Petroleum Engineering 324 Reservoir Performance Exam 1 Study Guide T.A. Blasingame/D.

. Ilk Spring 2008 Course Objectives to be Evaluated by Exam 1 Course Objectives: (These are minimum skills to be achieved/demonstrated) The student should be able to: (Exam 1)
z Sketch pressure versus time trends and pressure versus distance trends for a reservoir system which exhibits

transient, pseudosteady-state, and steady-state flow behavior.

z Derive the material balance relation for a slightly compressible liquid (oil) in the presence of other phases

(gas and water), as well as the material balance relation for a dry gas.
z Derive the steady-state flow equations for horizontal linear and radial flow of liquids and gases, including the

pseudopressure and pressure-squared formulations.

z Develop and apply relations for pseudosteady-state flow in closed black oil or dry gas reservoir systems. z Derive the "skin factor" variable from the steady-state flow equation and be able to describe the conditions of

damage and stimulation using this skin factor.

z Derive and manipulate the diffusivity equations for the radial and linear flow of single and multiphase fluids

(liquids and gases) through porous media.

z Define and use dimensionless variables and dimensionless solutions to illustrate the generic performance of a

particular reservoir model. Given a particular set of parameters for a specified reservoir model, the student should be able to use dimensionless solutions to predict the performance of the specified reservoir system.
z Derive the analysis and interpretation methodologies (i.e., "conventional" plots and type curve analysis) for

pressure drawdown and pressure buildup tests, for liquid, gas, and multiphase flow systems.
z Define and apply the pseudopressure and pseudotime concepts for the analysis of well test and production

data from dry gas and solution-gas drive oil reservoir systems.

Study Session for Exam 1: Monday, 17 March 5:00 to 7:30 p.m. RICH 106 Exam 1: Wednesday, 19 March Starting at 7:00 p.m. (RICH 101 and 114)

2 Petroleum Engineering 324 Reservoir Performance Exam 1 Study Guide T.A. Blasingame/D. Ilk Spring 2008 Mini-Problems to be Covered by Exam 1 (exam problems are based on these problems/topics) Mini-Problems: The student should be able to solve the following types of problems as well as variations/extensions of these problems: (Exam 1)
Mini Problem 01: PTA Introduction Be able to explain objectives of well testing (estimation of properties, pressures, performance, rate, etc.). Be able to identify plots used in well testing (Cartesian, semi-log, and log-log plots) and the purpose of each. Be able to plot a given data set on different coordinate systems. Mini Problem 02: Calculation of the Pressure Derivative Function ("Well Testing" Derivative) Be able to compute the pressure derivative function using backward, forward and central difference techniques. Be able to explain the differences between the derivative estimation techniques. Be able to explain the effect of errors associated with the data in the derivative computation. Mini Problem 03: Skills Evaluation (Math) Be able to apply fundamental knowledge of calculus and algebra. Be able to find the slope and intercept of various data models (linear, exponential, and power-law models). Mini Problem 04: Well Test Plots Be able to sketch the corresponding pressure profile of a well during a production sequence. Be able to identify and label the events which take place during the production sequence. Be able to estimate the absolute-open-flow (AOF) potential of a well using 4-point test data. Mini Problem 05: Material Balance Be able to derive and apply the material balance relation for a volumetric slightly compressible (oil) system. Be able to derive and apply the material balance relation for a volumetric dry gas system. Be able to state the key issues/factors for applying the material balance equation to a reservoir system. Be able to explain average reservoir pressure determination and its importance. Be able to explain/apply the material balance relation for a dry gas reservoir with water influx. Be able to explain/apply the material balance relation for an abnormally pressured dry gas reservoir. Mini Problem 06: Derivation of the p2 Flow Relation from Darcy's Law (Steady-State Flow) Be able to derive the steady-state flow equations for horizontal linear and radial flow of liquids (all forms). Be able to sketch the pressure versus distance trend for a reservoir system which exhibits steady-state flow behavior. Be able to explain the "radius of investigation" concept (based on transient radial flow). Mini Problem 07: Skin Factor Be able to derive the "physical" skin factor model for a zone of altered permeability near the well (radial flow case). Be able to describe the conditions of damage and stimulation using the physical (radial) skin factor concept. Be able to derive and apply the "apparent wellbore radius" concept for the near well skin factor (transient flow). Mini Problem 08: Pseudosteady-State Flow (PSS) Behavior Be able to derive the general relations for PSS flow in a closed black oil reservoir system. Be able to sketch the pressure versus distance trend(s) for a reservoir that exhibits PSS flow behavior. Be able to sketch the pressure versus time trend(s) for a reservoir that exhibits PSS flow behavior. Be able to derive and apply the equivalent constant-rate PSS flow relation assuming random flowrate and pressure. Be able to create a PSS plotting function for estimating reserves assuming a constant bottomhole pressure. Mini Problem 09: Pseudosteady-State (PSS) Flow Behavior (Constant Wellbore Pressure Case) Be able to derive the exponential rate decline relation (material balance equation combined with PSS flow equation). Be able to obtain an expression for the cumulative production using the exponential rate decline relation (PSS flow). Be able to develop a "constant pressure" material balance relation (PSS flow). Mini Problem 10: Pseudosteady-State (PSS) Flow Behavior (Estimating Volume-in-Place and Drainage Area) Be able to apply the PSS flow relation to field data to obtain the in-place fluid volume and reservoir drainage area. Mini Problem 11: Diffusivity Equation Be able to develop the diffusivity equation for single-phase fluid flow in radial or linear horizontal flow system. Be able to state the variables in the diffusivity equation for single-phase oil and gas flow. Be able to state the assumptions, limitations and applications of the diffusivity equation. Be able to state the dimensionless variables and dimensionless solutions for a particular reservoir model. Be able to define and apply the pseudopressure and pseudotime relations for dry gas reservoir systems.

