AME2503 Session 3&4 PDF

PEMP
AME2503
Structural Probloem
Truss Element
Session delivered by: Session delivered by:
Dr Vinod K Banthia Dr Vinod K Banthia Dr. Vinod K. Banthia Dr. Vinod K. Banthia
M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 1
PEMP
AME2503
Session Objectives
At the end of this session the delegate would have understood
the the
Breaking up and Putting together of structures
The meaning of Element Formulation
Approaches to Element Formulation
Concept of shape functions for element formulation
Energyapproachfor element formulation Energy approach for element formulation
Concept of natural coordinate systems and J acobian
Limitation of linear elements
Development of higher order elements
Impact of distortion in the element on its performance
PEMP
AME2503
Session Topics
1. Structure as a combination of springs
2. Structure idealisation, discretisation and assembly
3 El t tiff f l ti 3. Element stiffness formulation
4. Displacement approach and shape functions
5. Concept, propertiesanduseof shapefunctions 5. Concept, properties and use of shape functions
6. Natural coordinates and mapping
7. Use of energy methods for element formulation
8. Pr. of Virtual work, Variation approach and Pr. of minimum
potential energy
9. Element stiffnessandconsistent loads 9. Element stiffness and consistent loads
10. Limitation of linear elements
11. Higher order element definition and formulation
12. Element distortion and resulting impact
PEMP
AME2503
Putting together of the structure
PP
o
To determine the Deformation (o) in a structure of stiffness (K) subjected to Load (P)
Ko = P
o
P
o
P
o
PEMP
AME2503
o = o
1
+ o
2
o
1
o
2
= (F
1
/K
1
) + (F
1
/K
2
)
o
1
2
F
1
= P
(Equilibrium) K1*o
1
= F
1
K2*o
2
= F
1
o =(F /K ) +(F /K )
P
o
o = (F
1
/K
1
) + (F
1
/K
2
)
= P[(1/K
1
) + (1/K
2
)]
(K
1
*K2)
(K +K )
o = P
(K
1
+K
2
)
PEMP
AME2503
o
1
o
2
P = F
1
+ F
2
= (K
1
*o1) + (K
2
*o
2
)
o
1
2
(
1
) (
2 2
)
(Equilibrium)
o
1
= o
2
(Continuity)
P
o
P = (K
1
*o) + (K
2
*o)
(K
1
+K
2
)* o = P
PEMP
AME2503
Typical Problem in Solid Mechanics
P
1
K
1
o
1
K
2
o
2
1
o
3
K
K
o
2
P
3
K
3
K
4
Basic
P
o
P
o
Configurations
P
o
PEMP
AME2503
1 2
P
A
1
,L
1
,E
1
A
2
,L
2
,E
2
1
Pl
o
2 1
Pl Pl
+ o
1 1
1
1
E A
= o
2 2
2
1 1
1
2
E A E A
+ = o
E A E A
1
1 1
1
l
E A
K =
2
2 2
2
l
E A
K =
o
2 2 1 1 2 1
* E A E A K K
P
o
1 2 2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
2 1
2 1
l E A l E A
E A E A
K K
K K
K
+
=
+
=
2 2
2
1 1
1
2 2 1 1
1 2 2 2 1 1
2
) (
E A
Pl
E A
Pl
E A E A
l E A l E A P
K
P
+ =
+
= = o
?
1
= o
PEMP
AME2503
U1, P1 U2, P2 U3, P3
K3
K5
M1 M2 M3
K6
PEMP
AME2503
U1
F
1
(1)
K
1
U
1
=F
1
(1)
U2 U1 U2 U1
F
2
(2)
F
1
(2)
F
1
(2)
F
2
(2)
K
2
1 1 U
1
-1 1 U
2
=
K
2
(+U
1
