Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN 2224-3186 (Pa er! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline! &ol.3' No.

11' 2#13

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Gracilaria sp. Waste, Lactobacillus sp. and Chlorella sp. Integration on Intensive Aquaculture with Aquaponic System
(och.)*in )la*s+ah ,acult- of ,isheries an. (arine' /ni0ersitas)irlangga' 1a* us 1 /N)IR Jl. (ul-ore+o Sura2a-a' In.onesia 3-*ail of the corres on.ing author4 ala*s+ah5f 6.unair.ac.i. 7 ala*s+ah89#5-ahoo.co* Abstract :he ai* of the research is to e; lore the utili<ation of Gracilaria s . waste' Lactobacillus s . an. Chlorella s . in intensi0e a=uaculture with a=ua onic s-ste*. Interestingl-' fer*ente. Gracilaria s . waste li=ui. as *uch as #."> gi0es the 2est watercress (Ipomoea aquatica) growth (leaf length' leaf wi.th' ste* length' root length' an. nu*2er of lea0es! an. nile fish (Oreochromis niloticus) growth (s ecific growth rate an. a2solute growth in the 2o.- length!. Keywords: ?racilaria s . waste' @acto2acillus s .' 1hlorella s .' a=ua onic 1. Introduction Seawee. as an alternati0e culti0ation acti0it- other than fishing has 2een *ostl- .one 2- In.onesian fisher*en this ti*e' although the ro.ucts are still in the for* of .rie. seawee. (raw material). Il6nur A 1iri6 (2##4! state that the 2enefits of seawee. are not onl- as foo.. Its utili<ation as har*aceutical ingre.ient an. in.ustrial raw *aterials also nee. to 2e e; lore. further. In.onesian .rie. seawee. ro.uction since 2#1# which is as *uch as 8##'### tons B -ear contri2ute "#> to the worl. ro.uction' of which 8"> is e; orte.. C- the i* orters' the seawee. is then rocesse. into foo. in.ustrial *aterials as well as health an. cos*etics ro.ucts. In.onesia has 34 seawee. rocessing in.ustries where the seawee. is rocesse. into gelatin' alginate an. carrageenan. Dowe0er' the use of seawee. waste as a useful ro.uct has not 2een the focus of attention. Easte generate. is usuall- onl- allowe. to accu*ulate in the lan.fill. )lthough it is har*less' the waste .u* coul. otentiallcause ollution ro2le*s' es eciall- if the lan.fill is no longer a2le to acco**o.ate waste ro.uction. :he eculiar feature of seawee. as fertili<er is that it is rich of lant growth regulators (P?R! such as au;in' c-to6inins an. gi22erellin. Not onl- increasing ro.uction' P?R also increases lant resistance to .rought an. insects. P?R in seawee. are a2un.ant in ste* (thallus! such as in Kappaphycus s .' Sargassum s . an. Gracilaria s . ,ertili<er *a.e fro* seawee. waste has *ore 0alue in for* of *acro-nutrients ele*ents such as nitrogen (N!' hos horus (P!' otassiu* (F!' an. in the for* of *icro-nutrients ele*ents such as ,e' C' 1a' 1u' (n an. (g which are e; ecte. to *eet the nee.s of the lant. )s a source of nutrition' seawee. has a fairl- co* lete nutrition. 1he*icall-' seawee. is co* ose. of water (29.8>!' rotein (".4>!' car2oh-.rate (33.3>!' fat (8.6>!' cru.e fi2er (3>! an. ash (22.2">!. In a..ition to car2oh-.rate' rotein' fat an. fi2er' seawee. also contains en<-*es' nucleic aci.' a*ino aci.' 0ita*ins ()' C' 1' G' 3 an. F!. )*ino aci.' 0ita*ins an. *inerals in seawee. reach 1#-2# ti*es *ore than in the lan. lants. Not onl- 2e use. for foo. an. har*aceutical *aterials' seawee. can also 2e use. as fertili<er or 2iofertili<er (@o0ell 1$8$! which are useful to s ur growth an. increase lant ro.uction. :he use of seawee. as a raw *aterial of organic fertili<er in In.onesia has not 2een e; lore. -et although the ro.uction otential is consi.era2le an. In.onesia is rich in seawee. 