffness, m is the effective mass acting at the gap, and N is
the number of points per cycle. To minimize the energy loss, at least thirty
points per cycle of (N = 30) are needed. Larger values of N may be required if
acceleration results are needed. For the reduced and mode superposition methods, N
must be at least 7 to ensure stability. You can use fewer than thirty points per
cycle during impact if the contact period and contact mass are much less than the
overall transient time and system mass, because the effect of any energy loss on
the total response would be small. 4. Resolve the wave propagation. If you are
interested in wave propagation effects, the time step should be small enough to
capture the wave as it travels through the elements. See Section 5.4.1: Build the
Model for a discussion of element size. Resolve the nonlinearities. For most
nonlinear problems, a time step that satisfies the preceding guidelines is
sufficient to resolve the nonlinearities. There are a few exceptions, however: if
the structure tends to stiffen under the loading (for example, large deflection
problems that change from bending to membrane load-carrying behavior), the higher
frequency modes that are excited will have to be resolved.
5.
After calculating the time step using the appropriate guidelines, use the minimum
value for your analysis. By using automatic time stepping, you can let the ANSYS
program decide when to increase or decrease the time step during the solution.
Automatic time stepping is discussed next. Caution: Avoid using exceedingly small
time steps, especially when establishing initial conditions. Exceedingly small
numbers can cause numerical difficulties. Based on a problem time scale of unity,
for example, time steps smaller than 10-10 could cause numerical difficulties.
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis number of times that you might have to rerun
the analysis (adjusting the time step size, nonlinearities, and so on) is greatly
reduced. If nonlinearities are present, automatic time stepping gives the added
advantage of incrementing the loads appropriately and retreating to the previous
converged solution (bisection) if convergence is not obtained. You can activate
automatic time stepping with the AUTOTS command. (For more information on
automatic time stepping in the context of nonlinearities, see Chapter 8,
“Nonlinear Structural Analysis”.) Although it seems like a good idea to activate
automatic time stepping for all analyses, there are some cases where it may not be
beneficial (and may even be harmful): • • • Problems that have only localized
dynamic behavior (for example, turbine blade and hub assemblies), where the low-
frequency energy content of part of the system may dominate the high-frequency
areas Problems that are constantly excited (for example, seismic loading), where
the time step tends to change continually as different frequencies are excited
Kinematics (rigid-body motion) problems, where the rigid-body contribution to the
response frequency term may dominate
5.10.3. Damping
Damping is present in most systems and should be specified in a dynamic analysis.
The following forms of damping are available in the ANSYS program: • • • • • •
Alpha and Beta Damping (Rayleigh Damping) Material-Dependent Damping Constant
Material Damping Coefficient Constant Damping Ratio Modal Damping Element Damping
Only the constant damping ratio and modal damping are available in the ANSYS
Professional program. You can specify more than one form of damping in a model.
The program will formulate the damping matrix (C) as the sum of all the specified
forms of damping. The constant material damping coefficient is only applicable in
full and modal harmonic analyses. Table 5.5: “Damping for Different Analysis
Types” shows the types of damping available for different structural analyses.
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Section 5.10: Other Analysis Details
Material- Dependent Constant Damping Damping Ratio MP,DAMP DMPRAT Yes(4,6) Yes Yes
Yes(4,6) Yes Yes No N/A Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes N/A No Element Constant
MaDamping(3) terial Damping COMBIN7, and Coefficient so on MP,DMPR Yes(6) Yes Yes
Yes(6) No No No N/A Yes Yes(7) No No No No No No N/A No
Alpha, Beta Damping ALAnalysis Type PHAD, BETAD Mode Sup Transient Full Reduced
Mode Sup Spectrum SPRS, MPRS(2) DDAM(2) PSD(2) Buckling Substructure Yes(1) Yes(1)
Yes N/A Yes Yes Yes Yes(6) Yes(6)
7.
Alpha damping and Beta damping are used to define Rayleigh damping constants α and
β. The damping matrix (C) is calculated by using these constants to multiply the
mass matrix (M) and stiffness matrix (K): (C) = α(M) + β(K) The ALPHAD and BETAD
commands are used to specify α and β, respectively, as decimal numbers. The values
of α and β are not generally known directly, but are calculated from modal damping
ratios, ξi. ξi is the ratio of actual damping to critical damping for a particular
mode of vibration, i. If ωi is the natural circular frequency of mode i, α and β
satisfy the relation ξi = α/2ωi + βωi/2 In many practical structural problems,
alpha damping (or mass damping) may be ignored (α = 0). In such cases, you can
evaluate β from known values of ξi and ωi, as β = 2 ξi/ωi Only one value of β can
be input in a load step, so choose the most dominant frequency active in that load
step to calculate β.
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis To specify both α and β for a given damping
ratio ξ, it is commonly assumed that the sum of the α and β terms is nearly
constant over a range of frequencies (see Figure 5.6: “Rayleigh Damping”).
Therefore, given ξ and a frequency range ωi to ωj, two simultaneous equations can
be solved for α and β.
Alpha damping can lead to undesirable results if an artificially large mass has
been introduced into the model. One common example is when an artificially large
mass is added to the base of a structure to facilitate acceleration spectrum
input. (You can use the large mass to convert an acceleration spectrum to a force
spectrum.) The alpha damping coefficient, which is multiplied by the mass matrix,
will produce artificially large damping forces in such a system, leading to
inaccuracies in the spectrum input, as well as in the system response. Beta
damping and material damping can lead to undesirable results in a nonlinear
analysis. These damping coefficients are multiplied by the stiffness matrix, which
is constantly changing in a nonlinear analysis. The resulting change in damping
can sometimes be opposite to the actual change in damping that can occur in
physical structures. For example, whereas physical systems that experience
softening due to plastic response will usually experience a corresponding increase
in damping, an ANSYS model that has beta damping will experience a decrease in
damping as plastic softening response develops. Material-dependent damping allows
you to specify beta damping (β) as a material property (MP,DAMP). Note, however,
that MP,DAMP in a spectrum analysis (ANTYPE,SPECTR) specifies a material-dependent
damping ratio ξ, not β. Also note that for multi-material elements such as
SOLID46, SOLID65, SHELL91, and SHELL99, β can only be specified for the element as
a whole, not for each material in the element. In these cases, β is determined
from the material pointer for the element (set with the MAT command), rather than
the material pointed to by any real constant MAT for the element. MP,DAMP is not
assumed to be temperature-dependent, and is always evaluated at T = 0.0. The
constant material damping coefficient is available only for full and modal
harmonic analyses. The constant damping ratio is the simplest way of specifying
damping in the structure. It represents the ratio of actual damping to critical
damping, and is specified as a decimal number with the DMPRAT command. DMPRAT is
available only for spectrum, harmonic response, and mode superposition transient
dynamic analyses. Modal damping gives you the ability to specify different damping
ratios for different modes of vibration. It is specified with the MDAMP command
and is available only for the spectrum and mode superposition method of solution
(transient dynamic and harmonic response analyses). Element damping involves using
element types having viscous damping characteristics, such as COMBIN7, COMBIN14,
COMBIN37, COMBIN40, and so on.
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Section 5.10: Other Analysis Details If you are running a mode superposition
analysis and used the QR damping solution method for the modal solution, alpha
(ALPHAD), beta (BETAD), material-dependent, and element damping must be defined in
the QR damping modal solution for the damping to be available in a subsequent mode
superposition analysis. For more information about damping, see the ANSYS, Inc.
Theory Reference. The explicit mathematical expressions that form the damping
matrix in different analysis options are shown in Table 5.6: “Damping Matrix
Formulation with Different Damping Coefficients”. These expressions define how
each of the damping options in Table 5.5: “Damping for Different Analysis Types”
is handled in a dynamic analysis.
Φ Tβ[K ]Φ = βω2 i
Φ Tβ[K ]Φ = βω2 i
βωi 2
No
β[K]
β MP,DAMP j
Nm
j =1
m ∑ β j [K j ]
No
No
No
Nm
j =1 Nm
ms ∑ βj Ej s ∑ Ej j =1
No
j =1
DMPRAT ξ
Harmonic
No
2ξωi
2ξωi
ξ No
2ξ [K ] Ω
MDAMP
ξm i
No
No
2ξmωi i
No
2ξmωi i
No
ξm i
No No
Element Damping
Ne
k =1
∑ [Ck ]
No
Ne
k =1
∑ [Ck ]
No
Φ T ∑ [Ck ]Φ
k =1
Ne
Φ T ∑ [Ck ]Φ
k =1
Ne
MP,DMPR
βξ j
Harmonic
Nm j =1
No
No
No
2βξ [K j ] j Ω
2βξ [K j ] j Φ∑ Φ Ω j =1
N Tm
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Chapter 5: Transient Dynamic Analysis Note — 1. For modal, mode superposition, and
spectrum analyses the boxes are split where applicable with the top indicating the
Lanczos method and the bottom indicating the QR damped method.
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Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis
6.1. Definition of Spectrum Analysis
A spectrum analysis is one in which the results of a modal analysis are used with
a known spectrum to calculate displacements and stresses in the model. It is
mainly used in place of a time-history analysis to determine the response of
structures to random or time-dependent loading conditions such as earthquakes,
wind loads, ocean wave loads, jet engine thrust, rocket motor vibrations, and so
on.
The only method available in the ANSYS Professional program is the single-point
response spectrum.
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Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis
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Section 6.3: Steps in a Single-Point Response Spectrum (SPRS) Analysis 2. 3. 4. 5.
6. Obtain the modal solution. Obtain the spectrum solution. Expand the modes.
Combine the modes. Review the results.
The modal solution is required because the structure's mode shapes and frequencies
must be available to calculate the spectrum solution. Also, by performing the
spectrum solution ahead of mode expansion, you can expand only the significant
modes that contribute to the final solution.
• •
• • •
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Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis 1. Enter SOLUTION. Command(s): /SOLU GUI: Main Menu>
Solution Define the analysis type and analysis options. ANSYS offers the following
analysis options for a spectrum analysis. Not all modal analysis options and not
all eigenvalue extraction techniques work with all spectrum analysis options.
2.
Analysis Type: Spectrum ANTYPE No. of Modes to Use for SPOPT Solution
Option: Number of Modes to Use for Solution [SPOPT] Choose enough modes to cover
the frequency range spanned by the spectrum and to characterize the structure's
response. The accuracy of the solution depends on the number of modes used: the
larger the number, the higher the accuracy. Make sure to choose YES on the SPOPT
command if you want to calculate element stresses.
3.
Specify load step options. The following options are available for single-point
response spectrum analysis:
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Section 6.3: Steps in a Single-Point Response Spectrum (SPRS) Analysis
Option Command GUI Path Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc>
Damping Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Damping
Spectrum Options These data include the following: – Type of Response Spectrum
[SVTYP] The spectrum type can be displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, or
PSD. All except the force spectrum represent seismic spectra; that is, they are
assumed to be specified at the base. The force spectrum is specified at non-base
nodes with the F or FK command, and the direction is implied by labels FX, FY, FZ.
The PSD spectrum [SVTYP,4] is internally converted to a displacement response
spectrum and is limited to flat, narrowband spectra; a more robust random
vibration analysis procedure is described in Section 6.7: How to Do a Random
Vibration (PSD) Analysis. – – Excitation Direction [SED] Spectral-Value-Versus-
Frequency Curve [FREQ, SV] SV and FREQ commands are used to define the spectral
curve. You can define a family of spectral curves, each curve for a different
damping ratio. Use the STAT command to list current spectrum curve values. Another
command, ROCK, allows you to specify a rocking spectrum.
Damping (Dynamics Options) If you specify more than one form of damping, the ANSYS
program calculates an effective damping ratio at each frequency. The spectral
value at this effective damping ratio is then calculated by loglog interpolation
of the spectral curves. If no damping is specified, the spectral curve with the
lowest damping is used. For further details about the different forms of damping,
see Section 5.10.3: Damping in Chapter 5, “Transient Dynamic Analysis”. The
following forms of damping are available: – Beta (stiffness) Damping [BETAD] This
option results in a frequency-dependent damping ratio. – Constant Damping Ratio
[DMPRAT] This option specifies a constant damping ratio to be used at all
frequencies. – Modal Damping [MDAMP] Note — Material-dependent damping ratio
[MP,DAMP] is also available but only if specified in the modal analysis. MP,DAMP
also specifies a material-dependent constant damping ratio (and not material-
dependent beta damping, as used in other analyses).
4.
Start solution calculations. Command(s): SOLVE GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve>
Current LS
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Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis The output from the solution includes the
participation factor table. The participation factor table, which is part of the
printed output, lists the participation factors, mode coefficients (based on
lowest damping ratio), and the mass distribution for each mode. To obtain the
maximum response of each mode (modal response), multiply the mode shape by the
mode coefficient. You do this by retrieving the mode coefficient with the *GET
command and using it as a scale factor in the SET command. 5. 6. Repeat steps 3
and 4 for additional response spectra, if any. Note that solutions are not written
to the file.rst at this time. Leave the SOLUTION processor. Command(s): FINISH
GUI: Close the Solution menu.
2.
• •
Note that modal analysis solutions are written to the results file (Jobname.RST)
only if the mode expansion is performed.
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Section 6.3: Steps in a Single-Point Response Spectrum (SPRS) Analysis 2. Define
analysis type. Command(s): ANTYPE GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New
Analysis • Option: New Analysis [ANTYPE] Choose New Analysis. • Option: Analysis
Type: Spectrum [ANTYPE] Choose analysis type spectrum. 3. Choose one of the mode
combination methods. ANSYS offers five different mode combination methods for the
single-point response spectrum analysis: • • • • • Square Root of Sum of Squares
(SRSS) Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC) Double Sum (DSUM) Grouping (GRP) Naval
Research Laboratory Sum (NRLSUM)
The NRLSUM method is typically used in the context of the Dynamic Design and
Analysis Method (DDAM) spectrum analysis. The following commands are used to
invoke different methods of mode combinations: Command(s): SRSS, CQC, DSUM, GRP,
NRLSUM GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> New Analysis> Spectrum Main Menu>
Solution> Analysis Type> Analysis Opts> Single-pt resp Main Menu> Load Step Opts>
Spectrum> Spectrum-Single Point-Mode Combine These commands allow computation of
three different types of responses: • Displacement (label = DISP)
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Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis Command(s): SOLVE GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve>
Current LS The mode combination phase writes a file of POST1 commands
(Jobname.MCOM). Read in this file in POST1 to do the mode combinations, using the
results file (Jobname.RST) from the modal expansion pass. The file Jobname.MCOM
contains POST1 commands that combine the maximum modal responses by using the
specified mode combination method to calculate the overall response of the
structure. The mode combination method determines how the structure's modal
responses are to be combined: • • • If you selected displacement as the response
type (label = DISP), displacements and stresses are combined for each mode on the
mode combination command. If you selected velocity as the response type (label =
VELO), velocities and stress velocities are combined for each mode on the mode
combination command. If you selected acceleration as the response type (label =
ACEL), accelerations and stress accelerations are combined for each mode on the
mode combination command.
5.
Leave the SOLUTION processor. Command(s): FINISH GUI: Close the Solution menu.
Note — If you want to compute velocity or acceleration in addition to
displacement, repeat the mode combination step after postprocessing the
displacement solution by using the VELO or ACEL label on the mode combination
commands (SRSS, CQC, GRP, DSUM, NRLSUM). Remember that the existing Jobname.MCOM
file is overwritten by the additional mode combination step(s).
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Section 6.3: Steps in a Single-Point Response Spectrum (SPRS) Analysis For
example, issue /INPUT with the following arguments:
/INPUT,FILE,MCOM!Assumes the default jobname FILE
2.
Display results. • Option: Display Deformed Shape Command(s): PLDISP GUI: Main
Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape Option: Contour Displays
Command(s): PLNSOL or PLESOL GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results>
Contour Plot> Nodal Solu or Element Solu Use PLNSOL or PLESOL to contour almost
any result item, such as stresses (SX, SY, SZ ...), strains (EPELX, EPELY, EPELZ
...), and displacements (UX, UY, UZ ...). If you previously issued the SUMTYPE
command, the results of the PLNSOL or PLESOL command are affected by the
particular SUMTYPE command option (SUMTYPE,COMP or SUMTYPE,PRIN) that you
selected. Use the PLETAB command to contour element table data and PLLS to contour
line element data. Caution: Derived data, such as stresses and strains, are
averaged at the nodes by the PLNSOL command. This averaging results in "smeared"
values at nodes where elements of different materials, different shell
thicknesses, or other discontinuities meet. To avoid the smearing effect, use
selecting (described in Chapter 7, “Selecting and Components” in the ANSYS Basic
Analysis Guide) to select elements of the same material, same shell thickness,
etc. before issuing PLNSOL. You can view correct membrane results for shells
(SHELL, MID) by using KEYOPT(8) = 2 (for SHELL93, SHELL181, SHELL208, and
SHELL209) or KEYOPT(11) = 2 (SHELL63). These KEYOPTS write the mid-surface node
results directly to the results file, and allow the membrane results to be
directly operated on during squaring operations. The default method of averaging
the TOP and BOT squared values to obtain a MID value can possibly yield incorrect
MID values. • Option: Vector Displays Command(s): PLVECT GUI: Main Menu> General
Postproc> Plot Results> Vector Plot> Predefined Option: Tabular Listings
Command(s): PRNSOL (nodal results) PRESOL (element-by-element results) PRRSOL
(reaction data) GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Nodal Solution
Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Element Solution Main Menu> General
Postproc> List Results> Reaction Solution Other Capabilities Many other
postprocessing functions, such as mapping results onto a path, transforming
results to different coordinate systems, and load case combinations, are available
in POST1. See The General Postprocessor (POST1) in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide
for details.
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6–9
Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis • • The modal solution and spectrum solution passes
can be combined into a single modal analysis [ANTYPE,MODAL] solution pass, with
spectrum loads [SV, SVTYP, SED, FREQ]. The mode expansion and mode combination
solution passes can be combined into a single modal analysis [ANTYPE,MODAL and
EXPASS,ON] solution pass with a mode combination command.
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Section 6.4: Sample Spectrum Analysis (GUI Method)
6.4.4. Procedure
6.4.4.1. Set the Analysis Title
1. 2. Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Change Title. Type the text "Seismic
Response of a Beam Structure" and click on OK.
6–11
Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis 4. 5. 6. 7. Enter 273.9726 for cross-sectional area.
Enter (1000/3) for area moment of inertia. Enter 14 for total beam height and
click on OK. Click on Close to close the Real Constants dialog box.
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines>
Straight Line. A picking menu appears. 11. Click on keypoint 1, and then on
keypoint 2. A straight line appears between the two keypoints. 12. Click on OK.
The picking menu closes.
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Section 6.4: Sample Spectrum Analysis (GUI Method)
10. Choose Pick All. The Define Master DOFs dialog box appears. 11. Select UY for
the 1st degree of freedom and click on OK. The Define Master DOFs dialog box
closes.
2.
6–13
Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis 3. 4. 5. Choose menu path Main Menu> Solution> Load
Step Opts> Spectrum> Single Point> Settings. The Settings for Single-point
Response Spectrum dialog box appears. Select "Seismic displac" in the scroll box
as the type of response spectrum. Enter 0,1,0 for excitation direction into the
excitation direction input windows and click on OK.
2. 3. 4.
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Section 6.4: Sample Spectrum Analysis (GUI Method)
2. 3. 4.
6–15
Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis 6. 7. 8. 9. Click on OK. The Read File dialog box
closes. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Nodal
Solution. The List Nodal Solution dialog box appears. Click on OK to accept the
default settings of "DOF solution" in the scroll box on the left and "All DOFs
DOF" in the scroll box on the right. The List Nodal Solution dialog box closes.
The PRNSOL Command listing window appears. Review the results and click on Close
to close the PRNSOL Command listing window.
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Element Solution.
The List Element Solution dialog box appears. 11. Scroll down the list on the left
to select "Line Elem results" and select "Structural ELEM" on the scroll box on
the right. Click on OK. The List Element Solution dialog box closes. 12. The
PRESOL Command listing window appears. Review the results and click on Close to
close the PRESOL Command listing window. 13. Choose menu path Main Menu> General
Postproc> List Results> Reaction Solu. The List Reaction Solution dialog box
appears. 14. Scroll down the list to "All struc forc F" to select it and click on
OK. The List Reaction Solution dialog box closes. 15. The PRRSOL Command listing
window appears. Review the results in the listing window and click on Close to
close the PRRSOL Command listing window.
! Mode-frequency analysis
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Section 6.6: Where to Find Other Examples
MODOPT,REDUC,,,,3 MXPAND,1,,,YES M,ALL,UY OUTPR,BASIC,1 SOLVE FINISH /SOLU
ANTYPE,SPECTR SPOPT,SPRS SED,,1 SVTYPE,3 FREQ,.1,10 SV,,.44,.44 SOLVE FINISH /SOLU
ANTYPE,MODAL EXPASS,ON MXPAND,10,,,YES,0.005 SOLVE FINISH /SOLU ANTYPE,SPECTR
SRSS,0.15,DISP SOLVE FINISH /POST1 SET,LIST /INP,,mcom PRNSOL,DOF PRESOL,ELEM
PRRSOL,F FINISH ! Householder, print first 3 reduced mode shapes ! Expand first
mode shape, calculate element stresses
! ! ! ! ! !
! Print nodal solution ! Print element solution in element format ! Print reaction
solution
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Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis
Of these, the first two steps are the same as described for a single-point
response spectrum analysis. The procedure for the remaining four steps is
explained below. Random vibration analysis is not available in the ANSYS
Professional program. In the GUI method, the dialog box for the modal analysis
options [MODOPT] contains an option for mode expansion [MXPAND]. Choose YES for
mode expansion. You then follow the instructions in Section 6.7.1: Expand the
Modes. The procedures for obtaining the modal solution and expanding the nodes are
combined into a single step.
• •
As explained in Chapter 3, “Modal Analysis”, you can combine the modal solution
and mode expansion steps by including the MXPAND command in the modal analysis
step (GUI and batch modes).
2.
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Section 6.7: How to Do a Random Vibration (PSD) Analysis • • For spectrum type
[SPOPT], choose Power Spectral Density (PSD). Specify stress calculations ON
[SPOPT] if you are interested in stress results. Stresses caused by the spectrum
are calculated only if they were also requested during the modal expansion pass.
3.
Specify load step options. The following options are available for a random
vibration analysis: • Spectrum Data – Type of PSD Command(s): PSDUNIT GUI: Main
Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> PSD> Settings The PSD type can be
displacement, velocity, force, pressure, or acceleration. Whether it is a base
excitation or a nodal excitation is specified in Steps 4 and 5. If a pressure PSD
is to be applied, the pressures should be applied in the modal analysis itself. –
PSD-versus-frequency table Define a piecewise-linear (in log-log scale) PSD versus
frequency table. Since a curve-fitting polynomial is used for the closed-form
integration of the curve, you should graph the input, which is overlaid with the
fitted curve, to ensure a good fit. If the fit is not good, you should add one or
more intermediate points to the table until you obtain a good fit. Command(s):
PSDFRQ, PSDVAL, PSDGRAPH GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> PSD>
PSD vs Freq Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> PSD> Graph PSD Tables
PSDFRQ and PSDVAL are used to define the PSD-versus-frequency table. Step 6
describes how to apply additional PSD excitations (if any). You can issue STAT to
list PSD tables and issue PSDGRAPH to graph them. • Damping (Dynamics Options) The
following forms of damping are available: ALPHAD, BETAD, and MDAMP result in a
frequencydependent damping ratio, whereas DMPRAT specifies a constant damping
ratio to be used at all frequencies. If you specify more than one form of damping,
ANSYS calculates an effective damping ratio at each frequency. Note — If no
damping is specified in a PSD analysis, a default DMPRAT of 1 percent is used. –
Alpha (Mass) Damping Command(s): ALPHAD GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts>
Time/Frequenc> Damping Beta (Stiffness) Damping Command(s): BETAD GUI: Main Menu>
Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Damping Constant Damping Ratio
Command(s): DMPRAT GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc>
Damping Frequency-Dependent Damping Ratio Command(s): MDAMP GUI: Main Menu>
Solution> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Damping
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Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis
The remaining steps are specific to a random vibration analysis: 4. Apply the PSD
excitation at the desired nodes. Use a value of 1.0 to indicate points where the
PSD excitation applies. A value of 0.0 (or blank) can be used to remove a
specification. The excitation direction is implied by the UX, UY, UZ labels on the
D command (for base excitation), and by FX, FY, FZ on the F command (for nodal
excitation). For nodal excitation, values other than 1.0 can be used to scale the
participation factors. For pressure PSD, bring in the load vector from the modal
analysis (LVSCALE). You can use the scale factor. Note — You can apply base
excitations only at nodes that were constrained in the modal analysis. Command(s):
D (or DK, DL, or DA) for base excitation F (or FK) for nodal excitation LVSCALE
for pressure PSD GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural>
Spectrum> Base PSD Excit> On Nodes 5. Begin participation factor calculations for
the above PSD excitation. Use the TBLNO field to indicate which PSD table to use,
and Excit to specify whether the calculations are for a base or nodal excitation.
Command(s): PFACT GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> PSD>
Calculate PF 6. If you need to apply multiple PSD excitations on the same model,
repeat steps 3, 4, and 5 for each additional PSD table. Then define, as necessary,
the degree of correlation between the excitations, using any of the following
commands: Command(s): COVAL for cospectral values, QDVAL for quadspectral values,
PSDSPL for a spatial relationship, PSDWAV for a wave propagation relationship,
PSDGRAPH to graph the data overlaid with the fitted curve GUI: Main Menu>
Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> PSD> Correlation Main Menu> Solution> Load
Step Opts> Spectrum> PSD> Graph Tables When you use the PSDSPL or PSDWAV command,
you must use SPATIAL or WAVE, respectively, for
Parcor on the PFACT command. PSDSPL and PSDWAV relationships might be quite CPU
intensive for
multi-point base excitations. Nodal excitation and base excitation input must be
consistent when using PSDWAV and PSDSPL (for example, FY cannot be applied to one
node and FZ be applied to another). The PSDSPL and PSDWAV commands are not
available for a pressure PSD analysis. 7. Specify the output controls. The only
valid output control command for this analysis is PSDRES, which specifies the
amount and form of output written to the results file. Up to three sets of
solution quantities can be calculated: displacement solution, velocity solution,
or acceleration solution. Each of these can be relative to the base or absolute.
Command(s): PSDRES GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Spectrum> PSD> Calc
Controls Table 6.3: “Solution Items Available in a PSD Analysis” shows a summary
of the possible solution sets. To limit the amount of data written to the results
file, use OUTRES at the mode expansion step. Using OUTPR,NSOL,ALL provides a
summary table of the significant modal covariance terms.
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Section 6.7: How to Do a Random Vibration (PSD) Analysis
8.
Start solution calculations. Command(s): SOLVE GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve>
Current LS Leave the SOLUTION processor. Command(s): FINISH GUI: Close the
Solution menu.
9.
2.
5.
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Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis
You can review these results in POST1, the general postprocessor, and then
calculate response PSDs in POST26, the time-history postprocessor.
Command(s): SET GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set 6–22
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Section 6.7: How to Do a Random Vibration (PSD) Analysis
2.
3.
4.
2.
3.
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Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis 4. Obtain the covariance. Command(s):
*GET,NameVARI,n,EXTREM,CVAR GUI: Utility Menu> Parameters> Get Scalar Data
! ! ! !
PSDVAL, ... DMPRAT, ... D,0 PFACT, ... PSDRES, ... SAVE SOLVE FINISH ! ! Combine
modes using PSD method /SOLU ! Re-enter SOLUTION ANTYPE,SPECTR ! Spectrum analysis
PSDCOM,SIGNIF,COMODE ! PSD mode combinations with significance factor and ! option
for selecting a subset of modes for ! combination SOLVE FINISH ! ! Review the
Results /POST1 ! Enter POST1 SET, ... ! Read results from appropriate load step,
substep ...! Postprocess as desired ...! (PLDISP; PLNSOL; NSORT; PRNSOL; etc.) ...
FINISH ! ! Calculate Response PSD /POST26 ! Enter POST26
! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Spectrum analysis Power Spectral Density; No. of modes; Stress calcs. on/off Type
of spectrum Frequency pts. (for spectrum values vs. frequency tables) Spectrum
values Damping ratio Base excitation Calculate participation factors Output
controls
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Section 6.9: How to Do Multi-Point Response Spectrum (MPRS) Analysis
STORE,PSD NSOL,2,... RPSD,3,2,,... PLVAR,3 ... ! Calculate Covariance RESET NSOL,2
NSOL,3 CVAR,4,2,3,1,1 ! ! ! ! Store frequency vector (variable 1) Define variable
2 (nodal data) Calculate response PSD (variable 3) Plot the response PSD
! ! ! ! ! *GET,CVAR23U,VARI,4,EXREME,CVAR ! FINISH
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the ANTYPE, MODOPT, M, TOTAL,
D, EXPASS, MXPAND, SPOPT, PSDUNIT, PSDFRQ, PSDVAL, DMPRAT, PFACT, PSDCOM, SUMTYPE,
and PSDRES commands.
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Chapter 6: Spectrum Analysis • • • • You cannot specify any degree of correlation
between the spectra (i.e., they are assumed to be uncorrelated). Only relative
results (relative to the base excitation) not absolute values, are calculated. All
mode combination methods are available except PSDCOM. Results from a multi-point
response spectrum analysis are written to the mode combination file, Jobname.MCOM,
in the form of POST1 commands. The commands calculate the overall response of the
structure by combining the maximum modal responses in some fashion (specified by
the mode combination command in SOLUTION). The overall response consists of the
overall displacements and, if placed on the results file during the modal
expansion pass, the overall stresses, strains, and reaction forces. If Label =
VELO or ACEL on the mode combination command (SRSS, CQC, GRP, DSUM, or NRLSUM)
during SOLUTION, the corresponding velocity or acceleration responses are written
to the mode combination file.
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Chapter 7: Buckling Analysis
7.1. Definition of Buckling Analysis
Buckling analysis is a technique used to determine buckling loads - critical loads
at which a structure becomes unstable - and buckled mode shapes - the
characteristic shape associated with a structure's buckled response.
7.4.3. Important
Remember that an unconverged solution does not necessarily mean that the structure
has reached its maximum load. It could also be caused by numerical instability,
which might be corrected by refining your modeling technique. Track the load-
deflection history of your structure's response to decide whether an unconverged
load step represents actual structural buckling, or whether it reflects some other
problem. Perform a preliminary analysis using the arc-length method [ARCLEN] to
predict an approximate value of buckling load. Compare this approximate value to
the more precise value calculated using bisection to help determine if the
structure has indeed reached its maximum load. You can also use the arc-length
method itself to obtain a precise buckling load, but this method requires you to
adjust the arc-length radius by trial-and-error in a series of manually directed
reanalyses.
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Section 7.5: Procedure for Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis
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Chapter 7: Buckling Analysis
You can apply a nonzero constraint in the prestressing pass as the static load.
The eigenvalues found in the buckling solution will be the load factors applied to
these nonzero constraint values. However, the mode shapes will have a zero value
at these degrees of freedom (and not the nonzero value specified). At the end of
the solution, leave SOLUTION [FINISH].
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Section 7.5: Procedure for Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis
2.
• •
4.
Specify load step options. The only load step options valid for eigenvalue
buckling are output controls and expansion pass options. Command(s):
OUTPR,NSOL,ALL GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> Solu
Printout You can make the expansion pass a part of the eigenvalue buckling
solution or perform it as a separate step. In this document, we treat the
expansion pass as a separate step. See Section 7.5.4: Expand the Solution for
details.
5.
7–5
Chapter 7: Buckling Analysis GUI: Utility Menu> File> Save As 6. Start solution
calculations. Command(s): SOLVE GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS The
output from the solution mainly consists of the eigenvalues, which are printed as
part of the printed output (Jobname.OUT). The eigenvalues represent the buckling
load factors; if unit loads were applied in the static analysis, they are the
buckling loads. No buckling mode shapes are written to the database or the results
file, so you cannot postprocess the results yet. To do this, you need to expand
the solution (explained next). Sometimes you may see both positive and negative
eigenvalues calculated. Negative eigenvalues indicate that buckling occurs when
the loads are applied in an opposite sense. 7. Exit the SOLUTION processor.
Command(s): FINISH GUI: Close the Solution menu.
3.
7–6
Section 7.5: Procedure for Eigenvalue Buckling Analysis • For Elcalc, indicate
whether you want ANSYS to calculate stresses. "Stresses" in an eigenvalue analysis
do not represent actual stresses, but give you an idea of the relative stress or
force distribution for each mode. By default, no stresses are calculated.