- U
2
) = F
1
(2)
K
2
(-U
1
+U
2
) = F
2
(2)
2
F
1
2
1 1 U
2
2
(
1 2
)
2
U2 U1
F
(3)
F
(3)
F
1
(3)
F
(3)
K
3
1 1 U
1
1 1 U
=
K
3
(+U
1
- U
2
) = F
1
(3)
K ( U +U ) F
(3)
F
2
(3)
F
1
(3)
F
2
(3)
-1 1 U
2
K
3
(-U
1
+U
2
) = F
2
(3)
PEMP
AME2503
U3 U2
F
2
(4)
1 1 U
2
K (+U U ) F
(4)
F
3
(4)
F
2
(4)
2
F
3
(4)
K
4
1 1 U
2
-1 1 U
3
=
K
4
(+U
2
U
3
) = F
2
(4)
K
4
(-U
2
+U
3
) = F
3
(4)
U3 U2
F
3
(5)
F
2
(5)
F
2
(5)
F
3
(5)
K
5
1 1 U
2
-1 1 U
3
=
K
5
(+U
2
U
3
) = F
2
(5)
K
5
(-U
2
+U
3
) = F
3
(5)
U3 U2 U3 U2
F
3
(6)
F
2
(6)
F
2
(6)
F
3
(6)
K
6
1 1 U
2
1 1 U
=
K
6
(+U
2
U
3
) = F
2
(6)
K
6
(-U
2
+U
3
) = F
3
(6)
F
3
F
2
F
3
-1 1 U
3
6
(
2 3
)
3
PEMP
AME2503
U1, P1 U2, P2 U3, P3
K5
M1 M2 M3
K6
K3
K5
M1 M2 M3
( ) ( ) ( )
Equilibrium Equations:
Station 1: F
1
(1)
+ F
1
(2)
+ F
1
(3)
=P
1
Station 2: F
2
(2)
+ F
2
(3)
+ F
2
(4)
+ F
2
(5)
+ F
2
(6)
= P
2
KU = P
Station 3: F
3
(4)
+ F
3
(5)
+ F
3
(6)
=P
3
U ={U1 U2 U3} DisplacementVector
U {U1 U2 U3} Displacement Vector
P = {P1 P2 P3} Load Vector
PEMP
AME2503
U1 P1 U2 P2 U3 P3
St 1: F
1
(1)
+ F
1
(2)
+ F
1
(3)
=P
1
St 2: F
2
(2)
+ F
2
(3)
+ F
2
(4)
+ F
2
(5)
+ F
2
(6)
= P
2
K5
U1, P1 U2, P2 U3, P3
M1 M2 M3
St 3: F
3
(4)
+ F
3
(5)
+ F
3
(6)
=P
3
K6
K3
M1 M2 M3
1 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 1
) ( ) ( P U U K U U K U K = + +
) 0 ( ) ( ) ( P U U K K U K K K
1 3 2 3 2 1 3 2 1
) 0 ( ) ( ) ( P U U K K U K K K = + + + +
) ( ) ( 1 ) 3 2 ( P U K K K U K K K K K U K K = + + + + + + + +
2 3 6 5 4 2 6 5 4 3 2
) ( ) ( 1 ) 3 2 ( P U K K K U K K K K K U K K = + + + + + + + +
3 3 6 5 4 2 6 5 4 1
) ( ) ( ) 0 ( P U K K K U K K K U = + + + + +
3 3 6 5 4 2 6 5 4 1
) ( ) ( ) (
PEMP
AME2503
K
1
+K
2
+K
3
-K
2
-K
3
0
K=
-K
2
-K
3
K
2
+K
3
+K
4
+K
5
+K
6
-K
4
-K
5
-K
6
5 6
K
4
+K
5
+K
6
0 -K
4
-K
5
-K
6
PEMP
AME2503
U1, P1 U2, P2 U3, P3
M1 M2 M3
0 0 0
U1 U2 U3
P1
K=
0 0 0
P2
0 0 0
P3
PEMP
AME2503
U1, P1 U2, P2 U3, P3
M1 M2 M3
F1
(1)
+F1
(2)
+F1
(3)
=P1
K
0 0
U1 U2 U3
P1
K
1
0 0 0
P1
P2
K
1
U
1
=F
1
(1)
0
0
0
0
0
0
P2
P3
0 0 0
P3
PEMP
AME2503
U1, P1 U2, P2 U3, P3
F1
(1)
+F1
(2)
+F1
(3)
=P1
M1 M2 M3
F2
(2)
+F2
(3)
+F2
(4)
+F2
(5)
+F2
(6)
=P2
K
1
+K
2 -K
2
0
U1 U2 U3
P1
1 2
-K
2
K
2
K
2
0
P2
K
2
(+U
1
- U
2
) = F
1
(2)
K ( U +U ) = F
(2)
0
K
2
0
K
2
0
0
P3
K
2
(-U
1
+U
2
) = F
2
( )
PEMP
AME2503
U1, P1 U2, P2 U3, P3
F1
(1)
+F1
(2)
+F1
(3)
=P1
K3
M1 M2 M3
F2
(2)
+F2
(3)
+F2
(4)
+F2
(5)
+F2
(6)
=P2
K +K +K K K 0
U1 U2 U3
P1
K
1
+K
2
+K
3
-K
2
-K
3
K K
K
2
+K
3
0
0
P2
K
3
(+U
1
- U
2
) = F
1
(3)
K (-U +U ) = F
(3)
-K
2
-K
3
0 0
0
0
P3
K
3
(-U
1
+U
2
) = F
2
( )
PEMP
AME2503
U1, P1 U2, P2 U3, P3
K3
M1 M2 M3
F2
(2)
+F2
(3)
+F2
(4)
+F2
(5)
+F2
(6)
=P2
F3
(4)
+F3
(5)
+F3
(6)
=P3
K +K +K K K 0
U1 U2 U3
P1
K
1
+K
2
+K
3
-K
2
-K
3
