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KATA PENGANTAR
Assalamualaikum wr. wb. Pertama-tama kami mengucapkan puji syukur kehadirat ALLAH SWT Tuhan semesta alam karena atas rahmat dan hidayatnya kami dapat menyelesaikan tugas matakuliah proses pantai dengan baik dan tepat dengan waktunya, serta terima kasih kepada bapak Prof Widi A. Praktikto yang telah memberikan tugas serta bimbingannya sehingga saya dapat memahami apa yang terkait dengan proses pantai. Dalam tugas ini diharapkan mahasiswa Teknik Kelautan ITS mampu memahami dan memprediksi sea level rise, rip current maupun beach nourishment baik lingkup Indonesia maupun di dunia, dan juga dari tugas ini diharapkan membawa manfaat bagi yang membacanya. Sebagai manusia tidak terlepas dari kesalahan dan kekhilafan oleh karena itu saya sebagai penulis motion maaf dan mengharapkan kritik sarannya agar kedepannya lebih baik karena pada dasarnya manusia itu dinamis dan harapan saya tetap di jalan yang lurus akhir kata terima kasih atas perhatiannya Wassalammualaikum wr.wb.

Surabaya, 19 April 2013

Penulis,

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CHAPTER 1 : SEA LEVEL RISE

1.1 What is Sea Level Rise ? The phenomenon of sea level rising around the world in respond to climate change and are expected to rise further by the end of this century. The accelerated of sea level rise is projected about two to four fold during next century, also increasing storm surge and shoreline retreat along low-lying and moreover caused unconsolidated coastal margins. It is true that it is not yet clear if this increased rate of sea level rise is a short or long term trend. However, this rise is consistent with recent increases in ocean warming and land-based ice contributions to rising sea levels.

1.2 Causes of Sea Level Rise A Warmer global atmosphere is causing sea levels to rise. A warming atmosphere (or climate change) is caused by human activities adding carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping gases to our atmosphere. As shown in Figure 1, this warmer atmosphere contributes to sea level rise by : a) Increasing the temperature of sea water which causes it to expand (This increase in volume is known as thermal expansion); b) Melting glaciers and polar ice caps frozen fresh water is draining from land into the ocean; and c) Melting land-based ice, in area such as Greenland or the West Antartic ice sheet.

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1.3 What does Sea Level Rise mean for our coast We will notice changes in sea level through : a) More intense and frequent storm surges and coastal flooding; b) Increased salinity of rivers, bays and coastal aquifers resulting from saline intrusion; c) Increased coastal erosion and shoreline retreat; and d) Inundation of low-lying coastal areas. Sea level rise on its own will not have the greatest impact on the coast, but the greatest impacts will come from sea level rise combined with extreme weather events. For example, extreme flooding will be caused by climate events such as storm surges, high tides and windstorms, in combination with higher sea level. 1.4 Projections of Sea Level Rise Since 1870, global sea level has risen by about 8 inches. Estimates of future sea level rise vary for different regions, but global sea level for the next

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century is expected to rise at a greater rate than during the past 50 years. The contribution of thermal expansion, ice caps, and small glaciers to sea level rise is relatively well-studied, but the impacts of climate change on ice sheets are less understood and represent an active area of research. Thus it is more difficult to predict how much changes in ice sheets will contribute to sea level rise. Ice loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets could contribute an additional 1 foot of sea level rise, depending on how the ice sheets respond. Regional and local factors will influence future relative sea level rise for specific coastlines around the world. For example, relative sea level rise depends on land elevation changes that occur as a result of subsidence (sinking) or uplift (rising). Assuming that these historical geological forces continue, a 2-foot rise in global sea level by 2100 would result in the following relative sea level rise : a) 2.3 feet at New York City b) 2.9 feet at Hampton Roads, Virginia c) 3.5 feet at Galveston, Texas d) 1 foot at Neah Bay in Washington state

Figure 3. Sea level

rise is swamping coasts; Rodanthe in the Outer Banks of North Carolina is

pictured.
CREDIT: Andrew Kemp, Yale University

But, as we know before that its difficult to predict sea level rising, Nowadays, the new satellite measurements suggest that global sea levels are rising

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faster than the most recent projections by the United Nations' climate change panel. The new report found that sea levels are rising at an annual rate of 0.12 inches (3.2 millimeters) 60 percent faster than the best estimate of 0.08 inches (2 millimeters) per year, which the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) calculated in 2007. But, how about in Indonesia Based on the IPCC AR4, The SLR rate ranges form 0.2 cm/year to 1 cm/year, with the average around 0.6 cm/year. The highest SLR occurred in the Pacific Ocean, north of Papua and reached about 1 cm/year: the lowest occurred closed to the south of Java and ranged form about 0.2 cm/year to 0.4 cm/year. If these trends continue, the sea level rise will reach about 6 cm to 30 cm in 2030 (due its projection Indonesia could lose almost 2,000 small island), with the average SLR for all Indonesia ranging from approximately 15 cm to 18 cm. By 2050, SLR could reach 10 cm to 50 cm, with an average of 25 cm to 50 cm. SLR in 2080 could reach 16 cm to 80 cm with average ranging from 40 cm to 48 cm. by the end of the century, sea level rise could range from 20 cm to 100 cm, with an average of 50 cm to 60 cm.

Reference : http://www.climatechange.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/124935/SeaLevel-Rise-Factsheet.pdf http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/science/future.html http://www.livescience.com/25097-sea-levels-rising-faster-ipcc.html http://www.icctf.or.id/download/document/c20ad4d76fe97759aa27a0c99bff6710. pdf

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