LopezWind Loads-ASCE7-05 PDF

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis
Calculation of Wind Loads According to PR Building Code 2011

Dr. Ricardo R. Lpez Rodrguez, Ph.D., P.E. Professor of Civil Engineering University of Puerto Rico at Mayagez, ri.lopez@upr.edu Earthquake Commission of CIAPR
Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012
1
Some slides taken and adapted from FEMA presentation by Adam Reeder, PE, CFM from presentation Wind Provisions of the 2009 International Building Code and International Residential Code
P646 on Wind Loading
Agenda
Wind effects on structures About the PR Building Code Wind Load Provisions for Buildings Definitions and terms used in all Procedures Alternative Procedures of Analysis Simplified Analytical (Low rise or high rise) Wind Tunnel Examples of calculation of horizontal wind pressures Cylindrical Structures
Wind effects on structures

Rectangular Buildings The wind generates pressure in windward wall and suction in leeward wall, lateral walls, and part of the roof.
VI
EN
TO
Internal Pressures
There is always some internal pressure, unless the building is completely open. Partially enclosed buildings have the highest internal pressures. It is important for doors and windows to resist the wind pressure and impact of flying objects.
Effect of openings on internal pressure
Windward or leeward opening
Wind effects on structures

Multistory Rectangular Buildings The wind generates pressure in windward wall and suction in leeward wall, lateral walls, and part of the roof.
PR Building Code is Based on International Codes
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Adoption Dates
March1, 2011
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About the International Codes

The First Edition of the I-Codes was released in 2000 Input from five organizations which included:
Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA), International Conference of Building Officials (ICBO) Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI).
Intended to provide a comprehensive set of codes New editions on a 3 year cycle
12
Organization of the IBC

Chapter 1: Administration Chapter 2: Definitions Chapter 3: Use and Occupancy Classification Chapter 5: General Building Heights and Areas Chapter 6: Types of Construction Chapter 14: Exterior Walls Chapter 15: Roof Assemblies and Rooftop Structures Wind Loads
13
Organization of the IBC

Chapter 18: Soils and Foundations Chapter 19: Concrete Chapter 21: Masonry Chapter 22: Steel Chapter 24: Glass and Glazing Chapter 25: Gypsum Board and Plaster Chapter 34: Existing Structures Chapter 35: Referenced Standards Appendix H: Flood-Resistant Construction
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What Code to Use ASCE 7-05

PR Building Code 2011 refers the user to the International Building Code 2009. International Building Code 2009 refers the user to the ASCE 7-05. ASCE 7-05 contains the provisions for obtaining wind pressures expected from hurricanes. Use the wind pressures to calculate wind loads Note: There is an ASCE 7-2010 code available. It is not the currently mandated code for PR. ASCE 7-2010 wind pressures differ from ASCE 7-05 pressures. (Earthquake loads also differ).
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What code to use (2)

Once loads are obtained using ASCE 7-05, use the design codes in accordance with the building material For example, for design of reinforced concrete structures, the IBC 09 has Chapter 19. In PR the user is allowed to use ACI 318-08 = American Concrete Institute Building Code and Commentary.
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Designing for Wind Loads using the IBC and ASCE 7-05 The primary source for wind loads in the IBC is ASCE 7. The following is a summary of important aspects of ASCE 7-05.
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Definitions of Wind Related Terms in the International Codes

Basic wind speed Three-second gust speed at 33 ft above the ground in Exposure C 145 mph for Puerto Rico (IBC Figure 1609) The ASCE 7-1998 had 125 mph for PR. Wind-borne debris region Portions of hurricane-prone regions that are within 1 mile of the coastal mean high water line where the basic wind speed is 110 mph or greater; or portions of hurricaneprone regions where the basic wind speed is 120 mph or greater
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Main vs Components
ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

