TRANSFORMERS

2b7

(i l The voltage ratio must refer to the terminal voltage of primaryand serondo,y.

(ii) The phase displacement between primary and secondary voltages must be the same for all transformers which are to be paralleled.
(iii) The phase sequence must be the same. Following points are worthnoting while dealing with 3-phase transformers : The calculations are made for one phase only. The value of equivalent impedance used is the equivalent impedance per phase referred to secondary.

When the impedances of primary and secondary windings are given separately then primary impedance must be transferred to secondary by multiplying it with (transforma
tion ratio)2. In case of Y/t or MY transformers the voltage ratios as given in the questions, refer to terminal voltages and are quite difference from turn ratio.

HIGHLIGHTS
1. The function of a transformer is to transform alternating current energy from one voltage into another
voltage. It operates on the principle of mutual inductance (between two or more inductively roupled roils).

2. Distribution transformers should be designed to have maximum efficiency at a load much lover than full-load fabout 50'4). Power transformers should be designed to have maximum efficiency at or near full-load. 3. The transformation ratio (K) is defined as the ratio of the secondary voltage to primary voltage. 4. Approximate voltage drop a l.Rw cos 0 It Xve sin 0 Exact voltage drop - (IzRa, cos 0i /2X,,a1 +
(12Xm cos 0 + I.Rt0 sin 0)2

5. Transfer of resistance or reactance from

Primary to secondary x Rs
Secondary to primary x

Z uV2

6.

The change in secondary voltage when rated load at a specified power is removed. q, regulation . 12Ro2
cos

0 t I2Xea sin 0 x 100

O.ud r a output

7. Atransformer in whichpart ofthe winding is common to both theprimary and secondary circuit is knoton as an auto-transformer.

in kWh (for 24 hours). input in kWh

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

(A) Choose the Correct Answer : 1. Which of the following does not change in a transformer 1 (a) Current (b) Voltage (c) Frequency (d) All of the above. Ina transformer the energy is conveyed from primary to secondary (a) through cooling coil (b) through air

2.

(e) by the flux

(d) none of the above.

268 3.

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY
A transformer core is laminated to (a) reduce hysteresis loss (b) reduce eddy current losses (c) reduce copper losses (d) reduce all above looses. Which loss is not common between a transformer and rotating machines ? (b) Copper loss (o) Eddy current loss (c) Windage loss (d) Hysteresis loss. The degree of mechanical vibrations produced by the laminations of a transformer depends on (a) tightness of clamping (b) gauge of laminations (c) size of laminations (d) all of the above. Tho no-load current drawn by transformer is usually what percent of the fun-load current 1 (o) 0.2 to 0.5 per cent (b) 2 to 5 per cent (c) 12 to 15 per cent (d) 20 to 30 per cent. In case there are burrs on the edges of the laminations of the transformer, it is likely to result in (a) vibrations (b) noise (c) higher eddy current loss (d) higher hysteresis loss. The path of a magnetic (lux in a transformer should have (a) high resistance (b) high reluctance (c) low resistance (d) low reluctance. No-load test on a transformer is carried out to determine (a) copper loss (b) magnetising current (c) magnetising current and loss (d) efficiency of the transformer. The dielectric strength of transformer oil is expected to be (a) I kV (b) 33 kV (c) 100 kV (d) 330 kV.
Sumpner's test is conducted on transformers to determine

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

(a) temperature (b) stray losses (c) all-clay efficiency (d) none of the above. The permissible flux density in case of cold rolled grain oriented steel is around (a) 1.7 Whims (6) 2.7 Whlmz (c) 3.7 WhImr (d) 4.7 Wbimr. During the abort-circuit test an a small transformer the frequency is increased from 50 Hz to 200 Hs. The copper losses will increase by a factor of (a) 16 (6) 4 (c)1 (d)14

14.

The efficiency of a transformer will be maximum when (a) copper losses hysteresis losses (b) hysteresis losses . eddy current losses (c) eddy current losses = copper losses (d) copper losses iron losses. 15. No-load current in a transformer (a) lags behind the voltage by about 76 (b) leads the voltage by about 75 (c) lags behind the voltage by about 15 (d) leads the voltage by about 16. 16. The purpose of providing an iron core in a transformer is to (a) provide support to windings (b) reduce hysteresis loss (c) decrease the reluctance of the magnetic path (d) reduce eddy current losses. 17. Which of the following is not a part of transformer installation ? (b) Breather (a) Conservator (c) Buchholz relay (d) Exciter.

TRANSFORMERS

269

While conducting short-circuit test on a transformer the following side is short-circuited (a) high voltage side (b) low voltage side (c) primary side (d) secondary side. 19. In a transformer the toppings are generally provided on (a) primary side (b) secondary side (c) low voltage side (d) high voltage side. 20. The use of higher flux density in the transformer design (a) reduces weight per kVA (b) reduces iron losses (c) reduces copper losses Id) increases part load efficiency. hTe chemical used in breather for transformer should have the quality of (a) ionizing air (b) absorbing moisture (c) cleansing the transformer oil (d) cooling the transformer oil. The chemical used in breather is (a) asbestos fibre (b) silica sand (c) sodium chloride (d) silica gel. If a pump motor is run on 2/3rd of its supply voltage, it will (a) continue to deliver same power (b) bum (c) stall (d) continue to run at lower speed. An ideal transformer has infinite values of primary and secondary inductances. The statement is (o) true (b) false. The transformer ratings are usually expressed in terms of (a) volts (b) amperes (c) kW (d) kVA. The noise resulting from vibrations of laminations set by magnetic force, is termed as (a) magnetastrietion (b) boo (c) hum (d) zoom. Hysteresis loss ins transformer varies as (Bs maximum flux density) (a) a(b) B_1.6 (C) B.2 (d) B,.,

18.