Study Session for Exam 1: Monday, 17 March 5:00 to 7:30 p.m. RICH 106 Exam 1: Wednesday, 19 March Starting at 7:00 p.m. (RICH 101 and 114)

Petroleum Engineering 324 Reservoir Performance Exam 1 Study Guide T.A. Blasingame/D. Ilk Spring 2008

3 Mini-Problems: (Continued)
Mini Problem 12: Solution of the Diffusivity Equation (E1(x) and log(x) Approximations) Be able to state the reservoir solutions for transient radial flow (i.e., infinite-acting homogeneous reservoir). Be able to explain the difference between the E1(x) and log(x) solutions (recall both are approximations). Be able to compute and sketch the DRAWDOWN pressure versus distance trends for the following cases: Steady-state, Pseudosteady-state, and Transient (radial) flow solutions. Be able to compute and sketch the BUILDUP pressure versus distance trends for the transient radial flow case. Mini Problem 13: Derivation of the Steady-State Radial Gas Flow Relation (Pseudopressure Calculation) Be able to apply the pseudopressure and pressure-squared formulations for gas flow cases. Be able to obtain the pressure profile in the reservoir using for the single-phase gas flow solution(s). Be able to compute the pseudopressures numerically using the trapezoidal rule. Mini Problem 14: Example Pressure Drawdown Test Analysis (Semi-log Analysis) Be able to apply the transient radial flow solution for the analysis/interpretation of a pressure drawdown test. Be able to identify and label the flow regimes which are typically observed during a pressure drawdown test. Be able to use the pressure (drop) derivative to identify flow regimes which occur for a pressure drawdown test. Mini Problem 15: Derivation of the Pressure Buildup Test Analysis Formulation (Using Convolution) Be able to derive the general result for a variable-rate test sequence (assume undistorted, infinite-acting radial flow). Be able to convert the variable-rate formulation into a general analysis relation (hint: the p/q formulation). Be able to derive the "Horner" equation for a pressure "buildup" test sequence. Be able to derive the "effective time" relation for a pressure "buildup" test sequence. Be able to develop and apply the skin factor result for use in "Horner" analysis. Mini Problem 16: Derivation of the "Muskat-Arps-Smith" Late-Time Pressure Buildup Test Analysis Method Be able to derive the "Muskat-Arps-Smith" plotting functions for the determination of the average reservoir pressure. Be able to apply the "Muskat-Arps-Smith" plotting functions using late-time pressure buildup test data. Mini Problem 17: Example Pressure Buildup Test Analysis (Semi-log Analysis) Be able to apply the Horner, t and te plotting functions to analyze pressure buildup data (for transient radial flow). Be able to identify and label the flow regimes which are typically observed during a pressure buildup test. Be able to use the pressure (drop) derivative to identify flow regimes which occur for a pressure buildup test. Be able to explain the difference between using t and te for the analysis of a pressure buildup test.