Chapter 6: General Requirements Basic parameters for determining wind loads:
Basic wind speed, V, Figure 6-1 (Puerto Rico = 145 mph) Wind directionality factor, Kd , Section 6.5.4.4 Importance Factor, I, Section 6.5.5 Exposure category, Section 6.5.6 Topographic factor, Kzt, Section 6.5.7 Gust Effect Factor, G, Section 6.5.8 Enclosure classification, Section 6.5.9 Velocity Pressure, qz, Section 6.5.10 Pressure coefficients, (GCp), Section 6.5.11
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Wind directionality factor, Kd
Structure Type Buildings Main Wind Force Resisting System Components and Cladding Arched Roofs Chimneys, Tanks and Similar Structures Square Hexagonal Round Solid Freestanding Walls and Solid Freestanding and Attached Signs Open Signs and Lattice Framework Trussed Towers Triangular, square, rectangular All other cross sections Directionality Factor, Kd
0.85 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.95
0.85
0.85 0.85 0.95
22

Occupancy Category
I
Low hazard to human life in the event of failure, including but not limited to Agricultural facilities Certain temporary facilities Minor storage facilities Not category I, III or IV Substantial hazard to human life in the event of failure, including but not limited to Covered structures for public assembly (>300 occupants) Schools (>250 occupants) College and other adult-education buildings (>500 occupants) Heath care facilities, non-emergency (>50 resident patients) Jails and detention facilities Any other facility with occupant load >5000 Public utility facilities not included in Category IV Essential facilities, including but not limited to Hospitals and other health care facilities having surgery or emergency facilities Fire, rescue and police stations Emergency shelters and response centers Public utility for Shelter emergency backup of other Category IV Workshop onfacilities Vertical from Tsunamis structures
II
III
IV
CIAPR June 18-20 2012
23
Table 6-1 Importance Factor
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Surface Roughness based on topography, vegetation and structures
Category B Terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings Urban areas Suburban areas Wooded areas
Category C Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 9144 mm Flat open country Grasslands Water surfaces in hurricane-prone regions Category D Flat, unobstructed areas Smooth mud flats Salt flats Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012
25

Exposure Category based on Surface Roughness in the upwind direction
Category B Applies where Surface Roughness category B prevails in the upwind direction for at least 2,600 ft or 20 times the building height, whichever is greater Exception: Where roof height 30 ft, upwind distance may be reduced to 1,500 ft.
Category C Not Category B or D Category D Applies where Surface Roughness category D prevails in the upwind direction for at least 5,000 ft or 20 times the building height, whichever is greater
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Exposure Categories
Exposure Category B
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Exposure Categories
Exposure Category C
Exposure Category D
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Exposure category
Surface Roughness Category B, C or D Exposure Category B, C or D Wind Direction and Sectors
For each direction at which the wind loads are to be evaluated, the exposure shall be determined for the two upwind sectors extending 45 either side of the selected wind direction. The exposure resulting in the highest wind loads shall be used to represent winds from that direction. 7-05 Does not use Exp. D in Hurricane Prone Coasts, 7-10 does
29

Topographic factor, Kzt
Wind Speed-Up over Hills, Ridges and Escarpments
H Lh x z
Height of hill or escarpment relative to the upwind terrain, in meters. Distance upwind of crest to where the difference in ground elevation is half the height of hill or escarpment, in meters. Distance (upwind or downwind) from the crest to the building site, in meters.
Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis Height above ground surface at building site, in meters. CIAPR June 18-20 2012
30