4.
Specify load step options. The only options valid in a buckling expansion pass are
the following output controls: • Printed Output Use this option to include any
results data on the output file (Jobname.OUT). Command(s): OUTPR GUI: Main Menu>
Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrl> Solu Printout • Database and Results File
Output This option controls the data on the results file (Jobname.RST).
Command(s): OUTRES GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrl>
DB/Results File Note — The FREQ field on OUTPR and OUTRES can only be ALL or NONE,
that is, the data can be requested for all modes or no modes - you cannot write
information for every other mode, for instance.
5.
Start expansion pass calculations. The output consists of expanded mode shapes
and, if requested, relative stress distributions for each mode. Command(s): SOLVE
GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS
6.
Leave the SOLUTION processor. You can now review results in the postprocessor.
Command(s): FINISH GUI: Close the Solution menu. Note — The expansion pass has
been presented here as a separate step. You can make it part of the eigenvalue
buckling solution by including the MXPAND command (Main Menu> Solution> Load Step
Opts> ExpansionPass> Expand Modes) as one of the analysis options.
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Chapter 7: Buckling Analysis 2. Read in data for the desired mode to display
buckling mode shapes. (Each mode is stored on the results file as a separate
substep.) Command(s): SET,SBSTEP GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results>
load step Display the mode shape. Command(s): PLDISP GUI: Main Menu> General
Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape Contour the relative stress distributions.
Command(s): PLNSOL or PLESOL GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results>
Contour Plot> Nodal Solution Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour
Plot> Element Solution
3.
4.
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the ANTYPE, PSTRES, D, F, SF,
BUCOPT, EXPASS, MXPAND, OUTRES, SET, PLDISP, and PLNSOL commands.
7–8
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Section 7.6: Sample Buckling Analysis (GUI Method)
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Chapter 7: Buckling Analysis
10. Choose menu path Material> Exit to remove the Define Material Model Behavior
dialog box.
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Elements> Auto
Numbered> Thru Nodes. The Elements from Nodes picking menu appears. 11. Click on
nodes 1 and 2, then click on OK. 12. Choose menu path Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Modeling> Copy> Elements> Auto Numbered. The Copy Elems Auto-Num picking menu
appears. 13. Click on Pick All. The Copy Elements (Automatically-Numbered) dialog
box appears. 14. Enter 10 for total number of copies and enter 1 for node number
increment. 15. Click on OK. The remaining elements appear in the ANSYS Graphics
window. 7–10
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Section 7.6: Sample Buckling Analysis (GUI Method)
10. Click on node 11, then click OK. The Apply F/M on Nodes dialog box appears.
11. In the scroll box for Direction of force/mom, scroll to "FY" to select it. 12.
Enter -1 for the force/moment value, and click on OK. The force symbol appears in
the ANSYS Graphics window.
7–11
Chapter 7: Buckling Analysis 9. Carefully review the information in the status
window, and click on Close.
10. Click on OK in the Solve Current Load Step dialog box to begin the solution.
11. Click on Close in the Information window when the solution is finished.
! ! ! !
Static analysis Calculate prestress effects Fix symmetry ends Unit load at free
end
! Buckling analysis ! Use Block Lanczos solution method, extract 1 mode ! Expand 1
mode shape
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
8.1. What is Structural Nonlinearity?
You encounter structural nonlinearities on a routine basis. For instance, whenever
you staple two pieces of paper together, the metal staples are permanently bent
into a different shape. (See Figure 8.1: “Common Examples of Nonlinear Structural
Behavior” (a).) If you heavily load a wooden shelf, it will sag more and more as
time passes. (See Figure (b).) As weight is added to a car or truck, the contact
surfaces between its pneumatic tires and the underlying pavement change in
response to the added load. (See Figure (c).) If you were to plot the load-
deflection curve for each of these examples, you would discover that they all
exhibit the fundamental characteristic of nonlinear structural behavior - a
changing structural stiffness.
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Section 8.1: What is Structural Nonlinearity?
Before each solution, the Newton-Raphson method evaluates the out-of-balance load
vector, which is the difference between the restoring forces (the loads
corresponding to the element stresses) and the applied loads. The program then
performs a linear solution, using the out-of-balance loads, and checks for
convergence. If convergence criteria are not satisfied, the out-of-balance load
vector is reevaluated, the stiffness matrix is updated, and a new solution is
obtained. This iterative procedure continues until the problem converges. A number
of convergence-enhancement and recovery features, such as line search, automatic
load stepping, and bisection, can be activated to help the problem to converge. If
convergence cannot be achieved, then the program attempts to solve with a smaller
load increment. In some nonlinear static analyses, if you use the Newton-Raphson
method alone, the tangent stiffness matrix may become singular (or non-unique),
causing severe convergence difficulties. Such occurrences include nonlinear
buckling analyses in which the structure either collapses completely or "snaps
through" to another stable configuration. For such situations, you can activate an
alternative iteration scheme, the arc-length method, to help avoid bifurcation
points and track unloading. The arc-length method causes the Newton-Raphson
equilibrium iterations to converge along an arc, thereby often preventing
divergence, even when the slope of the load vs. deflection curve becomes zero or
negative. This iteration method is represented schematically in Figure 8.4:
“Traditional Newton-Raphson Method vs. ArcLength Method”.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
• •
Figure 8.5: “Load Steps, Substeps, and Time” illustrates a typical load history
for a nonlinear analysis. Also see the discussion of load steps, substeps, and
equilibrium iterations in Chapter 2, “Loading” in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
8–4
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Section 8.1: What is Structural Nonlinearity? The ANSYS program gives you a number
of choices when you designate convergence criteria: you can base convergence
checking on forces, moments, displacements, or rotations, or on any combination of
these items. Additionally, each item can have a different convergence tolerance
value. For multiple-degree-of-freedom problems, you also have a choice of
convergence norms. You should almost always employ a force-based (and, when
applicable, moment-based) convergence tolerance. Displacement-based (and, when
applicable, rotation-based) convergence checking can be added, if desired, but
should usually not be used alone.
8.1.2.2. Substeps
When using multiple substeps, you need to achieve a balance between accuracy and
economy: more substeps (that is, small time step sizes) usually result in better
accuracy, but at a cost of increased run times. ANSYS provides automatic time
stepping that is designed for this purpose. Automatic time stepping adjusts the
time step size as needed, gaining a better balance between accuracy and economy.
Automatic time stepping activates the ANSYS program's bisection feature. Bisection
provides a means of automatically recovering from a convergence failure. This
feature will cut a time step size in half whenever equilibrium iterations fail to
converge and automatically restart from the last converged
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis substep. If the halved time step again
fails to converge, bisection will again cut the time step size and restart,
continuing the process until convergence is achieved or until the minimum time
step size (specified by you) is reached.
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Section 8.2: Using Geometric Nonlinearities In contrast, large strain analyses
account for the stiffness changes that result from changes in an element's shape
and orientation. By issuing NLGEOM,ON (GUI path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis
Type> Sol'n Control ( : Basic Tab) or Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged Menu>
Analysis Type> Analysis Options), you activate large strain effects in those
element types that support this feature. The large strain feature is available in
most of the solid elements (including all of the large strain and hyperelastic
elements), as well as in most of the shell and beam elements. Large strain effects
are not available in the ANSYS Professional program. However, large deflection
effects (NLGEOM command) are supported for shell and beam elements in ANSYS
Professional, if indicated as such in the ANSYS Elements Reference. The large
strain procedure places no theoretical limit on the total rotation or strain
experienced by an element. (Certain ANSYS element types will be subject to
practical limitations on total strain - see below.) However, the procedure
requires that strain increments must be restricted to maintain accuracy. Thus, the
total load should be broken into smaller steps.
8.2.1. Stress-Strain
In large strain solutions, all stress-strain input and results will be in terms of
true stress and true (or logarithmic) strain. (In one dimension, true strain would
be expressed as ε = ln ( / 0). For small-strain regions of response, true strain
and engineering strain are essentially identical.) To convert strain from small
(engineering) strain to logarithmic strain, use εln = ln (1 + εeng). To convert
from engineering stress to true stress, use σtrue = σeng (1 + εeng). (This stress
conversion is valid only for incompressible plasticity stress-strain data.)
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To use stress stiffening in the second category of systems, you must issue
PSTRES,ON (GUI path Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged Menu> Analysis Type> Analysis
Options) in your first load step. Large strain and large deflection procedures
include initial stress effects as a subset of their theory. For most elements,
initial stiffness effects are automatically included when large deformation
effects are activated [NLGEOM,ON] (GUI path Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type>
Sol'n Control ( : Basic Tab) or Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged Menu> Analysis
Type> Analysis Options).
8.3.1.1. Plasticity
Most common engineering materials exhibit a linear stress-strain relationship up
to a stress level known as the proportional limit. Beyond this limit, the stress-
strain relationship will become nonlinear, but will not necessarily become
inelastic. Plastic behavior, characterized by nonrecoverable strain, begins when
stresses exceed the material's yield point. Because there is usually little
difference between the yield point and the proportional limit, the ANSYS program
assumes that these two points are coincident in plasticity analyses (see Figure
8.9: “Elastoplastic Stress-Strain Curve”). Plasticity is a nonconservative, path-
dependent phenomenon. In other words, the sequence in which loads are applied and
in which plastic responses occur affects the final solution results. If you
anticipate plastic response in your analysis, you should apply loads as a series
of small incremental load steps or time steps, so that your model will follow the
load-response path as closely as possible. The maximum plastic strain is printed
with the substep summary information in your output (Jobname.OUT).
The automatic time stepping feature [AUTOTS] (GUI path Main Menu> Solution>
Analysis Type> Sol'n Control ( : Basic Tab) or Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged
Menu> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc>Time and Substps) will respond to plasticity
after the fact, by reducing the load step size after a load step in which a large
number of equilibrium iterations was performed or in which a plastic strain
increment greater than 15% was encountered. If too large a step was taken, the
program will bisect and resolve using a smaller step size. Other kinds of
nonlinear behavior might also occur along with plasticity. In particular, large
deflection and large strain geometric nonlinearities will often be associated with
plastic material response. If you expect large deformations in your structure, you
must activate these effects in your analysis with the NLGEOM command (GUI path
Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Sol'n Control ( : Basic Tab) or Main Menu>
Solution> Unabridged Menu> Analysis Type> Analysis Options). For large strain
analyses, material stress-strain properties must be input in terms of true stress
and logarithmic strain.
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See the MPTEMP, MP, TB, TBTEMP, TBDATA, TBLIST, /XRANGE, and TBPLOT command
descriptions for more information.
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities
The Multilinear Kinematic Hardening (KINH and MKIN) options use the Besseling
model, also called the sublayer or overlay model, so that the Bauschinger effect
is included. KINH is preferred for use over MKIN because it uses Rice's model
where the total plastic strains remain constant by scaling the sublayers. KINH
allows you to define more stress-strain curves (40 vs. 5), and more points per
curve (20 vs. 5). Also, when KINH is used with LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182,
PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, BEAM188, BEAM189, SHELL208, and
SHELL209, you can use TBOPT = 4 (or PLASTIC) to define the stress vs. plastic
strain curve. For either option, if you define more than one stress-strain curve
for temperature dependent properties, then each curve should contain the same
number of points. The assumption is that the corresponding points on the different
stressstrain curves represent the temperature dependent yield behavior of a
particular sublayer. These options are not recommended for large-strain analyses.
You can combine either of these options with the Hill anisotropy option to
simulate more complex material behaviors. See Material Model Combinations in the
ANSYS Elements Reference for the combination possibilities. Also, see Section
8.3.2: Material Model Combinations in this chapter for sample input listings of
material combinations. Figure 8.10: “Kinematic Hardening”(b) illustrates typical
stressstrain curves for the MKIN option. A typical stress-strain temperature data
input using KINH is demonstrated by this example.
TB,KINH,1,2,3 TBTEMP,20.0 TBPT,,0.001,1.0 TBPT,,0.1012,1.2 TBPT,,0.2013,1.3
TBTEMP,40.0 TBPT,,0.008,0.9 TBPT,,0.09088,1.0 TBPT,,0.12926,1.05 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
Activate a data table Temperature = 20.0 Strain = 0.001, Stress = 1.0 Strain =
0.1012, Stress = 1.2 Strain = 0.2013, Stress = 1.3 Temperature = 40.0 Strain =
0.008, Stress = 0.9 Strain = 0.09088, Stress = 1.0 Strain = 0.12926, Stress = 1.05
In this example, the third point in the two stress-strain curves defines the
temperature-dependent yield behavior of the third sublayer. A typical stress-
plastic strain temperature data input using KINH is demonstrated by this example.
TB,KINH,1,2,3,PLASTIC TBTEMP,20.0 TBPT,,0.000,1.0 TBPT,,0.1012,1.2
TBPT,,0.2013,1.3 TBTEMP,40.0 TBPT,,0.008,0.9 TBPT,,0.09088,1.0
TBPT,,0.12926,1.05 ! Activate a data table ! Temperature = 20.0 ! Plastic Strain =
0.0000, ! Plastic Strain = 0.1000, ! Plastic Strain = 0.2000, ! Temperature = 40.0
! Plastic Strain = 0.0000, ! Plastic Strain = 0.0900, ! Plastic Strain = 0.1290,
Stress = 1.0 Stress = 1.2 Stress = 1.3 Stress = 0.9 Stress = 1.0 Stress = 1.05
In this example, the stress - strain behavior is the same as the previous sample,
except now the strain value is the plastic strain. The plastic strain can be
converted from total strain as follows:
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis Plastic Stain = (total strain -
stress)/Young's Modulus. A typical stress-strain temperature data input using MKIN
is demonstrated by this example.
MPTEMP,1,0,500 ! Define temperature-dependent EX, MP,EX,1,12E6,-8E3 ! as in BKIN
example TB,MKIN,1,2 ! Activate a data table TBTEMP,,STRAIN ! Next TBDATA values
are strains TBDATA,1,3.67E-3,5E-3,7E-3,10E-3,15E-3 ! Strains for all temps
TBTEMP,0.0 ! Temperature = 0.0 TBDATA,1,44E3,50E3,55E3,60E3,65E3 ! Stresses at
temperature = 0.0 TBTEMP,500 ! Temperature = 500
TBDATA,1,29.33E3,37E3,40.3E3,43.7E3,47E3 ! Stresses at temperature = 500
/XRANGE,0,0.02 TBPLOT,MKIN,1
Please see the MPTEMP, MP, TB, TBPT, TBTEMP, TBDATA, /XRANGE, and TBPLOT command
descriptions for more information. The Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening (CHABOCHE)
option uses the Chaboche model, which is a multi-component nonlinear kinematic
hardening model that allows you to superpose several kinematic models. See the
ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for details. Like the BKIN and MKIN options, you can
use the CHABOCHE option to simulate monotonic hardening and the Bauschinger
effect. This option also allows you to simulate the ratcheting and shakedown
effect of materials. By combining the CHABOCHE option with isotropic hardening
model options BISO, MISO, and NLISO, you have the further capability of simulating
cyclic hardening or softening. You can also combine this option with the Hill
anisotropy option to simulate more complex material behaviors. See Material Model
Combinations in the ANSYS Elements Reference for the combination possibilities.
Also, see Section 8.3.2: Material Model Combinations in this chapter for sample
input listings of material combinations. The model has 1 + 2 x n constants, where
n is the number of kinematic models, and is defined by NPTS in the TB command. See
the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for details. You define the material constants
using the TBTEMP and TBDATA commands. This model is suitable for large strain
analysis. The following example is a typical data table with no temperature
dependency and one kinematic model:
TB,CHABOCHE,1 TBDATA,1,C1,C2,C3 ! Activate CHABOCHE data table ! Values for
constants C1, C2, and C3
Please see the TB, TBTEMP, and TBDATA command descriptions for more information.
The Bilinear Isotropic Hardening (BISO) option uses the von Mises yield criteria
coupled with an isotropic work hardening assumption. This option is often
preferred for large strain analyses. You can combine BISO with Chaboche, creep,
viscoplastic, and Hill anisotropy options to simulate more complex material
behaviors. See Material Model Combinations in the ANSYS Elements Reference for the
combination possibilities. Also, see Section 8.3.2: Material Model Combinations in
this chapter for sample input listings of material combinations. The Multilinear
Isotropic Hardening (MISO) option is like the bilinear isotropic hardening option,
except that a multilinear curve is used instead of a bilinear curve. This option
is not recommended for cyclic or highly nonproportional load histories in small-
strain analyses. It is, however, recommended for large strain analyses. The MISO
option can contain up to 20 different temperature curves, with up to 100 different
stress-strain points allowed 8–12
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities per curve. Strain points can differ
from curve to curve. You can combine this option with nonlinear kinematic
hardening (CHABOCHE) for simulating cyclic hardening or softening. You can also
combine the MISO option with creep, viscoplastic, and Hill anisotropy options to
simulate more complex material behaviors. See Material Model Combinations in the
ANSYS Elements Reference for the combination possibilities. Also, see Section
8.3.2: Material Model Combinations in this chapter for sample input listings of
material combinations. The stress-straintemperature curves from the MKIN example
would be input for a multilinear isotropic hardening material as follows:
/prep7 MPTEMP,1,0,500 ! Define temperature-dependent EX,
MPDATA,EX,1,,14.665E6,12.423e6 MPDATA,PRXY,1,,0.3 TB,MISO,1,2,5 TBTEMP,0.0
TBPT,DEFI,2E-3,29.33E3 TBPT,DEFI,5E-3,50E3 TBPT,DEFI,7E-3,55E3 TBPT,DEFI,10E-
3,60E3 TBPT,DEFI,15E-3,65E3 TBTEMP,500 TBPT,DEFI,2.2E-3,27.33E3 TBPT,DEFI,5E-
3,37E3 TBPT,DEFI,7E-3,40.3E3 TBPT,DEFI,10E-3,43.7E3 TBPT,DEFI,15E-3,47E3
/XRANGE,0,0.02 TBPLOT,MISO,1 ! Activate a data table ! Temperature = 0.0 ! Strain,
stress at temperature = 0
See the MPTEMP, MP, TB, TBTEMP, TBPT, /XRANGE, and TBPLOT command descriptions for
more information. The Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening (NLISO) option is based on the
Voce hardening law (see the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for details). The NLISO
option is a variation of BISO where an exponential saturation hardening term is
appended to the linear term (see Figure 8.12: “NLISO Stress-Strain Curve”).
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Please see the TB, TBTEMP, and TBDATA command descriptions for more information.
The Anisotropic (ANISO) option allows for different bilinear stress-strain
behavior in the material x, y, and z directions as well as different behavior in
tension, compression, and shear. This option is applicable to metals that have
undergone some previous deformation (such as rolling). It is not recommended for
cyclic or highly nonproportional load histories since work hardening is assumed.
The yield stresses and slopes are not totally independent (see the ANSYS, Inc.
Theory Reference for details).
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities To define anisotropic material
plasticity, use MP commands (Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Other> Change
Mat Props) to define the elastic moduli (EX, EY, EZ, NUXY, NUYZ, and NUXZ). Then,
issue the TB command [TB,ANISO] followed by TBDATA commands to define the yield
points and tangent moduli. (See Nonlinear StressStrain Materials in the ANSYS
Elements Reference for more information.) The Hill Anisotropy (HILL) option, when
combined with other material options simulates plasticity, viscoplasticity, and
creep - all using the Hill potential. See Material Model Combinations in the ANSYS
Elements Reference for the combination possibilities. Also, see Section 8.3.2:
Material Model Combinations in this chapter for sample input listings of material
combinations. The Hill potential may only be used with the following elements:
PLANE42, SOLID45, PLANE82, SOLID92, SOLID95, LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182,
PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, BEAM188, BEAM189, SHELL208, and
SHELL209. The Drucker-Prager (DP) option is applicable to granular (frictional)
material such as soils, rock, and concrete, and uses the outer cone approximation
to the Mohr-Coulomb law.
MP,EX,1,5000 MP,NUXY,1,0.27 TB,DP,1 TBDATA,1,2.9,32,0
See the MP, TB, and TBDATA command descriptions for more information. The Cast
Iron (CAST, UNIAXIAL) option assumes a modified von Mises yield surface, which
consists of the von Mises cylinder in compression and a Rankine cube in tension.
It has different yield strengths, flows, and hardenings in tension and
compression. Elastic behavior is isotropic, and is the same in tension and
compression. The TB,CAST command is used to input the plastic Poisson's ration in
tension, which can be temperature dependent. Use the TB,UNIAXIAL command to enter
the yield and hardening in tension and compression. Note — Cast Iron is intended
for monotonic loading only and cannot be used with any other material model.
TB,CAST,1,,,ISOTROPIC TBDATA,1,0.04 TB,UNIAXIAL,1,1,5,TENSION TBTEMP,10
TBPT,,0.550E-03,0.813E+04 TBPT,,0.100E-02,0.131E+05 TBPT,,0.250E-02,0.241E+05
TBPT,,0.350E-02,0.288E+05 TBPT,,0.450E-02,0.322E+05 TB,UNIAXIAL,1,1,5,COMPRESSION
TBTEMP,10 TBPT,,0.203E-02,0.300E+05 TBPT,,0.500E-02,0.500E+05 TBPT,,0.800E-
02,0.581E+05 TBPT,,0.110E-01,0.656E+05 TBPT,,0.140E-01,0.700E+05
Figure 8.13: “Cast Iron Plasticity” illustrates the idealized response of gray
cast iron in tension and compression.
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σc
σt
Tension ε
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities
TBDATA,1,21e5,0.3,2e3,100, ! 4 material constants for ! second temperature.
If you use state variables in the USERMAT subroutine, you must first define the
number of state variables using the TB,STATE command. You then use the TBDATA
command to initialize the value of the state variables, as shown in the following
example:
TB,STATE,1,,4, TBDATA,1,C1,C2,C3,C4, ! Define material 1, which ! has 4 state
variables. ! Initialize the 4 state variables.
You cannot use TB,STATE in the USERPL subroutine. See the TB, and TBDATA command
descriptions for more information.
8.3.1.4. Hyperelasticity
A material is said to be hyperelastic if there exists an elastic potential
function (or strain energy density function), which is a scalar function of one of
the strain or deformation tensors, whose derivative with respect to a strain
component determines the corresponding stress component. Hyperelasticity can be
used to analyze rubber-like materials (elastomers) that undergo large strains and
displacements with small volume changes (nearly incompressible materials). Large
strain theory is required [NLGEOM,ON]. A representative hyperelastic structure (a
balloon seal) is shown in Figure 8.14: “Hyperelastic Structure”.
There are two types of elements suitable for simulating hyperelastic materials:
the hyperelastic elements (HYPER56, HYPER58, HYPER74, HYPER158), and all of the
18x family of elements except the link and beam elements (SHELL181, PLANE182,
PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, SHELL208, and SHELL209). For
further details on the use of hyperelastic elements, and on mixed formulation of
the 18x solid elements, see Mixed u-P Formulation Elements in the ANSYS Elements
Reference. The material response in ANSYS hyperelastic models is always assumed to
be isotropic and isothermal. Because of this assumption, the strain energy
potentials are expressed in terms of strain invariants. Unless indicated
otherwise, the hyperelastic materials are also assumed to be nearly or purely
incompressible. Material thermal expansion is also assumed to be isotropic. ANSYS
supports several options of strain energy potentials for the simulation of
incompressible or nearly incompressible hyperelastic materials. All options are
applicable to elements SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185,
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, SHELL208,
and SHELL209. Access these options through the TBOPT argument of TB,HYPER. One of
the options, the Mooney-Rivlin option, is also applicable to elements HYPER56,
HYPER58, HYPER74, HYPER158, and explicit dynamics elements PLANE162, SHELL163,
SOLID164, and SOLID168. To access the MooneyRivlin option for these elements, use
TB,MOONEY. ANSYS provides tools to help you determine the coefficients for all of
the hyperelastic options defined by TB,HYPER. The TBFT command allows you to
compare your experimental data with existing material data curves and visually
“fit” your curve for use in the TB command. All of the TBFT command capability is
available via either batch or interactive (GUI) mode. See Material Curve Fitting
(also in this manual) for more information. Each of the hyperelastic options is
presented in the following sections.
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities
TBDATA,2,2 TBDATA,3,-0.250152 TBDATA,4,-2 TBDATA,5,6.93063E-5 !Define 1 !Define µ2
!Define 2 !Define incompressibility parameter !(as 2/K, K is the bulk modulus) !
(Second incompressibility parameter d2 is zero)
Refer to Ogden Hyperelastic Material Constants in the ANSYS Elements Reference for
a description of the material constants required for this option.
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Refer to Gent Hyperelastic Material Constants in the ANSYS Elements Reference for
a description of the material constants required for this option.
Refer to Yeoh Hyperelastic Material Constants in the ANSYS Elements Reference for
a description of the material constants required for this option.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis that encompasses all possible modes of
deformation: tension, compression, and shear. See the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference
for a discussion of hyperelastic test methods and equivalent deformation modes. If
an incomplete set of data is provided (for instance, if only uniaxial tension data
are available), the program can still determine usable hyperelastic material
properties. However, in such cases the deformations experienced in the model
should be limited to be of the same nature as those experienced in the tests. In
other words, the test data should represent all modes of deformation and ranges of
response (strain) that will be experienced in the model. This advice is simply
common sense - if you do not know how the material behaves in a certain mode of
deformation or range of strain, you cannot accurately predict the behavior of a
part that experiences such deformations or strains. For example, if all you have
is uniaxial tension data, do not model a part that experiences significant shear
deformations. If your test data extend only from 0% to 100% strain, do not model a
part that experiences 150% strain. If, after reviewing your analysis, you discover
that the available test data do not adequately characterize the model's response,
get more test data! You can use the *MOONEY command to automatically determine a
set of Mooney-Rivlin constants from experimental test data. ANSYS determines the
constants and stores them in the database, and in an array parameter.
Additionally, it writes an ASCII file (Jobname.TB) that records the Mooney-Rivlin
constants in the form of a series of TB and TBDATA commands. Once such a file
exists, you can use it in future analyses to define that same material's Mooney-
Rivlin constants - you do not need to use the *MOONEY command every time to
regenerate these constants. Determining and Applying Mooney-Rivlin Constants The
procedure for determining and applying Mooney-Rivlin constants consists of five
main steps: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Dimension all arrays that will be used for data input,
Mooney-Rivlin constant storage, and calculated stress-strain evaluation. Fill the
input-data arrays with engineering stress and strain test data. Determine the
Mooney-Rivlin constants automatically. Evaluate the quality of the automatically
determined Mooney-Rivlin constants. Apply the Mooney-Rivlin constants in your
analysis.
Step 1: Dimension the Arrays Command(s): *DIM GUI: Utility Menu> Parameters> Array
Parameters> Define/Edit You must dimension arrays before using the *MOONEY
command. In most cases, you will need to dimension at least six different arrays.
(You can give these arrays any valid parameter names, but for convenience, we will
use specific array names, such as STRAIN, STRESS, and so on, in our discussion.
You can substitute any other valid parameter names that you like.) The arrays are
STRAIN, STRESS, CONST, CALC, SORTSN, and SORTSS. STRAIN Array: An array of
engineering strain data from mechanical material tests, arranged in three columns:
• • • Column 1: uniaxial tension and/or compression data Column 2: equibiaxial
tension and/or compression data Column 3: shear data (planar tension and/or
compression)
This array has the dimensions N x 3, where N equals the maximum number of data
points in any one of the three columns. For example, if you have 20 data points
from uniaxial tension/compression tests and 10 data points from shear tests, N =
20. This array must always be N x 3, even if fewer than three types of test data
are available. 8–22
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities Although it might be preferable to
input the data points in order of ascending strain values, it is not necessary to
do so. STRESS Array: An array of engineering stress data from mechanical material
tests input stress-data array, also of dimension N x 3. You must input stress data
points in the same order as the corresponding strain-data input. CONST Array: A
Mooney-Rivlin constant array of dimension M x 1, where M equals the desired number
of Mooney-Rivlin constants. (M must be either 2, 5, or 9; any other value will
produce an error message when *MOONEY is invoked.) You actually tell the program
in this dimensioning operation how many Mooney-Rivlin constants you want. The
*MOONEY command later reads the dimensions of this array to determine how many
Mooney-Rivlin constants to generate, and then writes the values of those constants
to this array. How many Mooney-Rivlin constants should you use? As a rule of
thumb, you should have at least twice as many data points (N, as defined above) as
the desired number of Mooney-Rivlin constants. Using more terms will usually
improve the statistical quality of your curve fit (that is, it will probably be
more tightly fitted through the data points), but the overall shape of the curve
might be worse than that obtained with fewer terms. As a practical matter, you
should probably try two-term, five-term, and nine-term functions in sequence, and
examine the resulting stress-strain curves to decide which function gives you the
best combination of tight fit and satisfactory curve shape.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
*DIM,SORTSN,,20,3 *DIM,SORTSS,,20,3 ! Dim. array (SORTSN) for sorted input strain
data ! Dim. array (SORTSS) for sorted input stress data
See the *DIM command description for more information. Step 2: Fill the Input-Data
Arrays Once you have dimensioned your arrays, you can then fill the STRAIN and
STRESS arrays with test data using the *SET command (GUI path Utility Menu>
Parameters> Scalar Parameters). (Again, remember that you can give these arrays
any valid parameter names; particular array names are used here only for the
convenience of this discussion.) Note — The *MOONEY command interprets all input
stress and strain data as engineering stress and engineering strain. These arrays
are of dimension N x 3, with each column of the arrays containing data from one
type of test, in this order: • • • First column: Uniaxial tension and/or uniaxial
compression Second column: Equibiaxial tension and/or equibiaxial compression
Third column: Shear (planar tension or compression)
Note that these do not have a 1:1 relationship with the modes of deformation and
their equivalencies. The first mode of deformation, uniaxial tension, has
equibiaxial compression as its equivalency, but the first column of the array
contains data from uniaxial tension and/or uniaxial compression. Likewise, the
second mode of deformation, equibiaxial tension, has uniaxial compression as its
equivalency, but the second column of the array contains data from equibiaxial
tension and/or equibiaxial compression.
If fewer than three types of tests are used, you must leave the missing columns
blank. Schematically, data input might be represented as shown in Figure 8.16:
“Data Locations in Stress and Strain Input Arrays”.
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities
Consider a case in which data from uniaxial tension and shear tests are available.
The commands to store the strain and stress data in the input-data arrays could
look something like this (of course, the arrays can have any valid array names,
and the number of data points represented by N1 and N2 in this example can be any
integral numbers):
! Uniaxial Tension Data *SET,STRAIN(1,1), ... ! *SET,STRAIN(11,1),... !
*SET,STRESS(1,1), ... ! *SET,STRESS(11,1),... ! ! Shear Data *SET,STRAIN(1,3), ...
! *SET,STRESS(1,3), ... ! First 10 strain data points Strain data points 11
through N1 (if N1<21) First 10 stress data points Stress data points 11 through N1
Strain data points 1 through N2 (if N2<11) Stress data points 1 through N2
See the *SET command description for more information. Step 3: Determine the
Mooney-Rivlin Constants To generate Mooney-Rivlin constants automatically, first
use the TB command, with Lab = MOONEY and TBOPT = 1. Next, issue the *MOONEY
command, inserting the appropriate names of arrays that you have already
dimensioned (particular names have been used in this example for convenience of
discussion only; you can use any valid parameter names):
TB,MOONEY,MAT,NTEMP,,1
*MOONEY,STRAIN(1,1),STRESS(1,1),,CONST(1),CALC(1),SORTSN(1), SORTSS(1),Fname,Ext
8–25
Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis In your printout (file Jobname.OUT),
examine the "ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE ERROR (PERCENTAGE)" and the "COEFFICIENT OF
DETERMINATION." These two values give you a statistical measure of how well your
calculated stress-strain curve fits the experimental data points. The root-mean-
square error, which is expressed as a percentage (that is, a value of 2.5 means
2.5 %), should be "close" to zero. The coefficient of determination will be less
than 1.0, but should be "close" to 1.0 (that is, typically 0.99 or better). In
addition, you should use the *EVAL and *VPLOT commands (GUI paths Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Material Props> Mooney-Rivlin> Evaluate Const and Utility Menu>
Plot> Array Parameters) to graph the input and calculated stress-strain curves, in
order to obtain a visual check on how well the calculated curve matches the
experimental data. In comparing these curves, you should compare calculated values
against test data that represent the same mode of deformation. That is, you should
compare the shape of the calculated uniaxial tension curve (EVPARM = 1 in the
*EVAL command) against uniaxial tension data only (column 1 of the sorted STRAIN
and STRESS arrays). Similarly, you should compare the calculated uniaxial
compression curve against the uniaxial compression data only, and the calculated
shear curve against the shear data only. When you graph your calculated stress-
strain curves, you can extend the displayed curve into regions that were not
defined by the experimental data. Graphing your curves over such an extended range
can help you qualitatively understand your model's behavior if its response ever
happens to exceed the range of experimental strain. However, realize that if you
extend a displayed curve into a region that represents a different mode of
deformation, then that portion of the display will be meaningless. For instance,
you should graph a uniaxial tension curve only in regions of positive strain, and
a uniaxial compression curve only in regions of compressive strain. Remember that
good practice usually requires that the test data should represent all modes of
deformation and ranges of response (strain) experienced by your model. The *MOONEY
command automatically writes the Mooney-Rivlin constants to the CONST array.