21.

22.

23.

24. 28.

28.

27.

28. Material used for construction of transformer core is usually (a) wood (b) copper (c) aluminium (d) silicon steel. 29. The thickness of laminations used in a transformer is usually (a)0.4mmto0.5mm (b)4mmto5mm (e) 14 mm to 15 mm (d) 25 mm to 40 mm. 30. The function of conservator in a transformer is (o) to protect against internal fault (b) to reduce copper as well as core losses
(c) to cool the transformer oil

(d) to take care of the expansion and contraction of transformer oil due to variation of temperature of surroundings31. The highest voltage for transmitting electrical power in India is (a)33kV Ib)66kV (d) 400 kV. (c) 132 kV 32. Ina transformer the resistance between its primary and secondary is (a) zero (b)191 (c) 1000 Q (d) infinite. 83. A transformer oil must be free from (a) sludge (b) odour (c) gases (d) moisture.

270

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

34. A Buchholz relay can be installed on (a) auto-transformers (b) air-cooled transformers (c) welding transformers (d) oil cooled transformers. 35. Gas is usually not liberated due to dissociation of transformer oil union the oil temperature exceeds (a) 50'C (le) 80'C (d) 150'C. (c) 100'C 36. The main reason for generation of harmonics in a transformer could be (a) fluctuating load (b) poor insulation (ci mechanical vibrations (d) saturation of core. 37. Distribution transformers are generally designed for maximum efficiency around (a) 90% load (b) zero load (c) 25rk load (d) 50% load. 38. Which of the following properties is not necessarily desirable in the material for transformer core ? (a) Mechanical strength (b) Low hysteresis loss (c) High thermal conductivity (d) High permeability. 39. Helical coils can be used on (a) low voltage side of high kVA transformers (b) high frequency transformers )r) high voltage side of small capacity transformers (d) high voltage side of high kVA rating transformers. 40. High frequency transformers sometimes make use of ferrite cores because it has (b) high resistance (a) high specific gravity (d high hysteresis (d) low permeability. 41. Cross over windings are used on (a) low voltage side of high kVA rating transformers (b) current transformers
(c) high voltage side of high kVA rating transformers

(d) high voltage side of low kVA rating transformers. 42. While conducting short-circuit test on a transformer the following side is short-circuited. (a) lc.v. side (b) l.v. side (c) primary side (d) secondary side.
43. A substance is placed in strong magnetic field. Which of the following will have maximum influence on

44.

45.

48.

47.

48.

the capacity of the substance to get, magnetised ? (a) Permeability (b) Susceptibility (c) Permittivity (d) Resistivity. Harmonics in transformer result in (a) increased core losses (b) increased PR losses (c) magnetic interference with communication circuits (d) all of the above. Tertiary winding is provided in transformers having (a) mesh/star winding (b) mesh/mesh winding (c) starlstar winding (d) any of the above. The core used in high frequency transformer is usually (a) copper core (b) cost iron core (c) air core (d) mild steel core. The full-load copper loss are transformer is 1600 W. At hair-load the copper less will be (a) 6400 W (b) 1600 W (c) 800 W (d) 400 W. The value of flux involved in the e.m.f. equation of a transformer is (a) average value (b) r.m.& value (c) maximum value (d) instantaneous value.

TRANSFORMERS

271

49. Silicon steel used in laminations mainly reduces (b) eddy current losses (a) hysteresis loss (c) copper losses (d) all of the above. Which winding of the transformer has Ins cross-sectional area ? (b) Secondary winding (a) Primary winding (e) Low voltage winding (d) High voltage winding. Power transformers are generally designed to have maximum efficiency around (a) no-load (b) half-load (c) near fall-load (d) 10% overload. Which of the following is the main advantage of an auto-transformer over a two winding transformer ? (a) Hysteresis losses are reduced (b) Saving in winding material (e) Copper losses are negligible (d) lddy losses are totally eliminated. During short-circuit test iron losses are negligible because (b) the voltage on secondary side does not vary (a) the current on secondary side is negligible (e) the voltage applied on primary side is low (d) full-load current is not supplied to the transformer. Two tramsformers areconnectednparallel. These trunsformersdo not have equal percentage impedance. This is likely to result in (a) short-circuiting of the secondaries (b) power factor of one of the transformers is leading while that of the other lagging (c) transformers having higher copper losses will have negligible core losses (d) loading of the transformers not in proportion to their kVA ratings. The changes in volume of transformer cooling oil due to variation of atmospheric temperature during day and night is taken care of by which part of transformer ? (a) Conservator (b) Breather (e) Bushings (d) Buchholz relay. The transformer laminations are insulated from each other by (a) mica strip (b) thin coat of varnish (c) paper (d) any of the above. Which type of winding is used in 3-phase shell-type transformer ? (a) Circular type (b) Sandwich type (c) Cylindrical type (d) Rectangular type. During open circuit test of s, transformer (a) primary is supplied rated voltage (b) primary is supplied full-load current (e) primary is supplied current at reduced voltage (d) primary is supplied rated kVA. Open circuit test on transformers is conducted to determine (a) hysteresis losses (b) copper losses (c) core losses (d) eddy current losses. Short circuit teat on transformers is conducted to determine (a) hysteresis loans (b) copper losses (c) cure losses (d) eddy current losses. For the parallel operation of single-phase transformers it is necessary that they should have (a) same efficiency (b) same polarity (e) same kVA rating (d) aame number of turns on the secondary side. The transformer oil should have..........voltatility and.........viscosity (a) low...... low (b) high.......high (e) low......high (d) high.......low.