Wind speed-up effects shall be included in the design when all of the following conditions are met:
The hill, ridge or escarpment is isolated and unobstructed upwind by other similar topographic features of comparable height for 100 times the height of the topographic feature (100H) or 2 miles, whichever is less.
The hill, ridge or escarpment protrudes above the height of upwind terrain features within a 2 mile radius in any quadrant by a factor of two or more. The structure is located in the upper one-half of a hill or ridge or near the crest of an escarpment. H/Lh 0.2. H 4.5 m for Exposure C and D and H 18 m for Exposure B.
3 4 5
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Wind Speed-Up over Hills, Ridges and Escarpments
Kzt = (1 + K1 K2 K3)2
Factor to account for shape of topographic feature and maximum speed-up effect. Factor to account for reduction in speed-up with distance upwind or downwind of crest. Factor to account for reduction in speed-up with height above local terrain.
K1
K2
K3
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K1 is determined using the table below Factor to account for shape of topographic feature and maximum speed-up effect. Height of hill or
K1/(H/Lh)
H
Hill Shape
B 2-D Ridges (or valleys with H) 2-D Escarpments 3-D Axisym. Hill
Exposure
C D
escarpment relative to the upwind terrain, in meters. Distance upwind of crest to where the difference in ground elevation is half the height of hill or escarpment, in meters.
1.30 1.45 1.55 0.75 0.85 0.95 0.95 1.05 1.15

Lh
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K2 = (1 Factor to account for reduction in speed-up with distance upwind or downwind of crest. K3 = e-z/Lh Factor to account for reduction in speed-up with height above local terrain.
|x| L h )
Hill Shape
Upwind of Crest
Downwind of Crest
2-D Ridges (or valleys with H)
1.5
1.5
2-D Escarpments 3-D Axisym. Hill
2.5 4
1.5 1.5
4 1.5
Lh
Distance upwind of crest to where the difference in ground elevation is half the height of hill or escarpment, in meters. Distance (upwind or downwind) from the crest to the building site, in meters. Height above ground surface at building site, in meters. Horizontal attenuation factor. 34
Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis Height attenuation factor. CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Topographic factor,
Kzt = (1 + K1 K2 K3)2
Notes: 1.Linear interpolation between values is permitted. 2.For H/Lh > 0.5, assume H/Lh = 0.5 for finding K1 and substitute 2H for Lh for finding K2 and K3. 3.Multipliers assume wind approaches along the direction of maximum slope.
35

Gust Effect Factor, G
G = 0.85 for rigid buildings and other structures G is determined by formula for flexible or dynamically sensitive buildings or other structures
Flexible: natural frequency < 1
Note: Where combined gust-effect factors and pressure coefficients (GCp), (GCpi) and (GCpf) are given in figures and tables, the gust-effect factor shall not be determined separately.
36

Enclosure classification
Ao 0.8Ag Ao = total area of openings in a wall that receives positive external pressure, in m2 Ag = gross area of that wall in which Ao is identified, in m2
Open
Partially Enclosed
Ao > 1.10Aoi AND Ao > 0.37 m2 OR Ao > 0.01Ag (whichever is smaller) AND Aoi / Agi 0.20 Aoi = sum of the areas of openings in the building envelope (walls and roof) not including Ao, in m2 Agi = sum of the gross surface areas of the building envelope (walls and roof) not including Ag, in m2
Enclosed
Not open or partially enclosed.

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Velocity pressure qz
Velocity pressure
Factor Kz includes the effect of height
ASCE 7-05 and 7-10 Wind Loads

Internal Pressure Coefficient, (GCpi)
39

Internal Pressure Coefficient, (GCpi)
Enclosure Classification
(GCpi)
Open
0.00 +0.55 -0.55 +0.18 -0.18
Partially Enclosed
Note: Plus and minus signs signify pressures acting toward and away from the internal surfaces, respectively.
Enclosed
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Procedures for determining wind loads for Main WindForce Resisting System (MWFRS)
Procedure Simplified Procedure Analytical Procedure Application Low-rise buildings Buildings of all heights Distinguish low rise and High-rise All buildings and other structures Location Section 6.4 Section 6.5
Wind Tunnel Procedure
Section 6.6
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ASCE 7-05 Simplified Procedure