Because *EVAL reads these same constants from this CONST array, you can readily do
a *EVAL following a *MOONEY operation in the same ANSYS session. If you already
have the Mooney-Rivlin constants (and thus will not be doing a *MOONEY
calculation), you must first dimension [*DIM]and fill the CONST array with the
Mooney-Rivlin constants before you can evaluate the curves [*EVAL]. You can fill
this array fairly easily, given that the CONST array is either 1 x 2, 1 x 5, or 1
x 9 at most. You could also add the *DIM and array-filling commands to your
archived Jobname.TB file to make this operation more convenient. To check your
curve's shape, you must dimension [*DIM] two more table array vectors (identified
as XVAL and ECALC in the *EVAL command description; any valid parameter names may
be used). Each of these table array vectors should have dimension P, where P is
the number of points you want to use to plot your curve. (Typically, you will want
to make P fairly large in order to generate a very smooth curve.) Next, specify
the mode of deformation, define an extended range of strain, and fill the arrays
with engineering strain and calculated engineering stress data, using the *EVAL
command. Finally, graph [*VPLOT] the calculated stress-strain curve. The following
example demonstrates how to graph a calculated curve for the uniaxial compression
deformation mode:
! Dimension strain and stress arrays for the calculated curve: ! (Any valid
parameter names can be used) *DIM,XVAL,TABLE,1000 *DIM,ECALC,TABLE,1000 ! Specify
the mode of deformation (EVPARM), define the strain range ! (XMIN,XMAX), and use
the M-R constants (CONST) to fill the strain (XVAL) ! and stress (ECALC) arrays
with calculated data: *EVAL,1,2,CONST(1),XMIN,XMAX,XVAL(1),ECALC(1) ! Label the
graph axes: /AXLAB,X,Engineering Strain /AXLAB,Y,Engineering Stress ! Plot the
calculated uniaxial compression curve: *VPLOT,XVAL(1),ECALC(1)
See the *DIM, *EVAL, /AXLAB, and *VPLOT command descriptions for more information.
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities
Step 5: Using the Mooney-Rivlin Constants If the curve-fit statistics and the
overall curve shape are satisfactory, then you can proceed to use the generated
Mooney-Rivlin material properties in your analysis. (The *MOONEY command will have
stored these constants in the database.) In future analyses using the same
material model, you can simply read in [/INPUT] the file Jobname.TB to load the
constants into your new database. However, do not forget to define a value for
Poisson's ratio [MP,NUXY,...]. Always remember to examine your analysis results
carefully to determine whether or not your model's modes of deformation and values
of maximum strain were properly represented by the original test data. Analyses
involving hyperelastic elements are sometimes very sensitive to material property
specification and load application. Some values of Mooney-Rivlin constants result
in very stable stiffness matrices whereas others do not. Therefore, choose
constants with caution and experiment with slightly different values. ANSYS
provides internal stability checks for hyperelastic materials based on the Mooney-
Rivlin constants that you enter. These checks occur at two levels: • The first
stability check occurs before the analysis. The check is for six typical stress
paths (uniaxial tension and compression, equibiaxial tension and compression, and
planar tension and compression), and covers a stretch ratio ranging from 0.1 to
10. If the material is not stable over the range, a message appears that states
the critical values of the nominal strains where the material first becomes
unstable, and lists the Mooney-Rivlin constants that you entered. If the material
is stable over the range, you will not see any message or indication. The sample
warning message below lists the nominal strains where Material 1 loses stability,
then lists the constants that were entered for this example:
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*** WARNING *** CP= 1.110 TIME= 16:59:52 Material 1 can become unstable under
certain loading. The strain (nominal) limits where the material becomes unstable
are: UNIAXIAL TENSION UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION EQUIBIAXIAL TENSION EQUIBIAXIAL
COMPRESSION PLANAR TENSION PLANAR COMPRESSION 0.645E+00 -0.565E+00 0.516E+00
-0.220E+00 0.585E+00 -0.369E+00
For the hyperelastic elements with mixed u-P formulation (HYPER56, HYPER58,
HYPER74, and HYPER158), you can also have ANSYS perform a stability check during
an analysis by setting KEYOPT(8) = 1. For each equilibrium iteration, the program
checks every Gauss point in the problem for stability violations. If the problem
fails the stability check, you will see a message in the solution history section
of the ANSYS Output window reporting the total number of Gauss points that were
unstable for that iteration. You will not see any messages if the problem passes
the check. The sample message below shows that, during an analysis, ANSYS detected
3 Gauss points that exceeded the material stability limit:
DISP CONVERGENCE VALUE = 22.81 CRITERION= 0.5000 EQUIL ITER 1 COMPLETED. NEW
TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF INC= 10.00 FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE = 0.5018E+07 CRITERION=
0.1917E+05 >>> 3 Gauss points have exceeded the material stability limit
For elements that contain at least one unstable Gauss point, the instability
indicator is set to 1 and stored in the result file as an item in the SMISC
record. You can plot the region of instability in POST1 by plotting this SMISC
record identified as STFLAG for the element. The SMISC number for STFLAG differs
for some of the elements. See the appropriate table for the SMISC item that
corresponds to instability indicator STFLAG, for the particular element of
interest: HYPER56 Item and Sequence Numbers for ETABLE and ESOL Commands, HYPER58
Item and Sequence Numbers for ETABLE and ESOL Commands, HYPER74 Item and Sequence
Numbers for ETABLE and ESOL Commands, HYPER158 Item and Sequence Numbers for
ETABLE and ESOL Commands. You should be aware that even though a material failing
a stability check is often an indication of convergence difficulty, it does not
necessarily mean that your solution is invalid once the material enters the
unstable region. The material stability check is simply a tool to help you
diagnose the problem when the solution fails to converge. For nearly
incompressible materials with Poisson's ratio greater than 0.49, we recommend that
you use the hyperelastic elements with mixed u-P formulation (HYPER56, HYPER58,
HYPER74, and HYPER158). Note — The element types HYPER84 and HYPER86 are intended
primarily for modeling compressible, foam-like elastomers, using a Blatz-Ko
function to describe the material properties. Select the Blatz-Ko option by
setting KEYOPT(2) = 1 for these elements, then use MP commands to enter
appropriate values for EX and NUXY to define the initial material shear modulus.
An incompressible hyperelastic material option is also available for HYPER84 and
HYPER86, but it is limited to two-term Mooney-Rivlin only. In general, it is
recommended that you use HYPER56, HYPER58, HYPER74, or HYPER158 (not HYPER84 or
HYPER86) for all incompressible hyperelastic materials. Problems using
hyperelastic elements can be sensitive to the rate of load application. In most
instances, load application should be slow so as not to over-distort elements in
the converging sequence. Each problem may be unique and require special
consideration. Bifurcation of the solution, indicating that two or more different
geometric configurations have the same minimum potential energy, may occur at
various times during the
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities loading history. Automatic time
stepping with bisection [AUTOTS,ON] is often effective in overcoming these
difficulties.
8.3.1.5. Creep
Creep is a rate dependent material nonlinearity in which the material continues to
deform under a constant load. Conversely, if a displacement is imposed, the
reaction force (and stresses) will diminish over time (stress relaxation; see
Figure 8.18: “Stress Relaxation and Creep”(a)). The three stages of creep are
shown in Figure 8.18: “Stress Relaxation and Creep”(b). The ANSYS program has the
capability of modeling the first two stages (primary and secondary). The tertiary
stage is usually not analyzed since it implies impending failure.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
You can input other creep expressions using the user programmable feature and
setting TBOPT = 100. You can define the number of state variables using the TB
command with Lab = STATE. The following example shows how five state variables are
defined.
TB,STATE,1,,5
You can simultaneously model creep [TB,CREEP] and isotropic, bilinear kinematic,
and Hill anisotropy options to simulate more complex material behaviors. See
Material Model Combinations in the ANSYS Elements Reference for the combination
possibilities. Also, see Section 8.3.2: Material Model Combinations in this
chapter for sample input listings of material combinations. To perform an implicit
creep analysis, you must also issue the solution RATE command, with Option = ON
(or 1). The following example shows a procedure for a time hardening creep
analysis (See Figure 8.19: “Time Hardening Creep Analysis”).
The user applied mechanical loading in the first load step, and turned the RATE
command OFF to bypass the creep strain effect. Since the time period in this load
step will affect the total time thereafter, the time period for this load step
should be small. For this example, the user specified a value of 1.0E-8 seconds.
The second load step is a creep analysis. The RATE command must be turned ON. Here
the mechanical loading was kept constant, and the material creeps as time
increases.
/SOLU RATE,OFF TIME,1.0E-8 !First load step, apply mechanical loading !Creep
analysis turned off !Time period set to a very small value
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... SOLV RATE,ON TIME,100 ... SOLV
!Solve this load step !Second load step, no further mechanical load !Creep
analysis turned on !Time period set to desired value !Solve this load step
The RATE command works only when modeling implicit creep with either von Mises or
Hill potentials. When modeling implicit creep with von Mises potential, you can
use the RATE command with the following elements: LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182,
PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, BEAM188, BEAM189, SHELL208, and
SHELL209. When modeling anisotropic creep (TB,CREEP with TB,HILL), you can use the
RATE command with the following elements: PLANE42, SOLID45, PLANE82, SOLID92,
SOLID95, LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187,
SOLSH190, BEAM188, BEAM189, SHELL208, and SHELL209. For most materials, the creep
strain rate changes significantly at an early stage. Because of this, a general
recommendation is to use a small initial incremental time step, then specify a
large maximum incremental time step by using solution command DELTIM or NSUBST.
For implicit creep, you may need to examine the effect of the time increment on
the results carefully because ANSYS does not enforce any creep ratio control by
default. You can always enforce a creep limit ratio using the creep ratio control
option in commands CRPLIM or CUTCONTROL,CRPLIMIT. A recommended value for a creep
limit ratio ranges from 1 to 10. The ratio may vary with materials so your
decision on the best value to use should be based on your own experimentation to
gain the required performance and accuracy. For larger analyses, a suggestion is
to first perform a time increment convergence analysis on a simple small size
test. ANSYS provides tools to help you determine the coefficients for all of the
implicit creep options defined in TB,CREEP. The TBFT command allows you to compare
your experimental data with existing material data curves and visually “fit” your
curve for use in the TB command. All of the TBFT command capability is available
via either batch or interactive (GUI) mode. See Material Curve Fitting (also in
this manual) for more information.
For the explicit creep method, you can incorporate other creep expressions into
the program by using User Programmable Features (see the Guide to ANSYS User
Programmable Features). For highly nonlinear creep strain vs. time curves, a small
time step must be used with the explicit creep method. Creep strains are not
computed if the time step is less than 1.0e-6. A creep time step optimization
procedure is available [AUTOTS and CRPLIM] for automatically adjusting the time
step as appropriate.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis three distinct phases: an austenite phase
(linear elastic), a martensite phase (also linear elastic), and the transition
phase between these two.
σ σ σ σ
Use the MP command to input the linear elastic behavior of the austenite phase,
and the TB,SMA command to input the behavior of the transition and martensite
phases. Use the TBDATA command to enter the specifics (data sets) of the alloy
material. You can enter up to six sets of data. SMAs can be specified for the
following elements: PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187, and
SOLSH190. A typical ANSYS input listing (fragment) will look similar to this:
MP,EX,1,60.0E3 MP,NUXY,1.0.3 TB,SMA,1,2 TBTEMP,10
TBDATA,1,520.0,600.0,300.0,200.0,0.07,0.12 TBDATA,7,5.0E4 TBTEMP,20
TBDATA,1,420.0,540.0,300.0,200.0,0.10,0.15 TBDATA,7,4.0E3 ! Define austenite
elastic properties ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! Define material 1 as SMA, with two
temperatures Define first starting temp Define SMA parameters
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¡ ¤¢ ¢ £¡ ¢ £¡
ε ε
Define second starting temp Define SMA parameters
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities
8.3.1.7. Viscoplasticity
Viscoplasticity is a time-dependent plasticity phenomenon, where the development
of the plastic strains are dependent on the rate of loading. The primary
applications are high-temperature metal forming processes such as rolling and deep
drawing, which involve large plastic strains and displacements with small elastic
strains (see Figure 8.21: “Viscoplastic Behavior in a Rolling Operation”). The
plastic strains are typically very large (for example, 50% or greater), requiring
large strain theory [NLGEOM,ON]. Viscoplasticity is modeled with element types
VISCO106, VISCO107, and VISCO108, using Anand's model for material properties as
described in Nonlinear Stress-Strain Materials in the ANSYS Elements Reference.
Viscoplasticity is defined by unifying plasticity and creep via a set of flow and
evolutionary equations. A constraint equation is used to preserve volume in the
plastic region. The Rate-Dependent Plasticity (Viscoplasticity) or TB,RATE option
allows you to introduce the strain rate effect in material models to simulate the
time-dependent response of materials. Two material options are available, the
Perzyna model and the Peirce model (see the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for
details). In contrast to other rate-dependent material options in ANSYS such as
Creep or Anand's model, the Perzyna and Peirce models also include a yield
surface. The plasticity and thus the strain rate hardening effect are active only
after plastic yielding. You must use the models in combination with the BISO,
MISO, or NLISO material options to simulate viscoplasticity. Further, you can
simulate anisotropic viscoplasticity by also combining the HILL option. See
Material Model Combinations in the ANSYS Elements Reference for the combination
possibilities. Also, see Section 8.3.2: Material Model Combinations in this
chapter for sample input listings of material combinations. For isotropic
hardening, the intent is for simulating the strain rate hardening of materials
rather than softening. This option is also suitable for large strain analysis, and
is applicable to the following elements: PLANE42, SOLID45, PLANE82, SOLID92,
SOLID95, LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186, SOLID187,
SOLSH190, BEAM188, BEAM189, SHELL208, and SHELL209. Some typical applications of
these material options are metal forming and micro-electromechanical systems
(MEMS).
8.3.1.8. Viscoelasticity
Viscoelasticity is similar to creep, but part of the deformation is removed when
the loading is taken off. A common viscoelastic material is glass. Some plastics
are also considered to be viscoelastic. One type of viscoelastic response is
illustrated in Figure 8.22: “Viscoelastic Behavior (Maxwell Model)”.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
Viscoelasticity is modeled with element types VISCO88 and VISCO89 for small
deformation viscoelasticity and LINK180, SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185,
SOLID186, SOLID187, SOLSH190, BEAM188, BEAM189, SHELL208, and SHELL209 for small
and large deformation viscoelasticity. You must input material properties using
the TB family of commands. For SHELL181, PLANE182, PLANE183, SOLID185, SOLID186,
SOLID187, SOLSH190, SHELL208, and SHELL209, the underlying elasticity is specified
by either the MP command (hypoelasticity) or by the TB,HYPER command
(hyperelasticity). For LINK180, BEAM188, and BEAM189, the underlying elasticity is
specified using the MP command (hypoelasticity) only. The elasticity constants
correspond to those of the fast load limit. Use the TB,PRONY and TB,SHIFT commands
to input the relaxation property (see the TB command description for more
information).
!Small Strain Viscoelasticity mp,ex,1,20.0E5 !elastic properties mp,nuxy,1,0.3
tb,prony,1,,2,shear !define viscosity parameters (shear) tbdata,1,0.5,2.0,0.25,4.0
tb,prony,1,,2,bulk !define viscosity parameters (bulk) tbdata,1,0.5,2.0,0.25,4.0 !
Large Strain Viscoelasticity tb,hyper,1,,,moon !elastic properties
tbdata,1,38.462E4,,1.2E-6 tb,prony,1,,1,shear !define viscosity parameters
tbdata,1,0.5,2.0 tb,prony,1,,1,bulk !define viscosity parameters tbdata,1,0.5,2.0
See Viscoelastic Material Constants in the ANSYS Elements Reference and the ANSYS,
Inc. Theory Reference for details about how to input viscoelastic material
properties using the TB family of commands. ANSYS provides tools to help you
determine the coefficients for all of the viscoelastic options defined by
TB,PRONY. The TBFT command allows you to compare your experimental data with
existing material data curves and visually “fit” your curve for use in the TB
command. All of the TBFT command capability is available via either batch or
interactive (GUI) mode. See Material Curve Fitting (also in this manual) for more
information.
8.3.1.9. Swelling
Certain materials respond to neutron flux by enlarging volumetrically, or
swelling. In order to include swelling effects, you must write your own swelling
subroutine, USERSW. (See the Guide to ANSYS User Programmable Features for a
discussion of User-Programmable Features.) Swelling Equations in the ANSYS
Elements Reference discusses how to use the TB family of commands to input
constants for the swelling equations. Swelling can also be related to other
phenomena, such as moisture content. The ANSYS commands for nuclear swelling can
be used analogously to define swelling due to other causes.
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! CHABOCHE TABLE
! BISO TABLE
For information on the BISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter. For information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in
the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in
this chapter.
For information on the MISO option, see Multilinear Isotropic Hardening in the
ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter. For information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in
the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in
this chapter.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
TBDATA,1,880,204000,200,43800,500,10200 TBDATA,7,1000,2600,2000,500,0 TBTEMP,60,3
TBDATA,1,1080,244000,400,45800,700,12200 TBDATA,7,1400,3000,2800,900,0
TB,NLISO,1,2 TBTEMP,40,1 TBDATA,1,880,0.0,80.0,3 TBTEMP,60,2
TBDATA,1,1080,0.0,120.0,7 ! NLISO TABLE
For information on the NLISO option, see Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening in the
ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter. For information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in
the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in
this chapter.
! BISO TABLE
! RATE TABLE
For information on the BISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter. For information on the RATE option, see Rate-Dependent Viscoplastic
Materials in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.7: Viscoplasticity in
this chapter.
! MISO TABLE
! RATE TABLE
For information on the MISO option, see Multilinear Isotropic Hardening in the
ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter. For information on the RATE option, see Rate-Dependent Viscoplastic
Materials in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.7: Viscoplasticity in
this chapter. 8–36
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities
! NLISO TABLE
! RATE TABLE
For information on the NLISO option, see Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening in the
ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter. For information on the RATE option, see Rate-Dependent Viscoplastic
Materials in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.7: Viscoplasticity in
this chapter.
! BISO TABLE
For information on the BISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter. For information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the
ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this
chapter.
! MISO TABLE
For information on the MISO option, see Multilinear Isotropic Hardening in the
ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis For information on the CREEP option, see
Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1:
Implicit Creep Procedure in this chapter.
! NLISO TABLE
For information on the NLISO option, see Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening in the
ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter. For information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the
ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this
chapter.
! BKIN TABLE
! CREEP TABLE
For information on the BKIN option, see Bilinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter. For information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the
ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this
chapter.
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
8–38
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities For information on the BISO option,
see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section
8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
! MISO TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the MISO option, see Multilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter.
! NLISO TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the NLISO option, see Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter.
! BKIN TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis For information on the BKIN option, see
Bilinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section
8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
MPDATA,EX,1,1,30.00E6,27.36E6,25.20E6,23.11E6,20.76E6
MPDATA,EY,1,1,30.00E6,27.36E6,25.20E6,23.11E6,20.76E6
MPDATA,EZ,1,1,30.00E6,27.36E6,25.20E6,23.11E6,20.76E6
MPDATA,PRXY,1,1,0.351,0.359,0.368,0.375,0.377
MPDATA,PRYZ,1,1,0.351,0.359,0.368,0.375,0.377
MPDATA,PRXZ,1,1,0.351,0.359,0.368,0.375,0.377
MPDATA,GXY,1,1,1.190E4,1.160E4,1.110E4,1.080E4,1.060E4
MPDATA,GYZ,1,1,1.190E4,1.160E4,1.110E4,1.080E4,1.060E4
MPDATA,GXZ,1,1,1.190E4,1.160E4,1.110E4,1.080E4,1.060E4
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the MKIN option, see Multilinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter.
! KINH TABLE
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities
TB,HILL,1 TBDATA,1,1.0,1.1,0.9,0.85,0.90,0.95 ! HILL TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the KINH option, see Multilinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter.
! CHABOCHE TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter.
! CHABOCHE TABLE
! BISO TABLE
! HILL TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the BISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter. For information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in
the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in
this chapter.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
MP,EX,1,185E3 MP,NUXY,1,0.3 TB,CHAB,1 TBDATA,1,185,100,3 TB,MISO,1 TBPT,,0.001,185
TBPT,,1.0,380 TB,HILL,1 TBDATA,1,1.0,1.1,0.9,0.85,0.9,0.80 ! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
! CHABOCHE TABLE
! MISO TABLE
! HILL TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the MISO option, see Multilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter. For information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in
the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in
this chapter.
! NLISO TABLE
! CHABOCHE TABLE
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities
! HILL TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the NLISO option, see Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter. For information on the CHAB option, see Nonlinear Kinematic Hardening in
the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in
this chapter.
TB,BISO,1, TBDATA,1,45000,760000
! BISO TABLE
! RATE TABLE
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.00,1.00,1.00 TBTEMP,950.0
TBDATA,1,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.00,1.00,1.00
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the RATE option, see Rate-Dependent Viscoplastic Materials in the
ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.7: Viscoplasticity in this chapter.
For information on the BISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter.
! MISO TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the RATE option, see Rate-Dependent Viscoplastic Materials in the
ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.7: Viscoplasticity in this chapter.
For information on the MISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this
chapter.
! NLISO TABLE
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities For information on the HILL option,
see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1:
Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For information on the RATE option, see
Rate-Dependent Viscoplastic Materials in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section
8.3.1.7: Viscoplasticity in this chapter. For information on the NLISO option, see
Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section
8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter.
TB,CREEP,1,,,2 TBDATA,1,5.911E-34,6.25,-0.25
! CREEP TABLE
! HILL TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this
chapter.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
TB,BISO,1 TBDATA,1,180,200
! BISO TABLE
TB,CREEP,1,,,2 TBDATA,1,5.911E-34,6.25,-0.25
! CREEP TABLE
! HILL TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this
chapter. For information on the BISO option, see Bilinear Isotropic Hardening in
the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in
this chapter.
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Section 8.3: Modeling Material Nonlinearities
! MISO TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this
chapter. For information on the MISO option, see Multilinear Isotropic Hardening
in the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options
in this chapter.
! NLISO TABLE
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this
chapter. For information on the NLISO option, see Nonlinear Isotropic Hardening in
the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in
this chapter.
8–47
Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
MP,EX,1,1e7 MP,NUXY,1,0.32 TB,BKIN,1 TBDATA,1,42000,1000 TB,CREEP,1,,,6
TBDATA,1,7.4e-21,3.5,0,0,0,0 ! ELASTIC CONSTANTS
! BKIN TABLE
! CREEP TABLES
For information on the HILL option, see Hill's Anisotropy in the ANSYS Elements
Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in this chapter. For
information on the CREEP option, see Implicit Creep Equations in the ANSYS
Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.5.1: Implicit Creep Procedure in this
chapter. For information on the BKIN option, see Bilinear Kinematic Hardening in
the ANSYS Elements Reference, and Section 8.3.1.1.1: Plastic Material Options in
this chapter.
These commands and the settings they control are discussed in later sections. You
can also refer to the individual command descriptions in the ANSYS Commands
Reference. 8–48
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Section 8.5: Performing a Nonlinear Static Analysis If you do choose to override
the ANSYS-specified settings, or if you wish to use an input list from a previous
release of ANSYS, issue SOLCONTROL,OFF in the /SOLU phase. See the SOLCONTROL
command description for more details. ANSYS' automatic solution control is active
for the following analyses: • • Single-field nonlinear or transient structural and
solid mechanics analysis where the solution DOFs are combinations of UX, UY, UZ,
ROTX, ROTY, and ROTZ. Single-field nonlinear or transient thermal analysis where
the solution DOF is TEMP. Note — The Solution Controls dialog box, which is
described later in this chapter, cannot be used to set solution controls for a
thermal analysis. Instead, you must use the standard set of ANSYS solution
commands and the standard corresponding menu paths.
8–49
Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis • • • • Section 2.3.2.3: The Transient
Tab Section 2.3.2.4: Using the Sol'n Options Tab Section 2.3.2.5: Using the
Nonlinear Tab Section 2.3.2.6: Using the Advanced NL Tab
8.5.2.2. Advanced Analysis Options You Can Set on the Solution Controls Dialog Box
The following sections provide more detail about some of the advanced analysis
options that you can set on the Solution Controls dialog box.
8.5.2.3. Advanced Load Step Options You Can Set on the Solution Controls Dialog
Box
The following sections provide more detail about some of the advanced load step
options that you can set on the Solution Controls dialog box.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis By default, the program will check for
force (and, when rotational degrees of freedom are active, moment) convergence by
comparing the square root sum of the squares (SRSS) of the force imbalances
against the product of VALUE*TOLER. The default value of VALUE is the SRSS of the
applied loads (or, for applied displacements, of the Newton-Raphson restoring
forces), or MINREF (which defaults to 0.01), whichever is greater. The default
value of TOLER is 0.005. If SOLCONTROL,OFF, TOLER defaults to 0.001 and MINREF
defaults to 1.0 for force convergence. You should almost always use force
convergence checking. You can also add displacement (and, when applicable,
rotation) convergence checking. For displacements, the program bases convergence
checking on the change in deflections (∆u) between the current (i) and the
previous (i-1) iterations: ∆u=ui-ui-1. Note — If you explicitly define any custom
convergence criteria [CNVTOL], the entire default criteria will be overwritten.
Thus, if you define displacement convergence checking, you will have to redefine
force convergence checking. (Use multiple CNVTOL commands to define multiple
convergence criteria.) Using tighter convergence criteria will improve the
accuracy of your results, but at the cost of more equilibrium iterations. If you
want to tighten (or loosen, which is not recommended) your criteria, you should
change TOLER by one or two orders of magnitude. In general, you should continue to
use the default value of VALUE; that is, change the convergence criteria by
adjusting TOLER, not VALUE. You should make certain that the default value of
MINREF = 0.001 makes sense in the context of your analysis. If your analysis uses
certain sets of units or has very low load levels, you might want to specify a
smaller value for MINREF. Also, we do not recommend putting two or more disjointed
structures into one model for a nonlinear analysis because the convergence check
tries to relate these disjointed structures, often producing some unwanted
residual force. Checking Convergence in a Single and Multi-DOF System To check
convergence in a single degree of freedom (DOF) system, you compute the force (and
moment) imbalance for the one DOF, and compare this value against the established
convergence criteria (VALUE*TOLER). (You can also perform a similar check for
displacement (and rotation) convergence for your single DOF.) However, in a multi-
DOF system, you might want to use a different method of comparison. The ANSYS
program provides three different vector norms to use for convergence checking: • •
• The infinite norm repeats the single-DOF check at each DOF in your model. The L1
norm compares the convergence criterion against the sum of the absolute values of
force (and moment) imbalance for all DOFs. The L2 norm performs the convergence
check using the square root sum of the squares of the force (and moment)
imbalances for all DOFs. (Of course, additional L1 or L2 checking can be performed
for a displacement convergence check.)
Example For the following example, the substep will be considered to be converged
if the out-of-balance force (checked at each DOF separately) is less than or equal
to 5000*0.0005 (that is, 2.5), and if the change in displacements (checked as the
square root sum of the squares) is less than or equal to 10*0.001 (that is, 0.01).
CNVTOL,F,5000,0.0005,0 CNVTOL,U,10,0.001,2
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Section 8.5: Performing a Nonlinear Static Analysis
8.5.3.1. Advanced Analysis Options You Cannot Set on the Solution Controls Dialog
Box
The following sections describe some advanced analysis options that you can set
for your analysis. As noted above in Section 8.5.3: Set Additional Solution
Options, you cannot use the Solution Controls dialog box to set the options
described below. Instead, you must set them using the standard set of ANSYS
solution commands and the standard corresponding menu paths.
•
8–54
Section 8.5: Performing a Nonlinear Static Analysis • Full with unsymmetric matrix
(NROPT,UNSYM): The program uses the full Newton-Raphson procedure, in which the
stiffness matrix is updated at every equilibrium iteration. In addition, it
generates and uses unsymmetric matrices that you can use for any of the following:
– – – If you are running a pressure-driven collapse analysis, an unsymmetric
pressure load stiffness might be helpful in obtaining convergence. You can include
pressure load stiffness using SOLCONTROL,INCP. If you are defining an unsymmetric
material model using TB,USER, you would need NROPT,UNSYM to fully use the property
you defined. If you are running a contact analysis, an unsymmetric contact
stiffness matrix would fully couple the sliding and the normal stiffnesses. See
Section 3.8.4: Determining Contact Stiffness and Allowable Penetration in the
ANSYS Contact Technology Guide for details.
You should first try NROPT,FULL; then try NROPT,UNSYM if you experience
convergence difficulties. Note that using an unsymmetric solver requires more
computer time to obtain a solution, than if you use a symmetric solver. • If a
multistatus element is in the model, however, it would be updated at the iteration
in which it changes status, irrespective of the Newton-Raphson option.
8.5.3.2. Advanced Load Step Options You Cannot Set on the Solution Controls Dialog
Box
The following sections describe some advanced load step options that you can set
for your analysis. As noted above in Section 8.5.3: Set Additional Solution
Options, you cannot use the Solution Controls dialog box to set the options
described below. Instead, you must set them using the standard set of ANSYS
solution commands and the standard corresponding menu paths.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis corresponding menu paths instead.) This
option's primary use is in unsteady state thermal analysis where the final
temperature stage reaches a steady state. In such cases, the time step can be
opened quickly. The default is that if the TEMP increment is smaller than 0.1 in
three (NUMSTEP = 3) contiguous substeps, the time step size can be "opened-up"
(value = 0.1 by default). The time step size can then be opened continuously for
greater solution efficiency. Command(s): OPNCONTROL GUI: Main Menu> Solution>
Unabridged Menu> Load Step Opts> Nonlinear> Open Control
Enter POST1. If your model is not currently in the database, issue RESUME.
Command(s): /POST1 GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis 3. Read in results for the desired load
step and substep, which can be identified by load step and substep numbers or by
time. (Note, however, that arc-length results should not be identified by time.)
Command(s): SET GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> load step You can
also use the SUBSET or APPEND commands to read in or merge results data for
selected portions of the model only. The LIST argument on any of these commands
lists the available solutions on the results file. You can also limit the amount
of data written from the results file to the database through the INRES command.
Additionally, you can use the ETABLE command to store result items for selected
elements. See the individual command descriptions in the ANSYS Commands Reference
for more information. Caution: If you specify a TIME value for which no results
are available, the ANSYS program will perform a linear interpolation to calculate
the results at that value of TIME. Realize that this interpolation will usually
cause some loss of accuracy in a nonlinear analysis (see Figure 8.23: “Linear
Interpolation of Nonlinear Results Can Introduce Some Error”). Thus, for a
nonlinear analysis, you should usually postprocess at a TIME that corresponds
exactly to the desired substep.
Figure 8.23 Linear Interpolation of Nonlinear Results Can Introduce Some Error
4.
