Design of Joints in Steel Structures

International Seminar
Norwegian Structural Steel Association
Oslo 20 April 2005

How Designers can take Profit of the (German) Experience with Eurocode 3

Dr.-Ing. Klaus Weynand PSP - Prof. Sedlacek & Partner

Technologien im Bauwesen GmbH, Aachen

Contents Economy considerations

Economy studies Strategies

Applications
Examples for bad and good design

Design tools
Publications Software

Worked Example
4

Economy Considerations
Traditional approach:
assumptions for joint behaviour frame analysis
M M rigid

check of members design of joints

pinned

satisfy assumption

check of joint stiffness ? often uneconomical solutions !

5

Economy Considerations

Modern standards (e.g. Eurocode 3):

Joint design stiffness model classification system semi-rigid joints

Modern design concept:

Integrate joints as structural elements in the design process

Economy Considerations

Strategies for optimum solutions

Savings of fabrication and erection costs Savings of material costs

Economy studies
France/USA Belgium Germany The Netherlands

Savings of Fabrication Costs

Optimal detailing of rigid joints

Optimize the joint detailing such that the joint stiffness comes close to the rigid classifiaction boundary

actual stiffness

rigid domain

rigid classification boundary

8

Savings of Fabrication Costs

Example:
Portal frame
2-3 % 7m 20 m 5m

Variations in detailing

Stiffness classification

Savings in fabrication costs

IPE 360 HEA 300

rigid

13 %

IPE 360

65 140 65 46 90 90 90 90 200 120 135 135 10,8 5

IPE 360 HEA 300

360,2

rigid

27 %

350

IPE 360

rigid

28 %

270/716/25

HEA 300

HEA 300

Initial joint detailing

Savings of Fabrication or Material Costs

Economical benefits from semi-rigid joints

Use semi-rigid joints in order to have any freedom to optimize the global frame and the joint design
M rigid classification boundary

semi-rigid

simple joint ?

Simple joints may have some inherent stiffness and may transfer moments - take profit of that actual behaviour

10

Economy Studies

France /USA (1991)

by Colson & Bjorhovde
System unbraced frame Joints rigid * semi-rigid nominally pinned * braced frame semi-rigid rigid * reference system Costs
France USA

Savings
France USA

100 % 82 % 80 % 18 % 20 %

100 % 96 % 120 % 105 % 115 % 4% -20 % -5 % -15 %

11

Economy Studies

Belgium (1995)
by Jaspart & Guisse

System
braced building frame

Joints
flange cleats ext. end-plate stiff. ext. end-plate semi-rigid semi-rigid rigid

Savings 3,6 % -12,5 % - 48,5 %

unbraced building frame

ext. end-plate

semi-rigid

20,6 %

braced industrial frame

flange cleats ext. end-plate stiff. ext. end-plate

semi-rigid semi-rigid rigid

0,7 % - 2,4 % - 18,4 %

reference systems

12

Economy Studies

Germany (1997)
by Weynand
unbraced frame (office building)
g+ s w

System unbraced frame

Joints simple semi-rigid semi-rigid rigid semi-rigid semi-rigid

Company 1 2 1 2

Costs Savings 100 % 76 % 97 % 100 % 96 % 92 % 4% 8% 24 % 3%

g+ p

4,0

4,0 11,0 m
g = permanent load p = variable load s = snow load w = wind load

braced frame

13

Economy Studies

in Germany

Joint detailing

14

Economy Studies

The Netherlands (1992)

by Steenhuis
IPE 300 (pinned) IPE 270 (partial strength)

Investigated frame (braced)

4,5 m

4,5 m

IPE 550 (pinned) IPE 500 (partial strength)

HE220A

HE180A

5,0 m

12 m

12 m

12 m

15

Economy Studies

The Netherlands
pinned joints
IPE 300

partial-strength joints

IPE 270

HE 220 A

HE 220 A

Savings = 9 %

IPE 550

IPE 500

HE 220 A

HE 220 A

16

Economy Considerations

costs
(not to scale)

total

1980 2000

labour
pinned

material
rigid

S=

Sj Lb EIb

S opt

(not to scale)

17

Economy Considerations
Conclusions:
Two strategies to minimize the costs
Simplification of joint detailing
Reduction of fabrication costs

Reduction of profile dimensions

Reduction of material costs

Economy studies
Savings in costs of 3 - 20%
dependent on type of frame (bracing) type of framing (simple/continuous) steel construction companies

Results confirmed by many studies in various countries Detailed evaluation of actual costs necessary
18

Contents Economy considerations

Economy studies Strategies

Applications
Examples for bad and good design

Design tools
Publications Software

Worked Example
19

Good and bad design

V = 62,72 kN HE 180 B

4 x M 20 HE 180 B

3 x M 20 V = 68,41 kN
20

Good and bad design

V = 35 kN

V = 35 kN
21

Good and bad design

M = 98,4 kN

M = 193,9 kN
22

Good and bad design

M = 65,4 kN

M = 48,2 kN

23

Contents Economy considerations

Economy studies Strategies

Applications
Examples for bad and good design

Design tools
Publications Software

Worked Example
24

Design Tools

Needs for practice:

Design standards as a basis Background information Worked examples Design tools - Tables - Design sheets - Software Eurocode 3 Publications Seminars

Standardised joints Simplified rules General application

25

Design Tools
Design Books: ECSC Design Manual Frame Design Including Joint Behaviour
to be published by ECCS

Background Design methods & philosophies Design sheets Design tables Worked examples
26