Study Session for Exam 1: Monday, 17 March 5:00 to 7:30 p.m. RICH 106 Exam 1: Wednesday, 19 March Starting at 7:00 p.m. (RICH 101 and 114)

Petroleum Engineering 324 Reservoir Performance Exam 1 Study Guide T.A. Blasingame/D. Ilk Spring 2008

4 Petroleum Engineering 324 Reservoir Performance Exam 1 Study Guide T.A. Blasingame/D. Ilk Spring 2008 Course Outline
Date Module 1 Introductory Materials January 14 16 18 21 23 25 28 30 February 01 04 06 08 M W F M W F M W F M W F Course Introduction/Review of Syllabus Objectives of Well Tests Review of petrophysics/Review of fluid properties Discussion of reservoir models and properties that can be obtained University Holiday Plots used in well testing (Cartesian, semi-log, and log-log plots) Material balance concepts (constant compressibility and dry gas systems) Steady-state flow concepts: Liquid and gas systems Steady-state flow concepts: Development of the radial flow skin factor Pseudosteady-state flow concepts: Derivation of (pr-pwf), ( p -pwf), and (pi-p(r,t)) relations (Syllabus Spring 2008) Mod1_01, Mod1_02, Mod1_03 Mod1_03 Mod1_03 Mod2_01 Mod2_02 Mod2_02 Mod2_03 Topic Reading "Old Notes"

Module 2 Fundamentals of Flow in Porous Media

Pseudosteady-state flow concepts: Example applications Mod2_03 Development of the diffusivity equation: Liquid and gas systems Mod2_04, Mod2_05 Transient flow concepts: E1(x) and log approximation solutions, other non-radial solutions, and reservoir pressure distributions (steady-state, pseudosteady-state, and transient radial flow) (text reading) Dimensionless variables radial flow diffusivity equation Solutions of the diffusivity equation (various solutions) Solutions of the diffusivity equation (concept of "type curves") Variable-rate convolution: General case Wellbore Phenomena: Well completions (as these pertain to well testing) Wellbore Phenomena: Derivation of wellbore storage models/example analysis applications Variable-rate convolution: Single-rate pressure drawdown case Mod3_01 Mod3_02 Mod3_02 Mod3_03 handouts Mod3_04 Mod3_03

Module 3 Solutions/Models for Well Test Analysis 11 13 15 18 20 22 25 27 29 March 03 05 07 17 19 21 24 26 28 April 31 02 04 07 09 11 14 16 18 21 23 25 28 29 May 07 M W F M W F M W F M W F M W F M W F M W F M W F M W F M W F M T W

Module 4 Well Test Analysis Variable-rate convolution: Single-rate pressure buildup case Mod3_03, Mod4_01 Well test analysis: Conventional analysis of pressure drawdown/buildup test data Mod3_03, Mod3_04, Mod4_01 Well test analysis: Conventional analysis of pressure drawdown/buildup test data Mod3_03, Mod3_04, Mod4_01 Well test analysis: Conventional analysis of pressure drawdown/buildup test data Mod3_03, Mod3_04, Mod4_01 Well test analysis: Analysis of gas well tests Mod2_05 Well test analysis: Analysis of gas well tests Well test analysis: Radial flow case ("Bourdet-Gringarten" type curve) Reading Day (No Classes Good Friday) Well test analysis: Radial flow case (Faulted reservoir case: "Stewart" type curve) Well test analysis: Radial flow case (Radial composite case: "Tang and Brigham" type curve) Well test analysis: Fractured wells (dimensionless conductivity and penetration) Well test analysis: Fractured wells (type curve analysis) Well test analysis: Dual porosity reservoir case (introduction) Well test analysis: Dual porosity reservoir case (type curve analysis) Design of well tests Software for the analysis of well test data Software for the analysis of well test data Analysis of production data: Introduction Analysis of production data: Empirical analysis/forecasting of production data Analysis of production data: Empirical analysis/forecasting of production data Analysis of production data: Deliverability testing Analysis of production data: Fetkovich-McCray decline type curve analysis Analysis of production data: Fetkovich-McCray decline type curve analysis (dead day) Software for the analysis of production data (redefined day ("Friday")) Software for the analysis of production data Project Due by 5:00 p.m. Mod2_05 Mod4_02 Mod4_03 Mod4_03 Mod4_04 Mod4_04 Mod4_05 Mod4_05 (text reading) handouts handouts Mod5_01 Mod5_01 Mod5_01 Mod5_02 Mod5_03 Mod5_03 (handouts) (handouts)

Spring Break: 10-14 March 2008 (Exam 1)

Module 5 Analysis and Modeling of Production Data (in preparation)

(Exam 2)

Common Exam Dates: (These are night exams starting at 7:00 p.m.) Exam 1 Wednesday, 19 March (RICH 101 and 114) Exam 2 Friday, 25 April (RICH 101 and 114) Study Session for Exam 1: Monday, 17 March 5:00 to 7:30 p.m. RICH 106 Exam 1: Wednesday, 19 March Starting at 7:00 p.m. (RICH 101 and 114) Petroleum Engineering 324 Reservoir Performance Exam 1 Study Guide T.A. Blasingame/D. Ilk Spring 2008