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7.1 INTRODUCTION
Rajesh has two factories, one at Delhi and the other at Bombay. Each factory produces two items of garments for ladies and gents. The quantities produced by each factory is given in the matrices below: Factory at Delhi
ITEM I Ladies Gents 600 300 ITEM II 550 450 Ladies Gents
Factory at Bombay
ITEM I 450 250 ITEM II 600 350
We are interested in finding out the total production of items. So what do we do? Or, we may be interested in finding the total cost of producing these items if cost per item is given for each type. In this lesson, we will be finding ways of answering such questions by going into addition, multiplication and algebra of matrices in general.
7.2 OBJECTIVES
After going through this lesson, you should be able to: state the condition for equality of two matrices multiply a matrix by a scalar find the sum of two matrices of the same order
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find the difference of two matrices of the same order state the condition for multiplication of two matrices multiply two matrices, if possible
Its transpose will be 2 A' = 1 3 Again observe that (i) (ii) Order of matrix A = Order of matrix A ' i.e., 3 3 Every element of A is same as the corresponding element of A '. we say that matrix A = matrix A' 1 6 4 3 4 5
Are the two matrices equal ? We observe that (i) Order of A is 2 3 whereas order of A ' is 3 2 hence order of A order of A ' Every element of A is not equal to the corresponding element of A '. Therefore we can say that matrix A matrix A ' Thus, we can define the equality of two matrices as:
(ii)
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(ii)
each element
of A is equal to the
corresponding element of B . For example: Consider two matrices of the same order x 5 and 2 5
if x = 2, since the two matrices are of the same order. Let us take some more examples Example A: Find the values of a and b if [ a 3] = [4 b ] Solution : If [ a 3] = [4 b ] then the corresponding elements of the matrices will be equal. a = 4 and b = 3
Solution: If x 3 2 = y 3 5 1 2
Example C: For what value of a, b , c and d will the two matrices a 6 2 3 2b d and 1 6 2 5c 4 2
be equal Solution :
3 5
Matrix
a 6
2 3
2b = d
1 6
2 5c
4 2
and if
and
{ {
= 1
2b = 4 5c = 3 d = 2 a = 1 b = 2 c = d =2
3 5
Thus, for a = 1, b = 2, c =
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a 6 Example D:
2 3
2b = d
1 6
2 5c
4 2
For what value of a, b , c and d will the matrices a 3 a+ c Solution: The matrix a 3 a+ c b 2 d 2b 7 = 3 4 6 7 5 1 b 2 d 2b 7 = 3 4 6 7 5 1
and if
and
{ {
a = 5 a+ c = 4 b 2 d = 1 2b = 6 a = 5 b = 3 c = 1 d = 1
Thus, for a = 5, b = 3, c = 1 and d = 1 the two given matrices will be equal. Checkpoint Tick the right choice for Q.1 and Q.2 1. Two matrices can be compared for equality if
(i) (ii) 2.
Two matrices are said to be equal if (i) (ii) some of the corresponding elements match all of the corresponding elements match
3.
3 2
3.
a =
b = 2
c =2
d = 4
It is also given that these marks are out of 30 in each case. In matrix form, the above information can be wirtten as 20 22 17 10 25 25 15 27 21 (It is understood that rows corres pond to the names and columns correspond to the subjects).
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If the maximum marks are doubled in each case, then the marks, obtained by these girls will also be doubled. In matrix form, the new marks can be given as: 2 20 2 22 2 17 40 = 44 34 2 10 2 25 2 25 20 50 50 30 54 42 2 15 2 27 2 21
40 = 44 34
20 50 50
30 54 42
15 = 10 5
10 0 30
Thus, we can say that When a matrix is multiplied by a scalar , then each of its elements is multiplied by the scalar .
Example E :
If
A =
2 1
3 0
4 1 , find 2 A .
Solution:
2 A = 2 (2) 2 (1) = 4 2 6 0 8 2 1 A = 2 3
2 (3) 2 (0)
2 (4) 2 (1)
Example F:
If
Solution:
(1) A =
1 = 2 3
4 1 2
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Note:
Multiplying a matrix by (1) is same as writing negative of the same matrix. Thus, the matrix (1) A is same as A .