60.

61.

68.

63.

64.

66.

66.

67.

68.

66.

60.

61.

6Y.

272
63. The (unction of breather in a transformer is

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

64.

65.

66.

67.

6b.

69.

70.

(n) to provide oxygen inside the tank (6) to cool the coils during reduced load (rl to filter the transformer cooling oil (d) to arrest flow of moisture when outside air enters the transformer. The secondary winding of which of the following transformers is always kept closed ? (a) Step-up transformer (6) Step-down transformer (c) Potential transformer (d) Current transformer. The size of a transformer core will depend on (n) frequency (b) area of the core (c) flux density of the core material (d) (a l and (b) both. Natural air cooling is generally restricted for transformers up to (n) 1.5 MVA (6) 6 MVA (c) 15 M VA (d) 50 MVA. A shell type transformer has (n) high eddy current losses (b) reduced magnetic leakage (c) negligible hysteresis losses (d) none of the above. A transformer can have regulation closer to zero (a) on full-load (b) on overload (c) on leading power factor (d) on zero power factor. A transformer transforms in) Voltage (b)current (c) current and voltage (d) power. Which of the following is not the standard voltage for power supply in India (a) 11 kV (b) 33 kV
(c) 66 kV (d) 122 kV.

ANSWERS
1. 8. 16. 22. 29.
36.

43. 50. 57. 64. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

(c) (d) (a) (d) (a) (d) (b) (d) (b) (d)

2. (c) 9. (c) 18. (c) 23. (c) 30. (d) 37. (d) 44. (d) 61. (c) 58. (a) 66. (d)

3. (b) 10. (b) 17. (d) 24. (b) 31. (d) 38. (c) 45. (r) 52. (b) 69. (c) 66. (a)

4. (a) 11. (a) 18. (b) 25. (d) 32. (d) 39. (a) 46. (d 63. (c) 60. (b) 67. (b)

5. (d) 12. (a) 19. (c) 26. (c) 33. (d) 40. (b) 47. (d) M. (d) 61. (b) 6& (c)

S. (b) 13. (a) 20. (a) 27 (b) 34. (d) 41. (d) 4& (c) 66. (a) 62. (a) 69. (d)

7. (c) 14. (d)

21.0)

28. (d) 35. (d) 42. (b) 49. (a) 66. (b) 63. (d) 70. (d)

(B) Say 'Yes'or 746'

When a transformer raises the voltage it is called the step-up transformer. A transformer must not be connected to U.C. source. The ratio of primary voltage to secondary voltage is known as transformation ratio. An ideal transformer is one in which the resistance of the windings is negligible and the core has no losses. Primary and secondary currents are directly proportional to their respective turns. The function of the magnetising component of no-load current is to sustain the alternating flux in the
corr.

7. The no-load primary input is practically equal to the iron loss in the transformer. & A transformer is said to be loaded when the secondary circuit of a transformer is completed through an impedance load.

iRANSKMMERS

273

9. Magnetic flux can be confined into a designed path. 10. When shifting resistance to the secondary-, divide it by r 11. An open-circuit test is conducted to find no-load or core loss. 12. Short-circuit test is conducted to find full-load copper lose. 1S. The change in voltage when rated load at a specified power is removed is termed as voltage regulation.
14. Iron or core losses include copper loss and eddy current loss.

I6. Iron or core losses are found from short-circuit test. 16. Theef lcioncyofatransformerataparticularloadandpowerfactorisdefinedastheratioofpoweroutput to power input. 17. Copper losses iron losses is the condition for maximum efficiency of a transformer.
output in kWh (for 24 hours) r input in kWh A transformer in which part of the winding is common to both the primary and secondary circuits is known as auto-transformer. 20. The A-A connection is generally used in systems in which the voltages are not very high and especially when continuity of service must be maintained even though one of the transformers should had. 21. The Y-J connection is principally used where the voltage is to be stepped up. 22. hTe .1-Y connection is employed where it is necessary to step-up the voltage.

I& v.ua

19.

23. The V-V circuit is frequently used for two auto-transformers. 24. It is practicable to connect instruments and meters directly to the lines in high voltage circuits. 26. 26. 27. A potential transformer is a step down transformer used along with a low range voltmeter for measuring a high voltage. The current transformer ratio is not equal to the ratio of secondary to primary turns, mainly because of the affect of the magnetising current. A constant-current transformer is used to supply power to street lights which are connected in series. 2& In can of an

induction regulator primary winding is stationary.