K K K +K +K
0
K
P2
K
4
(+U
2
U
3
) = F
2
(4)
K ( U +U ) = F
(4)
-K
2
-K
3
K
2
+K
3
+K
4
K
4
0
-K
4
-K
4
P3
K
4
(-U
2
+U
3
) = F
3
( )
4 4
PEMP
AME2503
U1, P1 U2, P2 U3, P3
K3
K5
M1 M2 M3
F2
(2)
+F2
(3)
+F2
(4)
+F2
(5)
+F2
(6)
=P2
F3
(4)
+F3
(5)
+F3
(6)
=P3
K +K +K K K 0
U1 U2 U3
P1
K
1
+K
2
+K
3
-K
2
-K
3
K K
K
2
+K
3
+K
4
0
K K
P2
K
5
(+U
2
U
3
) = F
2
(5)
K ( U +U ) = F
(5)
-K
2
-K
3
+K
5
K
4
+K
5
0
-K
4
-K
5
-K
4
-K
5
P3
K
5
(-U
2
+U
3
) = F
3
( )
4 5 4 5
PEMP
AME2503
U1, P1 U2, P2 U3, P3
K
K3
K5
M1 M2 M3
F2
(2)
+F2
(3)
+F2
(4)
+F2
(5)
+F2
(6)
=P2
F3
(4)
+F3
(5)
+F3
(6)
=P3
K6
K +K +K K K 0
U1 U2 U3
P1
K
1
+K
2
+K
3
-K
2
-K
3
K K
K
2
+K
3
+K
4
0
K K K
P2
K
6
(+U
2
U
3
) = F
2
(6)
K ( U +U ) = F
(6)
-K
2
-K
3
+K
5
+K
6
K
4
+K
5
+K
6
0
-K
4
-K
5
-K
6
-K
4
-K
5
-K
6
P3
K
6
(-U
2
+U
3
) = F
3
( )
4 5 6 4 5 6
PEMP
AME2503
1 1
E A
K
2 2
E A
K
P F F F = = +
) 2 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 (
; 0
Equilibrium at point 1 and 2
o o
1
1 1
1
l
E A
K =
2
2 2
2
l
E A
K =
P F F F = = +
2 1 1
; 0
0 ) (
2 2 1 2 1
= + o o K K K
P K K o o
K
1
o
1
K
2
P
o
2
`
=
`
(
(
+ K K K 0
1 2 2 1
o
P K K = +
2 2 1 2
o o
o
1
K
1
o
1
=F
1
(1)
1 2
)
`
)
`
P K K
2 2 2
o
(
K K 0
1
o
(DE to Simultaneous eq. 2x2)
F
1
(1)
K
1
o
1
F
1
o o
)
`
+
=
)
`
P K K K
K K
K K
0
1
2 1 2
2 2
2 1 2
1
o
o
1 Pl
o
2
o
1
F
2
(2)
F
1
(2)
K
2
(+o
1
- o
2
) = F
1
(2)
K
2
(-o
1
+o
2
) = F
2
(2)
1 1
1
1
1
1
E A
Pl
P
K
= = o
2 1 2 1
2
Pl Pl
P
K K
+ =
+
= o
2
F
1
2 2 1 1 2 1
2
E A E A
P
K K
+ o
PEMP
AME2503
Idealisation and Discretisation
PEMP
AME2503
The Behaviour
PEMP
AME2503
Idealisation and Discretisation
(KYS) (KYS)
Idealisation
P
Behaviour can be represented using mathematical equations
P
PEMP
AME2503
FEM Idealisation FEM Idealisation
Idealisation
PEMP
AME2503
FEM Discretisation FEM Discretisation
PEMP
AME2503
FEM Assembly & Solution FEM Assembly & Solution
PEMP
AME2503
El t F l ti Element Formulation
Session delivered by: Session delivered by:
Dr Vinod K Banthia Dr Vinod K Banthia Dr. Vinod K. Banthia Dr. Vinod K. Banthia
PEMP
AME2503
Typical Problem in Solid Mechanics
PP
o
To determine the Deformation (o) in a structure of stiffness (K) subjected to Load (P)
Ko = P
K=?
PEMP
AME2503
1-D Truss Element (Formulation)
o
I
o
J
A, L, E F
I
F
J
I
J
K
e
* o
e
= F
e
2 x 2 2 x 1 2 x 1
`
(
(
I I IJ II
F K K o
*
)
`
=
)
`
J
I
J
I
JJ JI
IJ II
F K K o
*
PEMP
AME2503
1-D Truss Element (Direct Method Formulation)
o
1
o
2
o
A, L, E F
1
F
2
1
2
F
2
= Ao
c
2
o = Ec
c = (o
2
-o
1
)/L
L AE AE F F / ) (
2 1 2 1
o o c = = =
(
+ 1 1 F
AE
o
L AE AE F / ) (
1 2 2
o o c = =
)
`
=
)
`
+
+
2
1
2
1
*
1 1
1 1
F
F
L
AE
o
o
PEMP
AME2503
1-D Truss Element (Strain & Stress)
o
1
o
2
o
A, L, E F
1
F
2
1 2
c
=
A
=
1 2
o o
c
L

