Environmental Biotechnology

ENV- 608 Lecture # 2

Prepared by: Noor Fatima

Eukaryotic Cell

Prokaryotic Cell

Structural difference

Review
1. What organelle is known as the control center of the cell? Nucleus 2. What structures are found in the nucleus? Chromosomes 3. What are short segments of chromosomes? Genes 4. What are genes/chromosomes composed of? DNA 5. How do genes/chromosomes control the activity of the cell? Produce proteins that regulate cell functions & structures

Review Review

Why Study DNA?

To discover the chemical structure of the gene
Understand how genes control the inherited characteristics of living things. To study gene expression to produce different cell functions, shape and size. Every cell in an individual contains the same DNA.

History
1869 - Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA in nucleus 1928 - Frederick Griffith Identified DNA as source of genetic material using bacteria 1930 - Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty - Confirmed that genes made of DNA 1950 - Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase confirmed DNA is the biochemical of heredity using radioactive markers bacteriophages 1952- Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin X-rayed DNA to show repeating nucleotide structure 1953- James Watson and Francis Crick combined data to create a 3-D model of structure called the double helix

History
1869 - Friedrich Miescher discovered DNA in nucleus 1928 - Frederick Griffith Identified DNA as source of genetic material using bacteria 1930 - Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty - Confirmed that genes made of DNA 1950 - Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase confirmed DNA is the biochemical of heredity using radioactive markers bacteriophages 1952- Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin X-rayed DNA to show repeating nucleotide structure 1953- James Watson and Francis Crick combined data to create a 3-D model of structure called the double helix James Watson
Francis Crick

DNA Shape
Double Helix: 2 spirals wound around each other

DNA Structure
Is a polymer of 1000s of nucleotide monomers Is a double strand of covalently bonded nucleotides in twisted ladder shape twisted ladder shape = double helix Rungs of ladder = nitrogen bases Sides of ladder = sugar & phosphate groups (also called the DNA backbone)

DNA Structure
Is a Is a in twisted ladder shape twisted ladder shape = double helix Rungs of ladder = nitrogen bases Sides of ladder = sugar & phosphate groups (also called the DNA backbone)
Sugar polymer of 1000s of nucleotide monomers Phosphate Backbone double strand of covalently bonded nucleotides

Nucleotide
o Nucleotide- Individual unit of DNA. o Made of three parts: i. Deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar) ii. Phosphate group iii. A nitrogen-containing base

Nucleotide
o Nucleotide- Individual unit of DNA. o Made of three parts: i. Deoxyribose (5-carbon sugar) ii. Phosphate group iii. A nitrogen-containing base

adenine A base with a double-ring structure

Bases
sugar (deoxyribose) nitrogen-containing bases

(T) base with a adenine A single-ring base with a structure

double-ring structure

Four
o o o o

Adenine Guanine Cytosine Thymine

guanine adenine (G) A a base with base with a double-ring double-ring structure structure

sugar (deoxyribose)

guanine thymine adenine cytosine (G) (T) A (C) base with a base with a base with a base with a double-ring single-ring double-ring single-ring structure

structure structure structure

Bases
Adenine double ringed = Guanine

purines

Thymine single ringed = Cytosine

pyrimidines

Nucleotide
Deoxyribose (like ribose) P is a sugar with 5 carbon atoms in a ring sugar Oxygen is one of the ring members In Deoxyribose, one of the OH groups is missing and replaced with hydrogen Thus deoxy = - 1 oxygen
base

OH

Nucleotide
P - the Phosphate group P Is important because it links the sugar on one nucleotide with the phosphate of the next nucleotide to make a polynucleotide Nucleotides are connected to each other via a covalent bond
base sugar

Base Pairing Rule

Bases are paired together in specific manner Because of chemical structure and shape Adenine only pairs with Thymine Guanine only pairs with Cytosine Exactly enough room for only one purine and one pyramide base between the two strands of DNA

Base Pairing Rule

Bases held together in rungs by weak hydrogen bonds 2 hydrogen bonds between A & T 3 hydrogen bonds between C & G

Structure of DNA Review

Nucleotide

Hydrogen bonds

Sugar-phosphate backbone
Key Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

Structure of DNA-Review
Purines
Adenine Guanine

Pyrimidines
Cytosine Thymine

Bases

Phosphate group

Deoxyribose

DNA Function
Carry information from one generation to another Put information to work to determine an organisms characteristics Can be easily copied Store and transmit genetic information needed for all cell functions.