Solutions to the rst midterm exam

Complex variables, 802346.

December 31, 2009
Exercises and solutions:
Exercise 1:
Sketch the graph of the given equation in the complex plane
a. |2z 1| = 4 b. Im{z 1} = Re{z + 4 3i}
Solution of exercise 1:
1. Note that the expression |2z 1| = 4 can be written as 2|z
1
2
| = 4
and |z
1
2
| = 2 or |2(x + iy) 1| = 4 and |(2x 1) + i2y| = 4, then
(2x1)
2
+(2y)
2
= 4
2
or 4(x
1
2
)
2
+4y
2
= 4
2
and (x
1
2
)
2
+y
2
= 4,
this is the equation of a circle centered at (
1
2
, 0) with radius 2, see
gure 1.
2. Using the fact z = x + iy, x = Re{z}, y = Im{z} then Im{z 1} =
Re{z + 4 3i} gives Im{(x 1) + iy} = Re{(x + 4) + i(y 3)} or
y = x + 4, see gure 2.
Exercise 2:
Use the equation
w
k
= r
1/n
_
cos
_
+ 2k
n
_
+ isin
_
+ 2k
n
__
,
for k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n 1, to compute all roots of the following expres-
sions. Give the principal n
th
root in each case. Sketch w
0
, w
1
, w
2
, . . . , w
n1
,
on an appropriate circle centered at the origin.
a. (1 + i)
1/5
b. (1)
1/4
y
x
2
-2
2.5 -1.5
z-plane
Figure 1: Circle of exercise 1
1
y
x
4
-4
y=x+4
Figure 2: Line of exercise 1
w0
w1
w2
w3
w4
Figure 3: The ve roots of 1 + i of exercise 2
Solution to exercise 2:
Using the equation
w
k
= r
1/n
_
cos
_
+ 2k
n
_
+ isin
_
+ 2k
n
__
,
for k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n 1, we will compute the roots of
1. (1 + i)
1/5
, where z = 1+i and n = 5, thus r =

2, (

2)
1/5
= 1.0718,
= tan
1
(1) =

4
and k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4. Let
k
=
1
n
( + 2k), see
gure 3. For
(a) k = 0,
0
=
1
5
(

4
) =

20
, then w
0
= (

2)
1/5
_
cos
_

20
_
+ isin
_

20
_
=
1.07189

= 1.0586 + i0.1677.
(b) k = 1,
1
=
1
5
(

4
+2) =
9
20
, then w
1
= (

2)
1/5
_
cos
_
9
20
_
+ isin
_
9
20
_
=
1.071881

= 0.1677 + i1.0586.
(c) k = 2,
2
=
1
5
(

4
+4) =
17
20
, then w
2
= (

2)
1/5
_
cos
_
17
20
_
+ isin
_
17
20
_
=
1.0718153

= 0.9549 + i0.4868.
(d) k = 3,
3
=
1
5
(

4
+6) =
5
4
=
3
4
, then w
3
= (

2)
1/5
_
cos
_
3
4
_
isin
_
3
4
_
=
1.0718 135

= 0.7579 i0.7579.
(e) k = 3,
3
=
1
5
(

4
+8) =
33
20
=
7
20
, then w
4
= (

2)
1/5
_
cos
_
7
20
_
isin
_
7
20
_
=
1.0718 63

= 0.4866 i0.9549.
2. (1)
1/4
, where z = 1 and n = 4, thus r = 1, = and k =
0, 1, 2, 3. Let
k
=
1
n
( + 2k), see gure 4. For
(a) k = 0,
0
=
1
4
() =

4
, then w
0
= cos
_

4
_
+ isin
_

4
_
= 145

=
0.7071 + i0.7071.
2
w0
x
y
w1
w2
w3
Figure 4: The four roots of 1 of exercise 2
x
S
y=x
y
Figure 5: The set S of y < x in exercise 3
(b) k = 1,
1
=
1
4
( + 2) =
3
4
, then w
1
= cos
_
3pi
4
_
+ isin
_
3
4
_
=
1135