0ariet- which is esti*ate. at """ s ecies ()ngga.ire+a et al. 2##6! such as Kappaphycus s .' Sargassum s . an. Gracilaria s . Preli*inar- stu.- also re0eals that the content of nitrogen in seawee. 1.##>' hos horus #.#">' otassiu* 1#.##>' calciu* 1.2#>' *agnesiu* #.8#>' sul hur 3.9#>' coo er " *' iron 12## *' *anganese 12 *' <inc 1## *' 2oron 8# *' organic co* oun.s "#-"">' an. ash content 4"-"#>. :he co*2ination of the relati0el- co* le; nutrients is 0er- ossi2le to 2e use. as 2acteria enrich*ent *e.ia an. ro2iotic techni=ues. Sute+o (2##2! states that fertili<ation for the lants that li0e in the waters is still rare. )=uatic lants lanting *e.ia co*2ine. with fish an. e0en shri* intensi0e culti0ation in a single culti0ation container is 6nown as a=ua onic s-ste*. :he 2asic core of the a=ua onic s-ste* is the o ti*u* water su lfor each co**o.it- 2- utili<ing recirculation s-ste*. :his a=ua onic technolog- s-ste* a ears as the answer to the ro2le*s regar.ing the .ifficult- in fin.ing a suita2le water source for a=uaculture' articularl- in li*ite. s ace (Nugroho A Sutrisno 2##8!. :hrough the a=ua onic technolog- s-nergi<e. in intensi0e a=uaculture an. a=uatic lants culti0ation as well as seawee. waste utili<ation an. 2acterial fer*entation technolog-' it is e; ecte. to o2tain a technolog- ac6age that is eas- to a l-' ine; ensi0e' en0iron*entall- frien.l- an. ha0e a *ore o ti*al a..e. 0alue' 2oth in the growth of fish an. a=uatic lants culti0ate.. . !aterials and !ethods :he research con.ucte. is a ilot of fer*entation technolog- in or.er to ro.uce ro2iotic enrich*ent *e.ia an. 66

Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN 2224-3186 (Pa er! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline! &ol.3' No.11' 2#13

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organic li=ui. fertili<er with reference to the results of the growth rate of fish an. a=uatic lants' i.entification of t- es an. a*ount of ro2iotic 2acteria' N an. P u ta6e an. its correlation with water =ualit- ara*eters an. icht-oto;icit- anal-sis on a=ua onic s-ste*. :his research uses e; eri*ental *etho.. 3; eri*ental .esign use. is a co* letel- ran.o*i<e. .esign (1RG! with fi0e treat*ents an. four re lications' na*el-4 )4 1ontrol' C4 :reat*ent with fer*ente. seawee. har0est waste li=ui. as *uch as #.2">' 14 :reat*ent with fer*ente. seawee. har0est waste li=ui. as *uch as #.">' G4 :reat*ent with fer*ente. seawee. har0est waste li=ui. as *uch as #.9">7 34 :reat*ent with fer*ente. seawee. har0est waste li=ui. as *uch as 1>. 2. !reparing "esearch #quipment 3=ui *ent use. in the stu.- are washe. with .etergent an. rinse. with clean water' then washe. again with 12 * of chlorine' then washe. with clean water an. .rie. in the sun. 3ach container is lace. on a shelf where the osition is in accor.ance with the stu.- .esign. 2.2 !reparing Seawee$ Kappaphycus s .' Sargassum s . an. Gracilaria s . use. are the waste of seawee. har0est fro* a=uaculture on.s or seawee. *anufacturer. :hen' the rocess of *a6ing fertili<er is un.erta6en 2- cutting the seawee. into s*all ieces an. .e ressing the* in or.er to ta6e the +uice. :hen' the seawee. waste li=ui. is anal-<e. in the la2orator- to .eter*ine the concentration le0els of N an. P. Geter*ination of N-:otal is erfor*e. through se*i *o.ifie. *icro-F+el.ahl' i.e. 2- weighing 1# *@ of solution an. utting it into a 1## *@ *easuring flas6 an. .iluting it with .istille. water to the li*it. 1# *@ of the solution for*e. is ta6en an. ut into a "## *@ F+el.ahl flas6 an. a..e. with 1# *l of D2S%4($3-$8> Nfree!. " g of a *i;ture of Na2S%4-Dg% (2#41! is also a..e. for a catal-st. :he sa* le then is 2oile. until it is clear an. the 2oiling rocess is continue. for 3# *in. )fter the sa* le is cool' the rocess is followe. 