Example G :
If
A =
3 6
12 3
15 18 , find A
Solution:
A =
(3)
(12)
(15)
(-6) 10
(3)
(-18)
12
When a matrix is multiplied by a scalar then: (i) (ii) elements of row one are multiplied by the scalar elements of one column are multiplied by the scalar
(iii) elements of the diagonal are multiplied by the scalar (iv) each element of the matrix is multiplied by the scalar 2. What will happen to A if A is multiplied by 3. where A = 2 1 5 4 15 12
Ans : 1 (iv),
6 3
[ a 2
(b)
5. (a)
If A
= 0 3
1 1
2 4
find 5 A ?
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(b)
If A
1 3 1
6. (a)
If A
3 find 4
A ?
2 , find 5
A ?
How can we find their total marks in each subject in the two tests taken together? The total marks obtained by : Mahesh : In Maths In Physics In English William : = 50 + 45 = 95 out of 100 = 38 + 32 = 70 out of 100 = 33 + 30 = 63 out of 100
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English 63 75
Matrices I and II are of the same order. The elements of this new matrix III are the sum of the corresponding elements of the Matrix I and Matrix II. The Matrix III is also of order 2 3
(iii)
Now consider another situation Let us consider the following matrices : 1 A = 3 2 6 8 10 , and B = 4 5 8 0 2 4 3 9 6
Now the question is can we obtain a matrix whose elements will be the sum of the corresponding elements of matrices A and B ?. Obviously not. The reason is that the order of matrix A is (32) and the order of matrix B is (33). Therefore, we are unable to find a column in the matrix A which corresponds to the column 3 of matrix B . Thus, we conclude that 1. The sum of two matrices is defined if they are of some order. The sum of two matrices is a matrix obtained by adding the corresponding elements of the given matrices.
2.
Example H: If A = 1 4 then find A + B Solution : A + B = 1+5 4+1 Example I: If A = 0 2 find A + B ? Solution: A + B = 0+3 1+0 1+4 0+1 = 3 1 1 5 3 1 1 3 1 0 and B = 3 1 0 2 4 1 3+2 2+0 = 6 5 5 2 3 2 and B = 5 1 2 0
Two matrices can be added if i) ii) their orders are same their orders are different
When we add two matrices, then i) We add the corresponding elements of the first row. ii) We add the corresponding elements of the first column.
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iii)
We add the corresponding elements of the two given matrices. 2 5 1 0 3 6 and B = 0 2 1 1 4 5 then
3.
If A =
find A + B
{
(i) ( ii)
Ans :
1.(i),
2.(iii),
3.
2 7
0 1
1 11
7.6.1
Properties of Addition
Recall that in case of numbers, we have x + y = y + x, i.e. addition is commutative. x + (y + z) = ( x + y ) + z , i.e., addition is associative
( i i i ) x + 0 = x i.e., addition identity exists (iv) x + ( x ) = 0, i.e., addition inverse exists Let us check these properties in case of matrices. Let A = 1 1 t h e nA + B = 2 3 2 + (2) 3 + 3 2 + 2 3 + 3 = and B = 0 1 = 1 0 1 0 2 3 0 6 0 6
1 + 0 1 + 1
and B + A =
0 + 1 1 + (1)
i.e., matrix addition is commutative. Let A = 0 2 3 1 0 2 = 0 2 = 0+2 2+2 = 2 0 and (A + B) + C = 0+1 2+0 = 1 2 = 1+1 2+2 = 2 0 1 6 1 + 3 1+0 3+3 2 3 1 6 3+(4) + 1+2 1 2 0 3 1 0 B = 1 0 3 1 3 + 1 3+(4) 1+5 2 5 4 2 + 1+1 0+2 2 4 and C = 2 4+0 2+3 3 1 0
then A + (B + C) =
Thus, A + ( B + C ) = ( A + B ) + C
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This is called the associative property of addition. In general, For any three matrices A,B and C of the same order, A + (B + C) = ( A + B ) + C i.e., matrix addition is associative.