Display the results using any of the following options: Option: Display Deformed
Shape Command(s): PLDISP GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed
Shape In a large deformation analysis, you might prefer to use a true scale
display [/DSCALE,,1]. Option: Contour Displays Command(s): PLNSOL or PLESOL GUI:
Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu or Element
Solu Use these options to display contours of stresses, strains, or any other
applicable item. If you have adjacent elements with different material behavior
(such as can occur with plastic or multilinear elastic material properties, with
different material types, or with adjacent deactivated and activated elements),
you
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Section 8.5: Performing a Nonlinear Static Analysis should take care to avoid
nodal stress averaging errors in your results. Selecting logic (described in the
ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide) provides a means of avoiding such errors. The KUND
field on PLNSOL and PLESOL gives you the option of overlaying the undeformed shape
on the display. You can also contour element table data and line element data:
Command(s): PLETAB, PLLS GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Element Table> Plot
Element Table Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Contour Plot> Line Elem
Res Use PLETAB to contour element table data and PLLS to contour line element
data. Option: Tabular Listings Command(s): PRNSOL (nodal results) PRESOL (element-
by-element results) PRRSOL (reaction data) PRETAB PRITER (substep summary data),
and so on. NSORT ESORT GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Nodal
Solution Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Element Solution Main Menu>
General Postproc> List Results> Reaction Solution Use the NSORT and ESORT commands
to sort the data before listing them. Other Capabilities Many other postprocessing
functions - mapping results onto a path, report quality listings, and so on are
available in POST1. See The General Postprocessor (POST1) in the ANSYS Basic
Analysis Guide for details. Load case combinations usually are not valid for
nonlinear analyses.
3.
4.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
Other Capabilities
Many other postprocessing functions are available in POST26. See Chapter 6, “The
Time-History Postprocessor (POST26)” in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for
details. See the NLGEOM, SSTIF, NROPT, TIME, NSUBST, AUTOTS, KBC, CNVTOL, NEQIT,
NCNV, PRED, OUTRES, and SOLU command descriptions for more information.
Apply loads and specify load step options in the same manner as you would for a
linear full transient dynamic analysis. A transient load history usually requires
multiple load steps, with the first load step typically used to establish initial
conditions (see the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide). The general, nonlinear, birth and
death, and output control options available for a nonlinear static analysis are
also available for a nonlinear transient analysis. In a nonlinear transient
analysis, time must be greater than zero. See Chapter 5, “Transient Dynamic
Analysis” for procedures for defining nonzero initial conditions.
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Section 8.6: Performing a Nonlinear Transient Analysis For a nonlinear transient
analysis, you must specify whether you want stepped or ramped loads [KBC]. See the
ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for further discussion about ramped vs. stepped loads.
You can also specify dynamics options: alpha and beta damping, time integration
effects, and transient integration parameters. Command(s): ALPHAD, BETAD, TIMINT,
TINTP GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis Type> Sol'n Control ( : Transient Tab)
Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged Menu> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Damping Main
Menu> Solution> Unabridged Menu> Load Step Opts> Time/Frequenc> Time Integration
An explanation of the dynamics options follows. • Damping Rayleigh damping
constants are defined using the constant mass [ALPHAD] and stiffness [BETAD]
matrix multipliers. In a nonlinear analysis the stiffness may change drastically -
do not use BETAD, except with care. See Section 5.10.3: Damping for details about
damping. • Time Integration Effects [TIMINT] Time integration effects are ON by
default in a transient analysis. For creep, viscoelasticity, viscoplasticity, or
swelling, you should turn the time integration effects off (that is, use a static
analysis). These time-dependent effects are usually not included in dynamic
analyses because the transient dynamic time step sizes are often too short for any
significant amount of long-term deformation to occur. Except in kinematic (rigid-
body motion) analyses, you will rarely need to adjust the transient integration
parameters [TINTP], which provide numerical damping to the Newmark and HHT
methods. (See your ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference for more information about these
parameters.) ANSYS' automatic solution control sets the defaults to a new time
integration scheme for use by first order transient equations. This is typically
used for unsteady state thermal problems where θ = 1.0 (set by SOLCONTROL, ON);
this is the backward Euler scheme. It is unconditionally stable and more robust
for highly nonlinear thermal problems such as phase changes. The oscillation limit
tolerance defaults to 0.0, so that the response first order eigenvalues can be
used to more precisely determine a new time step value. Note — If you are using
the Solution Controls dialog box to set solution controls, you can access all of
these options [ALPHAD, BETAD, KBC, TIMINT, TINTP, TRNOPT] on the Transient tab. 3.
Write load data for each load step to a load step file. Command(s): LSWRITE GUI:
Main Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> Write LS File Save a backup copy of the
database to a named file. Command(s): SAVE GUI: Utility Menu> File> Save As Start
solution calculations. Other methods for multiple load steps are described in
Chapter 1, “Getting Started with ANSYS” in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide.
Command(s): LSSOLVE GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Solve> From LS Files After you have
solved all load steps, leave SOLUTION. Command(s): FINISH
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5.
6.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis GUI: Close the Solution menu.
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Section 8.9: Using Nonlinear (Changing-Status) Elements
NSOL,... PLVAR,... FINISH ! /POST1 SET,... PLDISP,... PLNSOL,... NSORT,...
PRNSOL,... FINISH ! ! ! ! Store results (displacements, stresses, etc.) as
variables Graph results vs. TIME to evaluate general quality of analysis,
determine critical time step, etc.
See the ANTYPE, TRNOPT, LSWRITE, NLGEOM, SSTIF, NROPT, TIME, DELTIM, AUTOTS, KBC,
ALPHAD, TIMINT, CNVTOL, NEQIT, NCNV, PRED, OUTRES, LSSOLVE, and SOLU command
descriptions for more information.
8.8. Restarts
Restart procedures for a transient analysis are essentially the same as for a
static analysis; see Section 3.10: Restarting an Analysis in the ANSYS Basic
Analysis Guide.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
• •
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Section 8.10: Tips and Guidelines for Nonlinear Analysis • Use a mesh density
adequate to characterize the highest mode shape of interest. The number of
elements needed depends on the elements' assumed displacement shape functions, as
well as on the mode shape itself. Use a mesh density adequate to resolve any
transient dynamic wave propagation through your structure. If wave propagation is
important, then provide at least 20 elements to resolve one wavelength.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis Identify Regions of High Residual Forces
Issue the NLDIAG,NRRE command to write the Newton-Raphson residuals from
equilibrium iterations to a file (Jobname.nrxxx). You can then contour plot the
residual forces via the PLNSOL,NRRE command, which will help to identify regions
of high residual forces. Such a capability can be useful when you experience
convergence difficulties in the middle of a load step, where the model has a large
number of contact surfaces and other nonlinearities. You can restart the analysis
and issue an NLDIAG,NRRE command to write out the residuals. By tracking the way
the residuals change over several equilibrium iterations you can identify a
portion of your model where large residuals persist. You can then focus on the
nonlinearities in that area (for example, a contact pair's properties) instead of
having to deal with the entire model. Identify Problem Elements • • • • Too large
a distortion Elements contain nodes that have near zero pivots (nonlinear
analyses) Too large a plastic or creep strain increment Elements where mixed u-P
constraints are not satisfied (mixed U-P option of 18x solid elements only)
Typically, nonlinear analyses fail to converge for the following reasons:
ANSYS has default limits which, when exceeded, determine when convergence criteria
have been violated. Some limits are user-controlled; for example, the CUTCONTROL
command sets the maximum plastic/creep strain increments allowed in an iteration.
Other limits are fixed. The NLDIAG,EFLG command identifies elements that violate
the above criteria and records them in a file (Jobname.ndxxx). Note — Convergence
problems may occur when material algorithms fail (e.g. local element level
NewtonRaphson convergence failure, or extreme element distortion). The Ansys error
message identifies the corresponding element number and/or the material ID for
these cases. Be sure to read any error messages generated during solution. Process
the Tracked Results Issue the NLDPOST command to process the .ndxxx nonlinear
diagnostics files. The command creates components of elements that violate a
certain criterion for a particular equilibrium iteration (or iterations). Identify
contact pairs causing convergence difficulties Issue the NLDIAG,CONT command to
write various contact information for all defined contact pairs to a single
Jobname.cnd text file. The file is written during solution at a user-specified
frequency (each iteration, substep, or load step). Information stored in this file
will help identify when and how contact occurs, determine the regions where
contact is unstable, and identify the corresponding contact parameters. You can
then focus on the specific settings for those particular contact pairs that need
attention. Monitor the Diagnostics Results in Real Time The NLHIST command allows
you to monitor results of interest in real time during solution. Before starting
the solution, you can request nodal data such as displacements or reaction forces
at specific nodes. You can also request element nodal data such as stresses and
strains at specific elements to be graphed. Pair-based contact data are also
available. The result data are written to a file named Jobname.nlh. For example, a
reaction force-deflection curve could indicate when possible buckling behavior
occurs. Nodal results and contact results are monitored at every converged substep
while element nodal data are written as specified via the OUTRES setting.
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Section 8.10: Tips and Guidelines for Nonlinear Analysis You can also track
results during batch runs. Either access the ANSYS Launcher and select File
Tracking from the Tools menu, or type nlhist81 at the command line. Use the
supplied file browser to navigate to your Jobname.nlh file, and click on it to
invoke the tracking utilty. You can use this utilty to read the file at any time,
even after the solution is complete (the data in the file must be formatted
correctly).
Figure 8.24 Convergence Norms Displayed By the Graphical Solution Tracking (GST)
Feature
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis – – – Problems that have only localized
dynamic behavior (for example, turbine blade and hub assemblies) in which the low-
frequency energy content of the system could dominate the high-frequency areas.
Problems with short ramp times on some of their loads. If the time step size is
allowed to become too large, ramped portions of the load history may be
inaccurately characterized. Problems that include structures that are continuously
excited over a range of frequencies (for example, seismic problems).
Take care when modeling kinematic structures (systems with rigid-body motions).
These guidelines can usually help you obtain a good solution: – Incorporate
significant numerical damping (0.05 < γ < 0.1 on the TINTP command) into the
solution to filter out the high frequency noise, especially if a coarse time step
is used. Do not use α-damping (mass matrix multiplier, ALPHAD command) in a
dynamic kinematic analysis, as it will dampen the rigid body motion (zero
frequency mode) of the system. Avoid imposed displacement history specifications,
because imposed displacement input has (theoretically) infinite jumps in
acceleration, which causes stability problems for the Newmark time-integration
algorithm.
where NSBSTP is the number of substeps specified in the NSUBST command. When
choosing the number of substeps, consider that more substeps will result in a
longer solution time. Ideally, you want to choose the minimum number of substeps
required to produce an optimally efficient solution. You might have to take an
"educated guess" of the desired number of substeps, and adjust and re-analyze as
needed. • Do not use line search [LNSRCH], the predictor [PRED], adaptive descent
[NROPT,,,ON], automatic time stepping [AUTOTS, TIME, DELTIM], or time-integration
effects [TIMINT] when the arc-length method is active.
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Section 8.10: Tips and Guidelines for Nonlinear Analysis • • • Do not attempt to
base convergence on displacement [CNVTOL,U]. Use the force criteria [CNVTOL,F]
instead. To help minimize solution time with the arc-length method, the maximum
number of equilibrium iterations in a single substep [NEQIT] should be less than
or equal to 15. If an arc-length solution fails to converge within the prescribed
maximum number of iterations [NEQIT], the program will automatically bisect and
continue the analysis. Bisection will continue either until a converged solution
is obtained, or until the minimum arc-length radius is used (the minimum radius is
defined by NSBSTP [NSUBST] and MINARC [ARCLEN]). In general, you cannot use this
method to obtain a solution at a specified load or displacement value because the
value changes (along the spherical arc) as equilibrium is achieved. Note in Figure
8.4: “Traditional Newton-Raphson Method vs. Arc-Length Method” how the specified
load point. The actual load at convergence is somewhat less. •
a F1
Use the load-deflection curve as a guide for evaluating and adjusting your
analysis to help you achieve the desired results. It is usually good practice to
graph your load-deflection curve (using POST26 commands) with every analysis.
Often, an unsuccessful arc-length analysis can be traced to an arc-length radius
that is either too large or too small. "Drifting back," in which the analysis
retraces its steps back along the load-deflection curve, is one typical difficulty
that is caused by using too large or too small an arc-length radius. Study the
loaddeflection curve to understand this problem. You can then use the NSUBST and
ARCLEN commands to adjust the arc-length radius size and range, as appropriate.
The total arc-length load factor (item ALLF on the SOLU command) can be either
positive or negative. Similarly, TIME, which in an arc-length analysis is related
to the total arc-length load factor, can also be either positive or negative.
Negative values of ALLF or TIME indicate that the arc-length feature is applying
load in the reverse direction, in order to maintain stability in the structure.
Negative ALLF or TIME values can be commonly encountered in various snap-through
analyses. When reading arc-length results into the database for POST1
postprocessing [SET], you should always reference the desired results data set by
its load step and substep number (LSTEP and SBSTEP) or by its
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis data set number (NSET). Do not reference
results by a TIME value, because TIME in an arc-length analysis is not always
monotonically increasing. (A single value of TIME might reference more than one
solution.) Additionally, the program cannot correctly interpret negative TIME
values (which might be encountered in a snap-through analysis). • If TIME becomes
negative, remember to define an appropriate variable range [/XRANGE or /YRANGE]
before creating any POST26 graphs.
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Section 8.10: Tips and Guidelines for Nonlinear Analysis
*** NOTE *** CP= 13.891 TIME= 11:09:22 Nonlinear analysis, NROPT set to 1 (full
Newton-Raphson solution procedure) for all DOFs. LOAD STEP OPTIONS . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . 200.00 . ON . 100 . 10000 . 10 . 15 . NO .YES
(EXIT) .USE DEFAULTS .NO PRINTOUT
FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE = 0.2006E+06 CRITERION= 1125. EQUIL ITER 1 COMPLETED. NEW
TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF INC= 0.1272E-01 LINE SEARCH PARAMETER = 1.000 SCALED MAX
DOF INC = 0.1272E-01 FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE = 4267. CRITERION= 480.2 EQUIL ITER 2
COMPLETED. NEW TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF INC= -0.9019E-03 LINE SEARCH PARAMETER =
1.000 SCALED MAX DOF INC = -0.9019E-03 FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE = 1751. CRITERION=
488.2 EQUIL ITER 3 COMPLETED. NEW TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF INC= 0.1746E-03 LINE
SEARCH PARAMETER = 1.000 SCALED MAX DOF INC = 0.1746E-03 FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE =
778.5 CRITERION= 497.7 EQUIL ITER 4 COMPLETED. NEW TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF INC=
0.6943E-04 LINE SEARCH PARAMETER = 1.000 SCALED MAX DOF INC = 0.6943E-04 FORCE
CONVERGENCE VALUE = 347.4 CRITERION= 507.7 <<< CONVERGED >>> SOLUTION CONVERGED
AFTER EQUILIBRIUM ITERATION 4 *** LOAD STEP 2 SUBSTEP 1 COMPLETED. CUM ITER = 7
*** TIME = 101.000 TIME INC = 1.00000 FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE = 0.6674E+05
CRITERION= 594.3 EQUIL ITER 1 COMPLETED. NEW TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF INC= 0.4318E-
02 LINE SEARCH PARAMETER = 1.000 SCALED MAX DOF INC = 0.4318E-02 FORCE CONVERGENCE
VALUE = 626.2 CRITERION= 502.9 EQUIL ITER 2 COMPLETED. NEW TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF
INC= 0.8570E-04 LINE SEARCH PARAMETER = 1.000 SCALED MAX DOF INC = 0.8570E-04
FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE = 77.87 CRITERION= 512.9 <<< CONVERGED >>> SOLUTION
CONVERGED AFTER EQUILIBRIUM ITERATION 2 *** LOAD STEP 2 SUBSTEP 2 COMPLETED. CUM
ITER = 9 *** TIME = 102.000 TIME INC = 1.00000 FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE =
0.1333E+05 CRITERION= 575.4 EQUIL ITER 1 COMPLETED. NEW TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF
INC= -0.5329E-02 LINE SEARCH PARAMETER = 1.000 SCALED MAX DOF INC = -0.5329E-02
FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE = 8237. CRITERION= 534.2 EQUIL ITER 2 COMPLETED. NEW
TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF INC= 0.3628E-02 LINE SEARCH PARAMETER = 1.000 SCALED MAX
DOF INC = 0.3628E-02 FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE = 3905. CRITERION= 532.9 EQUIL ITER 3
COMPLETED. NEW TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF INC= 0.1451E-02 LINE SEARCH PARAMETER =
1.000 SCALED MAX DOF INC = 0.1451E-02 FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE = 1135. CRITERION=
540.3 EQUIL ITER 4 COMPLETED. NEW TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF INC= 0.1034E-03 LINE
SEARCH PARAMETER = 0.9578 SCALED MAX DOF INC = 0.9905E-04 FORCE CONVERGENCE VALUE
= 41.95 CRITERION= 551.4 <<< CONVERGED >>> SOLUTION CONVERGED AFTER EQUILIBRIUM
ITERATION 4
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
Substep summary
*** LOAD STEP 2 *** TIME = 103.500 SUBSTEP 3 COMPLETED. TIME INC = 1.50000 CUM
ITER = 13
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Section 8.11: Sample Nonlinear Analysis (GUI Method)
The plate has a dead load acting as a uniform pressure of 0.125N/m2. The history
of the cyclic point load is shown here:
¤#### ### ##
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis 2. 3. 4. 5. Type the text "Cyclic loading
of a fixed circular plate." Click on OK. Choose menu path Utility Menu> File>
Change Jobname. The Change Jobname dialog box appears. Type the text “axplate” in
the entry box and click OK.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
7. 8.
3. 4.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis 3. 4. Choose menu path Main Menu>
Solution> Load Step Opts> Output Ctrls> DB/Results File. The Controls for Database
and Results File Writing dialog box appears. Verify that All items are selected,
and choose Every substep for the File write frequency. Click OK.
7. 8. 9.
10. Enter "0.0" as the Displacement value. Click OK. 11. Choose menu path Utility
Menu> Select> Entities. The Select Entities dialog box appears. Verify that Nodes
and By Location are selected. 12. Click on Y coordinates and enter "thick" in the
Min, Max field. Click OK. 8–76
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Section 8.11: Sample Nonlinear Analysis (GUI Method) 13. Choose menu path Main
Menu> Solution> Define Loads> Apply> Structural> Pressure> On Nodes. The Apply
PRES on Nodes picking menu appears. 14. Click on Pick All. The Apply PRES on nodes
dialog box appears. 15. Enter "0.125" in the Load PRES value field and click OK.
16. Choose menu path Utility Menu> Select> Everything. 17. Click on SAVE_DB on the
ANSYS Toolbar.
10. Click on Close on the Information dialog box when the solution is done. 11.
Repeat Steps 5-10, entering "f" in the Force/moment value field at Step 7. 12.
Repeat Steps 5-11 two more times, for a total of three cycles (six substeps). 13.
Click on SAVE_DB on the ANSYS Toolbar.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. Verify that the reference number of the variable is 2. 11. Choose Stress in
the selection list on the left. Choose Y-direction SY in the selection list on the
right. Click OK. The Defined Time-History Variables dialog box reappears, with a
second variable listed (ESOL). The dialog box should show element number 281, node
number 50, item S, component Y, and name SY. 12. Click on Add. Repeat steps 7-10,
with variable reference number 3. 13. In the Define Element Results Variable
dialog box, choose Strain-elastic in the selection list on the left. Choose Y-
dir'n EPEL Y in the selection list on the right. Click OK.
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Section 8.12: Sample Nonlinear Analysis (Command or Batch Method) 14. Click on
Add. Repeat steps 7-10, with variable reference number 4. 15. In the Define
Element Results Variable dialog box, choose Strain-plastic in the selection list
on the left. Choose Y-dir'n EPPL Y in the selection list on the right. Click OK.
16. Click on Close on the Defined Time-History Variables dialog box. 17. Choose
menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Math Operations> Add. The Add Time-History
Variables dialog box appears. 18. Enter 5 for the reference number for result,
enter 3 as the 1st variable, and enter 4 as the 2nd variable. Click OK. This adds
the elastic and plastic strains that you stored as variables 3 and 4. Their sum is
the total strain, and it is stored as variable 5.
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
tbpt,,0.004471788,29.07 tbpt,,0.006422389,31.73 ! Set the axles labels for the
stress-strain curve plot /axlab,X,Log Strain (N/m^2) /axlab,Y,True Stress (N/m^2)
tbpl,KINH,1 ! Plot and verify the material stress-strain curve
! Define a rectangle which is the axisymmetric cross section of the plate. ! The
rectangle has a length equal to the radius of the plate and a height equal ! to
the thickness of the plate rect,,radius,,thick ! Select the left and right
bounding lines of the created rectangle and set ! the line division to 8 (8
elements through the thickness of the plate) FLST,5,2,4,ORDE,2 FITEM,5,2 FITEM,5,4
CM,_Y,LINE LSEL, , , ,P51X !* CM,_Y1,LINE CMSEL,,_Y LESIZE,_Y1, , ,8,1, CMDEL,_Y
CMDEL,_Y1 !* ! Select the top and bottom bounding lines of the created rectangle
and set ! the line division to 40 (40 elements through the radius of the plate)
FLST,5,2,4,ORDE,2 FITEM,5,1 FITEM,5,3 CM,_Y,LINE LSEL, , , ,P51X !* CM,_Y1,LINE
CMSEL,,_Y LESIZE,_Y1, , ,40,1, CMDEL,_Y CMDEL,_Y1 !* CM,_Y,AREA ASEL, , , , 1
CM,_Y1,AREA CHKMSH,'AREA' CMSEL,S,_Y amesh,all CMDEL,_Y CMDEL,_Y1 CMDEL,_Y2 fini
/solve nlgeom,on! Turn on geometric nonlinearity ! Get the node numbers for the
nodes located at the top ! of the axis of symmetry and at bottom right of the
model ntop = node(0,thick,0) nright = node(radius,0,0) ! Activate the monitoring
of the displacement and reaction force histories ! during the analysis. This will
be written out to the monitor file ratch.mntr monitor,1,ntop,uy
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Section 8.12: Sample Nonlinear Analysis (Command or Batch Method)
monitor,2,nright,fy outres,all,all ! Output all the results for all substeps to
the ! results file for later postprocessing
! Select the nodes located at right end and constrain their radial (x) and ! axial
(y) direction displacement to be zero. nsel,s,loc,x,radius d,all,all ! Select the
nodes located at left end and constrain their radial (x) direction ! displacement
to be zero. nsel,s,loc,x,0.0 d,all,ux,0.0 ! Define the load for Load Step 1. !
Select the nodes located at top surface of plate and apply a uniform pressure ! of
0.125 N/m^2 as dead load on the plate. nsel,s,loc,y,thick sf,all,pres,0.125 alls!
Select all nodes ! Define the number of substeps (10). Also define maximum number
of ! substeps (50), and the minimum number of substeps (5) for the automatic !
time stepping algorithm. nsub,10,50,5 solve f = 0.01
! Solve load step 1 ! Define the parameter, f, used to apply ! the cyclic point
load.
! Over six load steps apply a cyclic point load of magnitude f = 0.01 units !
applied at the center of the plate over three cycles ! Start Cycle 1 !
---------------nsel,s,node,,ntop f,all,fy,-f nsel,all nsubst,4,25,2 solve
nsel,s,node,,ntop f,all,fy,f nsel,all nsubst,4,25,2 solve ! Start Cycle 2 !
---------------nsel,s,node,,ntop f,all,fy,-f nsel,all nsubst,4,25,2 solve
nsel,s,node,,ntop f,all,fy,f nsel,all nsubst,4,25,2 solve
! Define load for load step 2 ! Set the number of substeps, max and min number !
of substeps ! Solve load step 2
! Define load for load step 3 ! Set the number of substeps, max and min number !
of substeps ! Solve load step 3
! Define load for load step 4 ! Set the number of substeps, max and min number !
of substeps ! Solve load step 4
! Define load for load step 5 ! Set the number of substeps, max and min number !
of substeps ! Solve load step 5
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Chapter 8: Nonlinear Structural Analysis
! Start Cycle 3 ! ---------------nsel,s,node,,ntop f,all,fy,-f nsel,all
nsubst,4,25,2 solve nsel,s,node,,ntop f,all,fy,f nsel,all nsubst,4,25,2 solve save
fini /post1 set,last ! (final state) pldi,2 ples,nl,epeq fini /post26 eplo
nsel,s,node,,ntop esln elem=elnext(0) alls
! Define load for load step 6 ! Set the number of substeps, max and min number !
of substeps ! Solve load step 6 ! Define load for load step 7 ! Set the number of
substeps, max and min number ! of substeps. ! Solve load step 7
! Read in the results from the last substep of ! the last step. ! ! ! ! Plot the
deformed mesh with the undeformed edge only Plot the total accumulated equivalent
plastic strains
! ! ! ! !
Plot the mesh Select the node where the point load is attached Select the element
attached to this node Get the number of this element Select back everything in the
model
! Define variable 2 to be Y component of stress at the node where the point ! load
is applied ESOL,2,elem,ntop,S,Y,
! Define the x and y axes labels for subsequent x-y plot /axlab,x,Total Y-Strain
/axlab,y,Y-Stress plvar,2 fini /eof /exit,nosav ! Plot the Y-stress stored in
variable 2
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Chapter 9: Material Curve Fitting
You use material curve fitting to derive coefficients from experimental data that
you supply for your material. Curve fitting involves comparing your experimental
data to certain nonlinear material models built into ANSYS. With this feature, you
compare experimental data versus ANSYS-calculated data for different nonlinear
models. Based on these comparisons, you decide which material model to use during
solution. Curve fitting is based on the data table configurations outlined in the
TB command. The data manipulations and constructions are performed by the TBFT
command.
2 Section 9.2.1.2: Input the Data into AN- The experimental data can be read into
ANSYS by browsing to the file SYS location (GUI) or by specifying the filename and
path (batch) on the command line.
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Chapter 9: Material Curve Fitting
3 Section 9.2.1.3: Select a Material Model The material options for the applicable
curve fitting regimen are Option defined in the TB command. ANSYS supports nine
hyperelastic models. Once you pick a model, you can still change to another model
if an ideal fit is not realized. 4 Section 9.2.1.4: Initialize the Coefficients
Depending on the model, hyperelastic curve fitting can be a linear or nonlinear
regression process. The hyperelastic material models, along with the associated
process for each are listed in Table 9.3: “Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model
Types”. 5 Section 9.2.1.5: Specify Control Paramet- You will specify the type of
error norm to be used to generate the ers and Solve curve fit. 6 Section 9.2.1.6:
Plot Your Experimental You review and verify the results by comparing the
experimental data Data and Analyze and the regression errors. If the results you
obtain are not acceptable, repeat steps 3 to 5 to perform a new curve fitting
solution. 7 Section 9.2.1.7: Write Data to TB Com- Write your curve fitting
results to the database in the TB command mand table format.
The types of data required for each of these cases is defined in the tables below.
Table 9.1 Experimental Details for Case 1 and 2 Models and Blatz-Ko
Experimental Type Uniaxial Test Biaxial Test Shear Test Volumetric Test Column 1
Engineering Strain Engineering Strain Engineering Strain Volumetric Strain(J)
Column 2 Engineering Stress Engineering Stress Engineering Stress True Stress
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Section 9.2: Hyperelastic Material Curve Fitting Note — J is the ratio of current
volume to the original volume. All stresses output by ANSYS in POST1/POST26 are
true stresses and logarithmic strains.
For temperature dependent curve fitting, specify your temperature values at the
top of the experimental data using the
/temp,value
line. This header format specifies the attribute (temp) and its value (100). An
example of a typical data input using these attributes follows:
/temp,100 0.9703 60.00 0.9412 118.2 0.9127 175.2 0.8847 231.1
Adding this header introduces a temperature attribute of 100 degrees. You can add
additional data sets at other temperatures, in additional files. One file can have
data at only one temperature.
9.2.1.2.1. Batch
TBFT,EADD,ID,Option1,Option2,Option3,Option4
Option1 = UNIA, BIAX, SHEA, or VOLU Option2 = name of file containing experimental
data Option3 = file name extension Option4 = file directory
9.2.1.2.2. GUI
The Material Properties GUI provides an input field where you can type in the
filename of your data file, and also include the appropriate path. You can also
browse to a file in a specified location. Separate input is performed for each
Option1 value (UNIA, BIAX, SHEA, etc.).
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Chapter 9: Material Curve Fitting
1. 2.
Blatz-Ko and Ogden hyper-foam are compressible models. For Ogden hyper-foam, the
experimental data you supply will require additional fields. More information on
the hyperelastic models ANSYS supplies for curve fitting can be found in Section
2.5.2: Hyperelastic Material Constants.
9.2.1.3.1. Batch
TBFT,FADD,ID,HYPER,Option2,Option3
Option2 = model name, as specified in Table 9.3: “Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model
Types” (above) Option3 = order or number of coefficients, where applicable. Table
9.3: “Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model
Types” (above) specifies the number and type of coefficient(s) necessary for each
hyperelastic model type.
9.2.1.3.2. GUI
A pull-down selection menu in the material GUI allows you to pick the applicable
material model option. The options displayed will be dependent on the format of
your experimental data file.
9.2.1.4.1. Batch
TBFT,SET,ID,HYPER,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
Option2 = model name (see Table 9.3: “Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types”
(above) for the available
models)
Option3 = order, if applicable Option4 = index of coefficient Option5 = value of
the coefficient
Option2 = model name. See Table 9.3: “Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types”
(above) for the available
models.
Option3 = order, if applicable Option4 = tdep or tref Option5 = If Option4 = tdep,
Option5 = 1 turns on temperature dependency, and Option5 = 0 turns it off. If
Option4 = tref, Option5 will be either “all,” or the reference temperature.
TBFT,FIX,ID,HYPER,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
Option2 = model name See Table 9.3: “Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types”
(above) for the available
models.
Option3 = not applicable Option4 = index of coefficient Option5 = 1 for fixed and
0 to vary
9.2.1.4.2. GUI
The GUI automatically updates your coefficient tables depending on the model you
pick. You can modify individual coefficients to initialize them at values you
believe are more appropriate.
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Chapter 9: Material Curve Fitting
The solution stops when both the residual tolerance and the coefficient change
tolerance of your error norm are met, or if the number of iterations criteria is
met. When you use nonlinear regression, you must initialize your coefficients.
9.2.1.5.1. Batch
TBFT,SOLVE,ID,HYPER,Option2,Option3,Option4, ..., Option7
Option2 = model name. See Table 9.3: “Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types”
(above) for the models
available.
Option3 = order or number of your coefficients. See Table 9.3: “Hyperelastic Curve
Fitting Model Types”
9.2.1.5.2. GUI
The GUI lets you specify all of your control parameters (error norm, solution
control parameters, and the solver options) interactively. You select the
appropriate options from the provided menus, and solve to generate the
coefficients. You can change the parameters and repeat the solution as necessary
to ensure an accurate result. The unused options are disabled whenever necessary.
9.2.1.6.1. Batch
TBFT,PLOT,ID,Option1,HYPER,Option3,Option4
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Option1 = UNIA, BIAX, SHEA, or VOLU Option3 = model name. See Table 9.3:
“Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types” (above) for the models
available.
Option4 = order or number of your coefficients. See Table 9.3: “Hyperelastic Curve
Fitting Model Types” (above) for possible values.
You use the /WINDOW command to configure the graphs for each of the resultant
curves for the individual stress types.
9.2.1.6.2. GUI
Use the GRAPH button to plot the data. Your plots will show columns 2 and above as
separate curves, plotted as a function of column 1. The data in column 1 is always
the X-axis. By default, all the experiments are plotted in the GUI window. To view
specific data and its corresponding fitting result, you can click the right mouse
button (RMB) on the specific data set, and pick a desired option to view the
results. Other RMB plotting utilities can be found for different data fields in
the curve fitting GUI window. Use RMB functions to Zoom, Fit, Save Plot to File,
View/Hide Legend and View/Hide Grid. Two or more fitted functions can also be
compared in the same plot. For example, you can view Mooney2 Uniaxial and Mooney9
Uniaxial plots directly on top of each other, provided you have already solved for
both of these functions. RMB also allows you to set the number of points used to
generate the plot, and also change the minimum X value and the maximum X value in
a plot. You can also hide a particular curve within a graph, turn the legend
and/or axis displays on and off, and switch the scales between log scale and
regular scale. Use the middle-mouse button to eliminate a specific curve and
clarify or refine the remaining curve.
9.2.1.6.3. Review/Verify
The two factors you consider in determining results acceptability are visual fit
and the error norm/residual values. When you plot the curve, the error
norm/residual values are printed in the curve fitting GUI window. Error norm
values help you determine the quality of curve fitting and whether to accept the
results, but are not always the best indicator of a valid curve fit. Plotting the
curves and visually assessing the result is usually the best indication. If the
results are unacceptable, you may want to go back to step 3 and solve again,
either by picking a different model, increasing the order, or redefining your
initial values of the coefficients or other control parameters. You can continue
to use your original experimental data, repeating step 3 through step 7 until you
get an acceptable solution.
9.2.1.7.1. Batch
TBFT,FSET,ID,HYPER,Option2,Option3
Option2 = model name. See Table 9.3: “Hyperelastic Curve Fitting Model Types”
(above) for the models
available.