= =
1
o
c
L L

=
1
o
c o
E
E

)
`
=
2
1
1 1
1
o
o
L

)
`
=
2
1
1 1
o
o
L
E

Sign Convention:
Positive Stress or Strain Tensile
Negative Stress or Strain Compressive
PEMP
AME2503
1-D Truss Element (Summary)
Geometric - Area of Cross-section (A)
L th(L)
Required Inputs:
Length (L)
Material - Modulus of elasticity (E)
Si C i f S & S i Sign Convention for Stress & Strain:
Positive - Elongation/Tensile Strain/Stress
Negative Compression/CompressiveStrain/Stress Negative - Compression/Compressive Strain/Stress
Observations:
A
1 2
o o L
The normal Strain/Stress does not vary
`
=
= =
1
1 2
1 1
1
o
c
L L
The normal Strain/Stress does not vary
throughout the element i.e., it is constant.
The Strain/Stress throughout the mesh
varies in a piecewise constant manner

)
`
=
2
1 1
o L

varies in a piecewise constant manner.
PEMP
AME2503
Applicability:
Solid Mechanics
H tT f Heat Transfer
Flow
Dimensionality: Dimensionality:
1-D
Element Shape: Element Shape:
Line
Material Law: ate a aw:
Hookes Law (Linear Elastic)
Nodal Degrees of Freedom:
g
Translation along x direction
PEMP
AME2503
Assumptions: Assumptions:
Prismatic Member (Uniform Cross-section)
Loads/Weight act only along the axis of the element
Loads applied at the centroid of the cross-section
Applied Loads are constant
Material is homogeneous and isotropic
Poissons effect is neglected
Buckling effect is not considered
Cross-section remains plane
PEMP
AME2503
Local and Global Coordinate Systems
o
1
o
2
A, L, E F
1
F
2
1 2
PEMP
AME2503
1-D Truss Element (Displacement Approach)
o
1
o
2
A, L, E F
1
F
2
1 2
AssumeaDisplacement Function Assume a Displacement Function