MWFRS and C&C Simplified Procedure (Sec 6.4) for Enclosed Low-Rise Buildings
Applicability
Building has simple diaphragm and low-rise (h<60) Enclosed and meets WBD requirements Building not classified as flexible Building is not subject to the following:
Across-wind loading Vortex shedding Instability due to galloping or flutter Channeling effects Buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions
Building has a symmetrical cross section Building exempted from torsional load cases
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MWFRS and C&C Simple Procedure (Sec 6.4) Enclosed Low-Rise Buildings
Step 1 Step 2 Basic wind speed, V Importance Factor, I
Sec 6.5.4 Sec 6.5.5
Step 3
Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7
Exposure Category
Height and Exposure Adjustment, Design pressure at 30 ft ps30 shall be determined Topographic amplification factor calculated. Wall and roof pressures calculated. Check Minimum Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012
Sec 6.5.6
Fig 6-2 Fig 6-2 Sec 6.5.7 Sec 6.4.2.1.1 or Sec 6.4.2.2.1
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Fig 6-2 Simplified Procedure
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Fig 6-2
Simplified Method
Fig 6-2 Simplified Design Wind pressure ps30

p
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Design pressure, Simplified Procedure
ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads Analytical Procedure

MWFRS and C&C Analytical Procedure (Sec 6.5)
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings of All Heights
Applicability
Building is regular-shaped Building is not subject to the following:
Across-wind loading Vortex shedding Instability due to galloping or flutter Channeling effects Buffeting in the wake of upwind obstructions
49

MWFRS and C&C Analytical Procedure (Section 6.5)
Enclosed, Partially Enclosed and Open Buildings of All Heights
Step 1 Step 2 Basic wind speed, V, Kd Importance Factor, I Wind load parameters (Exposure and height Kz, topographic effect, Gust factor, Enclosure) Internal pressure coefficient, GCpi External pressure coefficient, Cp Velocity pressure qz Design Wind Load, F Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012 Sec 6.5.4 Sec 6.5.5 Sec 6.5.6 thru 6.5.9 Sec 6.5.11.1
Step 3
Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7
Sec 6.5.11.2 or 6.5.11.3

Sec 6.5.10 Sec 6.5.12 thru Sec 6.5.15
50
Analytical Method - Procedure

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. V and Kd (directionality) Importance, I Exposure and height, Kz, Kh Topographic Effect Gust effect G Enclosure Internal pressure GCpi External Pressure Cp Velocity pressure qz Design wind load p
Exposure Coefficient Kh and Kz
Internal pressure coefficients
53
Fig 6-6 Monoslope roof External wall pressures
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Fig 6-6 Cp for Analytical Method
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Fig 6-10 Low-Rise Analytical Procedure
Wall pressures Windward: 1, 1E Leeward: 4, 4E
56
Low Rise Force coefficients GCpf
57
Velocity pressure and wall pressures
Velocity pressure
Wall pressure, analytical method
Pressures for Analytical Procedure

Wind Tunnel Procedure (Section 6.6)
Permitted for any building or structure Tests shall meet the following conditions:
Atmospheric boundary layer modeled for wind speed variation Atmospheric turbulence modeled to match the same scale as the building model Modeled building, surrounding building and topography scaled properly Modeled building and surrounding area is less than 8 percent of the test section Longitudinal pressure gradient accounted for Reynolds number effects on pressure minimized Response characteristics consistent with model
60
Cylindrical Structures
ASCE 7-05 does not consider buildings with shapes different from rectangular or combinations of rectangular.
The only guidance for cylindrical structures is in the section on Other Structures (Sec 6.5.15). The total lateral load is calculated from equation 6-28
61
Other Structures
62
Fig 6-21 Other Structures Coeff. Cf
63
64
Example
Rectangular building Plan dimensions 70 x 70 Height = 60
70
Story Heights 12
70
12 12 24
Plan View
Elevation
65
Solution using simplified procedure