Option3 = order or number of your coefficients. See Table 9.3: “Hyperelastic Curve
Fitting Model Types” (above) for possible values.
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Chapter 9: Material Curve Fitting
9.2.1.7.2. GUI
Once you complete the process and update your material data properties with the
representative curve data, you are returned to the material properties dialog. The
curve data can now be accessed for the full range of material behavior.
5 Section 9.3.1.5: Specify Control Parameters You choose the error norm to be used
for an acceptable curve fit. and Solve 6 Section 9.3.1.6: Plot the Experimental
Data You review and verify the results by comparing them with the exand Analyze
perimental data and the regression errors. If they are not acceptable, repeat
steps 3 to 5 to obtain a new curve fitting solution. 7 Section 9.3.1.7: Write Data
to TB Command Write curve fitting results in the TB command format to the ANSYS
database.
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Section 9.3: Creep Material Curve Fitting
The header format to define each column's data-type is /n, abbr, where n is the
index of the data column in the file, and abbr is the abbreviation for the type of
data in the column, as described in Table 9.4: “Creep Data Types and
Abbreviations”. A typical data input is shown below:
/1,seqv ! indicates first column is stress /2,creq ! indicates second column is
creep strain /3,temp ! indicates third column is temperature /4,dcreq ! indicates
fourth column is creep strain rate 4000 0.00215869 100 0.000203055 4000 0.00406109
100 0.000181314 4000 0.00664691 100 0.000165303 4000 0.0102068 100 0.000152217
4000 0.0151416 100 0.000140946
When a particular column is unchanged over the loading history, you can define it
as an attribute. For instance, in the above example, the stress and temperature
are constant throughout the range. You define this data as an attribute. The
header format to define a data attribute is /attr, value, where attr is the data-
type abbreviation, and value is the value of the attribute. The constant stress
and temperature values above can be written into the file header, as follows:
/seqv,4000 ! indicate this creep has a constant stress of 4000 /temp,100 !
indicate this creep data is at a constant temperature of 100 /1,creq ! indicate
first column is creep strain /2,dcreq ! indicate second column is creep strain
rate 0.00215869 0.000203055 0.00406109 0.000181314 0.00664691 0.000165303
0.0102068 0.000152217 0.0151416 0.000140946 0.0220102 0.000130945
ANSYS provides thirteen model types for creep curve fitting. The model you choose
will determine the experimental data required for the curve fitting process. The
following table describes the creep data required to perform curve fitting for
each model type. Note that for strain hardening and modified strain hardening, you
need to input both creep strain and creep strain rate in the experimental data.
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Chapter 9: Material Curve Fitting
Creep Model Modified Time Hardening Modified Strain Hardening Generalized Garofalo
Exponential Form Norton Prim+Sec Time Hardening Prim+Sec Rational Polynomial
Generalized Time Hardening x x x creq x x x x x x x x x dcreq time x seqv x x x x
x x x x x x x x x temp x
9.3.1.2.1. Batch
The EADD argument of the TBFT command is used to identify and specify the location
of your data files. The command syntax is:
TBFT,EADD,ID,Option1,Option2,Option3,Option4
Option1 = creep Option2 = name of file containing experimental data Option3 = file
name extension Option4 = file directory
9.3.1.2.2. GUI
In interactive mode, you can input experimental data by typing the filename (with
the appropriate path if the file is not in the default directory) into the
appropriate area. You can also browse to a file in a particular location. Use the
Add Data Set button to add additional data sets for creep curve fitting. There is
no restriction on the number of data sets you can add.
9.3.1.3.1. Batch
TBFT,FADD,ID,CREEP,Option2,Option3
Option2 = creep model abbreviation. See Table 9.6: “Creep Models and
Abbreviations”.
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Option3 = not used for creep curve fitting.
The following table describes the creep models available and their abbreviated
names for Option2 (above).
Note — The experimental data must be consistent with the creep model you choose.
See Table 9.5: “Creep Model and Data/Type Attribute” for the data types required
for each creep model.
9.3.1.3.2. GUI
You can pick the appropriate model option from a menu in the data entry area. All
of the options and constraints listed for batch input apply.
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Chapter 9: Material Curve Fitting For temperature dependent experimental data, you
turn temperature dependency on and specify a reference temperature before you
solve for the coefficients. You can set the reference temperature only to values
specified using the /temp,value header line in the experimental data. You can also
specify tref = all and initiate multiple solves to evaluate coefficients at all
available discrete temperature values. In this case, for data at three
temperatures (t1, t2, and t3), a single TBFT, SOLVE entry will initiate three
different solve operations at those three discrete temperatures. With temperature
dependency on and the reference temperature set to a particular value, a TBFT,
SOLVE command solves for coefficients only at that temperature. To solve for
coefficients at other temperatures, you set the reference temperature to each of
the desired discrete temperature values and solve again. You can initialize the
coefficients before or after turning temperature dependency on. If the
coefficients are initialized before turning temperature dependency on, the
specified coefficients will become the initial coefficients for all future solves
for that particular model. These coefficients are, however, overridden when
temperature dependency is turned on and another set of initial values is specified
at discrete temperatures. The curve fitting tool looks for the initial
coefficients at a particular temperature. If no coefficients are specified at
discrete temperatures, the initial coefficients set before temperature dependency
was turned on are used.
9.3.1.4.1. Batch
You define your coefficient values and temperature dependency using the SET option
of the TBFT command, as follows:
TBFT,SET,ID,CREEP,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
Then you can modify the coefficients with the FIX option of the TBFT command.
TBFT,FIX,ID,CREEP,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
Option2 = creep model name Option3 = order, if applicable Option4 = tdep or tref
Option5 = For Option4 = tdep, 1 to turn on, 0 to turn off. For Option4 = tdep, a
specific temp value, or “all.”
9.3.1.4.2. GUI
The models listed in Table 9.6: “Creep Models and Abbreviations” are available
directly from the GUI. When you pick a model from the choices, ANSYS automatically
configures the coefficients for the model. You can then make modifications,
including initializing and/or fixing certain coefficients.
9.3.1.5.1. Batch
The batch command is:
TBFT,SOLVE,ID,CREEP,Option2,Option3,Option4, ..., Option7
Option2 = creep function name (See Table 9.6: “Creep Models and Abbreviations”)
Option3 = not applicable for creep models Option4 = error norm: 0 = unnormalized,
1 = normalized (default) Option5 = maximum number of iterations Option6 =
tolerance of residual changes Option7 = tolerance of coefficient changes
Other solving parameters are available. See the TBFT command for details.
9.3.1.5.2. GUI
After you fill in the last set of coefficient values, the analysis moves
automatically to the solution phase. Each of the options specified in the command
line description is presented as a pull down menu or fill in box, and each option
must be specified before Solve will begin. The coefficients are updated in the GUI
after the solution is complete.
9.3.1.6.1. Batch
TBFT,PLOT,ID,Option1,Option2,Option3,Option4
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Chapter 9: Material Curve Fitting
9.3.1.6.2. GUI
You can simultaneously display many data sets for each function plotted. Each
window of your display can be used to display each one of the data sets you are
plotting against column one.
9.3.1.7.1. Batch
TBFT,FSET,ID,CREEP,Option2,Option3
9.3.1.7.2. GUI
When you complete the process, click the Write to Database button to write the
fitted coefficients of your creep model as a creep data table in ANSYS material
database. You are then returned to the material properties dialog. The curve data
can now be accessed for the full range of material behavior.
2 Time Hardening
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Section 9.4: Viscoelastic Material Curve Fitting
3 Generalized Exponential Generalized exponential has 5 coefficients, with C4
dedicated to temperature dependency. If you do not have temperature dependent
data, set C4 to zero. Use a low value for C5 (e.g., 1e-3) to avoid floating-point
overflows in the exponential term. If you have difficulty solving for temperature
dependent data, use experimental data for only one temperature, fix C4 to zero,
then solve. Then add data for your other temperatures, release C4 and solve for
all coefficients. You can also solve for just C4 by fixing C1, C2 and C3.
Generalized Graham has 8 coefficients. You use C8 for temperature dependency. If
you do not have temperature dependent data, set C8 to zero. If you have difficulty
solving temperature dependent data, use experimental data for only one
temperature, fix C8 to zero, and solve. Then add data for other temperatures,
release C8 and solve for the remaining coefficients individually. Generalized
Blackburn has 7 coefficients. It is advisable to look at the exponential terms and
try to keep them from floating-point overflows. To keep eC2σ within floating-point
range, make sure the initial value of C2 is such that C2σ is close to 1. Similarly
try to keep σ/C4 and C7σ close to 1. Modified time hardening has 4 coefficients.
C4 is for temperature dependency. If you do not have temperature dependent data,
fix C4 to zero. Modified Strain Hardening has 3 coefficients. This model can be
complex for curve fitting. To keep the C1σ [(C3 + 1)ε] term from going negative,
C1 2 is replaced with C1 but converted to the proper form before beings written to
the ANSYS database. 8 Generalized Garofalo Generalized Garofalo has 4
coefficients, with C4 dedicated to temperature dependency. If you do not have
temperature dependent data, set C4 to zero. To keep the Sinh term within floating-
point range, keep c2σ close to one when you initialize the coefficients.
Exponential form has 3 coefficients, with C3 dedicated to temperature dependency.
If you do not have temperature dependent data, set C3 to zero. To keep eσC2 within
floating-point range, keep σ/C2 close to one. Norton model has 3 coefficients,
with C3 dedicated to temperature dependency. If you do not have temperature
dependent data, set C3 to zero. Time hardening has 7 coefficients. This is a
complex model. Here it is advisable to solve for temperature independent data
first and then introduce temperature related data.
C2 C3
4 Generalized Graham
5 Generalized Blackburn
9 Exponential Form
9–15
Chapter 9: Material Curve Fitting Curve fitting is performed either interactively
or via batch commands. You input the experimental data, define the order of Prony
series expansion, perform nonlinear regression, view the curve fitting results
graphically, compare the experimental data, and write the fitted coefficients to
the database as ANSYS nonlinear data table commands for the subsequent finite
elements analyses. Current tools allow you to fit shear modulus and/or bulk
modulus and/or shift functions, along with discrete temperature dependencies for
multiple data sets.
2 Section 9.4.1.2: Input the Data into AN- The experimental data can be read into
ANSYS from the GUI or via SYS batch commands, as a plain text file. 3 Section
9.4.1.3: Select a Material Model This includes Prony series expansion of shear
and/or bulk moduli as Option well as shift function. The supported shift functions
include WLF and TN. 4 Section 9.4.1.4: Initialize the Coefficients Viscoelastic
curve fitting is a nonlinear regression; the initial value of your coefficients is
very important for a successful solution. 5 Section 9.4.1.5: Specify Control
Paramet- Specify the error norm to be used, the solution control parameters, ers
and Solve and perform the nonlinear regression. 6 Section 9.4.1.6: Plot the
Experimental Data and Analyze Graphically view the curve fitting results. Review
and verify the results by comparing them with the experimental data and the
regression errors. If any factor is not acceptable, repeat steps 3 to 7 to obtain
a new curve fitting solution.
7 Section 9.4.1.7: Write Data to TB Com- Write your curve fitting results in TB
command format to the ANSYS mand database.
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Section 9.4: Viscoelastic Material Curve Fitting The headers are used to describe
the data types that characterize the test data columns or attributes of the data.
The following listing contains the appropriate headers, followed by the delimited
data:
/temp,100 ! define temperature attribute 0.01 2992.53 1 2978.514207 2 2965.45541 4
2942.293214 6 2922.530649 8 2905.612202 10 2891.073456 20 2842.506984 40
2798.142793 60 2772.383729 80 2750.631843 100 2730.398114 200 2643.125432 400
2517.475394 600 2431.262053 800 2366.580897 1000 2313.955396 2000 2117.922594 4000
1833.734397 6000 1627.199197 8000 1470.6806 10000 1347.264527 20000 964.0141125
40000 586.1405449 60000 392.186777 80000 277.2706253 100000 202.0025278 200000
46.87056342 400000 2.669209118 600000 0.156653269 800000 0.0137224 1000000
0.005591539
9.4.1.2.1. Batch
TBFT,EADD,ID,Option1,Option2,Option3,Option4
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Chapter 9: Material Curve Fitting Note — “sdec” refers to the shear modulus as a
function of time and “bdec” refers to the bulk modulus as a function of time.
9.4.1.2.2. GUI
Click on the Add Dataset button and type the filename into the area provided. You
can also browse to a file in a specified location. Separate input is performed for
each data type (Option1 = sdec, or bdec)
9.4.1.3.1. Batch
You define a viscoelastic material with the Prony series expansion by creating a
case and setting the order of shear modulus, bulk modulus, and shift options. You
create the case with the TBFT, FCASE command. The first line will include FCASE,
ID, NEW. Then you specify the number of shear terms, bulk terms, and the shift
function. The case is actually created only after the option is issued. The
following syntax examples and argument descriptions illustrate the relationship of
these activities.
TBFT,FCASE,ID,NEW,Option2,Option3
• •
9.4.1.3.2. GUI
You can use the GUI to interactively navigate the tree structure of the curve
fitting window. Each of the shear, bulk and shift options can be selected, and you
can fill in the appropriate casename in a text box field. As you choose the
options, the coefficient table is automatically created.
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Section 9.4: Viscoelastic Material Curve Fitting
9.4.1.4.1. Batch
TBFT,SET,ID,CASE,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
For example:
TBFT,SET,1, myvisco1,,1,1.2 TBFT,SET,1, myvisco1,,2,1.5 ! Initialize the first
coefficient to 1.2 ! Initialize the second coefficient to 1.5
Use the TBFT,FIX command to fix a coefficient to a value set by the TBFT, SET
command or to release a previously fixed coefficient. By default, coefficients are
not fixed.
TBFT,FIX,ID,CASE,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
For example:
TBFT,FIX,1, myvisco1,,1,1. TBFT,FIX,1, myvisco1,,2,1 ! Fix the first coefficient
to a value set via TBFT,SET ! Fix the second coefficient to a value set via
TBFT,SET
Temperature dependency uses Option4, and references data files you entered with
the appropriate “temp” header.
TBFT,SET,ID,VISCO,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
Option2 = model name. See Table 9.7: “Viscoelastic Data Types and Abbreviations”
(above) for the models
available.
Option3 = not applicable Option4 = tdep or tref Option5 = If Option 4 = tdep, then
1 turns temperature dependency on and 0 turns it off. IfOption 4 =
9.4.1.4.2. GUI
The coefficients table is automatically updated in the viscoelastic curve fitting
GUI window when the order of shear modulus and/or bulk modulus and/or shift
function are defined. Specify values for your coefficients in the coefficients
table in the curve fitting GUI window, and check the appropriate boxes to fix them
or allow them to vary.
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Chapter 9: Material Curve Fitting 3. Solve the bulk coefficients (if there are
any): Set the partial solve option using TBFT, SET,,,,,COMP, PBULK. Set the
reference temperature at which your partial solution will be performed using TBFT,
SET,,,,,TREF, TX. Only data at temperature TX will be used to estimate the shear
coefficients. Initialize the coefficients. TBFT,SOLVE Repeat the above steps for
all temperatures. Alternatively, you can solve for both shear and bulk data at the
same time. 1. 2. Turn the temperature dependency flag on using the command TBFT,
SET,,,,,TDEP,1. Solve for ALL coefficients. Set the partial solve option using
TBFT, SET,,,,,COMP, PVHE. Set the reference temperature at which your partial
solution will be performed using TBFT, SET,,,,,TREF, TX. Only data at temperature
TX will be used to estimate shear and bulk coefficients Initialize the
coefficients. TBFT,SOLVE Repeat the above steps for all of the desired
temperatures.
9.4.1.5.3. Batch
Solution option command is:
TBFT,SET,ID,CASE,Option2,Option3,Option4,Option5
Option2 = casename Option3 = not applicable Option4 = comp Option5 = pshea (for
Shear only) or pbulk (for bulk only)
The SOLVE option allows you to specify procedure types, tolerances, and number of
iterations.
TBFT,SOLVE,ID,CASE,Option2,Option3,Option4, ..., Option7
Option2 = visco function name (See Table 9.7: “Viscoelastic Data Types and
Abbreviations”.) Option3 = not applicable Option4 = curve fitting procedure: 0 =
unnormalized least squares, 1 = normalized least squares (default) Option5 =
maximum number of iterations Option6 = tolerance of residual changes Option7 =
tolerance of coefficient changes
Other solving parameters are available. See the TBFT command for details.
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Section 9.4: Viscoelastic Material Curve Fitting
9.4.1.5.4. GUI
The GUI provides access for you to choose your error norm, solution control
parameters, and solver options. Once you complete these specifications and SOLVE,
you can go back and modify your parameters as necessary to obtain a good curve
fit.
9.4.1.6.1. Batch
You enter the plotting parameters from the command line as follows:
TBFT,PLOT,ID,ExpIndex,CASE,Option3
Option3 = casename
9.4.1.6.2. GUI
The Graph button provides direct means to plot the data.
9.4.1.7.1. Batch
TBFT,FSET,ID,Option2,Option3
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Chapter 9: Material Curve Fitting
Option2 = case Option3 = casename
9.4.1.7.2. GUI
Click the Write to Database button and the fitted coefficients are automatically
written to the ANSYS material database according Prony data table. Please note
that the coefficients you see in the curve fitting module are different from those
in the TB tables. The τ values remain the same, but the α values are different.
The α values shown in ANSYS are the square of the α values derived during curve
fitting. They are also normalized to make α at time 0 = 1.
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Chapter 10: Gasket Joints Simulation
10.1. Overview of Gasket Joints
Gasket joints are essential components in most structural assemblies. Gaskets as
sealing components between structural components are usually very thin and made of
many materials, such as steel, rubber and composites. From a mechanics point of
view, gaskets act to transfer force between components. The primary deformation of
a gasket is usually confined to one direction, namely, through thickness. The
stiffness contributions from membrane (in plane) and transverse shear are much
smaller in general compared to the through thickness. The stiffness contribution
therefore is assumed to be negligible, although the TB command provides options to
account for transverse shear. A typical example of a gasket joint is in engine
assemblies. A thorough understanding of the gasket joint is critical in engine
design and operation. This includes an understanding of the behavior of gasket
joint components themselves in an engine operation, and the interaction of the
gasket joint with other components. Elements within the ANSYS family of interface
element are used to model gaskets. By default, these elements are designed to
account for gasket through-thickness behavior. However, you can account for
transverse shear behavior by using an element Keyopt setting and transverse shear
option of the gasket material data table. See the TB command documentation and the
specific element documentation for more information.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Chapter 10: Gasket Joints Simulation elements. See Section 10.7: Solution
Procedure and Result Output in this chapter for more details on this topic. 6.
Review Results. You can print or plot any of four gasket output items: stresses
(also pressure), total closure, total inelastic closure, and thermal closure,
using the PRESOL, PRNSOL, PLESOL, PLNSOL, or ESOL commands. You can also use these
items with the *GET command in POST1. See Section 10.8: Reviewing the Results in
this chapter for more details on this topic.
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The 2-D elements, INTER192 and INTER193, use a KEYOPT to define various stress
state options.
Proper element type is chosen based on the stress states of interest and
structural element types used. Element selection is done by the element type
command, ET, for example,
ET,1,195
10.4.2. Applications
In general, linear and quadratic elements are chosen for the following reasons: •
• • • Fewer nodes produce a smaller model that runs faster with less computer
resources. Quadratic elements are necessary if stress gradients are present in
surrounding bodies. If elements are to follow a curved boundary closely, quadratic
elements are ideal because their edges are arcs. With a free mesh (tetrahedral
elements) the mid-node (quadratic) is required for an accurate solution.
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Chapter 10: Gasket Joints Simulation For a 3-D structure such as an internal
combustion engine, 3-D element INTER194 or INTER195 is a good choice for
simulating the gasket between the cylinder head and block. In this case there is
no "nice" geometry because the gasket must fill in between two complicated
surfaces, in between cylinders, and around other holes and passages. Also the
gasket properties can vary in different zones. For example in a cylinder head,
there is usually a much stiffer zone immediately around the cylinder to contain
combustion pressure (called the "fire ring"). The remainder of the gasket is much
softer.
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Section 10.5: Material Definition
You input the general parameters using the TBDATA command, then input the
compression and unloading data using the TBPT command. Presented in the following
sections are examples of inputs for the various types of gasket data.
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Refer to Gasket Materials in the ANSYS Elements Reference for further details on
these parameters.
where: xi, yi are pairs of closure and pressure values. The following input
listing is an example defining a compressive pressure vs. closure behavior of a
gasket joint material with 10 data points.
TB,GASKET,1, ,10,COMP TBPT,, 0.20000E-04, 0.54000E+08 TBPT,, 0.40000E-04,
0.15150E+09 TBPT,, 0.60000E-04, 0.24900E+09 TBPT,, 0.78000E-04, 0.30000E+09 TBPT,,
0.12000E-03, 0.37200E+09 TBPT,, 0.19000E-03, 0.47400E+09 TBPT,, 0.28600E-03,
0.58500E+09 TBPT,, 0.35800E-03, 0.67350E+09 TBPT,, 0.43200E-03, 0.78000E+09 TBPT,,
0.50500E-03, 0.89550E+09 ! define compression data
where: NPTS is the number of unloading points; xi is the closure where unloading
started, and yi is unloading slope. The following input listing is an example
showing the linear unloading behavior of a gasket joint material with 3 unloading
points
TB,GASKET,1, ,3,LUNL ! define linear unloading data TBPT,, 0.78000E-04,
0.25100E+12
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Section 10.5: Material Definition
TBPT,, 0.28600E-03, 0.25500E+12 TBPT,, 0.50500E-03, 0.10600E+13
where: xi, yi are pairs of closure and pressure values. Several unloading curves
can be defined. An example showing the nonlinear unloading behavior of a gasket
joint material with 3 unloading points is as follows:
TB,GASKET,1, ,5,NUNL ! define first nonlinear unloading data TBPT,, 0.78000E-04,
0.30000E+09 TBPT,, 0.66900E-04, 0.24750E+08 TBPT,, 0.63100E-04, 0.82500E+07 TBPT,,
0.54100E-04, 0.15000E+07 TBPT,, 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00 TB,GASKET,1, ,5,NUNL !
define second nonlinear unloading data
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TBPT,, TBPT,, TBPT,, TBPT,, TBPT,, 0.28600E-03, 0.26400E-03, 0.26100E-03,
0.25600E-03, 0.00000E+00, 0.58500E+09 0.22350E+08 0.90000E+07 0.15000E+07
0.00000E+00 ! define third nonlinear unloading data
ANSYS will automatically interpolate the temperature data to the material points
using linear interpolation. When the temperature is out of the specified range,
the closest temperature point is used.
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Section 10.5: Material Definition The following is an example input listing
defining a compressive pressure vs. closure behavior of a gasket joint material
with 5 temperature points and up to 10 data points for each temperature point, and
3 nonlinear unloading curves with each curve having 5 temperatures and 5 data
points.
TB,GASKET,1, 5,10,COMP ! define compression data with 5 temperatures TBTEMP,
100.000 TBPT,, 0.20000E-04, 0.54000E+08 TBPT,, 0.40000E-04, 0.15150E+09 TBPT,,
0.60000E-04, 0.24900E+09 TBPT,, 0.78000E-04, 0.30000E+09 TBPT,, 0.12000E-03,
0.37200E+09 TBPT,, 0.19000E-03, 0.47400E+09 TBPT,, 0.28600E-03, 0.58500E+09 TBPT,,
0.35800E-03, 0.67350E+09 TBPT,, 0.43200E-03, 0.78000E+09 TBPT,, 0.50500E-03,
0.89550E+09 TBTEMP, 200.000 TBPT,, 0.20000E-04, TBPT,, 0.40000E-04, TBPT,,
0.60000E-04, TBPT,, 0.78000E-04, TBPT,, 0.12000E-03, TBPT,, 0.19000E-03, TBPT,,
0.28600E-03, TBPT,, 0.35800E-03, TBPT,, 0.43200E-03, TBPT,, 0.50500E-03, TBTEMP,
300.000 TBPT,, 0.20000E-04, TBPT,, 0.40000E-04, TBPT,, 0.60000E-04, TBPT,,
0.78000E-04, TBPT,, 0.12000E-03, TBPT,, 0.19000E-03, TBPT,, 0.28600E-03, TBPT,,
0.35800E-03, TBPT,, 0.43200E-03, TBPT,, 0.50500E-03, TBTEMP, 400.000 TBPT,,
0.20000E-04, TBPT,, 0.40000E-04, TBPT,, 0.60000E-04, TBPT,, 0.78000E-04, TBPT,,
0.12000E-03, TBPT,, 0.19000E-03, TBPT,, 0.28600E-03, TBPT,, 0.35800E-03, TBPT,,
0.43200E-03, TBPT,, 0.50500E-03, TBTEMP, 500.000 TBPT,, 0.20000E-04, TBPT,,
0.40000E-04, TBPT,, 0.60000E-04, TBPT,, 0.78000E-04, TBPT,, 0.12000E-03, TBPT,,
0.19000E-03, TBPT,, 0.28600E-03, TBPT,, 0.35800E-03, TBPT,, 0.43200E-03, TBPT,,
0.50500E-03,
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TBPT,, 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00 TBTEMP, 200.000 TBPT,, 0.78000E-04, TBPT,,
0.66900E-04, TBPT,, 0.63100E-04, TBPT,, 0.54100E-04, TBPT,, 0.00000E+00, TBTEMP,
300.000 TBPT,, 0.78000E-04, TBPT,, 0.66900E-04, TBPT,, 0.63100E-04, TBPT,,
0.54100E-04, TBPT,, 0.00000E+00, TBTEMP, 400.000 TBPT,, 0.78000E-04, TBPT,,
0.66900E-04, TBPT,, 0.63100E-04, TBPT,, 0.54100E-04, TBPT,, 0.00000E+00, TBTEMP,
500.000 TBPT,, 0.78000E-04, TBPT,, 0.66900E-04, TBPT,, 0.63100E-04, TBPT,,
0.54100E-04, TBPT,, 0.00000E+00,
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Section 10.5: Material Definition
TBPT,, 0.00000E+00, 0.00000E+00 TBTEMP, 200.000 TBPT,, 0.50500E-03, TBPT,,
0.47800E-03, TBPT,, 0.47500E-03, TBPT,, 0.46800E-03, TBPT,, 0.00000E+00, TBTEMP,
300.000 TBPT,, 0.50500E-03, TBPT,, 0.47800E-03, TBPT,, 0.47500E-03, TBPT,,
0.46800E-03, TBPT,, 0.00000E+00, TBTEMP, 400.000 TBPT,, 0.50500E-03, TBPT,,
0.47800E-03, TBPT,, 0.47500E-03, TBPT,, 0.46800E-03, TBPT,, 0.00000E+00, TBTEMP,
500.000 TBPT,, 0.50500E-03, TBPT,, 0.47800E-03, TBPT,, 0.47500E-03, TBPT,,
0.46800E-03, TBPT,, 0.00000E+00,
Sample plots of compression and unloading curves for gasket data to two
temperatures is shown in Figure 10.5: “Gasket Compression and Unloading Curves at
Two Temperatures”.
# %# '52$#"#!¦ '#######!¦4¥ ## # # ¨
£ ¤
Chapter 10: Gasket Joints Simulation TBPLOT,GASKET,MAT,TBOPT,TEMP,SEGN where TBOPT
specifies the gasket material option to be plotted, TEMP specifies plotting either
all of the temperature dependent data curves, or a curve at a specified
temperature, and SEGN specifies whether or not to add the segment numbers to the
curves.
There are special requirements for meshing interface elements. See Section 7.5.6:
Generating an Interface Mesh for Gasket Simulations in the ANSYS Modeling and
Meshing Guide for further details on this type of meshing. The following example
input listing shows the use of the IMESH command.
/batch,list /title, Test to demonstrate the use of IMESH command /com,
************************************************************ /com, * * /com, *
This is a simple test to demonstrate the use of IMESH * /com, * command to
generate gasket elements. The model consists * /com, * of two blocks with gasket
elements (INTER194) defined * /com, * between them. * /com, * * /com,
************************************************************ /prep7 !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Define Element Types !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ et,1,187 ! Solid tetrahedral element
et,2,194 ! Interface layer element !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !*
Define Parameters !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ EH=1.0 IH=0.1 DX=0
DY=0 DZ=IH Z1=EH Z2=Z1+IH Z3=Z2+EH !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !*
Generate Keypoints !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ k,1,0,0 k,2,1,0
k,3,1,1 k,4,0,1 k,5,0,0,z1 k,6,1,0,z1 k,7,1,1,z1 k,8,0,1,z1 k,9,0,0,z2 k,10,1,0,z2
k,11,1,1,z2 k,12,0,1,z2
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Section 10.6: Meshing Interface Elements
k,13,0,0,z3 k,14,1,0,z3 k,15,1,1,z3 k,16,0,1,z3 !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Generate First Volume !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ v,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Generate Second Volume !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ v,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16 !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Generate Middle Volume !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ v,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Define Element Size !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ esize,,4 ! !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Mesh First Volume with Element Type
1 !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ type,1 mat,1 vmesh,1 !
*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Generate Interface Layer with
IMESH command !* using Element Type 2 (INTER194) !
*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ type,2 mat,2
imesh,area,6,7,0,DX,DY,DZ,TOL !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Mesh
Second Volume with Element Type 1 !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ type,1
mat,1 vmesh,2 !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Plot Elements !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ /view,1 ,1,1,1 eplot finish
Figure 10.6: “Gasket Finite Element Model Geometry” shows the geometry of the
finite element model, a thin interface layer between two block volumes. Figure
10.7: “Whole Model Mesh with Brick Element” shows the mesh with solid brick
element, SOLID185, in top and bottom of block volumes, and Figure 10.8: “Interface
Layer Mesh” shows the mesh of interface element, INTER195, in the interface layer
between the two blocks. Figure 10.9: “Whole Model Tetrahedral Mesh” shows the mesh
with solid tetrahedral element, SOLID187, in top and bottom of block volumes, and
Figure 10.10: “Interface Layer Mesh with Degenerated Wedge Elements” shows the
mesh of interface element (degenerated wedge), INTER194, in the interface layer
between the two blocks.
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Section 10.6: Meshing Interface Elements
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Chapter 10: Gasket Joints Simulation
Like any other type of nonlinear analysis, the ANSYS program performs a series of
linear approximations with corrections. A convergence failure can indicate a
physical instability in the structure, or it can merely be the result of some
numerical problem in the finite element model. The program printout gives you
continuous feedback on the progress of these approximations and corrections. (The
printout either appears directly on your screen, is captured on Jobname.OUT, or is
written to some other file [/OUTPUT].) You can examine some of this same
information in POST1, using the PRITER command, or in POST26, using the SOLU and
PRVAR commands. You should make sure that you understand the iteration history of
your analysis before you accept the results. In 10–16
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Section 10.7: Solution Procedure and Result Output particular, do not dismiss any
program error or warning statements without fully understanding their meaning. A
typical output listing with gasket nonlinearity only is shown in Section 10.7.1:
Typical Gasket Solution Output Listing. When other types of nonlinearity such as
contact or materials are included, additional information will be printed out.
*** NOTE *** CP= 0.000 TIME= 00:00:00 Present time 0 is less than or equal to the
previous time. Time will default to 1. *** NOTE *** CP= 0.000 TIME= 00:00:00
Nonlinear analysis, NROPT set to the FULL Newton-Raphson solution procedure for
ALL DOFs. *** NOTE *** CP= 0.000 TIME= 00:00:00
The conditions for direct assembly have been met. files will be produced. LOAD
STEP
No .emat or .erot
OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
0 =
0.0
= 0.1130E-04 CRITERION= 0.2000E-06 NEW TRIANG MATRIX. MAX DOF INC= -0.4000E-05
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*** NODAL LOAD CALCULATION TIMES TYPE NUMBER ENAME TOTAL CP 1 2 2 1 SOLID185
INTER195 0.000 0.000
*** LOAD STEP 1 SUBSTEP 1 COMPLETED. CUM ITER = *** TIME = 0.500000E-02 TIME INC =
0.500000E-02 *** AUTO STEP TIME: NEXT TIME INC = 0.50000E-02 UNCHANGED
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Section 10.8: Reviewing the Results
Enter POST1. If your model is not currently in the database, issue RESUME.