+ =
2 1
a
x a a u

)
`
=
2
1
x 1
a
a
1 1 2 1
0 * ) 0 ( o = = + = a a a u
l l l) ( o
l a l a a l u
I 2 2 1
) ( + = + = o
PEMP
AME2503
Y
x 2
o
y
Y
a
2
2
x
L
x 1
o
1
u
2
L
a
1
u
1
X
PEMP
AME2503
1
1 2
o
o o
+
|
.
|
\
|

= x
L
u
. \
L
`
=
1
1
o
o
x x
)
`
2
o L L
`
1
1
o
du

)
`
= =
2
1
1 1
1
o
o
c
L dx
du

)
`
= =
2
1
1 1
o
o
c o
L
E
E
) 2
PEMP
AME2503

)
`
=
)
`
=
2
1
2
1
1 1
1
o
o
o
o
c B
L
) ) 2 2
o o L
Strain-Displacement Matrix

)
`
=
1
2 1
o
o
c B B

)
`
2
2 1
o
(
1 1 1
0 o c c
DB D
E
)
`
=
)
`
=
)
`
=
2
1
2
1
2
1
0
0
o
o
c
c
c
c
o DB D
E
E
Stress-Strain Matrix
PEMP
AME2503
1-D Truss Element Representation of Displacement Variation
o
2
o
1
2
L
1
o
25
Variation of Delta = Variation of Delta1 + Variation of Delta2
Variation of Delta1 = o
1
*f(x), where f(x) =1@x=0 and
=0@x=1
15
20
25
Variation of delta
delta1
delta2
@
5
10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
PEMP
AME2503
1-D Truss Element (Shape Functions)
Shape Functions:
L
x
N =1
1
2 Node at 0 1 Node at 1 = =
L
1
L
x
N =
2
2 Node at 1 1 Node at 0 = =
N
1
1
1
2 1
= + N N
L
2 Node at 1 1 Node at 0
N
1
N
2
1 2
L
L
PEMP
AME2503
1-D Truss Element (Shape Function Approach)
o
1
o
2
A, L, E F
1
F
2
1 2

(

o o

)
`
=
)
`
=
2
1
2
1
2 1
1
o
o
o
o
L
x
L
x
N N u

| |
)
`
=
)
`
= =
1 1
1 1
1
o
o
o
o
c B
L dx
du
) ) 2 2
o o L dx
| | | || |
`
=
`
=
`
(
(
=
1 1 1
0 o c c
o B D D
E
| | | || |
)
`
)
`
)
`
2 2 2
0 o c c
o B D D
E
PEMP
AME2503
Generation of Shape Functions
PascalsTriangle
......
2
6 5
2
4 3 2 1
+ + + + + + = y xy x y x o o o o o o |
1
Pascal s Triangle
1
y x
x
2
y
2 xy
y
x
3
y
3
x
2
y xy
2
Lagrange Polynomial
) .( )......... )( .( )......... )( (
1 1 1 0 k k
n
x x x x x x x x x x
l

) .( )......... )( .( )......... )( (
) .( )......... )( .( )......... )( (
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
n k k k k k k k
n k k
n
k
x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x
l

=
+
+
m n
l l N N =
J I IJ i
l l N N =
PEMP
AME2503
1-D Truss Element (Natural Coordinate System)
Mapping of physical coordinates into non-dimensionalised system
N l C d k l f 1 d 0 h d Natural Coordinates take values of 1 and 0 at the nodes
L
L L /
1 1
=
O
1
2
P
L
/
1 1
1

1
= L
1
/ L
2
x
1
L
2
L
1
+
L L /
2 2
=
x
2
= x
1
+ L
x =
1
x
1
+
2
x
2
2 2
2
= L
2
/ L
1
2 1
= +
PEMP
AME2503
1
2
L/2 L/2
X
1
X
2
= -1 = 1 = 0
+b = a+bx
1 =a+bX 1 =a+bX 1 = a+bX
1
1 = a+bX
2
1 ) (
2
1
= X X
1 ) (
) (
1
1 2
X X
X X
PEMP
AME2503
) 1 (
N
Shape Functions in Natural Coordinate System
) 1 ( +
N
2
) (
1

