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Developmental growth involves mastering each of the increasingly more complex modes.
Inside Out
Acquiring enactive, iconic, and symbolic modes of representation in that order
enactive
symbolic
iconic
Instructional Implications
Symbolic representation is likely to be used for learning something new in a familiar topic Enactive or Iconic representation may be used when encountering unfamiliar material
Task of Instructor:
Translate information to be learned into a format appropriate to the learners current state of understanding. Organize curriculum in a spiral manner Revisit the curriculum by teaching the same contenct in different ways depending on the students developmental levels. Match instruction to the learners cognitive capabilities.
Discovery Learning
Obtaining knowledge for oneself discovery learning method is really a planned and/ or guided execution of trial and error learning.
High School use discovery learning to discover the elements of mystery liquids
References
Constructivist Theory: J.Bruner. (n.d.). Retrieved on October 1, 2002, from http://tip.psychology.org/bruner.html Driscoll, M.P. (2000) Interactional theories of cognitive development. In Psychology of learning for instruction (2nd ed., pp.218-255) Needham Heights, MA: A Pearson Education Company. Hollyman, D. (n.d.). Jerome Bruner. Retrieved on October 7, 2002, from
http://au.geocities.com/vanunoo/Humannature/bruner.html
KiteCD. (n.d.). Discovery learning. Retrieved October 4, 2002, from http://members.aol.com/KiteCD2/artcl_disclearn.htm
Krisinsdottir, S. B. (2001). Jerome Bruner. Retrieved on October 4, 2002, from http://starfolk.khi.is/solrunb/jbruner.htm_3.htm
Lawrence, T. (1998) An examination of cognitivism: The psychology of knowledge and strategies. Retrieved on October 4, 2002, from http://www.duq.edu/~tomei/ed711psy/c_bruner.htm
References
Smith, M.K. (2002) Jerome S. Bruner and the process of education, The encyclopedia of informal education. Retrieved on July 14, 2002, from http://www.infed.org/thikers/bruner.htm Spiral Curriculum. (n.d.). Retrieved October 4, 2002, from http://www.harmonyowls.org/SPIRAL/spiral_curriculum.htm