Checkpoint : If A = 2 0 0 , 1 B = 1 2 3 1 and C = 3 0 5 2
{ Ans:
Note:
The sum of two matrices, added to the third matrix will give the same result. Recall that we have talked about zero matrix. A zero matrix is that matrix all of whose elements are zero. It can be of any order. Let A = 4 then A + O = 2 5 2 4 2 5 + 2 and O = 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2+0 4+0
2+0 5+0 2 5
2 4
= A Thus, we find that A + O = A, where O is a zero matrix. The matrix O, which is a zero matrix , is called the additive identity. In general, Additive identity is a zero matrix, which when added to a given matrix, gives the same given matrix, i.e. A + O = A. Check point: Additive identity of a matrix A is (i) (ii) (iii) Any matrix of the same order Zero matrix Zero matrix of the same order. { Ans: (iii) }
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2 3 =
1 4
1 2
5 3
2 + (1) 3 + (2)
1 + (5) 4 + (3) 1 5 4 3
2 1 3 2
A B
Thus, A + (1) B = A B Therefore Given two matrices A order, their difference the addition of the negative of the matrix Now, Let A = 2 1 3 4 and B of the same A B is defined as matrix A with the B, i.e., AB = A+(1)B.
It is possible to find another matrix B of the same order such that A + B = O where O is a zero matrix of the order same as that of A or B? Obviously if A + B = O , (then) B = O A = = 0 0 = 0 0 O + (1) (A ) + 2 1 0+(3) 0+(4) 3 4
0+(2) 0+(1)
2 1
3 4 3 4
(1)
2 1
(1) A = A
Thus B = (1) A = A B is called the additive inverse of the matrix A . In general, Given a matrix A , there exists another matrix B = (1) A such that A + B = O, then such a matrix B is called the additive inverse of the matrix A . Clearly, A is also the additive inverse of B . So, B is written as A and A is written as B. Note: The elements of A are the negative of the corresponding element of A . Checkpoint: Tick ( ) the right choice. The additive inverse of a matrix is (i) (ii) the same matrix the zero matrix
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A B = A + ( B ) 0 + 1 1 0 2 1 4 4 3 2
1 3 2 1
2 1
2 5
Note : A B can also be obtained by subtracting the elements of B from corresponding elements of A . Example K: If A = 2 5 1 then find (i) A B Solution : (i) A B = 2 5 1 = 2 0 5 5 1 3 4 7 4 0 5 3 4 3 7 2 4 1 = 3 2 1 2 0 4 1 9 3 (ii) B A 4 7 4 and B = 0 5 3 3 2 1
(ii)
Similarly, B A
2 0 4
1 9 3
Note: From (i) and (ii), we observe that matrix subtraction is not commutative. Checkpoint: Tick ( ) the right choice 1. What do you understand by subtraction of A from B . (i) 2. A + ( B ) 0 2 5 6 (ii) 1 3 B + (1) A and B = 1 3 (iii) (1) ( A + B ) 2 4 5 1
If A =
then find B A ?
Ans:
1.
(ii)
2.
1 1
7 2
4 4
}
0 3 2 1 then
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then find A + B (b) If A = 2 0 find 3 A + B . 3. If A = 1 4 find (a) A B 4. If A = 1 2 3 find (a) AB 5. If A = 2 1 0 and C = 1 2 5 3 0 0 4 0 2 3 4 2 1 (b) A 2 B 1 4 5 (b) A+B 3 1 2 0 0 0 5 , find (d) 8A , B = 3 3 1 5 2 0 2 1 0 and B = 1 4 0 0 2 0 2 3 1 and B = 1 2 4 6 then 3 5 1 2 and B = 3 0 1 1 2 2 then
From the results of (a) and (b) above, we observe that 3 ( A + B + C) = 3 A + 3B + 3 C and from (c) and (d), 3 A + 5 A = 8A In general, it is true that k(A+B+C) = kA+kB+kC and ( k +l) A = kA+ l A
How much money will each spend? Clearly, the money needed by Saleem and Girdhar will be: Saleem 3 cows 2 buffaloes Total and Girdhar 5 cows 3 buffaloes Total Rs.5 x 2000 = Rs.10,000 Rs.(3 x 15,000)= Rs.45,000 Rs.10,000 + Rs.45,000=Rs.55,000 Rs.(3 x 2000) = Rs.6000 Rs.(2 x 15,000)= Rs.30,000 Rs.6000 + Rs.30,000= Rs.36,000.