= 0.7071 + i0.7071.
(c) k = 2,
2
=
1
4
( + 4) =
5
4
=
3
4
, then w
2
= cos
_
3pi
4
_

isin
_
3
4
_
= 1 135

= 0.7071 i0.7071.
(d) k = 3,
3
=
1
4
( + 6) =
7
4
=

4
, then w
3
= cos
_
pi
4
_

isin
_

4
_
= 1 45

= 0.7071 i0.7071.
Exercise 3:
Sketch the set S of points in the complex plane satisfying the given in-
equality
1. Im{z} < Re {z} ,
2. 2 |z 3 + 4i| 5.
Determine whether the set is
a. open b. closed c. a domain
d. bounded e. connected
Solution to exercise 3:
1. Note that Im{z} < Re {z} , gives y < x. That is, S is every point
below the line y = x, this is all the region below the line y = x, see
gure 5. The set S is open,because every point in S has a neighbor-
hood that is also in S.
Since S is open , it cannot be closed.
Because it is open, it is a domain, but not bounded. It is connected.
3
x
y
S
3
-4
Figure 6: The set S of 2 |z 3 + 4i| 5 in exercise 3
2. The inequality 2 |z 3 +4i| 5 gives 2 |(x 3) +i(y +4)| 5,
see gure 6. S is not open, it is closed. Because, it is not open, it
is not a domain, it is bounded. But it is not connected, because it
includes its boundary points.
Exercise 4:
Use z = x+iy, x = Re{z}, y = Im{z} and Re{z} |Re{z}| |z|, where
|z| =
_
x
2
+ y
2
. To prove the inequality
|Re{z}| + |Im{z}|

2|z|.
Solution to exercise 4:
Using z = x + iy, x = Re{z}, y = Im{z}, Re{z} |Re{z}| |z|, and
Im{z} |Im{z}| |z|, where |z| =
_
x
2
+ y
2
, then x |x|
_
x
2
+ y
2
and y |y|
_
x
2
+ y
2
. The addition of the last two expressions gives
(x + y) (|x| + |y|) 2
_
x
2
+ y
2
, or
|Re{z}| + |Im{z}| 2|z|.
To get a lower bound to (|x| + |y|) , we need to use the inequality (|x|
|y|)
2
0. The latter implies that |x|
2
+ |y|
2
2|x||y| 0 or |x|
2
+ |y|
2

2|x||y| and 2(|x|

2
+|y|
2
) = |x|
2
+|y|
2
+|x|
2
+|y|
2
|x|
2
+|y|
2
+2|x||y| =
(|x| + |y|)
2
and 2(|x|
2
+ |y|
2
) (|x| + |y|)
2
. But x |x| and y |y|, so
x
2
|x|
2
, y
2
|y|
2
, and x
2
+ y
2
|x|
2
+ |y|
2
. Hence, 2(|x|
2
+ |y|
2
)
2(x
2
+ y
2
) (|x| + |y|)
2
and

2
_
x
2
+ y
2
|x| + |y|, or

2|z| |Re{z}| + |Im{z}|.

Exercise 5:
Suppose that z = r(cos +isin). If n is an integer, evaluate z
n
+z
n
and
z
n
z
n
.
Solution to exercise 5:
Since z = r(cos +isin) and z = r(cos isin), then DeMoivre formula
gives z
n
= r
n
[cos(n) + isin(n)] and z
n
= r
n
[cos(n) isin(n)], for
4
an integer n, and
z
n
+ z
n
= r
n
[cos(n) + isin(n)] + r
n
[cos(n) isin(n)]
= r
n
[cos(n) + isin(n) + cos(n) isin(n)]
= 2r
n
cos(n).
In a similar manner,
z
n
z
n
= r
n
[cos(n) + isin(n)] r
n
[cos(n) isin(n)]
= r
n
[cos(n) + isin(n) cos(n) + isin(n)]
= i2r
n
sin(n).
5