Literature review

Reactive distillation: selected papers

ir. C. P. Almeida-Rivera and Prof. ir. J. Grievink
Process System Engineering Group DelftChemTech Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 136 2628 BL Delft The Netherlands e-mail: C.P.Almeida@tnw.TUDelft.nl URL: www.dct.tudelft.nl/pse January, 2002

Anonimous(2000). Graphical method analyzes reactive distillation columns. Chemical Engineering Progress, 96(6), 9. Agrawal, R. (2000a). Multieffect distillation for thermally coupled congurations. AIChE Journal, 46(11), 2211-2224. Agrawal, R. (2000b). Thermally coupled distillation with reduced number of intercolumn vapor transfers. AIChE Journal, 46(11), 2198-2210. Alejski, K. and Duprat, F. (1996). Dynamic simulation of the multicomponent reactive distillation. Chemical Engineering Science, 51(18), 4237-4252. Arakawa, S.T., Mulvaney, R.C., Felch, D.E., Petri, J.A., Vandenbussche, K. and Dandekar, H.W. (1998). Increase productivity with novel reactor design. Hydrocarbon Processing, (3), 93-100. Bansal, V., Perkins, J., Pistikopoulos, E., Ross, R. and van Schijndel, J. (2000). Simultaneous design and control optimisation under uncertainty. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 24(2000), 261-266. Barbosa, D. and Doherty, M. (1988a). Design and minimum-reux calculations for singlefeed multicomponent reactive distillation columns. Chemical Engineering Science, 43(7), 1523-1537. Barbosa, D. and Doherty, M.F. (1987a). Theory of phase diagrams and azeotropic conditions for two-phase reactive systems. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 413(1987), 443-458. Barbosa, D. and Doherty, M.F. (1987b). A new set of composition variables for the representation of reactive-phase diagrams. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 413(1987), 459-464. Barbosa, D. and Doherty, M.F. (1988b). The simple distillation of homogeneous reactive mixtures. Chemical Engineering Science, 43(3), 541-550. Baur, R., Higler, A., Taylor, R. and Krishna, R. (2000). Comparison of equilibrium stage and nonequilibrium stage models for reactive distillation. Chemical Engineering Journal, 76(2000), 33-47.

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Baur, R., Taylor, R. and Krishna, R. (2001c). Dynamics of a reactive distillation column for TAME synthesis described by a nonequilibrium stage model. ESCAPE-11, 93-98. Baur, R., Taylor, R. and Krishna, R. (2001b). Dynamic behaviour of reactive distillation columns described by a nonequilibrium stage model. Chemical Engineering Science, 56(2001), 2085-2102. Baur, R., Taylor, R. and Krishna, R. (2001a). Dynamic behaviour of reactive distillation tray columns described with a nonequilibrium cell model. Chemical Engineering Science, 56(2001), 1721-1729. Bedenik, M.I., Pahor, B. and Kravanja, Z. (2001). Synthesis of reactor/separator networks by the combined MINLP/analysis approach. ESCAPE-11, 59-64. Belck, L. (1955). Continuos reactions in distillation equipment. AIChE Journal, 1(4), 467470. Bertok, B., Friedler, F., Feng, G. and Fan, L.T. (2001). Systematic generation of the optimal and alternative owsheets for azeotropic-distillation systems. ESCAPE-11, 351-356. Bessling, B., Loning, J.M., Ohligschlager, A., Schembecker, G. and Sundmacher, K. (1998). Investigations on the synthesis of methyl acetate in a heterogeneous reactive distillation process. Chemical Engineering and Technology, 21(5), 393-400. Bessling, B., Schembecker, G. and Simmrock, K.H. (1997). Design of processes with reactive distillation line diagrams. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 36(1997), 3032-3042. Buzad, G. and Doherty, M. (1994). Design of three-component kinetically controlled reactive distillation columns using xed-point methods. Chemical Engineering Science, 49(12), 1947-1963. Buzad, G. and Doherty, M. (1995). New tools for the design of kinetically controlled reactive distillation columns for ternary mixtures. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 19(4), 395-408. Cardoso, M.F., Salcedo, R.L., Feyo de Azevedo, S. and Barbosa, D. (2000). Optimization of reactive distillation processes with simulated annealing. Chemical Engineering Science, 55(2000), 5059-5078. Chen, F., Huss, R.S., Malone, M.F. and Doherty, M.F. (2001). Simulation of kinetic effects in reactive distillation. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 24(2000), 2457-2472. Ciric, A. and Gu, D. (1994). Synthesis of nonequilibrium reactive distillation processes by MINLP optimization. AIChE Journal, 40(9), 1479-1487. Ciric, A. and Miao, P. (1994). Steady state multiplicites in a ethylene glycol reactive distillation column. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 33(1994), 2738-2748. Colombo, F., Cori, L., Dalioro, L. and Delogu, P. (1983). Equilibrium constant for the methyl tert-butyl ether liquid phase synthesis by use of UNIFAC. Industrial Engineering Chemistry Fundamentals, 22(2), 219-223.