Command(s): /POST1 GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc Read in results for the
desired load step and substep, which can be identified by load step and substep
numbers or by time. Command(s): SET GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Read
Results> load step Display the results using any of the following options. Note
that gasket results, such as pressure and closure, are always displayed and listed
in the local coordinate system. Option: Display Deformed Shape Command(s): PLDISP
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape Option: Contour
Displays Command(s): PLNSOL or PLESOL GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Plot
Results> Contour Plot> Nodal Solu or Element Solu Use these options to display
contours of stresses, strains, or any other applicable item. When displaying the
gasket pressure distribution, if other structural mating components are not
included, ANSYS will plot the geometry of those components in gray. To have a
better visualization of a gasket pressure plot, it is better for you to select
gasket elements only.
3.
4.
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Chapter 10: Gasket Joints Simulation Command(s): PRNSOL (nodal results) PRESOL
(element-by-element results) PRRSOL (reaction data) PRITER (substep summary data),
etc. GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> List Results> Nodal Solution Main Menu>
General Postproc> List Results> Element Solution Main Menu> General Postproc> List
Results> Reaction Solution Option: Animation You can also animate gasket results
over time: Command(s): ANTIME GUI: Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Animate> Over Time
Other Capabilities Many other postprocessing functions are available in POST1. See
The General Postprocessor (POST1) in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for details.
Load case combinations usually are not valid for nonlinear analyses.
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Section 10.9: Sample Gasket Element Verification Analysis (Command or Batch
Method)
/com, ************************************************************** /prep7 !
*+++++++++++++++++++++ !* Define Element Types !*+++++++++++++++++++++ et,1,185
et,2,195 !*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Define Linear Elastic
Material Type 1 !*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ mp,ex,1,2.1E12
mp,nuxy,1,0.0 !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Define
Initial Gap, Stable Stiffness, Stress Cap !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ delta0 = 0.00e-3 stiff0 = 0.0e7
scap = 1.0e-5 tb,gasket,2,,,para tbdata, 1,delta0,stiff0,scap !
*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Define Gasket Compression Curve !
*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ tb,gask,2,1,13,comp tbpt,,0.460800E-03,
0.161226E+07 tbpt,,0.511600E-03, 0.520884E+07 tbpt,,0.562400E-03, 0.113134E+08
tbpt,,0.613200E-03, 0.200499E+08 tbpt,,0.664000E-03, 0.259960E+08 tbpt,,0.714800E-
03, 0.290345E+08 tbpt,,0.765600E-03, 0.357453E+08 tbpt,,0.816400E-03, 0.440064E+08
tbpt,,0.867200E-03, 0.563189E+08 tbpt,,0.918000E-03, 0.748254E+08 tbpt,,0.968800E-
03, 0.967287E+08 tbpt,,0.101960E-02, 0.129001E+09 tbpt,,0.109326E-02, 0.157147E+09
!*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Define Gasket Linear Unloading Curve !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ tb,gask,2,1,5,lunl tbpt,,0.460800E-03,
2.430000E+11 tbpt,,0.714800E-03, 3.565000E+11 tbpt,,0.816400E-03, 5.92300E+11
tbpt,,0.968800E-03, 1.088000e+12 tbpt,,0.109326E-02, 1.490000E+12 !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* List Gasket Material Model !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++ tblist,gask,all !*++++++++++++++++++ !* Define
Parameters !*++++++++++++++++++ n1 = 20 n2 = n1*100 n3 = n1 dis1 = -0.0008 dis2 =
-0.000001 pres = 1.0e7 pres2 = 10 pres3 = 1.4E8 dp = -2.0e7 elb = 1.0 elg = 0.1
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!*+++++++++++++++ !* Generate Nodes !*+++++++++++++++ n,1, n,2,1.0 n,3,1.0,1.0
n,4,0.0,1.0 ngen,2,4,1,4,,0.0,0.0,elb ngen,2,8,1,4,,0.0,0.0,elb+elg
ngen,2,12,1,4,,0.0,0.0,2*elb+elg !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !*
Generate Front and Back SOLID185 Element !
*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ et,1,185,,1 mat,1 e,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
e,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16 !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Generate Middle
INTER195 Element !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ et,2,195,, type,2 mat,2
e,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12 !*++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Define Boundary Condition !
*++++++++++++++++++++++++++ nsel,s,loc,z d,all,uz nsel,all nsel,s,loc,x d,all,ux
nsel,all nsel,s,loc,y d,all,uy nsel,all finish /solu !*+++++++++++++++++++ !*
Apply Displacement !*+++++++++++++++++++ nsel,s,loc,z,elb*2+elg d,all,uz,dis1
nsel,all !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Solve First Load Step,
Compress the Elements !*+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
nsubst,n1,n2,n3 outres,all,all outres,svar,all solve !
*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Solve Second Load Step, Open the
Elements !*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ nsubst,n1,n2,n3
outres,all,all outres,svar,all nsel,s,loc,z,elb*2+elg d,all,uz,dis2 nall solve
finish !*++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Postprocess the Results !
*++++++++++++++++++++++++
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Section 10.9: Sample Gasket Element Verification Analysis (Command or Batch
Method)
/post1 set,last pres,s pres,epto pres,epel prns,epel finish !
*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ !* Post26, Print and Plot Gasket
Element Results !*++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ /post26 esol,2,3,
,s,x,press esol,3,3, ,epel,x,delta add,4,2, , ,press,,,-1, ! change sign for
plotting add,5,3,,,delta,,,-1, ! change sign for plotting prvar,2,3,4,5 xvar,5
plvar,4 finish /exit,nosave
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Chapter 11: Fracture Mechanics
11.1. Definition of Fracture Mechanics
Cracks and flaws occur in many structures and components, sometimes leading to
disastrous results. The engineering field of fracture mechanics was established to
develop a basic understanding of such crack propagation problems. Fracture
mechanics deals with the study of how a crack or flaw in a structure propagates
under applied loads. It involves correlating analytical predictions of crack
propagation and failure with experimental results. The analytical predictions are
made by calculating fracture parameters such as stress intensity factors in the
crack region, which you can use to estimate crack growth rate. Typically, the
crack length increases with each application of some cyclic load, such as cabin
pressurization-depressurization in an airplane. Further, environmental conditions
such as temperature or extensive exposure to irradiation can affect the fracture
propensity of a given material. Some typical fracture parameters of interest are:
• • • Stress intensity factors (KI, KII, KIII) associated with the three basic
modes of fracture (see Figure 19.13: “The Three Basic Modes of Fracture” in the
ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference). J-integral, which may be defined as a path-
independent line integral that measures the strength of the singular stresses and
strains near a crack tip Energy release rate (G), which represents the amount of
work associated with a crack opening or closure
See Chapter 2, “Structural Static Analysis” for details about the general static
analysis procedure. Also see Chapter 8, “Nonlinear Structural Analysis” for a
discussion of structural nonlinearities.
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Chapter 11: Fracture Mechanics
In linear elastic problems, it has been shown that the displacements near the
crack tip (or crack front) vary as r , where r is the distance from the crack tip.
The stresses and strains are singular at the crack tip, varying as
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Section 11.2: Solving Fracture Mechanics Problems
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Chapter 11: Fracture Mechanics the radius of the first row of elements, number of
elements in the circumferential direction, etc. Figure 11.3: “A Fracture Specimen
and 2-D FE Model” shows a fracture model generated with the help of KSCON.
Other modeling guidelines for 2-D models are as follows: • Take advantage of
symmetry where possible. In many cases, you need to model only one half of the
crack region, with symmetry or antisymmetry boundary conditions, as shown below.
For reasonable results, the first row of elements around the crack tip should have
a radius of approximately a/8 or smaller, where a is the crack length. In the
circumferential direction, roughly one element every 30° or 40° is recommended.
The crack tip elements should not be distorted, and should take the shape of
isosceles triangles.
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Section 11.2: Solving Fracture Mechanics Problems Generating a 3-D fracture model
is considerably more involved than a 2-D model. The KSCON command is not
available, and you need to make sure that the crack front is along edge KO of the
elements. Other meshing guidelines for 3-D models are as follows: • • • Element
size recommendations are the same as for 2-D models. In addition, aspect ratios
should not exceed approximately 4 to 1 in all directions. For curved crack fronts,
the element size along the crack front will depend on the amount of local
curvature. As a rough guide, you should have at least one element every 15° to 30°
along a circular crack front. All element edges should be straight, including the
edge on the crack front.
(a) 2-D Models and (b) 3-D Models 2. Define a path along the crack face. The first
node on the path should be the crack-tip node. For a halfcrack model, two
additional nodes are required, both along the crack face. For a full-crack model,
where
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Chapter 11: Fracture Mechanics both crack faces are included, four additional
nodes are required: two along one crack face and two along the other. The
following figure illustrates the two cases for a 2-D model. Command(s): PATH,
PPATH GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path
(a) a half-crack model and (b) a full-crack model 3. Calculate KI, KII, and KIII.
The KPLAN field on the KCALC command specifies whether the model is planestrain or
plane stress. Except for the analysis of thin plates, the asymptotic or near-
crack-tip behavior of stress is usually thought to be that of plane strain. The
KCSYM field specifies whether the model is a halfcrack model with symmetry
boundary conditions, a half-crack model with antisymmetry boundary conditions, or
a full-crack model. Command(s): KCALC GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Nodal
Calcs> Stress Int Factr
11.2.2.2. J-Integral
In its simplest form, the J-integral can be defined as a path-independent line
integral that measures the strength of the singular stresses and strains near a
crack tip. The following equation shows an expression for J in its 2-D form is
shown below. It assumes that the crack lies in the global Cartesian X-Y plane,
with X parallel to the crack (see Figure 11.7: “J-Integral Contour Path
Surrounding a Crack-Tip”). ∂uy ∂u J = ∫r Wdy − ∫r t x x + t y ds ∂x ∂x
where: γ = any path surrounding the crack tip W = strain energy density (that is,
strain energy per unit volume) tx = traction vector along x axis = σxnx + σxy ny
ty = traction vector along y axis = σyny + σxy nx σ = component stress n = unit
outer normal vector to path γ u = displacement vector s = distance along the path
γ
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Section 11.2: Solving Fracture Mechanics Problems
Follow these steps to calculate J for a 2-D model: 1. Read in the desired set of
results. Command(s): SET GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set
Store the volume and strain energy per element. Command(s): ETABLE GUI: Main Menu>
General Postproc> Element Table> Define Table Calculate the strain energy density
per element. Command(s): SEXP GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Element Table>
Exponentiate Define a path for the line integral. Figure 11.8: “Examples of Paths
for J-integral Calculation” shows examples of such paths. Command(s): PATH, PPATH
GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Define Path
2.
3.
4.
5.
Map the strain energy density, which was stored in the element table in step 1,
onto the path.
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Chapter 11: Fracture Mechanics Command(s): PDEF GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc>
Path Operations> Map Onto Path 6. Integrate it with respect to global Y.
Command(s): PCALC GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Integrate
Assign the final value of the integral to a parameter. This gives us the first
term of equation 10.1. Command(s): *GET,Name,PATH,,LAST GUI: Utility Menu>
Parameters> Get Scalar Data Map the component stresses SX, SY, and SXY onto the
path. Command(s): PDEF GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> Map Onto
Path Define the path unit normal vector. Command(s): PVECT GUI: Main Menu> General
Postproc> Path Operations> Unit Vector
7.
8.
9.
10. Calculate TX and TY using the expressions shown with equation 10.1.
Command(s): PCALC GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Path Operations> operation 11.
Shift the path a small distance in the positive and negative X directions to
calculate the derivatives of the displacement vector (δux/δx and δuy/δy). The
following steps are involved (see Figure 19.13: “The Three Basic Modes of
Fracture” in the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference): • Calculate the distance by which
the path is to be shifted, say DX. A rule of thumb is to use one percent of the
total length of the path. You can obtain the total path length as a parameter
using *GET,Name,PATH,,LAST,S. Shift the path a distance of DX/2 in the negative X
direction [PCALC,ADD,XG,XG,,,,-DX/2] and map the displacements UX and UY onto the
path [PDEF], giving them labels UX1 and UY1, for example. Shift the path a
distance of DX in the positive X direction (that is, +DX/2 from its original
position) and map UX and UY onto the path, giving them labels UX2 and UY2, for
example. Shift the path back to its original location (a distance of -DX/2) and
calculate the quantities (UX2UX1)/DX and (UY2-UY1)/DX using PCALC. These
quantities represent δux/δx and δuy/δy, respectively.
• • •
See the ANSYS Coupled-Field Analysis Guide for a discussion of the *GET, PCALC and
PDEF commands. 12. Using the quantities calculated in steps 10 and 11, calculate
the integrand in the second term of J [PCALC] and integrate it with respect to the
path distance S [PCALC]. This gives the second term of equation 10.1. 13.
Calculate J according to equation 10.1, using the quantities calculated in steps
5-7 and 12. You can simplify the J-integral calculations by writing a macro that
performs the above operations. (Macros are described in the ANSYS APDL
Programmer's Guide.)
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11–10
Chapter 12: Composites
12.1. Definition of Composites
Composite materials have been used in structures for a long time. In recent times
composite parts have been used extensively in aircraft structures, automobiles,
sporting goods, and many consumer products. Composite materials are those
containing more than one bonded material, each with different structural
properties. The main advantage of composite materials is the potential for a high
ratio of stiffness to weight. Composites used for typical engineering applications
are advanced fiber or laminated composites, such as fiberglass, glass epoxy,
graphite epoxy, and boron epoxy. ANSYS allows you to model composite materials
with specialized elements called layered elements. Once you build your model using
these elements, you can do any structural analysis (including nonlinearities such
as large deflection and stress stiffening).
• •
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 12.2: Modeling Composites • By defining constitutive matrices that relate
generalized forces and moments to generalized strains and curvatures (available
only for SOLID46 and SHELL99 )
For each layer, the following properties are specified in the element real
constant table [R, RMORE, RMODIF] (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Real Constants)
(accessed with REAL attributes). • • • Material properties (via a material
reference number MAT) Layer orientation angle commands (THETA) Layer thickness
(TK)
Layered sections may also be defined through the Section Tool (Prep>Sections>Shell
— Add/edit). For each layer, the following are specified in the section definition
through the section commands; or through the Section Tool (SECTYPE, SECDATA)
(accessed with the SECNUM attributes). • • • • Material properties (via a material
reference number MAT) Layer orientation angle commands (THETA) Layer thickness
(TK) Number of integration points per layer (NUMPT)
Material Properties - As with any other element, the MP command (Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models> Structural> Linear> Elastic>
Isotropic or Orthotropic) is used to define the linear material properties, and
the TB command is used to define the nonlinear material data tables (plasticity is
only available for elements SOLID191 and SHELL91). The only difference is that the
material attribute number for each layer of an element is specified in the
element's real constant table. For the layered elements, the MAT command (Main
Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Default Attribs) attribute is only
used for the DAMP and REFT arguments of the MP command. The linear material
properties for each layer may be either isotropic or orthotropic (see Linear
Material Properties in the ANSYS Elements Reference). Typical fiber-reinforced
composites contain orthotropic materials and these properties are most often
supplied in the major Poisson's ratio form (see the ANSYS, Inc. Theory Reference).
Material property directions are parallel to the layer coordinate system, which is
defined by the element coordinate system and the layer orientation angle
(described below). Layer Orientation Angle- This defines the orientation of the
layer coordinate system with respect to the element coordinate system. It is the
angle (in degrees) between X-axes of the two systems. By default, the layer
coordinate system is parallel to the element coordinate system. All elements have
a default coordinate system which you
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Chapter 12: Composites can change using the ESYS element attribute [ESYS] (Main
Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Default Attribs). You may also write
your own subroutines to define the element and layer coordinate systems (USERAN
and USANLY); see the Guide to ANSYS User Programmable Features for details. Layer
Thickness- If the layer thickness is constant, you only need to specify TK(I), the
thickness at node I. Otherwise, the thicknesses at the four corner nodes must be
input. Dropped layers may be represented with zero thickness. Number of
integration points per layer- This allows you to determine in how much detail the
program should compute the results. For very thin layers, when used with many
other layers, one point would be appropriate. But for laminates with few layers,
more would be needed. The default is 3 points. This feature applies only to
sections defined through the section commands. Note — Currently, the GUI only
allows layer real constant input of up to 100 layers. If more layers are needed
for SHELL99 or SOLID46, the R and RMORE commands must be used.
The terms of the matrices are defined as real constants. Mass effects are
incorporated by specifying an average density (real constants AVDENS) for the
element. If the matrix approach is used, detailed results in each layer cannot be
obtained since individual layer information is not input.
You can model sandwich structures with SHELL63, SHELL91, or SHELL181. SHELL63 has
one layer but permits sandwich modeling through the use of real constants. You can
modify the effective bending moment of inertia and the distance from the middle
surface to the extreme fibers to account for the weak core. KEYOPT(9) = 1 of
SHELL91 specifies the sandwich option. The core is assumed to carry all of the
transverse shear; the faceplates carry none. Conversely, the faceplates are
assumed to carry all (or almost all) of the bending load. Only SHELL91 has this
sandwich option.
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 12.2: Modeling Composites SHELL181 models the transverse shear deflection
using as energy equivalence method that makes the need for a sandwich option
unnecessary
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Chapter 12: Composites
TB,FAIL,1,2 ! Data table for failure criterion, material 1, ! no. of temperatures
= 2 TBTEMP,,CRIT ! Failure criterion key TBDATA,2,1 ! Maximum Stress Failure
Criterion (Const. 2 = 1) TBTEMP,100 ! Temperature for subsequent failure
properties TBDATA,10,1500,,400,,10000 ! X, Y, and Z failure tensile stresses (Z
value ! set to a large number) TBDATA,16,200,10000,10000 ! XY, YZ, and XZ failure
shear stresses TBLIST TBTEMP,200 ! Second temperature TBDATA,...
The FC commands are FC, FCDELE, and FCLIST commands (Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Material Props> Material Models> Structural> Nonlinear> Inelastic> Non-Metal
Plasticity> Failure Criteria) and (Main Menu> General Postproc> Failure Criteria).
A typical sequence of commands to specify a failure criterion using these commands
is shown below.
FC,1,TEMP,, 100, FC,1,S,XTEN, 1500, FC,1,S,YTEN, 400, FC,1,S,ZTEN,10000, FC,1,S,XY
, 200, FC,1,S,YZ ,10000, FC,1,S,XZ ,10000, FCLIST, ,100 FCLIST, ,150 FCLIST, ,200
PRNSOL,S,FAIL 200 1200 500 8000 200 8000 8000 ! Temperatures ! Maximum stress
components
! ! ! !
Note — The TB commands (TB, TBTEMP, and TBDATA) can be used only for SHELL91,
SHELL99, SOLID46, or SOLID191, but the FC and FCLIST commands can be used for any
2-D or 3-D structural solid element or any 3-D structural shell element. See the
ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the TB, TBTEMP, TBDATA, TBLIST, FC,
FCDELE, and FCLIST commands. Some notes about specifying failure criteria: • • The
criteria are orthotropic, so you must input the failure stress or failure strain
values for all directions. (The exception is that compressive values default to
tensile values.) If you don't want the failure stress or strain to be checked in a
particular direction, specify a large number in that direction (as shown in the
previous example).
User-written failure criteria may be specified via user subroutines USRFC1 through
USRFC6. These subroutines should be linked with the ANSYS program beforehand; see
the ANSYS Advanced Analysis Techniques Guide for a brief description of user-
programmable features.
2.
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Section 12.2: Modeling Composites material layer does not necessarily improve the
accuracy of interlaminar shear stresses. With elements SOLID46, SOLID95, and
SOLID191, however, stacking elements in the thickness direction should result in
more accurate interlaminar stresses through the thickness. Interlaminar transverse
shear stresses in shell elements are based on the assumption that no shear is
carried at the top and bottom surfaces of the element. These interlaminar shear
stresses are only computed in the interior and are not valid along the shell
element boundaries. Use of shell-to-solid submodeling is recommended to accurately
compute all of the free edge interlaminar stresses. 3. Because a large amount of
input data is required for composites, you should verify the data before
proceeding with the solution. Several commands are available for this purpose: • •
ELIST (Utility Menu> List> Elements) lists the nodes and attributes of all
selected elements. EPLOT (Utility Menu> Plot> Elements) displays all selected
elements. Using the /ESHAPE,1 command (Utility Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Size and
Shape) before EPLOT causes shell elements to be displayed as solids with the layer
thicknesses obtained from real constants or section definition (see Figure 12.5:
“Example of an Element Display”. This example uses element SHELL99 with /ESHAPE
turned on). It also causes SOLID46 elements to be displayed with layers.
/PSYMB,LAYR,n (Utility Menu> PlotCrls> Symbols) followed by EPLOT displays layer
number n for all selected layered elements. This can be used to display and verify
each individual layer across the entire model. /PSYMB,ESYS,1 followed by EPLOT
displays the element coordinate system triad for those elements whose default
coordinate system has been changed.
LAYLIST (Utility Menu> List> Elements> Layered Elements) lists the layer stacking
sequence from real constants and any two material properties for SHELL99, SHELL91,
SOLID46, and SOLID191 elements. You can specify a range of layer numbers for the
listing.
LIST LAYERS 1 TO 4 IN REAL SET TOTAL LAYERS = 4 LSYM = 1 LP1 = NO. ANGLE THICKNESS
MAT --- ----- ---------- --1 45.0 0.250 1 2 -45.0 0.250 2 3 -45.0 0.250 2 4 45.0
0.250 1 -----------------------SUM OF THK 1.00 1 FOR ELEMENT TYPE 1 0 LP2 = 0 EFS
= .000E+00
LAYPLOT (Utility Menu> Plot> Layered Elements) displays the layer stacking
sequence from real constants in the form of a sheared deck of cards (see Figure
12.6: “Sample LAYPLOT Display for [45/ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS
Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
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Chapter 12: Composites 45/ - 45/45] Sequence”). The layers are crosshatched and
color coded for clarity. The hatch lines indicate the layer angle (real constant
THETA) and the color indicates layer material number (MAT). You can specify a
range of layer numbers for the display. • SECPLOT (Main Menu> Preprocessor>
Sections> Shell> Plot Section) displays the section stacking sequence from
sections in the form of a sheared deck of cards (see Figure 12.6: “Sample LAYPLOT
Display for [45/-45/ - 45/45] Sequence”). The sections are crosshatched and color
coded for clarity. The hatch lines indicate the layer angle (THETA) and the color
indicates layer material number (MAT) defined by the SECDATA command. You can
specify a range of layer numbers for the display.
4.
By default, only data for the bottom of the first (bottom) layer, top of the last
(top) layer, and the layer with the maximum failure criterion value are written to
the results file. If you are interested in data for all layers, set KEYOPT(8) = 1.
Be aware, though, that this may result in a large results file.
5.
Use the ESEL,S,LAYER command to select elements that have a certain layer number.
If an element has a zero thickness for the requested layer, the element is not
selected. Note — For energy output, the results are applicable only to the entire
element; you cannot get output results for individual layers.
6.
Use the LAYER command (Main Menu> General Postproc> Options for Outp) in POST1 (or
LAYERP26 (Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Define Variables) in POST26) to specify the
layer number for which results are to be processed. The SHELL command (Main Menu>
General Postproc> Options for Outp or Main Menu> TimeHist Prostpro> Define
Variables) specifies a TOP, MID, or BOT location within the layer. The default in
POST1 is to store results for the bottom of the bottom layer, and the top of the
top layer, and the layer with the maximum failure criterion value. In POST26, the
default is layer 1. If KEYOPT(8) = 1 (that is, data stored for all layers), the
LAYER and LAYERP26 commands store the TOP and BOT results for the specified layer
number. MID values are then calculated by average TOP and BOT values. If KEYOPT
(8) = 2 is set for SHELL181 during SOLUTION, then LAYER and LAYERP26 commands
store the TOP,
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Section 12.2: Modeling Composites BOTTOM, and MID results for the specified layer
number. In this case, MID values are directly retrieved from the results file. For
transverse shear stresses with KEYOPT(8) = 0, therefore, POST1 can only show a
linear variation, whereas the element solution printout or KEYOPT(8) = 2 can show
a parabolic variation. 7. By default, POST1 displays all results in the global
Cartesian coordinate system. Use the RSYS command (Main Menu> General Postproc>
Options for Outp) to transform the results to a different coordinate system. In
particular, RSYS,SOLU allows you to display results in the layer coordinate system
if LAYER is issued with a nonzero layer number.
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Chapter 13: Fatigue
13.1. Definition of Fatigue
Fatigue is the phenomenon in which a repetitively loaded structure fractures at a
load level less than its ultimate static strength. For instance, a steel bar might
successfully resist a single static application of a 300 kN tensile load, but
might fail after 1,000,000 repetitions of a 200 kN load. The main factors that
contribute to fatigue failures include: • • • • Number of load cycles experienced
Range of stress experienced in each load cycle Mean stress experienced in each
load cycle Presence of local stress concentrations
• •
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Chapter 13: Fatigue
2.
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Section 13.2: Doing a Fatigue Evaluation curve to account for mean-stress effects,
if necessary. If you do not input an S-N curve, alternating stress intensities
will be listed in decreasing order for all possible combinations of stress
conditions, but no usage factors will be calculated. Command(s): FP GUI: Main
Menu> General Postproc> Fatigue> Property Table> S-N Table • The Sm-T curve, a
curve of design stress-intensity value versus temperature. This curve is needed if
you want the program to detect whether or not the nominal stress range has gone
plastic. Command(s): FP GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Fatigue> Property Table>
Sm_T Table Elastic-plastic material parameters M and N (strain hardening
exponents). These parameters are required only if you desire simplified elastic-
plastic code calculations. These parameters' values can be obtained from the ASME
Code. Command(s): FP GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Fatigue> Property Table>
Elas-plas Par The following example illustrates the use of the FP command to input
material fatigue properties:
! Define the S-N table: FP,1,10,30,100,300,1000,10000 FP,7,100000,1000000
FP,21,650,390,240,161,109,59 FP,27,37,26 ! Define the Sm-T table:
FP,41,100,200,300,400,500,600 FP,47,650,700,750,800 FP,51,20,20,20,18.7,17.4,16.4
FP,57,16.1,15.9.15.5,15.1 ! Allowable Cycles, N ! " ! Alternating Stress!
Intensity Range, S, ksi
3.
Define stress locations and stress concentration factors. The following option
allows you to explicitly define a nodal location of interest to your fatigue
evaluation, define stress concentration factors (SCFs) for that location, and
assign a short (20 character) title to that location. Command(s): FL GUI: Main
Menu> General Postproc> Fatigue> Stress Locations
Note — Not all fatigue analyses will require the FL command. Locations are
automatically defined for nodes when FS, FSNODE, or FSSECT are issued (see below).
If your model contains sufficient grid detail, your stresses could be accurate
enough that you would not need to apply calculated SCFs. (Supplemental SCFs for
surface, size, or corrosion effects might still be required, however.) Where only
one location is being examined, you could omit a title. If explicit definition of
locations, SCFs, or titles are not required, you could forgo the FL command
entirely. Here is an example of some FL commands for a cylinder with a global Y
axis, having two wall thicknesses of interest, where SCFs are to be applied (to
the axial linearized stresses) at the outside wall.
FL,1,281,,,,Line 1 at inside FL,2,285,,1.85,,Line 1 at outside FL,3,311,,,,Line 2
at inside FL,4,315,,2.11,,Line 2 at outside
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Chapter 13: Fatigue
13.2.3. Store Stresses and Assign Event Repetitions and Scale Factors
13.2.3.1. Storing Stresses
In order to perform a fatigue evaluation, the program must know the stresses at
different events and loadings for each location, as well as the number of
repetitions of each event. You can store stresses for each combination of
location, event, and loading, using the following options: • • • Manually stored
stresses Nodal stresses from Jobname.RST Stresses at a cross-section Caution: The
program never assumes that a "zero" stress condition exists. If zero stress is one
of the conditions to be considered, it must be explicitly input for each event in
which it may occur. The following command sequences schematically illustrate how
to store stresses. In some situations, you might prefer to use LCASE instead of
SET.
Manually stored stresses: Nodal stresses retrieved from Jobname.RST: Stresses at a
cross-section: FS SET, FSNODE PATH, PPATH, SET, FSSECT
You can use more than one method of storing stresses in an event. Each of these
methods is explained in detail below.
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 13.2: Doing a Fatigue Evaluation In this example, only the total stresses
(items 1-6) and the temperature (item 7) are input. If the linearized stresses
were also to be input, they would follow the temperatures as items 8 through 13.
Note — In the special case of a beam element having only axial stress, you would
input only one stress component (SX), leaving the rest of the stress fields blank.
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Chapter 13: Fatigue FSSECT must also be preceded by a SET command. Stress
components stored with an FSSECT command can be modified with a subsequent FS
command. Command(s): FSSECT GUI: Main Menu> General Postproc> Fatigue> Store
Stresses> At Cross Sect Input by means of FSSECT is demonstrated in the following
example. If node locations are not assigned with an FL command, the FSSECT
commands in this example will automatically assign location numbers to the two
path nodes, 391 and 395. (See Figure 13.3: “Surface Nodes are Identified by PPATH
Prior to Executing FSSECT”.)
PATH,Name,2 PPATH,1,391 PPATH,2,395 SET,1 FSSECT,,1,1 ! Define the path using the
two surface nodes
Figure 13.3 Surface Nodes are Identified by PPATH Prior to Executing FSSECT
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Section 13.2: Doing a Fatigue Evaluation An example of this command usage is given
below:
FE,1,-1 FE,2,100,1.2 *REPEAT,3,1 FE,5,500 ! Erase all parameters and fatigue
stresses formerly ! used for event 1. ! Assign 100 occurrences to events 2, 3 and
4, ! and scale by 1.2. ! Assign 500 occurrences to event 5.
Consider a load history made up of two slightly different cycles: Load Cycle 1:
500 repetitions of Sx = +50.0 to -50.1 ksi Load Cycle 2: 1000 repetitions of Sx =
+50.1 to -50.0 ksi These load cycles will obviously sum to 1500 repetitions having
an alternating stress intensity of about 50 ksi. However, carelessly grouping
these loadings into only two events will result in an inaccurate range count.
Let's see how this would happen:
Event 1, Event 2, loading 1: Sx = 50.0 loading 2: Sx = -50.1 loading 1: Sx = 50.1
loading 2: Sx = -50.0 500 repetitions 1000 repetitions
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Chapter 13: Fatigue
b. c. d. e. f. From E1,L1 to E2,L1: From E1,L1 to E2,L2: From E1,L2 to E2,L1: From
E1,L2 to E2,L2: From E2,L1 to E2,L2: 0.05 ksi 50.00 ksi 50.10 ksi 0.05 ksi 50.05
ksi
Thus, only 1000 repetitions of about 50 ksi range would be counted, instead of the
known 1500 cycles. This error results solely from improper assembly of events. If
the loadings had each been described as separate events (such that E1,L1 ≥ E1;
E1,L2 ≥ E2; E2,L1 ≥ E3; and E2,L2 ≥ E4), then the following range counts would be
obtained:
d. a. f. c. b. e. 500 cycles of E2 to E3 0 cycles of E1 to E2 500 cycles of E3 to
E4 500 cycles of E1 to E4 0 cycles of E1 to E3 0 cycles of E2 to E4 - this uses up
500 cycles of E2 and E3 - E2 is all used up - uses up 500 more cycles of E3, and
500 of E4 - uses up 500 more cycles of E4 - E3 is all used up - E2 and E4 are both
all used up
Cumulative fatigue damage in this case would properly be calculated for 1500
repetitions of about 50 ksi range. • Conversely, using separate events for each
maximum and each minimum stress condition could sometimes become too conservative.
In such cases, carefully choose those loadings that should be counted together,
and group them into the same events. The following example illustrates how some
events can appropriately contain multiple extreme stress conditions:
Consider a load history made up of these two load cycles: • • Load Cycle 1: 500
repetitions of Sx = +100.1 to +100.0 ksi Load Cycle 2: 1000 repetitions of Sx =
+50.1 to +50.0 ksi
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 13.2: Doing a Fatigue Evaluation It is readily apparent that the worst
possible combination of these cycles would yield 500 repetitions having
alternating stress intensity of about 25 ksi range. Proceeding as in the above
example, grouping these loadings into two events would produce an accurate count
of 500 repetitions of about 25 ksi range. Treating each loading as a separate
event would yield an over-conservative count of 1000 repetitions of about 25 ksi
range.
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Chapter 13: Fatigue
FP,21,... ! S values FP,41,... ! T values FP,51,... ! Sm values FP,61,... !