2000
3 2000+2 15,000 =
36,000
15,000
5 2000+3 15,000
55,000
Another dairy in the same locality quotes the following prices: 1 cow Rs.2500
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1 buffalo
Rs.17,000
The money needed by Saleem and Girdhar to buy the required number of cows and buffaloes from this dairy will be: Saleem 3 cows 2 buffaloes Total Girdhar 5 cows 3 buffaloes Total Rs.5 2500 = Rs.12,500 Rs.3 17000 = Rs.51,000 Rs.12,500 + Rs.51,000 = Rs.63,500 Rs.3 2500 = Rs.7500 Rs.34000
Rs.2 17000 =
2,500
3 2500 + 2 17,000 =
41,500
17,000
5 2500 + 3 17,000
63,000
To have a comparative study, the two informations can be combined in the following way :
Requirement Cows Buffaloes Prices (in Rs.) Money Needed at the two Dairies (in Rs.)
3 5
2 3
2000
2500
3 2000 + 2 15000
3 2500 + 2 17000
36,000 = = 55,000
Consider another example: Susie and Tina are two friends. Susie wants to buy 3 kg potatoes and 2 kg onions while Tina wants to buy 4 kg potatoes and 3 kg onions. They go to shop where the following prices were quoted. Potato Onion Rs.10/kg Rs. 7/kg
They go to another shop, where the following prices were quoted: Potato Onion Rs.9/kg Rs.6/kg
To have a comparative study, let us write these informations in matrix form and find out how much money will be needed by them to buy these groceries from these two shop.
Requirement Potato Onion Prices (in Rs.) Money Needed at the two shops. (in Rs.)
10
(3 10) + (2 7) (3 9) + (2 6) =
44 39
(4 10) + (3 7) (4 9) + (3 6)
61 54
The above example illustrates multiplication of matrices. In general; If A = a1 a2 then A B = b1 b2 and B = B2 + b1b2 + b 2 2 B1
a11 + b 1 2 + a1 1 a2 1 + b 2 2 a2 1
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(R 1 C 1 ) a 1 1 + b 1 2 a1 b1 1 2
R 1 C 2) a 1 1 +b 1 2 a1 b1 (R 2 C 2 ) a 2 1 +b 2 2 a2 b2 b1 b2 1 2
(R 2 C 1 ) a 2 1 + b 2 2 a2 b2 1 2
We observe that: 1. Matrix A can be multiplied by matrix B because the order of matrix A is (2 2) and the order of the matrix B is (2 2) i.e., the number of columns in matrix A is equal to the numbers of rows in matrix B . The number of elements in the resultant matrix will be the product of the number of rows of matrix A and the number of columns of matrix B , which in this case is (2 2) = 4. The elements of the resultant matrix can be obtained by multiplying the rows of A with the columns of B , elementwise, and then taking their sum.
2.
3.
Example L : If A = [1 1 2] and B = 2 0 2 find AB and BA. Is AB = BA? Solution: Order of matrix A = 1 3 Order of matrix B = 3 1
Now AB =
Thus, AB = [2] is of order (1 1) and the number of elements in AB = 1 1 = 1 Again, number of columns of B = no. of rows of A
Now BA =
Thus, BA is of order 3 3 and the number of elements in BA = 3 3 = 9. Also, we find that AB BA In fact, AB and BA are of different orders.
Note:
Check-point: Product AB of two matrices A and B is defined if the number of __________ of matrix A is equal to the number of ___________ of matrix B . { Ans: Columns, rows. } Example M If A = 1 3 Solution Order of matrix A = 2 2 Order of matrix B = 2 1
Q
2 1
and
B =
3 1 , find AB
Now AB =
3 1
Thus AB =
8 is of order 2 1 and the number of elements in this matrix AB = 2 1 = 2. Can we find BA for the above two matrices? The answer is No because the number of columns in B is one which is not equal to the number of rows in A , which is 2. Thus, in this example, we find that AB exists but BA does not exist. Remark : If AB exist, then BA need not exist.