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Literature review

Costa, L. and Oliveira, P. (2001). Evolutionary algorithms apporach to the solution of mixed integer non-linear programming problems. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 25(2001), 257-266. Doherty, M.F. and Buzad, G. (1992). Reactive distillation by design. Trans.Institution of Chemical Engineers - Part A, 70(A), 448-458. Espinosa, J., Aguirre, P., Frey, T. and Stichlmair, J. (1999). Analysis of nishing reactive distillation columns. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 38(1), 187-196. Espinosa, J., Aguirre, P. and Perez, G. (1996). Some aspects in the design of multicumponent reactive distillation columns with a reacting core: mixtures containing inerts. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 35(12), 4537-4549. Estrada-Villagrana, A., Bogle, I., Fraga, E. and Gani, R. (2000). Analysis of input-output controllability in reactive distillation using the element model. European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering, 10(2000), 157-162. Fair, J. (1998). Design aspects for reactive distillation - Columns for simultaneous reaction and separation need skillful planning. Chemical Engineering, 105(11), 158-162. Fair, J., Seibert, F., Behrens, M., Saraber, P. and Olujic, Z. (2000). Structured packing performance - experimental evaluation of two predictive models. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 39(2000), 1788-1796. Fien, G. and Liu, Y. (1994). Heuristic synthesis and shortcut design of separation processes using residue curve maps: a review. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 33(1994), 2505-2522. Frey, T. and Stichlmair, J. (1999a). Reactive azeotropes in kinetically controlled reactive distillation. Trans.Institution of Chemical Engineers - Part A, 77(7), 613-618. Frey, T. and Stichlmair, J. (1999b). Thermodynamic fundamentals of reactive distillation. Chemical Engineering and Technology, 22(1), 11-18. Frey, T. and Stichlmair, J. (2001). MINLP Optimization of reactive distillation columns. ESCAPE-10, 115-120. Gani, R. and Bek-Pedersen, E. (2000). Simple new algorithm for distillation column design. AIChE Journal, 46(6), 1271-1274. Gani, R. and Fredenslund, A. (1992). Efcient and accurate computation of thermodynamic properties for design of separation processes. Trans.Institution of Chemical Engineers - Part A, 70(A), 439-447. Georgiadis, M., Schenk, M., Gani, R. and Pistikopoulos, E. (2001). The interactions of design, control and operability in reactive dsitllation systems. ESCAPE-11, 997-1002. Giessler, S., Danilov, R.Y., Pisarenko, R.Y., Seramov, L.A., Hasebe, S. and Hashimoto, I. (1998). Feasibility study of reactive distillation using the analysis of the statics. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 37(1998), 4375-4382.