2washing the walls in the F+el.ahl flas6 using .istille. water an. 2oiling it again for 3# *in. %nce it is cool' 14# *@ of .istille. water is a..e. as well as 3" *@ of a solution of Na%D-Na2S2%3 an. <inc granules. :he rocess is followe. 2- .istillation in which 1## *@ of .istillate is collecte. in an 3rlen*e-er containing 2" *@ of a saturate. solution of 2oric aci. an. a few .ro s of 2lue *eth-lene in.icators. In the ne;t ste ' the solution o2taine. is titrate. with #.#2 D1l an. the N total of the sa* le is calculate.. N :otal *g B *@ H I(*@ D1l ; N D1l! B *@ of sa* le solutionJ ; 14.##8 ; f7 where f is the .ilution factor. Geter*ination of P is carrie. out 2- weighing 2 g of sa* le an. utting it into a 2ea6er an. a..ing 9." *@ of (g-nitrate solution. :he solution is then heate. on to of an electric heater at 18#K1 until it 2eco*es thic6. :hen' the sa* le is *o0e. into a *uffle at 3##K1 until no 2lac6 resi.ue. ,urther*ore' the sa* le is chille. an. a..e. with 1" *@ of concentrate. D1l an. .ilute. with .istille. water. :he sa* le is then *o0e. into a 2"#*@ *easuring flas6 an. .ilute. to the li*it. :he ne;t ste is ta6ing 1## *@ of the sa* le solution resulte. an. *o0ing it into a 2"# *@ 2ea6er. 1oncentrate. ND4%D is a..e. to the sa* le until se.i*ent is resulte. an. then the sa* le is .issol0e. again 2- a..ing concentrate. DN%3 until the solution turns clear. :he rocess is followe. 2- a..ing 1" g of a**oniu*-nitrate to the sa* le an. heating it using a water heater until the te* erature reaches 6"K1 an. a..ing 9# *l of *ol-2.ate solution an. settling it for 6# *in. :he ne;t ste is e;a*ining the se.i*entation 2- ta6ing " *@ of su ernatant an. a..ing " *@ of *ol-2.ate solution. It is then stirre. until no *ore se.i*ent for*e.. )s the se.i*entation is co* lete.' it is necessar- to filter out an. wash it with .istille. water. ,urther*ore the se.i*ent is resol0e. using filter a er with the a..ition of ND4%D (141! an. hot water until the filter a er 2eco*es clean. :he 0olu*e of filtrate an. the ro.uct of recent washing shoul. not 2e *ore than 1## *@. :he filtrate an. the ro.uct of recent washing with concentrate. D1l are then neutrali<e. an. it is then settle. an. a..e. with 1" *@ of *agnesia *i;ture fro* the 2urette with a s ee. of 1 .ro er secon. while sha6ing it. )fter 2eing settle. for 1" *in' 12 *@ of concentrate. ND4%D is a..e. an. then it is settle. for 2 h. Su ernatant is then oure. through ash-free filter a er an. the se.i*ent is washe. in the 2ea6er with .ilute a**onia until it is chlori.e free. :he ne;t ste is .r-ing the se.i*entation an. filter a er in a cruci2le which has 2een turne. on to o2tain a white resi.ue. It is then chille. in e;-cator. :he resi.ue is then weighe. as (g2P2%9. Eeight of P2%" is calculate. 2- the for*ula of the weight of P2%" (g in 1## *@ of solution! H #.6399 ; weight of (g2P2%9 (g!. 2.% &ermente$ Seawee$ 'aste (echnology ,lui. resulte. fro* the rocess of re aring seawee. is fer*ente. using culture .o*inate. 