In this unit the KSK addressed includes the following: Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Basic knowledge of living and non-living

nd non-living things Living things have characteristics that allows them to change and grow (Board of Studies, 2001) Living things can reproduce (BOS, 2001) Living things require food to convert into energy (BOS, 2001) Non-living things cannot grow (e-learning for Primary Science, n.d) Non-living things cannot move by themselves (e-learning for Primary Science, n.d) Non-living things cannot die (e-learning for Primary Science, n.d) Non-living things cannot reproduce (e-learning for Primary Science, n.d) Plants need soil to grow as the water and minerals are taken from the roots as food which help the plant grow. (Maryland: Department of Natural Resources, 1995) Plants need sunlight to grow as the light help the food to convert into energy and this process is called photosynthesis. (Maryland: Department of Natural Resources, 1995) Plants require oxygen as the carbon dioxide from air absorbs into the plant and help the food breakdown in the process of photosynthesis. (Maryland: Department of Natural Resources, 1995) Water allows the nutrients from the food to travel from the roots to the leaves and back. (Maryland: Department of Natural Resources, 1995) Plant are able to adapt to their surrounding environment as if the space is small the plant will grow into a small plant and if the area is large the plant will grow into a bigger plant. (Maryland: Department of Natural Resources, 1995) Whats alive is define as the characteristics of living things as living things require food, can move, can reproduce and have senses. (Maryland: Department of Natural Resources, 1995) Lesson 3 Once alive is defined by something that used to be a living thing and now become a nonliving thing. Never has been alive is defined by the characteristics of non-living things, so they cannot move, eat, reproduce or feel anything. (Maryland: Department of Natural Resources, 1995) Pollination is where pollen is transmitted from anthers of a flower to the stigma of another flower. Lesson 4 Some seeds are developed as a result of self pollination (Pollinator partnership, 2013). The life cycle of a flower consist of seeds, seedling, flowering, pollination and then the cycle starts again.

 Lesson 6

The life cycle of a tree consists of seeds, seedling, sapling and mature oak. A sapling is the size of a tree growing in a nursery.

Lesson 5

While a sapling, the tree is not mature enough to reproduce. The sapling grows quickly and encompasses the same threats as seedlings (Arundel Tree Service). The life cycle of an orange consists of seed, seedling, flower, unripe orange and ripe orange. In order for plants to grow they need soil, sunlight, oxygen and water (The hidden villa classroom, 2010). To conclude an experiment you need to discuss if your prediction was correct and what new knowledge has come about. One characteristic of living things is the life cycle where they grow and change from birth, developing into adults, reproducing and then dying. This happens generation to generation. Mammals give birth to live young, fish spawn, birds lay eggs (Annenberg Foundation, 2013).

Offspring are very similar to their parents Sea Monkeys are a type of crustacean, known as Brine Shrimp. They hatch from eggs instantly and then malt between each stage before they become adults which can take up to a week given the right environment (Ryan, 2013). Most information is provided on the Sea Monkeys pack

Lesson 7

Most insects lay eggs. Some insects have an incomplete metamorphosis, only have three stages egg, nymph and adult. When they hatch they already look like adults, such as grasshoppers, dragonflies. Butterflies go through a complete metamorphosis as they change form several times, from an egg, larvae and pupa before becoming an adult (Rosen & Kelly, 1981)

Frogs lay multiple foam like eggs often in still waters. It can take the eggs to around 6-21 days to hatch. The next stage is the tadpole- it has a tail, mouth and poorly developed gills. It is a week before they can swim. 4 weeks later skin grows over the gills. After 6-9 weeks legs begin to form (tadpole with legs) and the body and head develops. After 9 weeks arms begin to develop. By 12 weeks it is young frog and by about 16 weeks it is an adult frog (Rosen & Kelly, 1981)

Habitats are places where particular animal species live, known as a population. Habitats provide animals with the basic needs to survive- food, water, oxygen, temperature, shelter and a place to breed. Habitats vary in size and are part of an ecosystem- where living and non-living things live and interact (World Wildlife Fund (WWF), n.d).