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Giessler, S., Danilov, R.Y., Pisarenko, R.Y., Seramov, L.A., Hasebe, S. and Hashimoto, I. (2001). Systematic structure generation for reactive distillation processes. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 25(2001), 49-60. Giessler, S., Danilov, R.Y., Seramov, L.A., Hasebe, S. and Hashimoto, I. (1999). Feasible separation fmodes for various reactive distillation systems. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 38(1999), 4060-4067. Guttinger, T.E. and Morari, M. (1997). Predicting multiple steady states in distillation: singularity analysis and reactive systems. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 21(1997), S995-S1000. Harding, S.T. and Floudas, C.A. (2000). Locaring all heterogeneous and reactive azeotropes in multicomponent mixtures. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 39(2000), 1576-1595. Harding, S.T. and Floudas, C.A. (2001). EQUISTAR: Reliable software for design of nonideal and reactive systems. ESCAPE-11, 153-158. Harding, S.T., Maranas, C.D., McDonald, C.M. and Floudas, C.A. (1997). Locating all homogeneous azeotropes in multicomponent mixtures. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 36(1997), 160-178. Hauan, S., Hertzberg, T. and Lien, K. (1995a). Why methyl ter-butyl ether production by reactive distillation may yield multiple solutions. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 34(1995), 987-991. Hauan, S., Hertzberg, T. and Lien, K. (1995b). Multiplicity in reactive distillation of MTBE. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 19(1995), S327-S332. Hauan, S., Lee, J.W., Westerberg, A. and Lien, K.M. (2000b). Properties of sectional proles in reactive separation cascades. Foundations of Computer-Aided Process Design, 96(323), 397-401. Hauan, S. and Lien, K. (1996). Geometric visualisation of reactive xed points. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 20(1996), S133-S138. Hauan, S., Westerberg, A. and Lien, K. (2000a). Phenomena-based analysis of xed points in reactive separation systems. Chemical Engineering Science, 55(2000), 1053-1075. Henriksen, J.P., Stoy, S.F., Russel, B.M. and Gani, R. (2000). A novel interactive MINLP solver for CAPE applications. ESCAPE-10, 7-12. Higler, A., Krishna, R. and Taylor, R. (1999b). Nonequilibrium cell model for packed distillation columns - the inuence of maldistribution. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 38(1999), 3988-3999. Higler, A., Krishna, R. and Taylor, R. (2000). Nonequilibrium modeling of reactive distillation: a dusty uid model for heterogenously catalyzed processes. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 39(6), 1596-1607. Higler, A., Taylor, R. and Krishna, R. (1998). Modeling of a reactive separation process using a nonequilibrium stage model. Computers and Chemical Engineering Supplement, 22(1998), S111-S118.
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Literature review

Higler, A., Taylor, R. and Krishna, R. (1999a). Nonequilibrium modelling of reactive distillation: mutiple steady states in MTBE synthesis. Chemical Engineering Science, 54(1999), 1389-1395. Hu, M., Zhou, X.G. and Yuan, W.K. (1999). Simulation and optimization of a coupled reactor/column system for trioxane synthesis. Chemical Engineering Science, 54(10), 1353-1358. Hu, M.C., Powell, R.T. and Kidd, N.F. (1997). Develop LP models using a steady-state simulator. Hydrocarbon Processing, (6), 81-86. Izquierdo, J., Cunill, F., Vila, M., Tejero, J. and Iborra, M. (1992). Equilibrium constants for methyl tert-butyl ether liquid-phase synthesis. Journal of Chemical and Engineering Data, 37(1992), 339-343. Jacobs, R. and Krishna, R. (1993). Multiple solutions in reactive distillation for methyl tert-butyl eher synthesis. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 32(1996), 1706-1709. Jimenez, L. and Costa, J. (2001a). Design, sizing and modeling of a reactive extractive distillation unit and solvent recovery system. ESCAPE-11, 413-418. Jimenez, L., Wanhschafft, O. and Julka, V. (2001b). Analysis of residue curve maps of reactive and extractive distillation units. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 25(2001), 635-642. Julka, V. and Doherty, M.F. (1993). Geometric nonlinear analysis of multicomponent nonideal distillation: a simple computer-aided design procedure. Chemical Engineering Science, 48(8), 1367-1391. Kenig, E., Jakobsson, K., Banik, P., Aittamaa, J., Gorak, A., Koskinen, M., et al. (1999). An integrated tool for synthesis and design of reactive distillation. Chemical Engineering Science, 54(10), 1347-1352. Kister, H.Z., Bello Neves, S., Siles, R.C. and da Costa Lima, R. (1997). Does your distillation simultaion reect the real world ? Hydrocarbon Processing, (8), 103-109. Kreul, L.U., Gorak, A. and Barton, P.I. (1999). Modeling of homogeneous reactive separation process in packed columns. Chemical Engineering Science, 54(1999), 19-34. Krishnamurthy, R. and Taylor, R. (1985). nonequilibrium stage model of multicomponent separation processes. AIChE Journal, 31(3), 449-456. Lee, J.W., Hauan, S., Lien, K.M. and Westerberg, A. (2000a). A graphical method for designing reactive distillation columns I. The Ponchon-Savarit method. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 456(2000), 1953-1964. Lee, J.W., Hauan, S., Lien, K.M. and Westerberg, A. (2000b). A graphical method for designing reactive distillation columns II. The McCabe-Thiele method. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences, 456(2000), 1965-1978.