ANSWERS
Yes Yes No Yes 2. Yes 9. No 1& Yes 2S. Yes 3. No 10. No 17. Yes 24. No 4. Yes
it. Yes

18. Yes 25. Yes

5. No 12. Yes 19. Yes 26. Yes

& Yes 13. Yes 20. Yes 27. Yes

7. Yes 14. No 21. No 21L No.

THEORETICAL QUESTIONS
1. What is a transformer? How does it transfer electric energy from one circuit to another? 2. Explain the principle of operation of a transformer. & What is meant by transformer action ? Under what conditions will it take place ? 4. If an alternating current is impressed on one coil, what will be the frequency of the induced voltage in another coil with which it is coupled ? Q Enumerate the various kinds of transformers. 6. Explain the need for stepping up and stepping down voltages in a power system. How does a transformer accomplish ? 7. Why are transformer windings divided into several coils? & What properties should a good transformer oil possess? 9. What purposes are served by placing transformers in oil-filled tanks? 10. Why are the tanks of some large transformers corrugated ? 11. Write a short note on transformer cooling'. 12. Enumerate and explain briefly different types of windings.

274

ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY

13.

Derive an expression for induced e.m.f. in a transformer in terms of frequency, the maximum value of flux and the number of turns on the windings.

it. Derive an expression for the e.m.f. of an ideal transformer winding. 15. Explain the function of the active and reactive components ofthe no-load current are static transformer. 16. Why are some transformers constructed with primary and secondary windings divided into two halves? 17. Distinguish between power and distribution transformers. 1& Draw and explain the no-load phasor diagram for a single-phase transformer. 18. Draw the vector diagram of a power transformer under full-load condition. 20. What is meant by equivalent resistance of a transformer ? How may it be calculated in primary terms and secondary terms? 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 20. 27. 2& 29. 30. What is meant by the equivalent reactance of a transformer? How may it be calculated in primary terms and secondary terms? How can the equivalent impedance of a transformer be determined ? Outline carefully the procedure for performing the short-circuit test. What useful information is obtained from the short-circuit test? Outline carefully the procedure for performing the open-circuit test. What useful information is obtained from open-circuit test? What ore the two components of the core loss ? How is the hysteresis loss affected by a change in flux density? Develop the equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer. Draw the equivalent circuit of a transformer and show how the constants of the primary and secondary windings may be combined to give a simplified equivalent circuit with the values of constants given in terms of the secondary winding. Describe the method of calculating the regulation and efficiency of n single-phase transformer by open circuit and short circuit tests. Distinguish between the 'efficiency' and the 'regulation of a transformer. Show how power factor affects both of them. Explain with circuit diagrams, the open-circuit and short-circuit tests to be carried out in the laboratory for the determination of the parameters ofa single-phase transformer. Derive the condition for maximum efficiency. What is Sumpnees test ? Draw a circuit diagram to conduct this test and explain its principle. Define all-day efficiency. What is an auto-transformer? What advantages are possessed by auto-transformers? Derive an expression for saving of copper when an auto-transformer is used. State the applications of auto-transformers. Why is this transformer not used as a distribution trans' former ? Prove that for the same capacity and voltage ratio, an auto-transformer requires less copper than an ordinary transformer. What are the sources of heat in a transformer ? Describe briefly the various methods used for cooling of transformers. To what does the polarity of a transformer refer ?

31. 32. 33.

34. 35. 36. 37. 38.

39. 40.

UNSOLVED EXAMPLES E.m.f. Equation-Turn Ratio

1. The no-load ratio required in a single-phase 50-Hz transformer is 6600/300 V. If the maximum value of lfux in the core is to be about 0.09 weber, find the number of turns in each winding. (Ana. Nr . 330 ; Ns . 161

TRANSFORMERS

275

.2

3.

4.

A 20 kVA, single-phase transformer has 200 turns on the primary and 40 turns on the secondary. The primary is connected to 1000 V. 50-Hz supply. Determine li) the secondary voltage on open circuit ; (in) the currents flowing through the two windings on full-load ; and (iit) the maximum value of flux. IAns. Ot 200 V ; (ii) 20 A. 100 A ; (ns) 0.0225 Wbl A single-phase transformer is connected to a 230 V. 50-Hz supply. The net cross-sectional area of the cum is 50 corr. The number of turns in the primary is 460 and in the secondary 80. Determine : (i i Transformation ratio ; (ii) Peak value of flux density in the core ; and (iii n E.m.f. in the secondary winding. [Ana. 0. 1739 ; 0.4504 T ; 40 VI A 6600/440 V single-phase 600 kVA transformer has 1200 primary turns. Find : Ii) Transformation ratio; (ii) Secondary turns ; (iii) Voltage/turn; and (to) Secondary current when it supplies a load of 400 kW at 0.8 power factor lagging. Ans.5 1;80;5.5V; 1136A]

5.