Elastic-plastic material parameters ! Locations, Stress Concentration Factors, and
Location Titles FL,... ! Store Stresses (3 Different Methods) ! Store Stresses
Manually: FS,... ! Retrieve Stresses from the Results File: SET,... FSNODE,... !
Store Stresses at a Cross-Section: PPATH,... SET,... FSSECT,... ! Event
Repetitions and Scale Factors FE,... ! Activate the Fatigue Calculations
FTCALC,... ! Review the Results (List the output file) FINISH
See the ANSYS Commands Reference for a discussion of the FTSIZE, FP, FL, FS,
FSNODE, PPATH, FSSECT, FE, and FTCALC commands.
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ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Chapter 14: p-Method Structural Static Analysis
14.1. Definition of p-Method Analysis
The p-method obtains results such as displacements, stresses, or strains to a
user-specified degree of accuracy. To calculate these results, the p-method
manipulates the polynomial level (p-level) of the finite element shape functions
which are used to approximate the real solution. This feature works by taking a
finite element mesh, solving it at a given p-level, increasing the p-level
selectively, and then solving the mesh again. After each iteration the results are
compared for convergence against a set of convergence criteria. You can specify
the convergence criteria to include displacement, rotation, stress or strain at a
point (or points) in the model, and global strain energy. The higher the p-level,
the better the finite element approximation to the real solution. In order to
capitalize on the p-method functionality, you don't have to work only within the
confines of p-generated meshes. The p-method is most efficient when meshes are
generated considering that p-elements will be used, but this is not a requirement.
Of course, you might want to create and mesh your model using p-elements, but you
can also perform a p-method solution using meshes that have been generated with h-
elements (generated by ANSYS or your CAD package), if the elements are at least
mid-noded. This provides you with the flexibility of taking advantage of the p-
method solution option independently of how the mesh was created. The p-method can
improve the results for any mesh automatically.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Chapter 14: p-Method Structural Static Analysis • Activating p-method through the
GUI: Command(s): /PMETH GUI: Main Menu> Preferences> p-method Defining a p-
element: The p-method solution procedure can also be activated by defining a p-
element. If you are working outside of the GUI, the definition of a p-element lets
the program know that a p-method solution is to be done; no other commands are
necessary to initiate p-method. From within the GUI, you can also issue the ET
command in the "Input Window" to activate the p-method procedure. (Remember, the
ET command must be entered in the "Input Window," since, by default, only h-
elements are displayed in the GUI unless p-method is active.) Command(s): ET GUI:
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type> Add/Edit/Delete
The above steps are common to most analyses. The ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide
explains those steps in detail. In this section we will explain the techniques
that are unique to a p-analysis.
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Section 14.3: Using the p-Method For example, if you set a global p-level range
between 3 and 8 with PPRANGE, then define a local p-level range of 4 to 6 for
PLANE145 elements (ET,1,145,4,6), the p-level for the PLANE145 elements may only
vary between 4 and 6, while the rest of the model may vary between 3 and 8. At the
(default) starting p-level of 2, convergence checking is performed to determine
those elements which are converged and may have their p-level fixed at 2. That is,
these elements will remain at a p-level of 2, and will be eliminated from any
further convergence checking. Additional checking is performed at each iteration
to fix the p-levels of the elements which are converged. Note — Convergence
checking for SHELL150 begins at a p-level of 3 instead of a p-level of 2. Use
local p-range control to eliminate regions of little importance from high p-
escalation. Use global p-range control for overall control of the p-level. These
range controls are not necessary, but p-escalations to high plevels increase CPU
time. Therefore, it is advantageous to have such controls available. • Defining a
local p-level range: Command(s): ET GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Element Type>
Add/Edit/Delete Defining a global p-level range: Command(s): PPRANGE GUI: Main
Menu> Preprocessor> Loads> Load Step Opts> p-Method> Set p-range
See the ANSYS Elements Reference for complete descriptions of each of the above
element types.
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Chapter 14: p-Method Structural Static Analysis
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Section 14.3: Using the p-Method Note — Since p-method prefers a coarser mesh, the
default element size values for a p-method analysis are different than those used
for h-elements. See the SMRTSIZE and DESIZE commands for details. For fracture or
fatigue assessments, you may still need to specify meshing controls because the
mesh must be fine enough to obtain the desired accuracy near the areas of
interest. In certain cases, such as when there are severe geometric transition
regions, you may also need to specify mesh controls to avoid a meshing failure.
You may also want to specify meshing controls for curved geometries, where
successful meshes are more difficult to achieve with the default size settings.
Under default conditions, badly shaped elements may be produced because of the
difficulty of filling a curved domain with as few elements as possible. User-
defined meshing controls can make the task less difficult.
14–5
Chapter 14: p-Method Structural Static Analysis for p-element plots. PowerGraphics
is the default graphics display method used for p-method plots. This method will
display the plot at a much faster speed than the Full Model method. See Chapter
10, “PowerGraphics” in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for more information on
PowerGraphics. For more information on /EFACET, see the discussion on the p-
Element Subgrid later in this section. Command(s): /EFACET GUI: Utility Menu>
PlotCtrls> Style> Size and Shape
14.3.3.2. Coupling
You may couple degrees of freedom (DOFs) between nodes on p-elements to control
nodal solution behavior. All coupled nodes are forced to assume the same
displacement values in the specified nodal coordinate direction. The amount of
this displacement is unknown until the analysis has been completed. Command(s): CP
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Coupling/Ceqn> Couple DOFs The first degree of
freedom defined on the coupled set is the "prime" degree of freedom. All other
degrees of freedom in the coupled set are eliminated from the solution matrices as
a result of their relationship to the prime degree of freedom. Note — For p-
elements, only the corner nodes may be defined as prime degrees of freedom if
midside nodes are also part of the same coupled set. For a p-method analysis, only
the nodal combinations described below are permitted when coupling, and any
deviation from these combinations will most likely result in singularities.
2.
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Section 14.3: Using the p-Method
2.
All nodes in the coupled set are midside nodes. In this case, a midside node must
be defined as the prime degree of freedom, but this is only valid as long as there
are no corner nodes defined as part of the same coupled set.
Note — If you have coupled faces or edges on a p-element (that is, all edges of
the element's face or all nodes of the element's edge are coupled), the p-level of
that edge or face will be held to 2. In addition, constraint equations (used to
represent relatively rigid parts) are not available in a p-method analysis.
2.
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Chapter 14: p-Method Structural Static Analysis GUI: Main Menu> Solution> Analysis
Type> Sol'n Control ( : Sol'n Options Tab) Main Menu> Solution> Unabridged Menu>
Analysis Type> Analysis Options We generally recommend that you use the PCG solver
for a p-element analysis. For most 3-D solid models and for very large 2-D models
(usually greater than 40,000 DOF), the PCG solver is usually faster than the JCG
and frontal solvers: • • • The PCG solver is about 5 to 10 times faster than the
frontal solver for p-elements. The PCG solver is significantly faster than JCG for
p-elements. Computer-time savings will be greater with the PCG solver when p-
levels of 4 and higher are active.
In certain cases, such as when your model contains elements with high aspect
ratios or material type discontinuities, a greater number of iterations may be
required to achieve convergence for the PCG solver. You may increase the maximum
number of iterations by using the MULT option on the EQSLV command. This option is
only valid when solving with the PCG solver. See the EQSLV command description in
the ANSYS Commands Reference for more information on this capability. The PCG
solver is not available for p-element shells. For more information on the general
use of the PCG solver, refer to Chapter 3, “Solution” in the ANSYS Basic Analysis
Guide. 3. Apply the loads to the solid model (keypoints, lines, areas, etc.) or to
the finite element model (nodes and elements), except for inertia loads (gravity,
rotational velocity, etc.), which are independent of the model. For a general
discussion of solid model loads versus finite element loads, see Chapter 2,
“Loading” in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide. Internal Degrees of Freedom and Nodal
Coordinate Systems In order to correctly apply boundary conditions, you need to
understand nodal coordinate systems, and how degrees of freedom (DOFs) which are
not attached to a node are handled. DOFs are the allowed motions or deformations
of the elements. Those DOFs which are not attached to a node are referred to as
internal degrees of freedom. • Internal DOFs allow the elements to form a better
approximation to the real solution. As the p-level is increased for each loop,
more DOFs are added to the elements. Some of these DOFs act on the element
boundary (edges and interior faces) resulting in deformations that vary from a
polynomial order of 2 to 8. In many cases, the higher the p-level, the more
complex the deformation, and the better the approximation to the real solution.
Nodal coordinate systems orient the degree of freedom directions at each node.
Each node has its own nodal coordinate system, which, by default, is parallel to
the global Cartesian system (regardless of the coordinate system in which the node
was defined). Nodes may be rotated into a nodal coordinate system [NROTAT] (Main
Menu> Preprocessor> Modeling> Move/Modify> Rotate Node CS> To Active CS). The
constraints and forces are then applied to the nodes in the nodal coordinate
systems. See the ANSYS Modeling and Meshing Guide for more details about nodal
coordinate systems.
The program aligns the internal DOFs with the nodal coordinate systems as defined
by the nodes on the element face or edge. Displacement constraints applied to
nodes with rotated nodal coordinate systems are applied to the internal DOFs on an
element edge or face only if ALL the nodes defining that edge or face are also
rotated into that same coordinate system (see Figure 14.6: “Constraints on Rotated
Nodes”). Therefore any symmetry/antisymmetry displacement boundary conditions
applied to the nodes on adjoining surfaces 14–8
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Section 14.3: Using the p-Method should reference the same coordinate system. If
you apply the symmetry/antisymmetry displacement boundary conditions to areas or
lines, you should verify that the constraints all "point" in the same direction on
each surface. If they do not, apply the boundary conditions to the individual
nodes. Caution: If all of the DOFs of the nodes on an edge (or face) are not fully
constrained (are only partially constrained, e.g. only UX is constrained) and the
nodal rotations of these nodes are not the same, the stress results at these nodes
may be inaccurate if the p-level of the attached elements exceeds 3. Nodal
coordinate systems which are not necessarily parallel to the global Cartesian
system are formed when you invoke symmetry or antisymmetry displacement
constraints on model surfaces.
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Chapter 14: p-Method Structural Static Analysis Caution: Observe the following
cautions: • You should avoid applying single-point loads or constraints, since
they cause stress singularities. If these loads or constraints are applied,
exclude the elements attached to these nodes from the convergence computations.
See the "Accounting for Stress Singularities" section later in this chapter. Do
not apply forces and moments to the midside nodes. You may only apply these loads
at the corner nodes. In addition, out-of-plane (element ROTZ) moments may not be
applied to SHELL150.
Pressures (PRES) are surface loads, also usually applied on the model exterior.
Positive values of pressure act towards the element face (resulting in a
compressive effect). Temperatures (TEMP) are applied to study the effects of
thermal expansion or contraction (that is, thermal stresses). The coefficient of
thermal expansion must be defined if thermal strains are to be calculated. You can
read in temperatures from a thermal analysis, or you can specify temperatures
directly on the nodes or the solid model keypoints. To obtain temperatures from a
thermal analysis: • • Mesh the p-element model. Convert the p-element types to the
following thermal element types: PLANE145 to PLANE77, PLANE146 to PLANE35,
SOLID147 to SOLID90, and SOLID148 to SOLID87. There is no thermal equivalent for
SHELL150. Run the thermal analysis. Change the element types back to the p-element
types in order to perform the p-method structural analysis. For the remainder of
the analysis, continue with the same procedure as defined for h-elements (see the
ANSYS Thermal Analysis Guide).
• • •
Gravity, spinning, etc. are inertia loads that affect the entire structure.
Density must be defined if inertia effects are to be included. 4. Specify load
step options. The following solution options are available to aid in solving a p-
Method analysis: • • • Convergence criteria specifications Specifications for
controlling p-levels Accounting for stress singularities
14–11
Chapter 14: p-Method Structural Static Analysis GUI: Utility Menu> File> Save As
6. Start the p-level iterations and solution process. The output will provide a
summary of each loop, indicating the current p-level, the convergence statistics,
and the status of how many elements have converged. Command(s): SOLVE GUI: Main
Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS
The convergence criterion is at a location where the angle made by Refine the mesh
in that region. adjacent element edges is greater than 55° on a curved boundary.
The results from a p-method analysis are written to the results file, Jobname.RST.
They consist of the following data:
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Section 14.3: Using the p-Method Primary data Nodal displacements (UX, UY, ROTX,
etc.) Derived data Nodal and element stresses, nodal and element strains, element
forces Note — You must read the results data from the results file (Jobname.RST)
into the database [SET] before displacements may be reviewed during
postprocessing. Thermal strains are not available on the results file. The tools
used for time-history postprocessing [/POST26] are also applicable to p-method
analyses, but have limited functionality, since p-element technology is restricted
to linear static analyses. In this section we will explain those procedures that
deviate from standard postprocessing, such as some plotting and printing
operations, etc. Before reading this section, it would be a good idea to review
the chapters on postprocessing in the ANSYS Basic Analysis Guide for more details
on postprocessing, in general.
As a general rule, for a model with a very coarse mesh or any model in which the
p-levels are high (p>3) you should consider using NUM = 4 to view your field
quantities. Since results are available at each subgrid location, more information
will be available at NUM = 4.
14–13
Chapter 14: p-Method Structural Static Analysis You may query stresses, strains,
and displacements at all subgrid locations that have previously been activated by
the /EFACET command.
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Section 14.4: Sample p-Method Analysis (GUI Method)
14–15
Chapter 14: p-Method Structural Static Analysis 5. 6. 7. In the scroll box for
Analysis type, scroll down to "Plane Stress+TK" to select it. Click on OK. Click
on Close in the Element Types dialog box.
10. Click once on the circle to select it. 11. Click on OK in the picking menu. A
semicircle is removed from the lower left-hand corner of the plate.
10. Click OK. The displacement symbols appear along the bottom of the drawing.
14–17
Chapter 14: p-Method Structural Static Analysis 2. 3. 4. Carefully review the
information in the status window, and then close it. Click on OK in the Solve
Current Load Step dialog box to begin the solution. Click on Close when the
Solution is done window appears.
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Chapter 15: Beam Analysis and Cross Sections
15.1. An Overview of Beams
Beam elements are used to create a mathematical one-dimensional idealization of a
3-D structure. They offer computationally efficient solutions when compared to
solid and shell elements. The discussion in this chapter applies only to BEAM44,
which is a 3-D tapered unsymmetric beam; and BEAM188 and BEAM189, which are 3-D
finite strain beams. These beams provide more robust nonlinear analysis
capabilities, and significant improvements in cross section data definition,
analysis, and visualization, as compared to other ANSYS beams. See the
descriptions of the BEAM44, BEAM188, and BEAM189 elements in the ANSYS Elements
Reference for more information. Note — If you are using the cross section
capabilities described in this chapter with BEAM44 elements, be aware that you
cannot use these capabilities to define tapered sections. In addition, the
postprocessing visualization capabilities described in this chapter are not
applicable to BEAM44 elements. Note — Custom cross sections may not be used with
the CDWRITE command.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Chapter 15: Beam Analysis and Cross Sections
Cross sections and user section meshes may be saved and stored in cross section
library files. You may assign beam cross sections as attributes of a line using
the LATT command. These section definitions will be incorporated into the
generated beam elements when the line is meshed with BEAM44, BEAM188, or BEAM189.
ANSYS supplies the following commands for creating, viewing, and listing cross
sections, and for managing cross section libraries:
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Section 15.3: How to Create Cross Sections
Command SECNUM SECPLOT SECWRITE /SECLIB SECREAD SLIST SDELETE Purpose Identifies
the SECID to be assigned to an element Plots geometry of a beam section to scale
Creates an ASCII file containing user mesh or a custom cross section Sets default
section library path for SECREAD Reads a user defined section library, mesh, or
custom cross section Summarizes section properties Deletes a cross section
For complete documentation of the cross section commands, see the ANSYS Commands
Reference.
15.3.2. Defining Cross Section Geometry and Setting the Section Attribute Pointer
Use the SECDATA command to define the geometry of a cross section. Continuing with
the example SECTYPE command shown above, note that the CSOLID subtype has two
dimensions: the radius and the number of cells along its circumference. Thus, the
SECDATA command shown below specifies 5 as the radius of the circular solid beam,
and 8 as the number of cells along its circumference. The SECNUM command sets the
element section attribute pointer to 2. Command(s): SECDATA, 5, 8 and SECNUM, 2
GUI: Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Common Sectns Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh> Attributes> Default Attribs
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15–3
Chapter 15: Beam Analysis and Cross Sections The thin wall sections have a minimum
of two integration points through thickness, so results produced using thin wall
sections should be acceptable for materially nonlinear analysis. However, when
doing a plasticity analysis, the cell defaults may need to be changed for the
solid sections. Here are examples of ANSYS-generated solid section cell meshes and
the type of analysis you may wish to use them with.
Issue the LATT command to associate these attributes with the selected, unmeshed
line: Command(s): LATT, MAT, , TYPE, , KB, KE, SECNUM GUI: Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Picked Lines See the LATT command
description for the meaning of MAT and TYPE. The following arguments are described
here in terms of their applicability to beams.
KB
Corresponds to any keypoint number in the model. All beam elements generated will
have their beam section oriented such that the beam z-axis will lie in the plane
defined by two line end keypoints and this keypoint number.
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Section 15.4: Creating Cross Sections
KE
Corresponds to the beam section defined by the SECTYPE command with the section ID
number as given by the SECNUM.
Common sections are described by a standard geometry and a single material. Custom
sections are defined by an arbitrary geometry and may consist of several isotropic
materials. In addition, you can use defined sections to create tapered beams (for
BEAM188 and BEAM189 only). See Section 15.4.5: Defining a Tapered Beam for more
information.
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Chapter 15: Beam Analysis and Cross Sections
The top part of the BeamTool relates a section ID number to a subtype (and,
optionally, a section name) [SECTYPE]. The middle of the BeamTool defines the
section offset information, if needed [SECOFFSET]. The bottom contains the fields
for section geometry information [SECDATA]. The dimensions defined by the SECDATA
command are determined by the subtype selected. For documentation about a
particular variant of the BeamTool, select the subtype that you want information
about, and then click on the Help button on the BeamTool. The subtype dimensions
are also documented in the SECDATA command description.
3.
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Section 15.4: Creating Cross Sections 4. 5. 6. Set the number of line divisions
for all lines (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Size Cntrls> ManualSize> Lines>
Picked Lines or use the MeshTool). Select Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam>
Custom Sectns> Write From Areas. A picker appears. Pick the area(s) of the cells.
ANSYS creates cells on the areas. ANSYS may display bad shape messages during the
mesh - these messages can be ignored. However, you may see an "Unable to mesh area
...." message. If you do, clear the elements from all areas (Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Meshing> Clear> Areas) and repeat steps 4 and 5. Write the .SECT
file out to a unique name in the Write Section Library File dialog box and click
on OK. Read in the user mesh file (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom
Sectns> Read Sect Mesh) to calculate the section properties. Material properties
must be defined to calculate the cross section shear correction factors, material-
weighted centroids and the shear centers.
7. 8.
Note — Even if you have already set LESIZE, you will see the following message:
Line element sizes may need to be specified for desired cross-section mesh. Please
refer to the LESIZE command. If you have already set the line element size, click
on the Close button to continue. If you have not already set it, issue LESIZE with
the appropriate information. When creating cells on the area using the GUI, you do
not need to define a plane element type. On the other hand, a plane element type
must be defined if the user issues the SECWRITE command explicitly. MESH200 with
KEYOPT(1) = 7 and PLANE82 are the only valid plane element types.
15.4.3. Creating Custom Cross Sections with Mesh Refinement and Multiple Materials
When doing a plasticity analysis, you may need to refine the cross section mesh. A
cross section consisting of more than one material may be defined to represent
layers, reinforcements or sensors. When defining a multiplematerial cross section,
you will need to specify the material that each cross section cell is made of. You
may take a previously-created cross section and modify it. To create a custom
cross section with a refined mesh and/or multiple materials, perform the following
tasks: 1. Either read a common section (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam>
Custom Sectns> Edit/Built-up> Edit Common) from the ANSYS database or read a
custom section from a .SECT file. (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom
Sectns> Edit/Built-up> Edit Custom) ANSYS displays a MESH200 plot in the Graphics
Window. Refine the section mesh. (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom
Sectns> Edit/Builtup> Refine Mesh) Modify the cell materials. (Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom Sectns> Edit/Builtup> Modify Material) If you
want to create a multiple-material section, define the materials. This is
necessary to calculate the shear correction factors and material-weighted
centroids. Save the section to a .SECT file using SECWRITE (Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom Sectns> Edit/Built-up> Save). To calculate
the section properties and use a custom section in the analysis, read in the user
mesh file (Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom Sectns> Read Sect
Mesh).
2. 3. 4.
5. 6.
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Chapter 15: Beam Analysis and Cross Sections Note — If you redefine a material
after creating the section, you must reissue the SECTYPE and SECREAD commands to
recompute the cross section. When a cross section has multiple materials, and
/ESHAPE is used to produce contour plots of stresses (and other quantities), the
element averages the stresses across material boundaries. To limit this behavior,
use small cross section cells around the material boundaries. When a cross section
has multiple materials, the multiple materials will not be displayed in an element
plot with /ESHAPE,1. The multiple materials can be verified by viewing the cross
section in the Main Menu> Preprocessor> Sections> Beam> Custom Sectns> Edit/Built-
up> Edit Custom submenu. When using the SECWRITE command explicitly, a section
with multiple materials can be created by assigning material attributes to the
areas. During meshing, the elements inherit the material attribute from the area
and this attribute is written to the .SECT file.
Continuing with this example, you can then use 3 as the taper section ID when
assigning mesh attributes with the SECNUM or LATT command. The resulting beam
cross section is (0.0001*0.5) at end 1, and linearly tapers to (3*0.5) at end 2.
The following assumptions apply to tapered beams defined with this method: • • 15–
8 The end sections must be defined prior to defining the taper. Sections defined
at the end points must be topologically identical.
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Section 15.5: Using Nonlinear General Beam Sections • • A section cannot taper to
a point (or zero area) at either end. The arbitrary beam section type (ASEC on the
SECTYPE command) is not supported for tapered beams.
If both end stations refer to custom cross sections with multiple materials, you
must ensure that material IDs for the cells are the same for both ends. At a Gauss
point of integration, the BEAM188 and BEAM189 elements will find the closest point
on the line defined by station-1 and station-2. Using this information, a linear
interpolation is performed for the cross section mesh. Therefore, it is very
important that the Gauss point be located within the end points. ANSYS will
produce error messages when this is not the case. The tapered section treatment is
significantly more expensive than a constant cross section (since recomputation is
necessary). If this is a concern, use KEYOPT(12) of the beam element to specify
the tapered section treatment. • • KEYOPT(12) = 0 - Linear tapered section
analysis (more accurate, but expensive) KEYOPT(12) = 1 - Average cross section
analysis (an approximation of the order of the mesh size, but faster)
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Chapter 15: Beam Analysis and Cross Sections where:
N = Axial force M1 = Bending moment in plane XZ M2 = Bending moment in plane XY
Thermal expansion coefficients and mass density for the section as a function of
temperature complete the definition of a generalized cross section.
Table 15.2 ANSYS Commands for Specifying Nonlinear General Beam Section Data
Command BSAX [1] BSM1 [1] BSM2 [1] BSTQ [1] BSS1 [1] BSS2 [1] BSMD [2] Quantity
Defined and Data Specified Axial force and strain N, ε, T Bending moment and
curvature in plane XZ M1, κ1, T Bending moment and curvature in plane XY M2, κ2, T
Cross section torque and twist τ, χ, T Transverse shear force and strain in plane
XZ S1, γ1, T Transverse shear force and strain in plane XY S2, γ2, T Mass density
of the beam section (assuming a unit thickness)
DENS, T
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Section 15.5: Using Nonlinear General Beam Sections
BSTE [2] Thermal expansion coefficient
ALPHA, T
1. 2.
Temperature dependencies (T) You can define each of the generalized section data
components as temperature-dependent. It is possible to specify up to six
temperatures (T) by reissuing any command as necessary. If you issue a command for
a temperature specified earlier, the most recent data supersedes the previous
value.
ANSYS conventions for defining a uniaxial elasto-plastic response apply. The range
of strain values must cover the anticipated maximum deformation of the structure.
For all nonlinear beam section specifications, the stiffness disappears if the
structural response is beyond the maximum strain value of the section data. You
can define a maximum of 20 generalized stress-strain points at each temperature
value. For a plastic nonlinear beam section subtype (SECTYPE,,GENB,PLASTIC), you
must define all section components with two or more stress-strain points. However,
you can define a linear behavior for any section component by specifying a larger
maximum strain value. Following is an example where axial behavior is nonlinear,
but bending response is linear:
sectype,1,genb,plastic bsax,0.0008,200 bsax,0.001 ,240 bsax,0.0014,300 ! bending
bsm1,0.1,10000 bsm1,1,100000 ! Elasto-plastic response
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Chapter 15: Beam Analysis and Cross Sections • The section data defined by each
command listed in Table 15.2: “ANSYS Commands for Specifying Nonlinear General
Beam Section Data” is associated with the section most recently defined via the
SECTYPE command. Beam stresses are not available for output; however, the stress
resultants are available as ETABLE quantities. Initial stress specification
(ISTRESS, ISFILE, ISWRITE) is not feasible. Section offsetting (SECOFFSET) is not
available. Only the temperature of the beam axis is relevant.
• • • •
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Section 15.7: Sample Lateral Torsional Buckling Analysis (GUI Method)
15–13
Chapter 15: Beam Analysis and Cross Sections The following geometric properties
are used for this problem: L = 100 in H = 5 in B = .2 in Loading for this problem
is: P = 1 lb.
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Section 15.7: Sample Lateral Torsional Buckling Analysis (GUI Method)
4.
Create a straight line through keypoints 1 and 2. Choose menu path Main Menu>
Preprocessor> Modeling> Create> Lines> Lines> Straight Line. The Create Straight
Line picker appears. Select keypoints 1 and 2 in the Graphics window and click on
OK in the Create Straight Line picker. Save the model. Choose menu path Utility
Menu> File> Save As. Enter buckle.db in the Save Database to box and click on OK.
5.
8.
9.
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Chapter 15: Beam Analysis and Cross Sections 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. In the Material
Models Available window on the right, double-click on the following: Structural,
Linear, Elastic, Isotropic. A dialog box appears. Enter 1E4 for EX (Young's
modulus). Enter 0.0 for PRXY (Poisson's ratio), and click on OK. Material Model
Number 1 appears in the Material Models Defined window on the left. Choose menu
path Material> Exit to close the Define Material Model Behavior dialog box. Replot
the line by choosing menu path Utility Menu> Plot> Lines. Select the line and
define the orientation node of the line as an attribute. Choose menu path Main
Menu> Preprocessor> Meshing> Mesh Attributes> Picked Lines. The Line Attributes
picker appears. Select the line in the Graphics window and click on Apply in the
Line Attributes picker. The Line Attributes dialog box appears. ANSYS includes the
material attribute pointer to the material set 1, the element type attribute
pointer to the local element type 1, and the section attribute pointer to the
section ID 1 by default. Click on the radio button beside the Pick Orientation
Keypoint(s) label to change it to Yes and click on OK. The Line Attributes picker
reappears. Type 3 in the picker, press the Enter key, and click on OK.
8.
9.
10. Save the model. Choose menu path Utility Menu> File> Save As. If the buckle.db
file is not already selected, select it. Select OK, and when ANSYS prompts you if
you want to overwrite the existing file, click on OK.
2.
3. 4.
4.
5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
10. Set the element calculation key for the MXPAND command. Choose menu path Main
Menu> Solution> Load Step Opts> ExpansionPass> Single Expand> Expand Modes. 11. In
the Expand Modes dialog box, enter 4 in the No. of modes to expand box, change the
No to Yes beside the Calculate elem results label, and click on OK. 12. Choose
menu path Main Menu> Solution> Solve> Current LS. Review the summary information
in the /STAT command window, then select Close from its menu bar. Click on OK in
the Solve Current Load Step window to begin the solution. 13. When the Solution is
Done! window appears, click on Close to close it. 14. Choose menu path Utility
Menu> PlotCtrls> Style> Size and Shape. Be sure the radio button beside the label
Display of element shapes ... (/ESHAPE) is set to On and click on OK. 15. Display
the results summary. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Results
Summary. After you have reviewed the results, click on Close to close the window.
16. Choose menu path Main Menu> General Postproc> Read Results> First Set. 17.
Plot the first mode shape of the beam. Choose menu path Main Menu> General
Postproc> Plot Results> Deformed Shape. The Plot Deformed Shape dialog box
appears. Select Def + undef edge and click on OK. 18. Choose menu path Main Menu>
Finish.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
15–17
Chapter 15: Beam Analysis and Cross Sections
2. 3. 4.
5. 6.
7.
8.
9.
15–18
Section 15.8: Sample Problem with Cantilever Beams, Command Method 8. 9. The
Define Reaction Force picker appears. Pick the end node on the left side of the
beam and click on OK. The Define Reaction Force Variable dialog box appears. Be
sure the Ref number of variable is set to 3 and Node number is set to 1. Select
Struct Force FY from the menu and click on OK. Click on Close to close the Defined
Time-History Variables dialog box.
10. Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro> Math Operations> Multiply. In
the Multiply TimeHistory Variables dialog box, enter 4 in the Reference number for
result box, -1.0 in the 1st Factor box, and 3 in the 1st Variable box. Click on
OK. 11. Display the X variable. Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist Postpro>
Settings> Graph. Choose the single variable button, enter 2 in the Single variable
no. box, and click on OK. 12. Plot the load versus deflection curve to confirm the
critical load calculated by the eigenvalue method. Choose menu path Main Menu>
TimeHist PostPro> Graph Variables. Enter 4 in the 1st variable to graph box. Click
on OK. 13. List the variables versus time. Choose menu path Main Menu> TimeHist
PostPro> List Variables. Enter 2 in the 1st variable to list box and 4 in the 2nd
variable box and click on OK. 14. Check the values in the PRVAR Command window to
see how they compare against the values generated by the eigenvalue buckling
analysis. Expected results are: Critical buckling load, Pcr = 0.01892. Close the
PRVAR Command window. 15. Choose menu path Main Menu> Finish. 16. In the ANSYS
Toolbar, click on Quit. 17. Choose a save option and click on OK.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
15–19
Chapter 15: Beam Analysis and Cross Sections
ANTYPE,BUCKLE BUCOPT,LANB,4 MXPAND,4,,,YES SOLVE FINISH /POST1 /ESHAPE,1 /VIEW, 1
,1,1,1 /ANG, 1 SET,LIST SET,1,1 PLDISP,2 FINISH /PREP7 UPGEOM,0.002,1,1,file,rst
/SOLU ANTYPE,STATIC OUTRES,ALL,ALL NLGEOM,ON ARCLEN,ON,25,0.0001 ARCTRM,U,1.0,2,UZ
NSUBST,10000 SOLVE FINISH /POST26 NSOL,2,2,U,Z,TIPLATDI RFORCE,3,1,F,Y PROD,4,3, ,
, , , ,-1.0,1,1 XVAR,2 PLVAR,4 PRVAR,2,4 FINISH
15–20
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Chapter 16: Shell Analysis and Cross Sections
16.1. An Overview of Shells
Shell elements are used to create a mathematical 2-D idealization of a 3-D
structure. They offer computationally efficient solutions for modelling shell
structures when compared to solid elements. The discussion in this chapter applies
to SHELL181, which is a 3-D finite strain shell element. This shell element
provides more robust nonlinear analysis capabilities, and significant improvements
in cross section data definition, analysis, and visualization, as compared to
other ANSYS shells. The method for defining shell sections described here can also
be used to define the cross-sectional properties of the layered thermal shell
elements, SHELL131 and SHELL132. Discussions in this chapter relating to
integration points (NUMPT on the SECDATA command) and section properties
(SECCONTROLS command) do not apply to SHELL131 and SHELL132.
ANSYS supplies the following commands for creating, viewing, and listing cross
sections, and for managing cross section libraries:
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Chapter 16: Shell Analysis and Cross Sections
Command SLIST SDELETE Purpose Summarizes section properties Deletes a cross
section
For complete documentation of the cross section commands, see the ANSYS Commands
Reference. Figure 16.1: “Plot of a Shell Section” shows the layer stacking of a
shell section. The layer order, along with material and orientation of each layer,
is represented here:
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
16–3
Chapter 16: Shell Analysis and Cross Sections
The top part of the Layup page of the ShellTool relates a section ID number to a
Shell section type (and, optionally, a section name) [SECTYPE]. The middle part of
the page of the ShellTool defines each layer in the positive Z direction of the
element [SECDATA]. Note that the order of the rows in the spreadsheet ascends up
the page, resembling that stacking of the layers. (Integration point data for each
layer is ignored by thermal shell elements.) The bottom contains the fields for
section offset information, if needed [SECOFFSET]. You can define tapered shells
by specifying a section function relating thickness to global coordinates
[SECFUNCTION].