= N
2
) (
2

= N
o o N N u + =
Strains in Natural Coordinate System
2 2 1 1
o o N N u + =
L d
du
dx
d
d
du
dx
du 2
*
c = = =

| |
)
`
=
)
`
=
)
`
=
1 1 1
2 1
1 1
1 2
o
o
o
o
o
o

B
L d
dN
d
dN
L
) ) ) 2 2 2
o o o L d d L
PEMP
AME2503
Generation of Shape Functions
S di i f il Serendipity family
=1 =+1
2
) 1 (
1

= N
2
) 1 (
2
+
= N
q
= 1 =+1
) 1 )( 1 (
q
(1,1)
(-1,1)
4
) 1 )( 1 (
i i
i
N
qq + +
=
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 (
(0,0)
4
) 1 )( 1 )( 1 ( + + +
=
i i i i
i
N
qq qq
) 1 )( 1 (
2
+ qq
(-1,-1) (1,-1)
0
2
) 1 )( 1 (
=
+
=
i
i
i
for N
qq
0
) 1 )( 1 (
2
=
+
=
i
for N q
q
0
2
= =
i i
for N q
PEMP
AME2503
Element Formulation Potential Energy Approach
P i i l f Vi l W k Principle of Virtual Work:
Real Quantities:
P
1
P
2
Forces & Moments (P,T,&F)
Virtual Quantity:
F
B
o
Virtual Quantity:
Displacement (o)
T
i
Virt al Strain(oc)
P
i
Virtual Strain (oc)
Virtual Work Internal & External
(oU) (oV)
PEMP
AME2503
Element Formulation Energy Approach
For a body in static equilibrium, the sum of the work done by the
Principle of Virtual Work:
y q f y
external loads (oV) and the stored strain energy (oU) is equal to
zero for any kinematically admissible virtual displacement field (o
i
)
oU + oV = 0
}}}
=
V
dV U o oc o ) (
}} }}}

}} }}}
+ + =
n
i i B
P dS dV F V
1
S
i S
V
* T * * o o o o
PEMP
AME2503
Principle of Minimum Potential Energy:
For conservative systems, of all the kinematically admissible
displacement fields, those corresponding to equilibrium extremise
the total Potential Energy. If the extremum condition is a minimum,
the equilibrium is stable the equilibrium is stable
Kinematically admissible displacements are those that satisfy the
single-valued nature of displacements (compatibility) and boundary g f p ( p y) y
conditions.
m) Equilibriu (Stable 0
2
2
>
H
d
d
H
) q (
2
du
) E ilib i (U t bl 0
2
H d
m) Equilibriu (Neutral 0
2
2
=
H
du
d
m) Equilibriu (Unstable 0
2
<
du
u
PEMP
AME2503
Solution Techniques for Boundary Value Problems
P
x=0 x=l
Z
z
B
X Y
dA
For Beam
( ) l / x sin B ) x ( w t =
For Beam
( ) ( ) l / x cos l / Bz ) x ( w z ) z ( u t t =
'
=
( ) ( ) l / x sin l / Bz ) x ( w z ) z ( t t c
2
=
' '
=
) z ( E ) z ( c o =
) z ( E ) z ( c o =
PEMP
AME2503
Principleof MinimumPotential Energy:
Solution Techniques for Boundary Value Problems
}} }} }}
' '
= = = dV w Ez dV E dV B U
2
1
2
1
2
1
) (
2 2 2
c oc
( )
( )
( )
( )
} } }
= = dx l x
l EI B
dA z dx l x
l E B
/ sin
2
/
/ sin
2
/
2 2 2
2
4
2
2 2
4
2
t
t
t
t
( ) l l EI B
(
/
4
2
t
PB B V = ) (
( )
PB
l l EI B
B V B U B PE
(
= =
2 2
/
) ( ) ( ) (
t
F t ti ilib i B h ldb hth t
0
)) ( ( B PE d
For static equilibrium, B should be such that
0
)) ( (
=
dB
S l i it hi ll t
1
020532 0 B
Solving it graphically, we get
7 . 48
020532 . 0 ~ B
(See Excel worksheet in the next slide)
PEMP
AME2503
Potential Energy of a centrally loaded simply supported beamas a Potential Energy of a centrally loaded simply supported beam as a
function of the maximum deflection
0.02
0.01
0
P
E
(
B
)
)
/
d
B
-0.01
d
(
P
-0.02
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04
B
PEMP
AME2503
( )

