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Laboratory Module
LABORATORY MODULE
ENT 162
Analog Electronics
Semester 2 (2012/2013)
Name
:____________________________________________________
Matrix No.
:______________________
Laboratory Module
EXPERIMENT 1
Diode Characteristics and Rectifier Circuit
Part A: Diode V-I Characteristics
1. OBJECTIVE:
1.1 To examine the voltage-current (V-I) characteristics of diode.
2. PARTS AND EQUIPMENT:
2.1
1 k resistor
- 1 Pc
2.2
- 1 Pc
2.3
Multimeter
- 1 Pc
2.4
- 1 Pc
2.5
3. INTRODUCTION:
A diode is said to be in forward bias when the diodes anode is at a higher potential than its
cathode. Current will flow through the diode from anode to cathode. A diode is a nonlinear
device in the sense that the current is not proportional to voltage difference across it. When
the diode is in forward bias condition, a small voltage drop called the barrier potential,
occurs across the diode. Typical value is approximately at 0.7 V for silicon and 0.3 V for
germanium (measured at room temperature). A symbol and pin configuration for diode is
shown below.
Vd
I d
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Figure 1.1
Laboratory Module
4. PROCEDURE:
4.1
Using your DMM, select a low-resistance meter range. Then connect the positive lead
of the DMM to the diodes anode terminal while the negative lead is connected to the
diodes cathode terminal, as shown in Figure 1.2(A). The DMMs internal battery then
forward biases the diode. Note the resistance reading. Record your result in Table 1.1.
If a DMM with a diode check feature is used, the display usually indicated the voltage
drop across a good diode from diode to cathode when it is forward biased. When
reserve biased, the DMM generally indicates some form of out-of range condition,
such as blinking display or the letters OL. Record your results in Table 1.1
4.2 Now reverse the meters leads so that its positive terminal is connected to the cathode
terminal of the diode, which is now biased. Noted the reading. Record your result in
Table 1.1.
When measuring resistances, some DMMs have the polarity of their leads reversed
from the normal sense; that is, the positive lead is actually wired to the internal
batterys negative terminal. In this case, the forward and reverse resistance readings
will be the opposite of those indicated in these two steps.
4.3 Wire the circuit shown in Figure 1.2(B). Adjust the dc power supply to give the voltages
across the 1 k resistor shown in Table 1.2. For each voltage, use the multimeter to
measure and record the dc voltage drop (VD) across the diode. The diode current is
also the current flowing through the 1 k resistor. Determine the diode current by
using Ohms law in each case.
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4.4 Plot the resulting static diode curve (diode current versus voltage) on the graph page in
this experiment. Graphically determine the diodes barrier potential (VB) and forward
resistance (RF), recording your results in Table 1.2.
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Laboratory Module
Name
______________________________
Matrix No
______________________________
Date : ______________
Meter Leads
Step
Anode
Cathode
Cathode
Anode
Table 1.2:
Voltage across
1 k Resistor
0.1 V
0.2 V
0.3 V
0.4 V
0.5 V
0.6 V
0.7 V
0.8 V
0.9 V
1.0 V
3.0 V
5.0V
7.0 V
9.0 V
Instructor Approval :
Result
Diode
Voltage
____________________
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Diode Forward
Current
Date :
_____________
Laboratory Module
Name
______________________________
Matrix No
______________________________
Date : ______________
Instructor Approval :
____________________
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Date :
_____________
Laboratory Module
1 k resistor
- 1 Pc
2.2
- 2 Pcs
2.3
- 1 Pc
2.4
10uF capacitor
- 1 Pc
2.4
- 1 Pc
2.5
Multimeter
- 1 Pc
2.6
- 1 Pc
3. CALCULATION GUIDE
Half-wave rectifier
DC voltage output
Output frequency
V S ( peak ) V B
input frequency
(3.1)
(3.2)
2[V S ( peak ) V B ]
(sine wave input)
(3.3)
Output frequency
2 x input frequency
(3.4)
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Laboratory Module
4. PROCEDURE:
4.1
Wire the half wave rectifier circuit shown in Figure 1.3(A). Be very careful to make sure
that connections to the 240V primary of the transformer are properly protected. Note
that neither of the transformers primary leads is grounded, while the center-tapped
secondary lead is not used in this section.
4.2
5 V/division, dc coupling
Time base
5 ms/division
Apply 240 VAC (rms) to the transformers primary leads. Connect one scope probe
to the anode terminal of the 1N4001 diode (point A), and the other probe to the diode
cathode terminal (point B).You should obtain the waveforms shown in Figure 1.4.
4.3
From the oscilloscope, measure the transformers peak secondary voltage [V S(peak)],
as well as the peak voltage [V0(peak)] across the 1k resistor, recording your results in
Table 1.3.
4.4
With your multimeter, measure the dc voltage (VDC) across the 1 k resistor, and
record your result in Table 1.3. Compare this result with that obtained from the
equation for the average or dc voltage of a half-wave rectifier (Equation 1). Observe
both waveforms.
4.5
Turn off power to transformer. Add one 10uF capacitor in parallel with the load resistor.
Negative side of the capacitor should be grounded.
4.6
4.7
Turn off the power to the transformer, and wire the center-tapped full-wave rectifier
circuit shown in Figure 1.3(B). Pay careful attention to the polarity of both diodes and
the connections to the 240V primary of the transformer. The center-tapped lead is
grounded for this section.
4.8
5 V/division, dc coupling
Time base
5 ms/division
Apply 240 VAC (rms) to the transformers primary leads. Connect one probe to the
anode terminal of the 1N4001 diode (point A), and the other probe to one of the
diodes cathode terminals (point B).You should obtain the waveforms as shown in
Figure 1.5.
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4.9
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With your oscilloscope, measure the transformers peak secondary voltage (V S) with
respect to the grounded center tap, as well as the peak voltage V 0(peak) across the 1
k resistor, recording your results in Table 1.3.
4.10 With your multimeter measure the dc voltage (V DC) across the 1k resistor, and record
your result in Table 1.3. Compare this result with that obtained from the equation for
the average or dc voltage of a center-tapped full-wave rectifier (Equation 3.3). Observe
both waveforms.
4.11 Turn off power to transformer. Add one 10uF capacitor in parallel with the load resistor.
Negative side of the capacitor should be grounded.
4.12 Turn on power to transformer. Measure ripple voltage peak-to-peak at the output using
oscilloscope.
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Name
______________________________
Matrix No
______________________________
Date : ______________
Rectifier
Measured
Type
Expect
ed VDC
VS (peak)
V0 (peak)
VDC
Half-wave
Full-wave
(center tap)
6. CALCULATIONS
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Ripple V(peak
to peak)
% Error
Instructor Approval:
Laboratory Module
____________________
Name
______________________________
Matrix No
______________________________
Date: _____________
Date : ______________
7. DISCUSSION:
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8. CONCLUSION:
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