The transverse shear stiffness, hourglass coefficients and drill stiffness of the
sections are calculated from the section geometry and material properties. The
default added mass per unit area of the section is always zero. On the Section
Controls page, you can override the program calculated quantities [SECCONTROLS].
(The Section Controls page does not apply to thermal shell elements.)
16–4
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 16.4: Using Preintegrated General Shell Sections
T B ε I M − (T - T ) D κ BT
16–5
Chapter 16: Shell Analysis and Cross Sections
T is the stress-free initial temperature T is the current temperature
I
Table 16.2 ANSYS Commands for Specifying Preintegrated Shell Section Data
Command SSPA SSPB [1] SSPD [1] SSPE [1] SSMT SSBT [1] SSPM Quantity Defined and
Data Specified Membrane stiffness -- Symmetric part of submatrix [A] A11, A21,
A31,A22,A32,A33, T Coupling stiffness -- Symmetric part of submatrix [B] B11, B21,
B31,B22,B32,B33, T Bending stiffness -- Symmetric part of submatrix [D] D11, D21,
D31,D22,D32,D33, T Transverse shear stiffness -- Symmetric part of submatrix [E]
E11, E21, E22, T Membrane thermal effects -- {MT} T T T M 11, M 22, M 12, T
Bending thermal effects -- {BT} T T T B 11, B 22, B 12, T Mass density of the
shell section (assuming a unit thickness)
DENS, T
1.
If you are using the SHELL181 element's Membrane option (KEYOPT(1) = 1), it is not
necessary to issue the SSPB, SSPD, SSPE, and SSBT commands. In this case, the only
relevant quantities are membrane stiffness (SSPA), membrane thermal effects
(SSMT), and density (SSPM).
Temperature dependencies (T) You can define each of the preintegrated shell
section data as temperaturedependent. It is possible to specify up to six
temperatures (T) by reissuing any command as necessary. If you issue a command for
a temperature specified earlier, the most recent data supersedes the previous
value.
16–6
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Section 16.4: Using Preintegrated General Shell Sections • • • • • Shell stresses
are not available for output; however, the stress resultants are available as
ETABLE quantities. Initial stress specification (ISTRESS, ISFILE, ISWRITE) is not
feasible. The thickness of the shell is assumed to remain constant even in a
large-strain analysis. Section offsetting (SECOFFSET) is not available. The
preintegrated stiffness components must yield a positive definite section
stiffness at analysis time.
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
16–7
16–8
Index
Symbols
2-D fracture models, 11–3 3-D fracture models, 11–4
B
Bauschinger effect, 8–10 beam tool, 15–5 beams cross sections, 15–1 nonlinear
general sections, 15–9 Besseling model, 8–10 beta (stiffness) damping, 4–10, 5–36,
6–3, 6–18 bilinear isotropic hardening, 8–10 bilinear kinematic hardening, 8–10
birth and death, 8–70, 8–70 element, 8–63 bisection, 8–5 Block Lanczos extraction
method, 4–25 Block Lanczos method, 3–3, 3–17 bonlinear structural analysis
restarts, 8–60 buckling analysis, 7–1, 7–1 eigenvalue, 7–3 procedure, 7–3 expand
the solution, 7–6 expansion pass, 7–6 methods of solution, 7–1 nonlinear, 7–2
procedure, 7–2 obtain the eigenvalue buckling solution, 7–5 obtain the static
solution, 7–4
A
adaptive descent, 8–53 adequate mesh density, 8–64 alpha (mass) damping, 4–10, 5–
36, 6–18 alternating stress intensity, 13–1 amplitude of harmonic loads, 4–5
analysis modal analysis options, 3–4 reduced transient dynamic, 5–19 analysis
options harmonic response analysis, 4–25 mode superposition method, 4–25 modal
analysis, 3–2, 4–4, 4–20 nonlinear static structural analysis, 8–50 single-point
spectrum analysis, 6–3 transient dynamic analysis, 5–14, 5–20 mode superposition
method, 5–14 reduced method, 5–20 analysis type buckling, 7–1 full transient, 5–7
harmonic response, 4–1 modal, 3–1 nonlinear structural, 8–1 p-method, 14–1
spectrum, 6–1 static structural, 2–1, 2–2 structural, 1–1 definition of, 1–1
transient dynamic, 5–1 animation gasket results, 10–19 anisotropic, 8–10 applying
loads, 3–2, 4–4, 4–20, 8–57, 8–60 harmonic response analysis, 4–5 increments for
buckling analysis, 7–2 modal analysis, 3–5 nonlinear analysis, 8–57 p-method, 14–7
structural static analysis, 2–8, 2–8 transient dynamic analysis, 5–9 using TABLE
array parameters, 2–8 arc-length method, 2–5, 7–2, 7–3, 8–2, 8–68 automatic time
stepping, 5–35, 7–2, 8–67
C
calculating covariance in POST26, 6–23 fracture parameters, 11–5 cast iron
plasticity, 8–10 causes of nonlinear behavior, 8–1 changing status, 8–2 geometric
nonlinearities, 8–2 material nonlinearities, 8–2 cells defining for a section, 15–
3 Chaboche model, 8–10 changing status, 8–2 combinations material model, 8–35
composite cross section, 15–8 composites, 12–1 element types for, 12–1
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Index guidelines, 12–6 how to model, 12–1 layer properties, 12–3 concrete, 8–10,
8–29, 8–63 constant damping ratio, 4–10, 5–36, 6–3, 6–18 constitutive matrices,
12–4 constraint equations, 14–7 with QR Damped method, 3–19 contact, 8–2 node-to-
node, 8–63 contour displays, 2–11, 3–11, 6–8, 7–7, 8–57, 10–19 control elements,
8–70 controlling cutbacks, 2–4 controlling p-levels, 14–7 controlling restarts, 2–
4 convergence checking, 8–51 enhancements, 8–65 failure, 8–65 convergence
criteria, 8–51 default value, 8–51 disjointed structures, 8–51 displacement
checking, 8–51 force checking, 8–51 p-method, 14–7 vector norms, 8–51 convergence
tolerances, 2–4 coupling, 12–6, 14–6 covariance calculating, 6–23 crack faces, 11–
1 crack front, 11–1 crack region modeling, 11–1 crack tip, 11–1 creating sections,
15–2, 15–5, 16–1 beam tool, 15–5 creep, 8–8, 8–29 automatic time stepping, 8–31
explicit, 8–29, 8–55 explicit creep procedure, 8–31 implicit, 8–29, 8–55 implicit
creep procedure, 8–30 material curve fitting, 9–8 ratio, 8–55 creep criteria, 2–7,
8–55 creep strain rate, 8–29 cross sections (see sections) (see Sections)
composite, 15–8 custom convergence criteria, 8–51 cutback criteria, 2–4 CUTCONTROL
command changes through SOLCONTROL, 8–53 cyclic hardening/softening, 8–10
D
damped method modal analysis, 3–3, 3–18 damping, 5–9, 5–36, 8–60 harmonic response
analysis, 4–10 spectrum analysis, 6–18 PSD, 6–18 table of options, 5–36 transient
dynamic analysis, 5–7, 5–9, 5–14, 5–22 database output, 2–2, 3–8, 4–10, 4–21, 5–7,
5–14, 5–24, 7–6, 8–50 DDAM (see dynamic design analysis method) deep drawing, 8–33
deformed shape display, 2–11, 6–8, 7–7, 8–57 displaying, 10–19 deleting sections,
15–2, 16–1 deterministic analysis, 6–2 disjointed structures, 8–51 display
deformed shape, 3–11, 4–12 displaying deformed shapes, 8–57 DOFs master, 3–5
Drucker-Prager, 8–10 dynamic analyses harmonic response, 4–1 spectrum, 6–1
transient, 5–1 dynamic design analysis method (DDAM), 6–2, 6–25
E
eigenvalue analysis, 3–1 eigenvalue buckling, 7–1 eigenvalue buckling solution
buckling analysis, 7–5 eigenvalue calculation shift point, 7–5 eigenvalue
extraction methods, 7–5 eigenvalues, 3–1 number to be extracted, 7–5 eigenvectors,
3–1 elastomers, 8–17 element birth and death, 8–63 element damping, 5–36 element
loads, 4–25 element types
Index–2
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Index structural, 1–2 elements associating sec IDs with, 15–2, 16–1 energy release
rate, 11–1, 11–8 engineering strain, 8–7 engineering stress, 8–7 epoxy, 12–1
equation solvers, 2–4, 4–4, 8–50, 14–7 equilibrium iterations, 8–2, 8–53 number
of, 2–4, 8–53 error estimation, 2–11 example problems beam analysis, 15–20
buckling analysis, 7–12 harmonic response analysis, 4–19 modal analysis, 3–14
nonlinear analysis, 8–82 reduced transient dynamic analysis, 5–40 single-point
response spectrum analysis, 6–17 static analysis, 2–26 excitation direction, 6–3
expand single solution, 5–24 expand the modes single-point response spectrum
analysis, 6–6 expand the solution buckling analysis, 7–6 reduced harmonic response
analysis, 4–21 expanded modes number to use, 6–3 expanded solution review results,
5–25 expanding modes, 3–8 expansion frequency range, 3–8 expansion pass, 4–21
activating, 3–8, 4–21, 5–24 buckling analysis, 7–6 harmonic response analysis, 4–
21, 4–27 mode superposition method, 4–27 reduced method, 4–21 transient dynamic
analysis, 5–18, 5–24 mode superposition method, 5–18 reduced method, 5–24
expansion pass options harmonic response analysis (reduced), 4–21 modal analysis,
3–8 transient dynamic analysis (reduced), 5–24 explicit creep, 8–29 explicit creep
procedure, 8–31 extra element shapes, 8–70 extracting modes, 3–1 extrapolation of
results, 2–7, 4–10, 4–21, 5–24, 8–56
F
failure criteria, 12–5 maximum strain, 12–5 maximum stress, 12–5 Tsai-Wu, 12–5
failures convergence, 8–65 fatigue alternating stress intensity, 13–1 design
stress-intensity value (Sm), 13–2 evaluation procedure, 13–2 event, 13–1 event
repetitions, 13–6 fatigue data file (Jobname.FATG), 13–9 guidelines for assembling
events, 13–7 loading, 13–1 location, 13–1 manually stored stresses, 13–4 material
properties, 13–2 overview, 13–1 S-N curve, 13–2 sample input, 13–9 scale factors,
13–6 Sm-T curve, 13–2 strain hardening exponents, 13–2 stress concentration
factors, 13–2 stress locations, 13–2 stresses at a cross-section, 13–5 stresses
from results file, 13–5 with p-elements, 14–4 fatigue assessments, 14–4 fatigue
calculations activating, 13–9 fiberglass, 12–1 files Jobname.FATG, 13–9 .SECT, 15–
6 forced vibrations, 4–1 forcing frequency range, 4–10 fracture assessments, 14–4
fracture mechanics, 11–1, 11–1 solving problems, 11–1 fracture models 2-D, 11–3 3-
D, 11–4 fracture parameters calculating, 11–5 free meshing, 14–4 free-body
analysis (see inertia relief) frequency range for expansion, 3–8, 4–21 frequency
vector, 6–23 frequency-dependent damping ratio, 6–18 Index–3
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Index full harmonic response analysis procedure, 4–3 full transient dynamic
analysis procedure, 5–3 hyperelasticity, 8–8, 8–17 Arruda-Boyce model, 8–19
automatic time stepping, 8–21 Blatz-Ko foam model, 8–20 Gent model, 8–20 large
strain, 8–17 material curve fitting, 9–1 Mooney-Rivlin model, 8–18, 8–21 neo-
Hookean model, 8–19 Ogden compressible foam model, 8–20 Ogden model, 8–18
polynomial form model, 8–19 stability checks, 8–21 u-P formulation, 8–21 user-
defined option, 8–21 Yeoh model, 8–20
G
gap conditions, 5–14, 5–20 and QR Damped method, 5–14 gasket joints simulation,
10–1 applications, 10–3 element topologies, 10–2 elements, 10–3 formulation, 10–2
materials, 10–4 meshing, 10–12 output listing, 10–17 overview, 10–1 plotting data,
10–11 procedure, 10–1 results, 10–19 sample problem, 10–20 solution, 10–16
thickness, 10–2 gasket results animation, 10–19 POST1, 10–19 POST26, 10–20
reviewing, 10–19 tabular listing, 10–19 geometric nonlinearities, 8–2, 8–6
geometry data for sections, 15–2, 16–1 geometry data of a section, 15–3, 16–2
glass, 8–33 guyan reduction, 3–20
I
implicit creep, 8–29 implicit creep procedure, 8–30 inertia relief, 2–9
calculating, 2–9 output, 2–9 partial, 2–9 initial accelerations, 5–4 initial
conditions transient dynamic analysis, 5–4, 5–14, 5–21 full method, 5–4 mode
superposition method, 5–14 reduced method, 5–21 initial displacement, 5–4 initial
velocity, 5–4 integration point, 8–56 integration time step, 5–1, 5–7, 5–14, 5–22
guidelines for, 5–33 interface material model, 1–2
H
harmonic forcing frequency, 4–5 harmonic response, 4–1 harmonic response analysis,
4–1 full method, 4–3, 4–3 procedure, 4–3 methods of solution, 4–2 mode
superposition method, 4–24, 4–27 procedure, 4–24 sample input, 4–27 prestressed,
4–28 reduced method, 4–19, 4–23 sample input, 4–23 uses for, 4–1 harmonic
solutions number of, 4–9 Hill anisotropy, 8–10 Index–4
J
J-integral, 11–1, 11–6
K
kinematic analysis, 8–60, 8–67 KSPIN [OMEGA], 8–8
L
large deflection and load direction, 8–6 large deformation effects, 2–2, 5–7, 7–2,
8–6, 8–8, 8–60 large strain analyses, 8–6, 8–10 automatic time stepping, 8–6
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Index hyperelasticity, 8–17 logarithmic strain, 8–7 true stress, 8–7
viscoplasticity, 8–33 layer orientation angle, 12–3 layer thickness, 12–3 layered
elements, 12–1 libraries sections, 15–12, 16–5 library paths for cross sections,
15–2 line element results, 2–11, 3–11 line search option, 2–4, 8–53, 8–68 list
master DOF, 3–11 listing section properties, 15–2, 16–1 section results, 15–2 load
step options, 3–8, 4–21, 5–24 buckling analysis, 7–6 eigenvalue buckling, 7–5
harmonic response analysis, 4–9, 4–20, 4–25 full method, 4–9 mode superposition
method, 4–25 reduced method, 4–20 modal analysis, 3–6 mode superposition transient
dynamic analysis, 5–14 Newton-Raphson, 8–54 p-method, 14–7 reduced transient
dynamic analysis, 5–21 spectrum analysis, 6–3, 6–18 PSD, 6–18 single-point, 6–3
time, 5–14 transient dynamic analysis, 5–10, 5–10, 5–14, 5–21 full method, 5–10
mode superposition method, 5–14 reduced method, 5–21 load steps, 8–2 applying for
transient loading, 5–10 load types, 2–7, 3–5 harmonic response analysis, 4–5 p-
method, 14–7 load vector, 4–25, 5–14, 5–14 load-versus-time curve, 5–4 loads
applying, 2–8, 3–2, 3–5, 4–8, 4–20, 5–14, 7–2, 8–57, 8–60, 14–7 p-method, 14–7
applying for transient loading, 5–9 direction in a large-deflection analysis, 8–6
harmonic response analysis, 4–5, 4–20, 4–25 mode superposition method, 4–25
reduced method, 4–20 modal analysis, 3–5 nonlinear analysis, 8–57 structural
static analysis, 2–8, 2–8 transient dynamic analysis, 5–9, 5–9, 5–14, 5–21 full
method, 5–9 mode superposition method, 5–14 reduced method, 5–21 Loads applying,
4–4 logarithmic strain, 8–7, 8–7
M
macros, 2–10 mass damping, 5–36 mass matrix formulation, 2–6, 3–4, 4–4, 5–9 master
degrees of freedom selection of, 3–20 master DOF (MDOF), 3–20, 5–20 master DOFs
definition of, 3–5 material curve fitting, 9–1 creep, 9–8 viscoelastic, 9–15
material model combinations, 8–35 material model interface, 1–2 material models
shape memory alloy, 8–31 material nonlinearities, 8–2, 8–8 material properties,
14–3 fatigue, 13–2 material curve fitting, 9–1 nonlinear, 8–8 material-dependent
damping, 5–36 matrix reduction, 3–19 theory of, 3–20 maximum strain failure
criterion, 12–5 maximum stress failure criterion, 12–5 MDOF, 3–5 memory saving
when generating stiffness matrix, 8–50 meshing a line for a section, 15–4 p-
element, 14–4 metal forming, 8–33 midside nodes p-element, 14–4 MINREF [CNVTOL],
8–51 modal analysis, 3–1 applying loads, 3–5 mode-extraction methods, 3–3, 3–16
Index–5
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Index options for, 3–4 prestressed, 3–15 prestressed, large deflection, 3–15
procedure, 3–1 modal damping, 5–36, 6–3 modal solution obtaining, 5–13 single-
point response spectrum analysis, 6–3 mode combination methods, 6–6 mode
extraction methods QR Damped, 6–3 mode numbers, 2–7 mode superposition harmonic
response analysis, 4–24 mode-extraction methods, 4–25 transient dynamic analysis,
5–13 mode superposition method, 4–3, 5–2 mode superposition transient dynamic
analysis obtain the modal solution, 5–13 obtain the mode superposition transient
solution, 5–14 mode-extraction methods, 3–3, 3–16 Block Lanczos, 3–3, 3–17, 4–25
damped, 3–3, 3–18 power dynamics, 3–3, 3–18 QR Damped, 3–3, 3–19, 4–25, 4–25, 5–
13, 5–14 reduced, 3–3, 3–18 subspace, 3–3, 3–18 unsymmetric, 3–3, 3–18 mode-
frequency analysis, 3–1 model geometry defining, 14–4 modeling the crack region,
11–1 modes expanding, 3–8 number of, 3–8 number to expand, 3–4 number to extract,
3–4 Mohr-Coulomb, 8–10 MONITOR command changes from SOLCONTROL, 8–56 Mooney-Rivlin
constants, 8–21 MPRS analysis, 6–25 multi-point response spectrum, 6–1 multilinear
elastic, 8–8 multilinear elasticity, 8–16 multilinear isotropic hardening, 8–10
multilinear kinematic hardening, 8–10 Newton-Raphson option, 2–6 Newton-Raphson
options, 8–54 nodal coordinate systems p-method, 14–7 nodal forces and moments, 2–
11 nodal solution listing format, 4–21 nonlinear analysis tips and guidelines, 8–
64 nonlinear behavior causes, 8–1 nonlinear diagnostics, 8–65 nonlinear general
beam sections, 15–9 nonlinear isotropic hardening, 8–10 nonlinear kinematic
hardening, 8–10 nonlinear material properties material curve fitting, 9–1
nonlinear structural analysis automatic time stepping, 8–67 buckling, 7–2
conservative vs. nonconservative, 8–5 creep, 8–29 geometric nonlinearities, 8–6
hyperelasticity, 8–17 interpolation of results, 8–57 levels of operation, 8–2 load
directions, 8–6 material nonlinearities, 8–8 nonlinear elements, 8–63 overview, 8–
1 plasticity, 8–9 sample transient input, 8–62 swelling, 8–34 termination, 8–60
verifying results, 8–70 viscoelasticity, 8–33 viscoplasticity, 8–33 nonlinear
transient analysis procedure, 8–60 number of eigenvalues to be extracted, 7–5
number of harmonic solutions, 4–9 number of integration points per layer, 12–3
number of solutions to expand, 4–21
O
obtain the modal solution, 4–25 offsets for sections, 15–2, 16–1 OPNCONTROL
command changes through SOLCONTROL, 8–55 output, 8–70 database and results file,
2–2, 3–8, 4–10, 4–21, 5–7, 5–14, 5–24, 7–6, 8–50
N
natural frequencies, 3–10 Newton-Raphson, 8–2 Index–6
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Index printed, 2–7, 3–8, 4–10, 4–21, 5–14, 5–14, 5–23, 5–24, 7–6, 8–56 output
control, 4–10, 5–14, 5–23, 7–6 output controls, 3–7, 3–8, 5–24, 7–5 sections, 15–
2, 16–1 POST1, 2–11, 4–11, 4–23, 4–27, 5–11, 5–25, 6–8, 6–22, 7–7, 8–57, 11–5, 13–
2 using, 4–12, 5–12 POST26, 2–11, 4–11, 4–21, 4–23, 4–27, 5–11, 5–23, 5–25, 6–23,
8–57 using, 4–11, 5–11 postprocessing fatigue, 13–1 for different analysis (see
reviewing results) power dynamics method, 3–3, 3–18 power spectral density (PSD),
6–2 predictor, 8–53 predictor-corrector option, 2–4, 8–53 preintegrated general
shell sections, 16–5 PRESOL command with p-elements, 14–14 pressure loads in a
large-deflection analysis, 8–6 prestress effects calculation, 2–6, 3–4, 7–4
prestressed analysis harmonic response, 4–28 mode superposition harmonic response,
4–29 transient, 5–32 prestressed full transient dynamic analysis procedure, 5–32
prestressed harmonic response analysis procedure, 4–28 prestressed modal analysis,
3–15 prestressed modal analysis of a large deflection, 3–15 prestressed mode
superposition harmonic response analysis procedure, 4–29 prestressed mode
superposition transient dynamic analysis procedure, 5–33 prestressed reduced
transient dynamic analysis procedure, 5–33 printed output, 2–7, 4–10, 4–21, 5–14,
5–14, 5–23, 5–24, 7–6, 8–56 printing and plotting node and element results p-
method, 14–14 PRNSOL command with p-elements, 14–14 probabilistic analysis, 6–2
program-selected masters, 3–22 proportional limit, 8–9 PSD analysis, 6–18 PSD
type, 6–18 PSD-versus-frequency table, 6–18
P
p-elements meshing, 14–4 real constants, 14–3 p-level error-estimation range, 14–2
error-estimation techniques, 14–2 p-method, 14–1 benefits of, 14–1 guidelines for
meshing, 14–5 internal DOFs, 14–7 load step options, 14–7 loads, 14–7 meshing the
model, 14–4 p-element subgrid, 14–12 printing and plotting results, 14–14 querying
subgrid results, 14–12, 14–13 reviewing results, 14–12 solving common problems,
14–12 specialized displays and listings, 14–14 status of elements, 14–7 use of
solvers, 14–7 using, 14–1 viewing the element model, 14–5 participation factor
calculations, 3–7, 6–18 Peirce model, 8–33 Perzyna model, 8–33 phase angle for
expansion, 4–21 phase angle of harmonic loads, 4–5 plastic, 8–8 plasticity, 8–9,
8–68 anisotropic, 8–10 automatic time stepping, 8–9 bilinear isotropic hardening,
8–10 bilinear kinematic hardening, 8–10 cast iron, 8–10 Drucker-Prager, 8–10 Hill
anisotropic, 8–10 multilinear isotropic hardening, 8–10 multilinear kinematic
hardening, 8–10 nonlinear isotropic hardening, 8–10 nonlinear kinematic hardening,
8–10 rate-dependent, 8–33 plastics, 8–33 PLNSOL command with p-elements, 14–14
plotting
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Index–7
Index
Q
QR Damped extraction method harmonic analysis, 4–25 QR Damped method gap
conditions, 5–14 harmonic analysis, 4–25 modal analysis, 3–3, 3–19 spectrum
analysis, 6–3 transient analysis, 5–13, 5–14
R
ramped loads, 4–9, 5–7, 5–14, 5–23, 8–60 random vibrations, 6–18 and power
spectral density, 6–2 range counting, 13–9 ratcheting effect, 8–10 rate-dependent
plasticity , 8–33 ratio creep, 8–55 Rayleigh damping constants, 5–36 reaction
forces and moments, 2–11 reading user-defined mesh, 15–2 real constants for
layered elements, 12–3 reduced (Householder) method, 3–3 reduced analysis (see
matrix reduction) reduced harmonic response analysis expand the solution, 4–21
reduced method, 3–18, 4–2, 5–3 reduced transient dynamic analysis expansion pass,
5–24 load step options, 5–21 obtain the reduced solution, 5–19 review results of
expanded solution, 5–25 reference temperature, 2–7 relative stress distributions
buckling analysis, 7–7 response PSD calculating, 6–23 response spectrum multi-
point, 6–1 single-point, 6–1 type, 6–3 restart control, 2–4 restarts, 8–63 results
data from a PSD analysis, 6–22 extrapolation of, 2–7, 4–10, 4–21, 5–24, 8–56
results file output, 2–2, 3–8, 4–10, 4–21, 5–7, 5–14, 5–24, 7–6, 8–50 reviewing
results Index–8
eigenvalue buckling, 7–7 fatigue, 13–9 harmonic response analysis, 4–11, 4–21, 4–
27 full method, 4–11 mode superposition method, 4–27 reduced method, 4–21 modal
analysis, 3–10 nonlinear static structural, 8–57 nonlinear transient structural,
8–62 reduced harmonic analysis, 4–23 spectrum analysis, 6–8, 6–22 PSD, 6–22
single-point, 6–8 static structural analysis, 2–10 transient dynamic analysis, 5–
11, 5–18, 5–23 full method, 5–11 mode superposition method, 5–18 reduced method,
5–23 Rice's model, 8–10 rock, 8–10 rolling, 8–33 rubber, 8–17
S
sample buckling analysis command method, 7–12 GUI method, 7–8 sample harmonic
response analysis command method, 4–18 GUI method, 4–13 sample input fatigue, 13–9
full transient dynamic analysis, 5–12 harmonic response analysis, 4–23, 4–27 mode
superposition method, 4–27 reduced method, 4–23 mode superposition transient
analysis, 5–18 nonlinear structural, 8–62 transient, 8–62 spectrum analysis, 6–24
PSD, 6–24 transient dynamic analysis, 5–18 mode superposition method, 5–18 sample
modal analysis command method, 3–13 GUI method, 3–12 sample nonlinear analysis
command method, 8–79 GUI method, 8–72 sample p-method analysis command method, 14–
18 GUI method, 14–14
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Index sample spectrum analysis command method, 6–16 GUI method, 6–10 sample static
analysis command method, 2–24 GUI method, 2–13 sample transient dynamic analysis
command method, 5–31 GUI method, 5–26 sandwich structures, 12–4 scaling the load
vector, 4–25 .SECT file, 15–6 sections, 15–1, 16–1 associating subtypes with IDs,
15–2, 16–1 creating, 15–2, 15–5, 16–1 beam tool, 15–5 defining dimensions, 15–2,
16–1 geometry data of, 15–3, 16–2 libraries of, 15–12, 16–5 meshing a line for,
15–4 solid, 15–3 thin wall, 15–3 shakedown effect, 8–10 shape memory alloy, 8–31
SHELL command with p-elements, 14–14 shells, 16–1 preintegrated general sections,
16–5 shift point for eigenvalue calculation, 7–5 significant modes expanding, 6–6
single solution to expand, 5–24 single-point response spectrum, 6–1 acceleration
response, 6–6 CQC mode combination method, 6–6 displacement response, 6–6 DSUM
mode combination method, 6–6 expanding significant modes, 6–6 GRP mode combination
method, 6–6 mode combination methods, 6–6 NRLSUM mode combination method, 6–6
procedure, 6–2 SRSS mode combination method, 6–6 velocity response, 6–6 single-
point spectrum analysis load step option for, 6–3 singular elements, 11–1 slave
DOF, 3–20 small deflection, 8–6 small strain analyses, 8–6 S-N curve, 13–2 soil,
8–10 solid sections, 15–3 solution obtain the mode superposition transient
solution, 5–14 solution controls, 8–48 solution controls dialog box full transient
analysis, 5–6, 5–6, 5–6 defining analysis type and options, 5–6 static analysis,
2–2 solution listing format, 4–4 solution method harmonic response, 4–4 solution
methods, 4–2, 5–2 full, 4–2, 5–2 transient dynamic analysis, 4–2 mode
superposition, 4–3, 5–2 reduced, 4–2, 5–3 solution termination, 2–5 solutions to
be expanded, 5–24 solver, memory saving option, 8–50 solvers equation, 2–4, 8–50,
14–7 sparse direct solver, 4–4 specifying a p-level range, 14–2 specifying mesh
controls, 14–4 spectral-value-versus-frequency curve, 6–3 spectrum, 6–1 spectrum
analysis, 5–36, 6–1, 6–1 DDAM, 6–25 multi-point, 6–25 PSD, 6–18, 6–24 procedure,
6–18 sample input, 6–24 random vibration (PSD), 6–18 obtain the spectrum solution,
6–18 single-point, 6–2 procedure, 6–2 single-point response, 6–3, 6–3, 6–6 expand
the modes, 6–6 obtain the modal solution, 6–3 obtain the spectrum solution, 6–3
spectrum data, 6–18 spectrum solution random vibration (PSD) analysis, 6–18
single-point response spectrum analysis, 6–3 spectrum type single-point response,
6–3 spin softening, 8–8 stability analysis, 7–1 static solution buckling analysis,
7–4 static structural analysis, 2–1
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.
Index–9
Index loading, 2–8 procedure, 2–1 stepped loads, 4–9, 5–7, 5–14, 5–23, 8–60
stiffness matrix memory saving option, 8–50 strain creep, 8–29 strain energy, 11–6
strain rate creep, 8–29 strain rate effect, 2–4 stress calculations, 3–8, 4–21
stress concentration factors, 13–2 stress intensity factors, 11–1, 11–5 stress
pass (see expansion pass) stress relaxation, 8–29 stress singularities accounting
for in p-method, 14–7 PEXCLUDE command, 14–7 PINCLUDE command, 14–7 stress
stiffening, 8–7 stress stiffening effects, 2–5, 5–32, 8–54 structural analyses
buckling, 7–1 fatigue, 13–1 harmonic response, 4–1 modal, 3–1 nonlinear, 8–1
spectrum, 6–1 static, 2–1 transient dynamic, 5–1 structural analysis, 1–1 element
types, 1–2 nonlinear, 8–1 structural energy error estimation, 2–11 STURM number,
3–7 subgrid results, 14–13 subspace method, 3–3, 3–18 substeps, 8–2, 8–5, 8–50
swelling, 8–8, 8–34 swelling subroutine, 8–34 time step optimization thermal, 8–55
time steps, 8–2, 8–5, 8–6, 8–50 automatic, 2–2, 5–7, 5–35, 7–2, 8–51 number of, 2–
2, 5–7, 8–67, 8–68 size of, 2–2, 5–7, 8–67 TOLER [CNVTOL], 8–51 transient dynamic
analysis, 5–1 full method, 5–3 procedure, 5–3 load step options for, 5–10 methods
of solution, 5–2 mode superposition method, 5–13 procedure, 5–13 preparing for, 5–
1 prestressed, 5–32 reduced method, 5–19, 5–19 procedure, 5–19 reduced solution,
5–19 transient integration parameters, 5–7, 5–14, 5–22, 8–60 true strain, 8–7 true
stress, 8–7, 8–7 Tsai-Wu failure criterion, 12–5
U
unsymmetric method, 3–3, 3–18 user defined material, 8–16 user mesh files, 15–12
USERSW, 8–34
V
vector displays, 2–11, 6–8 vector norms, 8–51 vector plots, 4–12 vibration
analysis, 3–1 virtual crack extension method, 11–8 viscoelastic material curve
fitting, 9–15 viscoelasticity, 8–8, 8–33 element types, 8–33 viscoplasticity, 8–8,
8–33, 8–33 element types, 8–33 large strain, 8–33 Voce hardening law, 8–10
T
TABLE array parameters, 2–8 tabular listings, 2–11, 3–12, 4–12, 6–8, 8–57 tapered
beams, 15–8 termination solution, 2–5 thin wall sections, 15–3 time, 5–23, 5–32
arc-length, 8–68 time integration effects, 5–7, 5–32, 8–60, 8–60 Index–10
W
wave propagation effects, 5–33 writing user mesh, 15–2
Y
yield point, 8–9
ANSYS Structural Analysis Guide . ANSYS Release 9.0 . 002114 . © SAS IP, Inc.