2- fer*entation 2acteria Lactobacillus s . ,er*entation is the con0ersion of organic *atter into another for* with the hel of *icro2e (Ju.oa*i+o-o 2##3!. (icro2e erfor*s fer*entation 2- con0erting co* le; organic *aterials into si* ler organic *aterials. Case. on the results of the reli*inar- test' the co* osition of 2acteria is Lactobacillus 8.9 ;1#" 1,/B*@. :his rocess 2egins 2- erfor*ing the waste of Sargassum s .' Kappaphycus s . an. Gracilaria s . in a*ount of "## g each with a solution of fer*entation 2acteria Lactobacillus s . as *uch as " *@ an. then stirre. e0enl-. :he li=ui. is then ut into a seale. container an. fer*ente. for 1 wee6. :his is in accor.ance with the o inion of Inc6le et al. (2##"! who e; lains that the fer*entation erio. is 2etween one to two wee6s. ,er*entation erio. is a.+uste. to the .esire. treat*ent. @a2orator- anal-sis is

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Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN 2224-3186 (Pa er! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline! &ol.3' No.11' 2#13

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erfor*e. after the fer*entation rocess to .eter*ine le0els of N an. P. 2.) *quaponic System !lanting +e$ia Planting *e.ia use. in this stu.- is co*2ine. with intensi0e a=uaculture with a=ua onic s-ste* (:hi*en et al. 2##"7 Fohar et al. 2##4!. ,ertili<er *a.e fro* seawee. li=ui. waste resulte. fro* the fer*entation is ut in each reser0oir (#> concentration or control7 #.2">7 #.">7 #.9"> an. 1>!. 2., -ile &ish (Oreochromis niloticus) .iomass 'eight Calculation Cio*ass is the total weight of a o ulation at a certain erio. an. is e; resse. in weight unit (?i.eon et al. 2##9!. Nile fish (Oreochromis niloticus) is *easure. regar.ing its 2o.- length an. 2o.- weight an. then lace. in an a=uariu* with a .ensit- of intensi0e nile fish a=uaculture. :he fish is accli*ati<e. an. not fe. for two .a-s 2efore gi0en treat*ent. :he fee. to 2e use. in this stu.- is co**ercial fee.. :he a*ount of fee. for each treat*ent is as *uch as 3> of the a0erage 2o.- weight of fish weighe. using anal-tical 2alance (SNI #1-61411$$$!. 2./ !reparing *quatic !lants :he *etho. a lie. refers to reco**en.ation of Prasa. et al. (2##8! with *o.ifications. )=uatic lants use. are local an. )* enan fro* @o*2o6 (Eest Nusa :enggara! watercress with 2" c* ste* length an. 1 c* shoots which then lace. in a container that ha. 2een re are.. Ne;t' the reser0oir containing fer*entation ro.uct will flow accor.ing to the force of gra0it- towar.s the a=uariu* 2elow. :he water flow is then u* e. towar.s the reser0oir. Recirculation of the water flow will rotate until the stu.- en.s. )t the en. of the stu.-' the length an. wi.th of lea0es' ste*s' roots' nu*2er of lea0es an. the 2o.- length an. 2o.- weight of the fish as well as the changes that occur are *easure.. 2.0 &ish Sur1i1al "ate Sur0i0al rate is the ercentage of fish that li0e in a culti0ation erio. (Su-anto 2##2!. 3ffen.ie (1$$9! states that fish sur0i0al rate can 2e calculate. 2- the for*ula4 SR H Nt B No ; 1##> Gescri tion4 SR4 sur0i0al rate (>!7 Nt4 Nu*2er of fish at the en. of the test7 No.4 Nu*2er of fish at the 2eginning of the test 2.2 -ile &ish3s .o$y 'eight an$ *bsolute Length Growth (easuring growth inclu.ing 2o.- weight growth (E! an. total length growth (:@! is erfor*e. once e0er- 9 .a-s fro* the 2eginning to the en. of the stu.-. )ccor.ing to )ni6 (1$8$!' the s ecific weight growth is the calculation of the .ifference of final weight an. the initial weight .i0i.e. 2- erio. of culti0ation *ulti lie. 21##>. ,ish .ail- weight growth can 2e calculate. using the following for*ula4 S ecific ?rowth Rate (S?R! S?R H (lnEt L lnEo! ; 1##> t Gescri tion4 Et4 )0erage weight at certain ti*e -t (g!7 Eo4 )0erage weight at the 2eginning (t#! (g!' t4 Perio. of culti0ation (.a-s! 2.4 -ile &ish *bsolute Length Growth )ccor.ing to )ni6 (1$8$!' a2solute length growth is the .ifference of nile fish 2o.