Mathematics Revision of Basic Algebra Index laws axay = ax + y = ax y (ax)n = axn (ab)x = axbx = ax2 + bx + c = 0 ax2 + bx = -c x2 +

2 2 2

Sum of a cube: a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2- ab + b2) Difference of a cube: a3- b3 = (a - b)(a2 + ab +b2) Completing the square:

=-

Square of a sum: (A + B) = A +2AB + B

2 2

x2 + bx +( )2 = - +( )2 (x + )2 = - + )2 = =

2

Square of a difference: (A B) = A 2AB + B Difference of squares: (A + B)(A B) = A2 - B2 Four methods of factoring: Highest common factor 2 terms = Difference of squares 3 terms = Quadratics 4 + terms = Grouping

(x + x+

x+b= x=

Converting a recurring decimal to a fraction

Fractions 1. Factorise numerators and denominators 2. Cancel common factors Compounds Fractions: 1. Find lowest common multiple of the denominators on the top and bottom 2. Multiply top and bottom by this lowest common multiple

Converting a recurring decimal to a fraction using a GP

Shift right: Shift left: Surd rules:

Shift up: Shift down:

Even and reflects in y: Odd and reflects in x: Shifted circles: (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2

( )( ( )

(h,k) = centre of circle Absolute values: y = |x a | is y = x a or y = (x - a) a > 0 Graphing regions: 1.

Miscellaneous rule: ( ( Real functions A function is a relation that when a vertical line is drawn it will only cut in one place. Functions: y = f(x) Domain is set of x values Range is set of y values Sine Cosine Circle: x + y = r Semi-circle:
2 2 2

2. Corners have closed circle if included otherwise an open circle ) ) Trigonometry Reciprocal ratios cosec = sec = cot = Special angles 0 0 1 0 1 0 undefined 30 45 60 90 1

Tangent Arc length:

Area of sector: Area of segment:

Sine rule: Area of a triangle: Cosine rule: a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cosA Approximations to trigonometric functions:

Amplitude of sine and cosine functions:

Period of sin or cos: Period of tan: True bearings come from North clockwise e.g. 010T Compass bearings are N20E = 20 degrees from North towards the east Pythagorean identities:

Double angle identities:

Differentiating trigonometric functions

1. Prove its parallelogram 2. Show that adjacent sides are equal All sides are equal (avoid)

Rectangle: parallelogram with a right angle 1. Prove its a parallelogram 2. Show that it has a right angle Diagonals are equal and bisect

Linear functions Midpoint formula: MPQ = ( Distance formula: dPQ = Gradient: m = =

Square: Both rectangle and a rhombus 1. Prove it is a rhombus/rectangle 2. Prove it has a right angle/adjacent sides are equal Intersection of lines Two lines: when two straight lines intersect at a single point (x,y), the point satisfies the equations of both lines. Find this point by solving simultaneous equations. Concurrent lines meet at a single point. To show that lines are concurrent, solve two simultaneous equations to find the point of intersection. Then substitute this point of intersection into the third and subsequent lines to show that these lines also pass through the point. Equation of lines through the intersection of two other lines: (a1x + b1y + c1) + k(a2x + b2y + c2) = 0 Perpendicular distance: d = Logarithms Logarithm rules:

Parallel lines: m1 = m2 Point gradient formula:

Testing for collinear points: mAB = mBC = mAC Gradient and angle of inclination: gradient = tan (if negative add 180) Perpendicular lines: m1 x m2 = -1 Horizontal line: m = 0 Vertical line: m = undefined Testing for special quadrilaterals Trapezium: quadrilateral with pair opposite sides Parallelogram: Both pairs of opposite sides are parallel Opposite sides are equal A pair of sides BOTH equal & parallel Diagonals bisect each other (best one)

Rhombus: parallelogram with adjacent sides equal

Let P(x, y) be any point in the plane. The condition for P to lie on the locus is

= ( )= = ( Log change base rule: Quadratics and the Parabola Family of parabolas with given zeroes: = ) Distance from focus to vertex is the focal length (a) Distance from focus to directrix = 2a Length of latus rectum = 4a Four standard positions of the parabola:

Drawing a graph from completed square:

Family of parabolas with common vertex:

Axis of symmetry: Sum of roots: Product of roots: Locus and the parabola Locus is a set of points. Begin locus questions with: Four formulas for a parabola: (x - h)2 = 4a(y - k) (x - h)2 = - 4a(y - k) (y - k)2 = 4a(x - h) (y - k)2 = - 4a(x - h)

Plane Geometry

Parallel lines preserve the ratio of intercepts on transversals. An interval parallel to a side of a triangle divides the other sides in the same ratio. An interval joining the midpoints of the sides of a triangle is parallel to the third side and half its length

Tangent and Derivative Limits: To solve, sub c into x If limit is like this: You cannot sub it in or it will become undefined so you must factorise first. Power rule: If you cannot cancel out then there is no limit. If x approaches infinity like: Divide by highest power of x in the denominator. E.g. . We know becomes Function of a function rule: *( ) + This is 1st principles differentiation

Sum and difference:

Miscellaneous rule: Chain rule:

(ax + b)n = an(ax + b)n - 1

Limits do not tell us in which direct x approaches c so you consider x approaching either side. and Continuous functions are ones which can be drawn without lifting the pen off the paper. A function f(x) is continuous at a point x = a if: 1. F(x) is defined at x =a 2. exists 3. A secant is a line that cuts the curve in two or more points.

Product rule: Quotient rule: ( )

Stationary points are f(a) = 0 Second derivative finds the concavity rather than the gradient function. It is worked out by differentiating twice.

f(x) > 0 is concave down f(x) < 0 is concave up

f(x) f(x) Shape 0 + U 0 0 0 Cant deduce +/0 Oblique point of inflexion Test if there is a horizontal point of inflexion is with a table of values x 0 1 2

P(E) = Complimentary event:

Mutually exclusive events (cant happen together): P(A) + P(B) Independent events (dont affect each other): P(AB) = P(A). P(B) Integration

Sketching derivative curves 1. Underneath any stationary point, put a mark on the x axis 2. Look at the gradient, between stationary points and determine if they are positive or negative 3. Put stationary points at points of inflexion. Sequences and series Arithmetic Sequences (AP):

Power rule: Miscellaneous rule:

Finding the area:

Finding the area: Volume of revolution:

Volume between two curves:

Sum of an arithmetic sequence: Trapezoidal rule: Geometric sequences (GP): Geometric mean: Simpsons rule:

Sum of geometric sequence: Sum of an infinite geometric sequence:

Miscellaneous rule: Compound interest: Simple interest: ( )

Probability