Design Tools
Design Books:
have been prepared recently in: UK: Green Books on - Joints in Simple Constructions - Moment Connections DSTV Ringbuch on Standardised Joints in Building Frames - Simple Joints - Moment Resistant Joints Cologne Design Tools

Germany:

The Netherlands: - Design Manual for Simple Joints - Design Manual for Moment Resistant Joints

27

Design Tools
Klner Bemessungshilfen eBook, PDF

free download: www.psp-tech.de Publikationen

28

Design Tools New issue of DSTV publication on standardised joints in steel building frames so-called Ringbuch: Typisierte Anschlsse im Stahlhochbau

29

DSTV Design Tables The new DSTV Ringbuch

Update of the old books from 1974 Implementation of new design concepts
Eurocode 3 (DIN V ENV 1993) new DIN 18 800 (November 1990)

Extend scope for new material grades

Steel S 355 (St 52) Bolt grade 8.8

User friendliness New layout of design tables based on European recommendations

30

DSTV Design Tables Content of the new DSTV Ringbuch:

Volume 1
Simple joints
Web cleated connections Header plate connections Notched beams

Load introduction
Unstiffened supports

31

DSTV Design Tables Content of the new DSTV Ringbuch:

Volume 2

Moment resistant joints

End plate connections

Purlins (splices)
Simple joints Continuous joints
Vz Vz

My

My

32

DSTV Design Tables Content of the new DSTV Ringbuch:

Unified content for all types General information, background Design sheets (formulae) Design tables

33

DSTV Design Tables

1. General information
- Design model - Background - Range of validity - User instructions

34

DSTV Design Tables

1. General information
- Design model - Background - Range of validity - User instructions

2. Design Sheets
- General formulae - Hand calculation acc. Eurocode & DIN - Component method
Components

Required data

Design equations

35

DSTV Design Tables

1. General information
- Design model - Background - Range of validity - User instructions

2. Design Sheets
- General formulae - Hand calculation acc. Eurocode & DIN - Component method

Configuration

3. Design Tables
- Standard configurations - Dimension details - Design resistance - Failure mode - Eurocode & DIN
Dimensions

36

DSTV Design Tables

Moment resistance

Unstiffened columns Failure mode Shear resistance

Beam moment resistance

DIN

EC 3
37

DSTV Design Tables

EC M y,1,Rd kNm 274,3 219,4 164,6 109,7 Grenz- M y,2,Rd zust. kNm BFC CWS CWC CWC 156,0 152,8 114,3 86,10 V z,Rd kN 412,8 412,8 412,8 412,8

erf. Sttze (S 235) % IPE St St 500 400 HEA St St 340 240 HEB St St 260 200 HEM St 100 240 200 180 80 60 40

St = Stiffeners required where? see failure mode Unstiffened column possible from HEM 240
38

Comparison EC 3 - DIN
Simple joints, e.g. double web cleated joints
x = 1,06
FEC3/FDIN,neu 1,75 1,5 1,25 1 0,75 0,5 0,25 0 100 Profilreihe IPE Schraubenfestigkeitsklasse 4.6

FRd

Failure modes:
Hole Holebearing bearing

Hole bearing (Trgersteg) Bolt shear (Schrauben)

Bolts Boltsin inshear shear
Anzahl: 123

minor important: Block shear (EC 3) Beam in shear (DIN)

200

300

400

500 Profilhhe in mm

600
39

Comparison EC 3 - DIN
Moment resistant joints (end plate connection)
x = 0,97
MEC3/MDIN,neu 1,5 1,25 1 0,75 0,5 0,25 0 100
BWT BWT

bndige Stirnplatte Profilreihe IPE

MRd

BT BT

Failure modes (EC 3):

Bolts in tension BT BT

M 16

BFC BFC

M 20

BWT BWT Beam web in tension BFC BFC Beam flange in compression
600
40

M 24

M 27

M 30
200 300 400 500 Profilhhe in mm

Design Tools Software

Joint properties

Individual joint layout

M - - curve
41

Design Tools Software:

Easy input for engineers

42

Design Tools Software:

Easy input for engineers Data check
1. Description of errors

2. Reference to EC 3

3. Possible corrections

43

Design Tools Software:

Easy input for engineers Data check Calculation notes

44

Design Tools Software:

Easy input for engineers Data check Calculation notes Individual language for user interface / output

45

Design Tools Software:

Easy input for engineers Data check Calculation notes Individual language for user interface / output Standard tables includes

46

Design Tools Software:

Easy input for engineers Data check Calculation notes Individual language for user interface / output Standard tables includes Further components and flexible configurations - Haunched beams - Stiffeners - Single sided - Double sided - Backing plates - Suppl. web plates - Simple joints - Notched beams
47

Design Tools Software:

Easy input for engineers Data check Calculation notes Individual language for user interface / output Standard tables includes Further components and flexible configurations Optimisation routines

48

Contents Economy considerations

Economy studies Strategies

Applications
Examples for bad and good design

Design tools
Publications Software

Worked Example
49

Worked Example Software:

Configuration Beam IPE 500 Column HEA 340 End plate connection Design assumption Rigid joint Frame analysis MSd = 220 kNm

Example

50

Worked Example

Design resistance: Classification: Failure mode:

MRd = 196 kNm < 220 kNm Semi-rigid Column web in compression

51

Worked Example

Failure mode: End plate in bending

52

Worked Example

Failure mode: Column web panel in shear

53

Worked Example

Failure mode: Column web panel in shear

54

Worked Example

Grenzzustand: Sttzensteg auf Schub

55

Conclusions
Eurocode 3 is an accepted modern standard Tools are available and will be further developed Joint design can become economic due to advanced design methods easy and quick due to simple tools

56