Lesson 8

All living things live in environments in which they are suited to, have adapted to or are adapting to (WWF, n.d). Environments change therefore animals need to adapt in order to survive. If they dont adapt then the animal will die and as offspring are similar to their parents it is critical that they adapt otherwise the whole species may die out (Utah Education Network (UEN, n.d).

Adaptations can include physical structures such as external features, eg- birds have wings Possums mainly live in the bush, woodlands and open forests. They make homes in the hollows of trees. They eat Eucalyptus leaves, fruits and insects (King, 1999). Echidnas are mammals that live in diverse habitats such as hollow logs, under rocks, in bushes. They have strong arms which they use to dig ant and termite mounds for food. They also have a tongue and rough pads at the back of their mouths to chew the ants/termites (King, 1999)

Lesson 9

Kangaroos live in grasslands, woodlands and sometimes deserts. They are marsupials (King, 1999) Snakes live in grassy areas that are located near rivers, creeks- some sort of water supply. They hibernate under rocks and lie in the sun as they dont produce their own body heat. Some live in trees- trees snakes. Snakes eat lizards, birds, mammals (King, 1999) Lizards such as the Blue Tongue Lizard live in open grassy habitats. They use rocks, leaf litter and burrows as shelters. They like snakes bask in the sun during the warmer months and hibernate when its cold. They have string jaws to crush their prey such as snail shells (King, 1999).

Saltwater Crocodiles live in deep murky waters either saltwater of freshwater, but mainly near estuaries. They eat various food including insects, reptiles, amphibians, fish and mammals. They lay eggs in nests which are made by their teeth and legs to break vegetation (King, 1999).

The term habitat refers to the environment in which a living thing lives, grows and survives. In order for a living thing to do this, their habitat must have food, water and shelter (Riggs, 2011).

Lesson 10

Australian animals live in different environments based on their individual needs so that they can survive. For example, an emu lives in a grassland habitat, where it is very hot and dry with limited shade (Riggs, 2011). This type of environment suits the emu as it provides a food source of seeds, leaves and insects, some shelter and enough space to walk fast (Riggs,

2011). When walking fast, the emu creates a breeze which keeps the emu cool during hot parts of the day (Riggs, 2011). In contrast, the platypus lives in a completely different environment, where it is cool and wet. They live in clear freshwater streams, lakes and dams where there are plenty aquatic invertebrates to eat and burrows for shelter (Campbell & Woods, 2013). Furthermore, this environment is ideal because their webbed feet, duck-like bill, dense glossy fur and small body shape allow them to propel themselves through the water (Moyal, 2010). An understanding that the needs of different Australian animals affect where they live and how they survive. For example, the koala is a fussy animal that only feeds on some eucalypt species (Campbell & Woods, 2013). Because of this, the koala is a sluggish animal that needs time to digest the gum leaves it eats, which requires it to sleep for 18-20 hours a day (Campbell & Woods, 2013). The habitat that koalas are found in provide for these needs of Lesson 11 the koala, which allows it to continue to survive. In contrast, the eastern blue tongue lizard lives in a different environment as it inhabits dense gardens (Watharow, 2011). The environment in which a blue tongue lizard lives provides for its needs by providing fungi, rotting vegetation and snails to eat as well as areas for the lizard to lay and relax during the day(Watharow, 2011) Certain characteristics are needed for living things to be seen as living such as movement, growth, the need for food, water and air, waste elimination, reproduction and a response to stimuli (Board of Studies NSW, 1993). The term life cycle refers to the development of an organism such as a plant or animal (Spilsbury, 2010). The life cycle of a plant or animal starts when it is born or sprouts from a seed (Spilsbury, 2010). It then continues to grow into an adult that can produce offspring (Spilsbury, 2010). The plant and animal will then die and rot away providing nutrients for the Lesson 12 life cycles of other plants and animals to begin (Spilsbury, 2010). In order to survive, Australian animals live in different environments based on their individual needs. These environments are known as habitats which provide food, shelter and water (Riggs, 2011). For example, the wombat lives in dry grasslands and forests (Kras, 2010) where it can dig burrows with its powerful legs, paws and claws (George, 2011). The ability to dig burrows provides the wombat with shelter (Petrie, 2010) When the environment outside is suitable the wombat will search for grasses, fungi, herbs and roots, which allows it to receive enough food and water to survive (Petrie, 2010).