Element Formulation:
( )
+ = +
e
e e
V U V U
= ~
i i
a N * u
u
St i E
| |a B = c | | | || |a D B D = = c o
Strain Energy:
| | ( ) | || |
e
T
e e
T
e
adV B D a B dV U
}}} }}}
= =
2
1
2
1
o c | | ( ) | || |
e
V
e
V
e e
e e
}}} }}}
2 2
| | | || |
e e
T
T
e e
dV a B D B a U
}}}
=
2
1
V
e
}}}
2
PEMP
AME2503
Work Potential:
}} }}}
+ + =
n
i i B
u P dS u dV F u V
i S
* T * *

}} }}}
+ +
i i e e B e
u P dS u dV F u V
1
S
i S
V
T
e e
| | ( ) | | ( ) | | ( )
i
n
T
e e
T
e e B
T
e e
P a N dS a N dV F a N V

}} }}}
+ + =
1
S
i
V
T
S V
e e
PEMP
AME2503
| | | || |
T
e
dV a B D B
U
}}}
=
c
| | | || |
e e
V
e
dV a B D B
a
e
}}}
=
c
V c
| | | |
i
n
e
T
e B
T
e
e
P N dS N dV F N
a
V
T
}} }}}
+ + =
c
c
1
S
i
V
T
e e
( )
e e
V U + c
H c

For extremum
( )
i
e
e e
i
a a c
= =
c
H c

0
R Ka =
PEMP
AME2503
| | | || |
}}}
T
dV B D B K | | | || |
}}}
=
e
e
V
dV B D B K
e
(Assembly)
P T B
R R R R + + =
| |
}}}
=
e
V

e
e B
T
B
dV F N R
e
}}
=
e
e
T
T
dS N R
e
S
i
T
i L
P R =
PEMP
AME2503
Formulation of 1D Truss Element:
o o
A, L, E F
1
F
2
1 2
o
1
o
2
A, L, E F
1
F
2
1 2
i i i
L
x
L
x
N o o

(
= = 1 * u
i i i
L L

(
| |

1 1
1
=
L
B
L
| |
(
(
=
0 1
E D
| |
(
1 0
E D
PEMP
AME2503
Formulation of 1D Truss Element:
| | | || |