Find the primary and secondary turns of a 3300/300 V. single-phase, 50-Hz. 30 kVA transformer if the lfux in the core is to be about 0.06 Wis. Also determine the primary and secondary currents if the losses are to be neglected. IAns. 264:24 ; 100 A ; 9.09 Al The voltagetum of s, single-phase transformer is 1.1 V. when the primary winding is connected to a 220 V, 50-Hz A.C. supply, the secondary voltage is found to be 660 V. Find : Ii) Primary and secondary turns ; and lit) Core area if the maximum flux density is 1.2 T. [Ana. 200; 600; 41.29 cmrl

.6

Transformer on No-load
7. A 2000/200 V single-phase transformer gives 0.6 A and 40 W as ammeter and wattmeter readings when supply is given to the low voltage winding and high voltage winding is kept open. Find : (s) The magnetising component, (ii) The iron loss component, and (sit) The power factor of no-load current. [Ans. 0.4582 A ; 0.2 A ; 0.4 laggingl Find (it active component and reactive components of no-load current and ; (fi) no-load current of a 230 V/115 V single-phase transformer if the power input on no-load to the high voltage winding is 70 W and power factor of no-load current is 0.25 tagging. [Ans. 0.3044 A ; 1.179 A ; 1.2176 Al A single-phase transformer has 600 turns on the primary and 40 turns on the secondary winding. The mean length of the magnetic path in the core is 150 cm and the joints are equivalent to an air-gap of 0.1 mm. When a potential difference of 3000 V is applied to the primary, maximum flux density is 1.2 T. Calculate : (i) The cross-sectional area of the core. (ii) No-load secondary voltage, (iii) The no-load current drawn by the primary, and (to) Power factor on no-load. Given that AT/tm for a flux density of 1.2 Tin the iron to be 5 the corresponding iron loss to be 2 W/kg at 50 Hz and density of iron as 7.8 g/cmz. [Ans. 225 can ; 240 V ; 1.208 A ; 0.14571

8.

9.

Transformer on Load
10. A 230 V/115 V single phase transformer takes a no-load current of 1.7 A at a power factor of 0.18 lagging with low voltage winding kept open. if the low voltage winding is now loaded to take a current of 13 A at 0.8 power factor lagging find the current taken by high voltage winding. (Ans. 7.834 Al A transformer has a primary winding of 900 turns and a secondary winding of 200 turns. When the load current on the secondary is 80 A at 0.8 power factor lagging. the primary current is 25 A at 0.707 power factor lagging. Determine graphically or otherwise the no-load current of the transformer and its phase with respect to the voltage. IAns. / = 5.93 A : eo 73.3.1

11.

276 12.

EI.* ('TRICAI. 7Ts(74NOt.(1tiY

13.

14.

A8: 1 step down, single-phase transformer takes a no-load current of0.6Aatapower factorof0.8lagging with l.v. winding kept open. If the secondary is connected to a load taking a current of 80 A at (s) 0.8 power factor lagging ; and (is) 0.8 power factor leading find the primary current and power factor. IAns. 10.49 A. 0.7996 lagging ; 9.817 A, 0.8333 leading) A 20 kVA, 2000200 V. single-phase. 50-Hz transformer has a primary resistance of 2.6 A and reactance of 4.6 Q. The secondary resistance and reactance are 0.01 Q and 0.01811 respectively. Find : Ir) Equivalent resistance referred to primary. (it) Equivalent impedance referred to primary. Uri) Equivalent resistance, reactance and impedance referred to secondary, and (iv) Total copper loss of the transformer. Ans. Ii)3.50;(it)7.47Q;(iii)0.035.0.0665,0.07475;(iu) 350 WI A 50 kVA, 4400/220 V transformer has RI -3.45 Q. R2 0.009 U. The values of reactances are X( - 5.2 Q and Xz = 0.015 Q. Calculate for the transformer : Ii) Equivalent resistance as referred to primary, (u) Equivalent resistance as referred to secondary. (us) Equivalent reactance as referred to both primary and secondary,
(it!) Equivalent impedance as referred to both primary and secondary, and

15.

(u) Tutal copperlose.firstusingindividualresistancesofthetwowindingsandsecondly.usingcquivalent resistance: as referred to each side. (Ana. (r) 7.05 l1 ; (ii) 0.0176 Q ; (iu) 11.2 U (iv) 13.23.0;0.0331 Q;(ii')909 WI A single-phase transformer has the following data : Turn ratio 19.5: 1, RI = 25 U. XI = 100 Q, Rr = 0.06 Q Xz = 0.25.0. No-load current 1.25 A leading the flux by 30'. The secondary delivers 200 A at a terminal voltage of 500 V and a power factor of 0.8 lagging. Determine by the aid of a vector diagram the primary applied voltage, the primary power factor and the efficiency. IAns. 12540 Z166.7'. 0.698 (Ing), 66.74%I

16.

Thehighvoltage andlowvoltage windings ofa1100/I10Vsingle-phase 50 Hz transibruserhas resistances of 2.4 Q and 0.02 Q and reactances 1 Q and 0.009 Q respectively. The low voltage winding is connected to a load having an impedance of (3 +j2) U. Determine :
0) Current in l.v. winding, (ii) Current in h.v. winding.