V = 145 mph from Fig 6-1 I = 1.15 from table 6-1 and occupation Cat IV (or III) Exposure Category = C = 1.62 from Fig 6-2 with h=60 and Exp C Width of special zone A = 2a
a < 0.10 (B) = 0.10 (70) = 7 a < 0.4 (h) = 0.4 (60) = 24 Select the smallest = 7 but not less than a > .04 (B) = .04 (70) = 2.8 a > 3,
Select a = 3, 2a = 6
66

Width of zone A = 6 Width of zone C = 70 2(6) = 58 assuming zone A on both corners simultaneously Horizontal pressures from Fig and roof angle = 0 Ps30 = 33.4 psf in zone A Ps30 = 22.1 psf in zone C Topographic factor Kzt =1 for flat terrain Pressures =
psA = 1.62(1)(1.15)(33.4) = 62.2 psf psC = 1.62(1)(1.15)(22.1) = 41.2 psf
67
Fig 6-2 Simplified Design Wind pressure ps30

p
PA = 33.4 psf PC = 22.1 psf Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012
68

Apply uniform pressures in corresponding areas. Use tributary wall area for each story level
Level Height, ft 30 12 12 PsA, psf 62.2 62.2 62.2 Width A, ft 12 12 12 PsC, psf 41.2 41.2 41.2 Width C, ft 58 58 58 Force Kips 94.1 37.6 37.6
1 2 3
4
Total
62.2
12
41.2
58
18.8
188.1
69
Analytical Method - Procedure

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. V and Kd (directionality) Importance, I Exposure and height, Kz, Kh Topographic Effect Gust effect G Enclosure Internal pressure GCpi External Pressure Cp Velocity pressure qz Design wind load p
Solution using analytical procedure

V = 145 mph from Fig 6-1 Kd = 0.85 from Table 6-4 I = 1.15 from table 6-1 and occupation Cat IV (or III) Exposure Category = C For Low-rise buildings use Fig 6-10 and q = qh
Select a = 3, 2a = 6 Select values of GCpf for zones 1, 1E, 4, 4E GCpf1 = 0.40, GCpf1E = 0.61 GCpf4 = -0.29, GCpf4E = -0.43
71
Solution using analytical procedure Low-rise buildings

Kzt = 1 G = 0.85 for rigid structures, T< 1sec Enclosure classification = enclosed Internal pressure coefficients Fig 6-5 GCpi = 0.18 Kz = Kh = 1.13 from Table 6-3 and h=60 Velocity pressure coefficient,
qz = qh = 0.00256(1.13)(1)(0.85)(145^2)(1.15) = 59.5 psf

72

Design pressures Use q = qh
Windward p1 = 59.5(0.40 + 0.18) = 34.5 psf p1E = 59.5(0.61 + 0.18) = 47.0 psf Leeward p4 = 59.5(-0.29 + 0.18) = -6.5 psf p4E = 59.5(-0.43 + 0.18) = -14.9 psf
73

Forces per level, calculated adding the windward and leeward pressures because they act in the same direction.
Level Height Ps1E+ , ft 4E, psf 30 12 12 61.9 61.9 61.9 Width E, ft 12 12 12 Ps1+4, psf 41.0 41.0 41.0 Width , Force ft Kips 58 58 58 93.6 37.5 37.5
1 2 3
4
Total
61.9
12
41.0
58
18.7
187.3
74

For comparison the solution was obtained neglecting the low-rise classification V = 145 mph from Fig 6-1 Kd = 0.85 from Table 6-4 I = 1.15 from table 6-1 and occupation Cat IV (or III) Exposure Category = C Kzt = 1 G = 0.85 for rigid structures, T< 1sec Enclosure classification = enclosed Internal pressure coefficients Fig 6-5, GCpi = 0.18
75

Obtain Kz from from Table 6-3 and z = level height Velocity pressure coefficient,
Height, z, ft 24 36 48 60
Kz 0.94 1.01 1.08 1.13
qz, psf 45.5 53.1 56.8 59.5
76