(
(
} }
1 1
1
1
1
Adx E dV B D B K
L
T
| | | || |

(

= =
} }
1 1
1 1
1
0
AE
Adx
L
E
L
dV B D B K
e
V
e
e
(
=
1 1
1 1
L
AE
| |
)
`

= =
} }}}
1
1
2
1
0
B
B
L
e B
T
e
B
ALF
dx AF
x
L
x
dV F N R | |
)
`
)
`
} }}}
1 2
0
V
e
B e B
e
B
L
x
PEMP
AME2503
1-D Truss Element (Characteristics)
A L E F
1
F
2 1 2
o
1
o
2
Axial Displacement Linear
A, L, E F
1
F
2 1 2
F
1
F
2
Deformation Constant
1 2
A, L, E
o
1
o
2
1 2
A, L, E
F
1
F
2
o
1
o
2
c
1
c
2
Strain Constant
F
1
F
2
o o
o
1
o
2
Stress Constant
1 2
A, L, E
o
1
o
2
PEMP
AME2503
A l R l FEA i i
1-D Truss Element (Characteristics)
Actual Result FE Approximation
r
a
i
n
r
a
i
n
S
t
r
e
s
s
/
S
t
r
t
r
e
s
s
/
S
t
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
/
S
m
a
t
i
o
n
/
S
Error
D
e
f
o
r
m
X
D
e
f
o
r
m
X
o
For a given element size, higher the result gradients higher is the error
For a given result gradient, smaller the element size smaller is the error
For better accuracy usesmaller elements
For better accuracy, use smaller elements
Smaller elements require more computing resources
PEMP
AME2503
A l R l
1-D Truss Element (Alternative)
/
S
t
r
a
i
n
/
S
t
r
a
i
n
Actual Result
FE Approximation1
FE Approximation2
n
/
S
t
r
e
s
s
/
n
/
S
t
r
e
s
s
/
Linear variation over the element
of Deformation/Stress/Strain
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
n
f
o
r
m
a
t
i
o
nof Deformation/Stress/Strain
Q adratic ariationo er the
D
e
f
o
X
D
e
f
o
X
Quadratic variation over the
element of Axial Displacement
x a a u
2 1
+ =
+
2
3 2 1
x a x a a u + + =
2
+ +
x a a u
2 1
+ =
2
3 2 1
x a x a a u + + =
PEMP
AME2503
L/2 L/2
1-D Quadratic Truss Element (Formulation)
3 3 2 2 1 1
o o o N N N u + + =
) ( 2 x x
L/2 L/2
1
x
2
x
3
x
1 2
1 1 0
3
) (
) ( 2
1 2
3
x x
x x
=
= -1 = 1 = 0
) 1 (
2
1
) 1 (
2
1
) 1 (
2
1
2
1
= = N
1
1.2
N3
N2
N1
2 2 2
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
) 1 (
1
2
+ = + = N
0.6
0.8
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
2
2
+ = + = N
) 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 (
2
+ N
0.2
0.4
) 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 (
2
3
+ = = N
-0.2
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
PEMP
AME2503
3 3 2 2 1 1
x N x N x N x + + =
L
For mid-point node element
) ( 2 ) ( 2
2
1 3 1 2
L
x x L x x + = + =
L
x x
x x
x x ) ( 2
) (
) ( 2
3
1 2
3

=
=
L
3
2
x
L
x + =

L
d
L
dx
2
=
L
J
dx
= =
2
J
d
= =
PEMP
AME2503

c
d
du
L d
du
J
dx
d
d
du
dx
du 2
1
= = = =

(
(
=
2
1
3 2 1
2
o
o
dN dN dN
)
`
3
2
o
o
d d d L

o

+
=
2
1
2
2
2 1
2
2 1 2
o
o
o

L

o

)
3
o
| |
=
2
1
o
o
B
3
o
PEMP
AME2503
| | | | | | | | | | | | d
L
B B
L
AE
dx B B
L
AE
dV B E B K
T
T T
e
2
4 4
1
2 2 } } }
= = = | | | | | | | | | | | |
L L
L V
e
e
2
1
2 2 } } }

(
(

8 7 1
8 1 7
AE
K
(
(
(

=
16 8 8
8 7 1
3L
AE
K
e

| |

} }
6 1
2 1
2
2 1
1
T
L
| |
+
= =
} }

3 2
6 1
2
2
2
2 1
1
B B e B
T
V
e
B
ALF d
L
AF dV F N R
e
PEMP
AME2503
Quarter Point Truss Element
1 2
3
L/4 3L/4
0
1
= x
2
x
3
x
1 2
= -1 = 1 = 0
3
3 3 2 2 1 1
x N x N x N x + + =
3 3 2 2 1 1
L
x L x = =
For quarter-point node element
( )
2
1 + =
L
x
1 2 =
x
4
3 2
x L x = = ( ) 1
4
+ = x
(
(
+ = = L
L dx
J

1 2 =
L
J
1
1
=
+ = = L
d
J
2 2 xL
J =
A 0
o , x As 0
PEMP
AME2503
Summary
I l i f FE hh b l i d Implementation of FE approach has been explained
Variables of consequence have been identified
Meaning and goal of element formulation has been explained g g p
Formulation of 1-D truss element using displacement approach has
been explained
Concept of shapefunction itspropertiesanduseinelement Concept of shape function, its properties and use in element
formulation has been explained
Natural coordinates and their use in element formulation has been
l i d explained.
Use of energy methods in element formulation has been explained.
Limitation of linear elements and need for higher order elements has g
been demonstrated
Formulation of quadratic 1-D element has been demonstrated
Effect of element distortionhasbeendemonstratedusingacracktip
Effect of element distortion has been demonstrated using a crack tip
element

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PEMP

Element Formulation Energy Approach

M.S. Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru 68

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