(ui) The load voltage, and

(iv) Power consumed by the load. Ans. ls)30.11A;(ii)3.011A;108.5V(iv)2720.7W)

Equivalent Circuit and O.C. and S.C. Tests

17. The parameters of a 2300230 V. 50 Hz transformer are given below :
R,=0.28611 R2'=0.31911

X,=0.73.0 Xy-0.73.0 Re 25011 Xe 1250 Q The secondary load impedance Z,, 0.387 +jO.29. Solve the exact equivalent circuit with normal voltage across the primary. [Ans. q = 78.8%. % Regulation 2.7%] 18. A 230 V, 3 kVA single-phase transformer has an iron loss of 100 W at 40-Hz and 701V at 30-Hz. Find the hysteresis and eddy current losses at 50-Hz. [Ans. 91.67 W, 41.67 WI 19. When a transformer is supplied at 400 V, 50-Hz the hysteresis lose is found to be 300 W and eddy current loss is found to be 250 W. Determine the hysteresis loss and eddy current loss when the transformer is supplied at 81-0 V, 100 Hz. (Ana. 600 W ; 1000 WI 20. When the primary of a transformer rated at 2200 V, 50-Hz is supplied at 2200 V. 50-Hz the wattmeter gives a reading of 1200 W on no-load. When it is supplied at 1100 V, 25-Hz. the wattmeter gives a reading of 400 Won no-load. If the wattmeter is connected in the input circuit find the hysteresis loss and eddy current loss at normal voltage and frequency. IAna. 400 V ; 800 WI

TRANSFORMERS

277

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

28.

27.

28.

A 4400 V, 50-Hz transformer has a hysteresis loss of 1000 W, eddy current loss of 1500 W and full-load copper loss of 3500 W. If the transformer is supplied at 6600 V. 75-Hz, what will be the losses ? Assume that the full-load current remains the same. [Ans. PO =1500 W. P, . 3375 WI A 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has a turn ratio of 6. The resistances are 0.9 n, 0.0312 and reactances am 512 and 0.1311 for high-voltage and low voltage windings respectively. Find : (O The voltage to be applied to the h.v. side to obtain full-load current of 200 A in the l.v. winding on short-circuit. (ii) The power factor on short-circuit. Draw the equivalent circuit and show therein all the values. [Ans. 329.3 V. 0.21 A 20012000 V transformer is fed from a 200 V supply. The total winding resistance and leakage reactance as referred to low voltage side are 0.1611 and 7.011 respectively. The representing core loss is 40011 and the magnetising reactance is 23112. A load of impedance 596 . j44411 is connected across the secondary terminals. Calculate : 4) Input current ; (ri) The secondary terminal voltage ; (iii) Primary power factor. IAns. (1) 25.96 Z- 40.78 A ; (it) 1859 V ; find 0.757 lagging] Determine the approximate equivalent circuit of a given 20012000 V single-phase 40 kVA transformer having the following test results : O.C. test : 200 V. 8.4 A. 384 W........on l.v. side. S.C. test : 78 V. 20 A. 620 W.......on h.v. side. IAzts. Rom - 0.015511. Xem . 0.0358 0, Re 104.211, X0.32.75111 Determine the equivalent circuit of a 200/400 V. 50-Hz. single-phase transformer from the following test data: O.C. test (I.v. side) : 200 V. 0.7 A, 70 W S.C. test (h.v. side) : 15 V, 10 A, 85 W Calculate the secondary voltage when delivering 5 kW at 0.8 power factor. lagging, the primary voltage being 200 V. IAns. Re 571.4 A. X. . 330 !l. Rom - 0.2111. X01=0.31 U, V, = 377.8 VI A single-phase. 10 kVA, 5001250 V. 50-Hz transformer has the following constants : Resistance : Primary 0.211. Secondary 0.5 0 Reactance: Primary 0.411, Secondary 0.111 Resistance or equivalent exciting circuit referred to primary, R0 = 1500 11, reactance of the equivalent exciting circuit referred to primary, X0.75011. What would be the readings of the instruments when the transformer is connected for the opon-cireuit and short-circuit teats? IAns. O.C. test : 500 V, 0.745 A, 167 W ; S.C. test : 46.8 V. 20 A. 680 W l Find the approximate equivalent circuit or a single-phase 40014400 V transformer having the following test readings : O.C. test (l.v. side) : 400 V, 6.2 A, 600 W IAns. Re 266.7 fl, X0.80.3411, Z0, . 0,025631), S.C. test (h.v. side) : 155 V. 50 A, 1850 W Rol . 0.006115 CL X01 . 0.02488 AI The following readings were taken in open-circuit and short-circuit tests on a single-phase 20 kVA, 20001200 V transformer : O.C. test (l.v. side) : 200 V, 2 A. 120 W S.C. test (h.v. side) : 30 V, 10 A. 140 W Determine : (i) Equivalent circuit referred to Lv. side (ii) Secondary terminal voltage on full-load at 0.8 power factor leading. (Ans.(i)Ro-333.3LL Xo- 104.811,Rer-0.014 Q.
X.= 0.02654 A; (u( 200.47 VI

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ELECTRICAL TECIINOLOGY

Regulation and Efficiency of a Transformer

29. The corrected instrument readings obtained from open and short-circuit tests on 10 kVA. 4501120 V,
50-Hz transformer

am:

O.C. Test : V, = 120 V.1, = 4.2 A, W, = 80 W ; V1. W, and 11 were read on the low-voltage side. S.C. Test : V, = 9.65 V ;1, = 22.2 A ; W, = 120 W with low-voltage winding short-circuited. Calculate : It) The equivalent circuit (approximate) constants. (it) Efficiency and voltage regulation for 0.8 lagging power. (iti) The efficiency at half full-load and O.8 lagging power factor load. [Ana. (i) Re 25.30 t2, Xe 409 tt ; (it 197.57%, 2.04% ; (iii) 97.34%l 30. The primary and secondary winding resistance of a 40kVA.66001250Vsingle-phase transformer are 10 0 and 0.02 O respectively. The equivalent leakage reactance as referred to the primary winding is 35 it Find the full-load regulation for load power factors of(i) unity ; (it) 0.8 lagging ; and (iii) 0.8 leading. IAns.)r)2.202%:(it)3.69%;(ur);-0.166%j The percentage resistance and reactance of a transformer are 2.5% and 4% respectively. Find the approximate regulation on full-load at li) unity power factor. (it) 0.8 power factor lagging, and lilt) 0.8 power factor leading. lAns. (t) 2.5% ; (it) 4.4% : (its) 0.4%) 32. A single-phase 100 kVA, 2000/200 V, 50 Hz transformer has impedance drop of 10% and resistance drop of 5%. (t) Find the regulation at full-load. 0.8 power factor lagging. (u) At what power factor is the regulation zero ? [Ans. 9.196%; 0.666 leading) 33. The high voltage of a single-phase 200 kVA 4400/220 V transformer takes a current of 30 A and power of 1200 W at 75 V when the low voltage winding is short-circuited. Determine : It) The voltage to be applied to the high voltage winding on full-load 0.8 power factor lagging if the secondary terminal voltage is to be kept at 220 V, and (it) % regulation. (Ana. (t) 4506 V ; (it) 2.355%I 34. A 20 kVA, 2200/220 V 50-Hz distribution transformer is tested for efficiency and regulation as follows ; O.C. test (I.v. side) : 220 V. 4.2 A. 148 W. S.C. test (h.v. side) : 86 V.10.5 A. 360 W.
Determine : It) Core loss

31.

(tit Equivalent resistance referred to primary. (iii) Equivalent resistance referred to secondary. (it0 Equivalent reactance referred to primary. W) I Equivalent reactance referred to secondary. (vi) Regulation of transformer at 0.8 power factor lagging current. (sit) Efficiency at full-load and half full-load at 0.8 power factor lagging current.

lAns. 148 W, 3.26 91, 0.0326 Q. 7.51 R 0.07510.2.95%,97.4%,97.3%) 35. A 100kVAsingle-phasetransformer hasafull-load primary current of400 A and total resistance referred
to primary is 0.00611. If the iron loss amounts to 500 W. find the efficiency on full-load and half-load at (i) unity power factor, and (it) 0.8 power factor. IAns.98.58%,98.56%.98.22%.98.19%] Maximum Efficiency 38. A SO kVA, single phase transformer has an iron loss of 4001/ and full-load copper loss of 800 W. It) Find the load at which maximum efficiency occurs and the value of maximum efficiency at unity power factor.

TRANSFORMERS

279

37.

38.

39.

40. 41.

(ii) If the maximum-efficiency occurs at 80% of full-load, find the new core loss and full-load copper lose assuming that total full-load loss is constant. IAna. (i) 70.7% of full-load. 97.79%; (ii) P, - 468.36 W. P, . 731.64 WI A I10(W20 V transformer has a primary resistance of 0.2511 and secondary resistance of 0.031 If iron loss amounts to 250 W. determine the secondary current at which maximum efficiency occurs and find the maximum efficiency at 0.8 power factor. [Ans. 111.8 A ; 97.52%I A single-phase 250 kVA transformer has an efficiency of 96% on lull-load at 0.8 power factor and on half full-load at 0.8 power factor. Find : (/) Iron Ices, and (u) full-bad copper loss. lAns.P,=2.761kW,P,=5.53.3kW) The efficiency of a 300 Will, single-phase transformer is 97.8% when delivering full-load at 0.8 power factor lagging and 98.4% when delivering half full-bad at unity power factor. Determine the efficiency at 80% of full-load at 0.8 power factor lagging. [Ans. 97.95%1 A 12 kVA, 400!200 V single-phase 50-Hz transformer has maximum efficiency of 95% at 85% of full-bad at unity power factor. Determine the efficiency at full-load at 0.8 power factor lagging. IAne. 93.76%I A 50 M. 2000/250 V single-phase transformer has resistan es of 1.1 R and 0.01511 and reactances of 4.411 and 0.06 A for the high voltage and low voltage windings respectively. It has a maximum efficiency of 96.05% at 80% of f dWoad at unity p f The magnetising current for the h.v. side at 2000 V is 1.25 A. Find the readings of suitable instruments for open circuit test and short-circuit tests, supply being given to by. side in both cans. (Ans, O.C. test : 2000 V. 1.316 A. 824 W
L S.C. test : 212.3 V. 25 A, 1287 W