Checkpoint : Fill in the blanks: The number of elements in the product of a matrix A of order (3 2) and matrix B of order (3 3) will be ___________. { Ans: 3 x 3 = 9 } Example N : If A = 2 0 0 1 and B = 1 2 3 AB and BA Solution : Order of matrix A is (2 2) and order of matrix B is (3 1) Now, since the number of columns of matrix the number of rows of matrix B , AB does not exist. , find
Also, since the number of columns of matrix B number of rows of matrix A , BA does not exist.
Thus, matrix multiplication can be defined as : Given two matrices A and B of order m n and n p respectively their product is a matrix of order m p and the number of elements in this new matrix will be equal to m p . Also, the elements of this new matrix can be obtained by multiplying the rows of A with the columns of B , elementwise, and then taking their sum. Example O If A = 1 1 2 0 and B = 2 2 1 2 , then
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Solution :
Now AB =
and BA =
2 2
Thus, we find that AB and BA are of the same order (2 2) but still AB BA. Thus, we conclude that matrix multiplication is not commutative. Example P : If A = 2 0 find AB and BA ? Solution 0 3 and B = 4 0 0 1 ,
Is AB = BA ?
Now AB =
and BA =
4 0
0 1
2 0
0 = 3
8 + 0 0 + 0 8 0 0 3
0 + 0 0 3
2 2
Here, we find that both AB and BA are of the same order i.e., (2 2) and Also AB = BA. Thus, we conclude that even though matrix multiplication is not commutative, but sometimes, it may so happen that AB = BA . Hence, if two metrices A and B are multiplied, then the following five cases are possible; (i) ( ii) Both AB and BA exist but are of different orders. Only one of the products AB or BA exists and the other does not. Neither AB nor BA exists. Both AB and BA exist and are of same order, but AB BA AB = BA
(iii) (iv)
(v)
Checkpoint Tick ( ) the right choice: If matrix A is multiplied with matrix B , then (i) (ii) AB = BA AB BA
(iii) AB may or may not be equal to BA . { Ans: : (iii) } 3 0 0 3 and I = 1 0 0 1 , verify that
Example Q: If A =
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= Solution :
A 22 A 3I = 0 Now, A 2 = 3 0 = 9 0 0 3 0 9 0 6 0 3 3 0 0 3 = 9 + 0 0 + 0 0 + 0 0 + 9
2A = 2
3 0
0 3 0 1
6 0
3I = 3
1 0
3 0
A2 2 A 3 I =
9 0
0 9 0 9 0 9 0 9
6 0
0 6 0 6 0+0 6+3 0 9
3 0
0 3 0 3
9 0
6 0
3 0
9 0
6+3 0+0
9 0
9 0
99 00
00 99 0 0
0 0
Solving these two equations we get x = 2, y = 1 Check-point: Fill in the blanks: 1. Given 1 2 3 0 x y = 5 2
To find the value of x , we need to (i) ( ii) multiply the 1 st row with ___________ multiply the 2 nd row with __________
( i i i ) Equate the two to ____________ respectively. { Ans: (i) x & y , (ii) x & y (iii) 5 & 2 } 1 1 and B = 1 1 1 1 , find AB.
Example S :
If A = 1 1
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Solution :
AB =
1 1
1 1
1 + 1 1 + 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 =
0 0
0 0
Thus, we find that Matrix A 0 and matrix B 0, still the product AB = 0 Hence, we conclude that the product of two nonzero matrix can be a zero matrix, whereas in numbers, the product of two nonzero numbers is always nonzero. Example T If A = 1 1 Solution A2 = 1 1 = 1 1 1 1 1 , find A 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 + 1
1 1 1 + 1
0 0
0 0
Thus, we find that Matrix A 0, still A 2 = 0 Hence we conclude that the square of a nonzero matrix may or may not be equal to zero whereas in numbers, the square of a nonzero number is always nonzero. Example U If A = 1 3 and C = 1 0 2 5 0 3 , B = 4 1 0 2
6 7
12 30 0 2 1 0 0 3
(ii) BC
4 1
4 1
A ( BC )
1 3
42
12+5 0+30
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6 7
12 30
Thus from (i) and (ii), we find that (AB) C = A ( BC ) i.e. matrix multiplication is associative. Checkpoint : If A = 2 0 then (i) ( AB ) C (ii) A ( BC ) (iii) ( AB ) C = = = A ( BC ) ( CA) B ( BA) C 0 , B = 3 1 2 1 4 and C = 5 2 3 0
Tick the right choice { Ans : (i) } Let A = 2 3 I = a c i.e., 2 3 i.e., b d 1 4 such that A I = A a c b = d 3 2 = 3a 4c i.e., 2 a+ c = 2 and 3 a 4 c = 3 3 b 4 d = 4 3b 4d 3 4 2b+ d = 1 4 1 2a + c 2b + d 2 1 1 4 Let us final a matrix
, find AB ?
