THE DESIGN OF A 3 BEDROOM ONE STOREY BUILDING AND ITS COST IMPLICATION 1.

INTRODUCTION Building any human made structure used or intended for supporting or sheltering any form of continuous occupancy. It must possess adequate strength and every member of structural system should be able to resist the applied loads under service conditions without failure or collapse. Buildings through the ages have been an important aspect of the socioeconomic development of human beings. Buildings like all structures are designed to support certain load without deforming excessively. It may be constructed using timber, steel, concrete (unreinforced concrete) or concrete and steel (reinforced concrete). There are two types of reinforced concrete buildings which are; - Unframed buildings: load carried by load bearing walls - Framed buildings: building load carried by structural frames (i.e. members that transfer loads to each other and finally to the ground). A building supported on load bearing is limited to one-storey only and its soil bearing pressure should be in the order of 100KN/m2 or more. A framed building consists of slabs carried by the beams which are in turn supported by the columns (oyenuga, 2005). All buildings, irrespective of its soil bearing pressure above one-storey must be framed since the ground floor walls of such buildings are susceptible to crumbling. All structures are subjected to loading from various sources. The main categories of loading are: - Vertical loads which include dead and live loads: Dead loads are loads which are due to the effects of gravity, i.e. the self-weight of all permanent construction such as beams, columns, floors, walls, roofs and finishes (BS 648:1964). Imposed loads are loads which are due to variable effects such as the movement of people, furniture, equipment and traffic. The values adopted are based on observation and measurement and are inherently less accurate than the assessment of dead loads (BS 6399-1:1996). - Horizontal loads e.g. wind loads; Environmental loading such as wind loading is clearly variable and its source is out with human control. In most structures the dynamic effects of wind loading are small, and static methods of analysis are adopted. The nature of such loading dictates that a statistical approach is the most appropriate in order to quantify the magnitudes and directions of the related design loads. (BS 6399-2:1997) In some circumstances there may be other loading types which should be considered, such as settlement, fatigue, temperature effects, dynamic loading, or impact effects (e.g. when designing bridge decks, crane-gantry girders or maritime structures). In the majority of cases design considering combinations of dead, imposed and wind loads is the most appropriate.

This paper proposes to design a one storey residential building which includes 3 bedrooms, etc 2. AIM AND OBJECTIVE The aim of this project is to come up with an acceptable probability that the structure designed will perform satisfactorily with an appropriate degree of safety and they should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and use and have adequate durability. The objectives are as follows i. To design a building that possess an acceptable margin of safety against collapse whilst in use. ii. To ensure proper performance of the structural members e.g. slab, columns and beams by making sure that the deflections under working loads do not adversely affect either the efficiency or the appearance of the structure. iii. To structurally design a building which is safe under the worst system of loading and which is serviceable and perform its intended purpose whilst in use. iv. To economically design and detail a 3 bedroom one storey building. v. To reasonably estimate the cost of constructing a 3 bedroom one storey building. 3. LITERATURE REVIEW In checking if a structural member is safe, one cannot be certain about either the strength of the material or the load acting on it. The material strength may be less than intended due to: a. Variability of composition e.g. for concrete b. Variability of manufacturing conditions Similarly, the loads may be greater than anticipated due to: a. Variability of occupancy or environmental loading (e.g. frost or earthquake) b. Unforeseen circumstances that can lead to increase in general level of load e.g. error in analysis or during construction. To take care of the above, the estimated values of the materials strength and loadings on the structural member, obtained over a long period of time i.e. (the characteristic values) are usually obtained with partial safety factors to obtain the design values. The design strength should be greater than the design load for failure not to occur. ( Raheem A.A). 4. METHODOLOGY This involves drawing out the layout from the architectural drawing (plan), identifying structural members like beam, slabs and columns, designing and analyzing the members, detailing of the structural members, bending schedules and calculating the total cost. LAYOUT DRAWING

This is a drawing showing the general arrangement of the structural member. It shows the number and types of slab to be used(one way, two ways or cantilever slab), the number of beams and columns, the location of the columns etc. - IDENTIFICATION OF THE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS; This involves the identification and - ANALYSIS AND DESIGN In the design of a project as these, two approaches is possible, either manual or software (automated) based. The manual approach is basically on paper work as calculations are done with pen to paper. This approach of designing the residential house will be manual, using a number of grades, design standard and codes. It will be designed and detailed according to BS 8110 using limit state design. The shear force and bending moment diagrams are obtained to know area of minimum and maximum deflection which should be catered for in the design. - DETAILING Detailing is the presentation of the design in a diagrammatic form for the purposes of executing the works. These detailed drawings are what the contractor or builder use on site, and, hence should be a complete and true reflection of the design carried out. Thus, the structural members are well detailed on a different sheet. - BENDING SCHEDULE Bar (steel) bending schedule is used to communicate the design requirement of reinforcement steel to the fabricator and execution team and to enumerate the weight of each size of steel. It is a list of reinforcement steel bars, which includes size and number of bars, cutting length of bars, weight of steel and a sketch representing the shape of the bar to be bent. - BILL OF ENGINEERING MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATION(BEME) The BEME of this project would contain an estimate of the quantity of material and the cost if this project were to be executed. The total area of steel to be used, the total cement, sand and the cost of labour will be calculated.