42. A 100 kVA.3300/300 V single-phase transformer has an efficiency of 97.5% both on full-load at unity p.f. and on half full-load at unity power factor. The power factor of the no-load current is 0.3 lagging and the regulation on full-load at 0.8 p.f. lagging is 3 per cent Draw the equivalent circuit referred to the l.v. side. Ans. Rot = 105.311, Xo = 33.11!1, 1 cI Rm 0.01638 A. Xm

0.024510 1

43. The maximum efficiency of a single-phase 240 kVA, 20001250 V transformer occurs at 70% of full-load and is equal to 98% at 0.8 p.f. Lagging. Determine the efficiency and regulation on full-load at 0.8 p.f. lagging if the impedance of the transformer is 8 per cent. Ans. 97.81%.5.699%1 44. A 5 kVA, 2301115 V transformer takes 1.2 A and 75 W when 230 V is applied to h.v. winding and l.v. winding is kept open. It takes 21.75 A and 150 W when the l.v. winding is short-circuited and 17.4 V is applied to the h.v. winding. Find : (i) The no-load current as a fraction of full-bad input current at 0.8 pt lagging ; (ii) Percentage regulation on full-load at 0.8 p.t lagging ; and (Us) The load at which maximum efficiency occurs and the maximum efficiency at unity p.t. [Ans. 5.162% of full-load input current ; 6.566%;70.7% of full-load, 95.94%I 45. The efficiency of a 20 kVA, 2000/200 V transformer is 96.8% at full-load at unity p.f. and 96% at 60% of a load at 0.8 p.f. Find the regulation at full-load at : (i) 0.8 p.1 lagging ; and (is) 0.8 p.f. leading if the impedance is 7 per cent. IAns. (i) 5.469%, (is) 2.385%l 46. A 100 kVA, 2000/200 V single-phase transformer takes a current of 50 A and 2400 W at 100 V when the low voltage winding is short circuited. Determine the load-voltage and percentage regulation when delivering fWlload current at 0.8 p.f. leading, the supply voltage being 2000 V. IAns. 200.142 V ; ' 071%I 47. A single-phase, 25 kVA transformer has an iron Ices of 240 W and full-load copper loss of 600 W. G) Find the load at which maximum efficiency occurs and maximum efficiency at 0.8 p.t W) If the maximum efficiency occurs at 70% of full-load. find the core loss and copper loss assuming the total lows to be the same as in the previous case. r Ans. 1.) 63.26% of full load, 96.36%; 1 l In) 276.3 W.563.7W J

280

F,I.ECPRICAL ncIINGLOGY

All-Day Efficiency
48. A 20 kVA. 200M200 V transformer has an iron loss of 300 Wand full-load copper loss of 400 W. During the day it is loaded as follows : Power factor No. of hours Load 8 6 6 4 load Full-load 2 load 0.5 0.8 unity

4 No-load Find the all-day efficiency. lAna. 94.84%l 49. A 30 kVA transformer has got a maximum efficiency of 97% at 80% of load at unity p.f. During the day it is loaded as follows : No. ofhours Load Power factor 10 4 kW 0.6 lag 9 20 kW 0.8 Ing 0.85 lag 5 24 kW Find the all-day efficiency. [Ans. 95.68%l 60. The all-day efficiency of 200 kVA transformer is 96% when it is loaded as follows : No. ofhours Load Power factor 12 120 kW 0.8 8 l50 kW unity 4 No-load If maximum efficiency of this transformer occurs at 80% of full-load. find iron loss and full-load copper loss. [Ans. P, = 2.645 kW. P. = 4.133 kWl 51. An auto transformer supplies a load of 5 kW at 125 V and at unity power factor. If the primary voltage is 250 V, determine : (i) Transformer ratio, (ii) Secondary current. (iii) Primary current. (iu) Number of turns across secondary if the total number of turns is 250. (u 1 Power transformed, and lust Power conducted directly from the supply mains to load. IAns. 1 .40 A. 20 A, 125, 9.5 kW, 2.5 kWI 52. The primary and secondary voltages of an auto-transformer are 500 V and 400 V respectively. Show with the aid of diagram the current distribution in the windings when the secondary current is 100 A and calculate the economy in copper. Ans. 80 per centl 63. A 200/250 V auto-transformer draws power f rom a 200 V line and supplies n 5 kW load with a power factor of 0.8 lagging. A second load of 2 kW is supplied at unity power factor from 100 V winding. Neglecting losses. calculate the current drawn by the transformer from the 200 V line and its power factor. IAns. 42.64 A. 0.8981 64. A 5 M. single-phase 50-Hz transformer has full-load efficiency of 95 per cent and an iron Ion of 50 W. The transformer is now connected as an auto-transformer to a 2'20 V supply. If it delivers a 5 kW bad at unity power factor to a 110 V circuit, calculate the efficiency of the operation and the current drawn by the high-voltage side. lAns. 79.27%,23.2 Al 65. A 480x120 V, 5 kVA two winding transformer is to be used as an auto-transformer to supply power at 480 V from 600 V source. Draw the connection diagram and determine the kVA capacity as an auto-transformer. [Ana. 25 kVAI

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