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Lee, J.W., Hauan, S. and Westerberg, A. (2000e). Extreme conditions in binary reactive distillation. AIChE Journal, 46(11), 2225-2236. Lee, J.W., Hauan, S. and Westerberg, A. (2000d). Graphical methods for reaction distribution in a reactive distillation column. AIChE Journal, 46(6), 1218-1233. Lee, J.W., Hauan, S. and Westerberg, A. (2000c). Circunventing an azeotrope in reactive distillation. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 39(4), 1061-1063. Lee, J.W. and Westerberg, A. (2000). Visualization of stage calculation in ternary reacting mixtures. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 24(2000), 639-644. Mahajani, S. (1999a). Kinetic azeotropy and design of reactive distillation columns. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 38(1), 177-186. Mahajani, S. (1999b). Design of reactive distillation columns for multicomponent kinetically controlled reactive systems. Chemical Engineering Science, 54(10), 1425-1430. Mahajani, S. and Kolah, A. (1996). Some design aspects of reactive distillation columns (RDC). Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 35(1996), 4587-4596. Maia, M.L.O. and Zemp, R.J. (2000). Thermodynamic analysis of multicomponet distillation columns: identifying optimal feed conditions. Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 17(4), 751-759. Maier, R., Brennecke, J. and Stadtherr, M. (2000). Reliable computation of reactive azeotropes. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 24(2000), 1851-1858. Malone, M.F. and Doherty, M.F. (2000). Reactive Distillation. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 39(2000), 3953-3957. Melles, S., Grievink, J. and Schrans, S.M. (2000). Optimisation of the conceptual design of reactive distillation columns. Chemical Engineering Science, 55(2000), 2089-2097. Mohl, K.D., Kienle, A., Gilles, E.D., Rapmund, P., Sundmacher, K. and Hoffmann, U. (1999). Steady-state multiplicities in reactive distillation columns for the production of fuel ethers MTBE and TAME: theoretical analysis and experimental validation. Chemical Engineering Science, 54(1999), 1029-1043. Mujtaba, I.M. (1999). Optimization of batch extractive distillation processes for separating close boiling and azeotropic mixtures. Trans.Institution of Chemical Engineers - Part A, 77(A), 588-596. Nisoli, A., Malone, M.F. and Doherty, M. (1997). Attainable regions for reaction with separation. AIChE Journal, 43(2), 374-387. OYoung, L. (1999). Process synthesis-what is it and its role in process development? Hydrocarbon Processing, (12), 95-97. Okasinski, M. and Doherty, M. (1998). Design method for kinetically controlled, staged reactive distillation columns. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 37(7), 2821-2834. Okasinski, M. and Doherty, M.F. (1997). Thermodynamic behavior of reactive azeotropes. AIChE Journal, 43(9), 2227-2238.
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Omota, F., Dimian, A. and Bliek, A. (2001). Design of reactive distillation process for fatty acid esterication. ESCAPE-11, 463-468. Pekkanen, M. (1995). A local optimization method for the design of reactive distillation. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 19(S), 235-240. Perez-Cisneros, E., Gani, R. and Michelsen, M. (1997). Reactive separation systems -I. Computational of physical and chemical equilibrium. Chemical Engineering Science, 52(4), 527-543. Perregaard, J., Pedersen, B.S. and Gani, R. (1992). Steady state and dynamic simulation of complex chemical processes. Trans.Institution of Chemical Engineers - Part A, 70(A), 99-109. Pilavachi, P.A., Schenk, M., Perez-Cisneros, E. and Gani, R. (1997). Modeling and simulation of reactive distillation operations. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 36(1997), 3188-3197. Podrebarac, G.G., Ng, F.T.T. and Rempel, G.L. (1998). The production of diacetone alcohol with catalytic distillation. Part II: a rate-based catalytic distillation model for the reaction zone. Chemical Engineering Science, 53(5), 1077-1088. Pollmann, P., Bauer, M.H. and Blass, E. (1996). Investigation of vapour-liquid equilibrium of non-ideal multicomponent systems. Gaseous Separations and Purications, 10(4), 225-241. Popken, T., Steinigeweg, S. and Gmehling, J. (2001). Synthesis and hydrolysis of methyl acetate by reactive distillation using structured catalytic packing: experiments and simulation. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 40(2001), 1566-1574. Poth, N., Frey, T. and Stichlmair, J. (2001). MINLP optimization of kinetically controlled reactive distillation processes. ESCAPE-11, 79-84. Ranade, S.M. and Hart, J.B. (1997). Solve nonlinear algebraic equations. Hydrocarbon Processing, (9), 61-68. Rascol, E., Meyer, M., Le Lann, J.M. and Prevost, M. (1998). Numerical problems encountered in the simulation of reactive absorption: DAE index reduction and consistent initialisation. Computers and Chemical Engineering Supplement, 22(S), 929-932. Rehnger, A. and Hoffmann, U. (1990). Kinetics of methyl tertiary butyl ether liquid phase synthesis catalyzed by ion exchange resin - I. Intrinsic rate expression in liquid phase activities. Chemical Engineering Science, 45(6), 1605-1617. Rodriguez, I.E., Zheng, A. and Malone, M.F. (2001). The stability of a reactive ash. Chemical Engineering Science, 56(2001), 4737-4745. Ross, R., Perkins, J., Pistikopoulos, E., Koot, G. and van Schijndel, J. (2001). Optimal design and control of a high-purity industrial distillation system. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 25(2001), 141-150. Rouzineau, D., Meyer, M. and Prevost, M. (2001). Evaluation of coupled reactive distillation performances by means of a rigourous simulation procedure. ESCAPE-11, 267-272.
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Ruiz, C.A., Basualdo, M.S. and Scenna, N.J. (1995). Reactive distillation dynamic simulation. Trans.Institution of Chemical Engineers - Part A, 73(5), 363-378. Sabharwal, A., Bhat, N.V. and Wada, T. (1997). Integrate empirical and physical modeling. Hydrocarbon Processing, (10), 105-112. Sanchez, O., Perez-Cisneros, E., Bek-Pedersen, E. and Hostrup, M. (2001). Tools for reactive distillation column design: graphical and stage-to-stage computation methods. ESCAPE-11, 517-522. Schenk, M., Gani, R., Bogle, D. and Pistikopoulos, E. (1999). A hybrid modeling approach for separation systes involving distillation. Trans.Institution of Chemical Engineers Part A, 77(1999), 519-534. Schneider, R., Kenig, E. and Gorak, A. (2001). Complex reactive absorption processes: model optimization and dynamic column simulation. ESCAPE-11, 285-290. Schnepper, C.A. and Stadtherr, M.A. (1996). Robust process simulation using interval methods. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 20(2), 187-199. Seader, J.D. (1985). The B.C. (Before Computers) and A.D. of equilibrium-stage operations. Chemical Engineering Education, 19(1985), 88-103. Seferelis, P. and Grievink, J. (1999). Process control structure screening by steady-state multiple disturbance sensitivity analysis. Computers and Chemical Engineering Supplement, (1999), 309-312. Seferelis, P. and Grievink, J. (2001). Optimal design and sensitivity analysis of reactive distillation units using collocation models. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 40(2001), 1673-1685. Seferelis, P. and Grievink, J. (2001). Process design and control structure screeening based on economic and static controllability criteria. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 25(2001), 177-188. Seramov, L.A., Pisarenko, Y.A. and Kardona, K.A. (1999). Optimization of reactive distillation processes. Theoretical Foundations of Chemical Engineering, 33(5), 455-463. Sharma, M. (1985). Separations through reactions. Journal of Separations and Process Technology, 6(1985), 9-16. Siirola, J.J. (1996). Strategic process synthesis: advances in the hierarchical approach. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 20(2001), S1637-S1643. Smith, L.A. (1982). New MTBE design now commercial. Hydrocarbon Processing, (3), 121-123. Sneesby, M.G., Tade, M.O. and Smith, T.N. (1998). Mechanistic interpretation of multiplicity in hybrid reactive distillation: physically realizable cases. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 37(1998), 4424-4433. Solokhin, A.V. and Blagov, S.A. (1996). Reactive distillation is an advanced technique of reaction process operation. Chemical Engineering Science, 51(11), 2559-2564.