Design pressures. No special regions, but pressure varies with height Use q = qz for windward pressures Use q = qh for leeward pressures Use qi = qh Shape factors Cp = 0.8 windward, Cp = -0.5 leeward, obtained from Fig 6-6
77

Forces per level
Level 1 2 3 4 Total Z 24 36 48 60 qz, psf 45.5 53.1 56.8 59.5
Windw qzGCp Internal qhGCpi Leew qhGCp Windw Leew
p 41.6 46.8 49.3 51.2
p 14.6 14.6 14.6 14.6
Total Area, p sqft 56.2 61.4 63.9 65.8 70x12 70x12 70x6
Force kips
30.9 36.1 38.6 40.5
-10.7 -10.7 -10.7 -10.7
-25.3 -25.3 -25.3 -25.3
70x30 118.0 51.6 53.7 27.6 250.9
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Solution for Cylindrical Plan Building

The code does not propose a solution for cylindrical buildings. Assuming a building with D = 70, and height = 60 Using z = h/2 = 60/2 = 30 Kz = 0.98 qz = 0.00256(0.98)(0.85)(145^2)(1.15) = 51.6 psf Dqz = 7051.6 = 503 > 2.5 For h/D = 60/70 = 0.86 1 Assuming moderately smooth surface Cf = 0.5 F = 51.6(0.85)(0.5)(70x60) = 92 kips
79
Solution for Cylindrical Plan Building

Or assuming rough surface Cf = 0.8 F = 51.6(0.85)(0.8)(70x60) = 147 kips
80
Summary of examples
Calculated Base Shear Forces
Procedure Calculated Base Shear Force, kips 188.1 187.3 250.9 92 for smooth surface, 147 for rough surface % Difference from Simplified Procedure 0 -0.4 33.4 -51.1 -21.9
Simplified Analytical, Lowrise Analytical Cylindrical, other structures, note plan area is not the same
81

Basic wind speed, V, mph (m/s)
Figure 26.5-1A: Basic Wind Speeds for Occupancy Category II Buildings and Other Structures
Figure 26.5-1B: Basic Wind Speeds for Occupancy Category III and IV Buildings and Other Structures
82
ASCE 7-05 to ASCE 7-10 Wind Speeds

ASCE 7-05 uses an approximate 500-year return period wind speed divided by the square root of the expect load factor of 1.5. (This was approximately the 100-year wind speed) this was later multiplied by an importance factor ASCE 7-10 uses maps per occupancy category (risk category)
Risk Category II (700 year) Risk Category III and IV (1700 year) No importance factor
Converting from ASCE 7-05 to ASCE 7-10

The preferred conversion of wind speeds is the
83
Questions?
84
Impacts of Wind Provisions on Building Components

Load Paths and Connectors Roof Systems Windows, Doors and Openings Wall Systems Foundations
85

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Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis

Calculation of Wind Loads According to PR Building Code 2011

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

P646 on Wind Loading

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Wind effects on structures

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Effect of openings on internal pressure

Windward or leeward opening

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Wind effects on structures

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

PR Building Code is Based on International Codes

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

About the International Codes

Intended to provide a comprehensive set of codes New editions on a 3 year cycle

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Organization of the IBC

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Organization of the IBC

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

What Code to Use ASCE 7-05

What code to use (2)

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Definitions of Wind Related Terms in the International Codes

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

0.85 0.85 0.85 0.90 0.95 0.95

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Definitions of Wind Related Terms in the International Codes

CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Table 6-1 Importance Factor

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Definitions of Wind Related Terms in the International Codes

Definitions of Wind Related Terms in the International Codes

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

1.30 1.45 1.55 0.75 0.85 0.95 0.95 1.05 1.15

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

Topographic factor, Kzt

2-D Ridges (or valleys with H)

2-D Escarpments 3-D Axisym. Hill

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

Workshop on Vertical Shelter from Tsunamis CIAPR June 18-20 2012

ASCE 7-05 Wind Loads

Not open or partially enclosed.