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(b)
If A =
1 0
and
2 1
0 3 , find BA.
Does AB exist ? 3. If A = 2 0 3 1 and B = 0 1 2 (a) (b) 4. (a) Does AB exist? Why? Does BA exist? Why? If A = 2 0 1 3 and B = 1 2 0 5
find AB = BA . Is AB = BA ? 5. If A = 2 0 0 1 and B = 5 0 0 1
(b)
8. If
A = 2 1
(b) ( AB ) C, B = 2 1
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Product of two matrices A of order m n and B of order n p is a matrix of order m p whose elements can be obtained by multiplying the rows of A with the columns of B elementwise and then taking their sum.
TERMINAL QUESTIONS
1. Find the value of x and y if 3 2 = 3 1 0 2 x+y 1
xy 5 0 1
What will be the values of x, y, z and w if xy x+ 3 z zw 2 xy 1 0 3 , 2 B = 2 4 (b) ( A+B )3 C , and T = = 1 5 5 1 (c) C+ 2 A . cos 2 sin 2 2 3 and C = 0 2 1 3 ,
4.
If A =
find (a) A 2 B , 5. If S =
sin 2 cos 2
AI = A = IA
2 5
8. Two friends Lisa and Promila go to a shop to buy a few articles. Lisa purchases 6 pens and 3 notebooks whereas Promila purchases 2 pens and 5 notebooks. If the cost of 1 pen is Rs.20/ and the cost of 1 notebook is Rs.7/ find the matrix AB , where, the matrix A represents the purchases made by these friends using one row for one friend and the matrix B represents the prices.
3 9 3 15 4 2 4 4
4.
(a) w = 2, x = 3, y = 5, z = 1 (b) w = 3, x = 2, y = 1, z = 3
5.
(a) 0 15
5 5
10 20
(b)
2 6 2
2 0 10 0 6 0 6 9 3
6.
(a)
1 0 2
3 2 4
1 0 6
(b)
3 12 0
7.
(a)
(b)
-3
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8.
a = 2,
b = 3,
c = 1
d = 5
9.
-2
7.2 1 (a) 3 8 2. (a) 3 3 3. (a) 2 2 4. (a) 2 2 3 5. (a) 24 12 3 (c) 16 8 0 7 5 2 7 2 5 4 3 1 4 (b) (b) 2 4 0 5 (b) (b) (b) 8 8 6 3 3 0 2 2 3 24 12 3 (d) 16 8 0 5 15 8 16 6 13 2 5 4 12 12 15 8 16 40 3 1 4 15 6 21 24 8 16 1 4
12 15 12 15 8 16 40 6 21 24 8 16
BA does not exist because number of columns of B number of rows of A . (b) BA = 2 1 3. (a) , AB does not exist.
AB does not exist because number of columns of A number of rows of B . BA does not exist because number of columns of B number of rows of A . AB = 0 6 AB BA 5 15 , BA = 2 4 1 17 ,
(b)
4.
(a)
(b)
AB =
4 3 14
3 17
7 24 ,
BA =
16 16 10
8 11 21
11 3 11
13 17
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AB BA 5. AB = 10 0 AB = BA 7. 9. (a) x = 3, 0 0 10. (a) 2 6 11. (a) 2 4 (d) 2 11 0 0 0 0 9 3 5 15 (b) 2 4 (b) 2 6 0 0 6 3 (c) 5 5 4 8 (c) A ( BC )=( AB ) C y = 1 (b) a = 1, b = 2 0 1 , BA = 10 0 0 1
5.
(a)
ST =
TS
(b)
ST =
1 0
0 1
TS
1 0
0 1
7. 8.
x = 27, AB = 6 2
y = 10 3 5 20 7 = 141 75
13 -1 2 2