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Song, W., Venimadhavan, G., Manning, J.M., Malone, M.F. and Doherty, M.F. (1998). Measurement of residue curve maps and heterogeneous kinetics in methyl acetate synthesis. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 37(5), 1917-1928. Sowell, R. (1998). Why a simulation system doesnt match the plant. Hydrocarbon Processing, (3), 102-107. Stichlmair, J. and Frey, T. (1999). Review: Reactive distillation process. Chemical Engineering and Technology, 22(2), 95-103. Stichlmair, J. and Frey, T. (2001). Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming optimization of reactive distillation processes. web version, 2001(2001), 1-5. Subawalla, H. and Fair, J. (1999). Design guidelines for solid-catalyzed reactive distillation systems. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 38(10), 3696-3709. Sundmacher, K. and Hoffmann, U. (1999). Multiple reactions in catalytic distillation processes for the production of the fuel oxygenates MTBE and TAME: Analysis by rigourous model and experimental validation. Chemical Engineering Science, 54(1999), 28392847. Tanskanen, J. and Pohjola, V. (2000). A robust method for predicting state proiles in a reactive distillation. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 24 81-88. Taylor, R. and Krishna, R. (2000). Review: modelling reactive distillation. Chemical Engineering Science, 55(2000), 5183-5229. Tuchlenski, A., Beckmann, A., Reusch, D., Dussel, R., Weidlich, U. and Janowsky, R. (2001). Reactive distillation-industrial applications, process design and scale-up. Chemical Engineering Science, 56(2001), 387-394. Ung, S. and Doherty, M. (1995b). Calculation of residue curve maps for mixture with multiple quilibrium chemical reactions. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 34(1995), 3195-3202. Ung, S. and Doherty, M. (1995a). Vapor-liquid phase equilibrium in systems with multiple chemical reactors. Chemical Engineering Science, 50(1), 23-48. Venimadhavan, G., Malone, M.F. and Doherty, M.F. (1999). Bifurcation study of kinetc effects in reactive distillation. AIChE Journal, 45(3), 546-556. Venimadhavan, G., Malone, M.F. and Doherty, M.F. (1999). A novel distillate policy for batch reactive distillation with application to the production of butyl acetate. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 38(3), 714-722. Vora, N. and Daoutidis, P. (1999). Dynamic and control of an ethyl acetate reactive distillation column. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, Wesselingh, J.A. (1997). Non-equilibrium modelling of distillation. Trans.Institution of Chemical Engineers - Part A, 75(A), 529-538. Westerberg, A., Lee, J.W. and Hauan, S. (2000). Synthesis of distillation-based processes for non-ideal mixtures. Computers and Chemical Engineering, 24(2000), 2043-2054.

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Wolf-Maciel, M.R., Soares, C. and Barros, A.A.C. (2001). Validations of the nonequilibrium stage model and of a new efciency correlation for non ideal distillation process through simulated and experimental data. ESCAPE-11, 321-326. Yuxiang, Z. and Xien, X. (1992b). Study on catalytic distillation proceses. Part II. Simulation of catalytic distillation processes - Quasi-homogeneous and rate-based model. Trans.Institution of Chemical Engineers - Part A, 70(A), 465-470. Yuxiang, Z. and Xien, X. (1992a). Study on catalytic distillation processes. Part I. Mass transfer characteristics in catalyst bed within the column. Trans.Institution of Chemical Engineers - Part A, 70(A), 459-464. Zhang, T. and Datta, R. (1995). Integral analysis of methyl tert-butyl ether synthesis kinetics. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 34(3), 730-740.

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