- length at the 2eginning an. the en. of the culti0ation. ,ish a2solute length growth can 2e calculate. using the following for*ula4 @* H :@ 1 - : @o Gescri tion4 :@14 total length at the en. of culti0ation (c*!' :@ #4 total length at the 2eginning of culti0ation (c*!7 @*4 a2solute length growth (c*! 2. 5 *quatic !lant Growth ?rowth is associate. with changes in nu*2er' si<e or cells le0el .i*ension' organ as well as in.i0i.ual that can 2e *easure. 2- the *easure*ent of weight an. length (Di.a-at 1$8"!. @eaf length is *easure. wee6l- 2in0erting leaf then *easuring its length fro* the *e.ia to surface to the longest leaf using a ruler. @eaf wi.th is *easure. wee6l- using a ruler to *easure fro* the *e.ia to surface to the 2otto* surface. :he ste* length is *easure. wee6l- using a ruler to *easure fro* the *e.ia to surface to the 2otto* surface. Ste* length growth can 2e calculate. using the following for*ula4 ste* a2solute growth H final ste* lengthLinitial ste* length. Root length is *easure. wee6l- using a ruler to *easure fro* the *e.ia to surface to the 2otto* surface. Root length growth can 2e calculate. using the following for*ula4 Root a2solute growth H final root lengthLinitial root length. 2. I$enti6ying the (ype an$ -umber o6 !robiotic .acteria Pro2iotic 2acterial isolates in culture on gelatin ?MP (?lucose-Meast e;tract-Pe tone! isolation *e.ia with the co* osition of 1# g of glucose' 1# g of -east e;tract' " g of e tone' 2 g of 2eef e;tract' 1.4 g of Na-asetat.3D2%' " *@ of salt solution (#.1 g of (gS%4.9D2%' #.1 g of (NS%4.4D2%' #.1 g of ,eS%4 .9D2%7 #.1 g of Na1l7 "# *@ of .istille. water!' #." g of tween 8#' 2# g of gelatin' 1 @ of water. %nce it is sterili<e.' #.9" *g of 1a1%3B*@ of *e.ia is a..e.. :he selection of Lactobacillus s . is erfor*e. 2- anal-<ing its a*ount

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co**itte. towar.s isolates with the e;cellence character of tolerance to low D. :olerance to low D testing is erfor*e. 2- re lacing the isolates growth resulte. fro* the enrich*ent of seawee. waste fer*entation *e.ia with a 2roth (RS *e.ia whose D is set to reach 2.". (e.ia tur2i.it- is *easure. using a s ectro hoto*eter at a wa0elength of 6## n*' after the incu2ation for #' 24' 24 an. 92 h. 2. 2 Ichtyoto7icity 1# *l of fer*ente. seawee. waste is centrifuge. at 1### ; g for 1" *in. ,urther*ore' su ernatant is concentrate. using rotar- e0a oration. Cioassa- for e;tract to;icit- .etection is carrie. out using nile fish (Oreochromis niloticus) lar0ae. Cioassa- is erfor*e. in each 2## *@ culture container with the a..ition of 1 *@ of e;tract. %2ser0ation is erfor*e. for 24 h. 2. % 'ater 8uality Su orting ara*eters in this stu.- is the *easure*ent of water =ualit- ara*eters such as D' erfor*e. wee6l- using D uni0ersal in.icator a er' whereas the te* erature ara*eter is *easure. .ail- using a ther*o*eter. I.entification an. lan6ton o ulation calculation are erfor*e. 2ase. on o2ser0ations using *icrosco e with se$gewich ra6ter ("#;2#;1 **3! using the following for*ula4 N 9 1### ; n 3'14 (.B2!2 Gescri tion4 N4 lan6ton .ensit- (cellsB*@!' .4 .ia*eter of 0iew surface (**!' n4 the a0erage nu*2er of lan6ton er 0iew surface (units B*@!. Gata anal-sis using &arian )nal-sis ()N%&)! with stu.- .esign is 1o* lete Ran.o*i<e. Gesign (1RG! to .eter*ine the .ifferences in treat*ent. If there is an- .ifference in treat*ent' Guncan range test is carrie. out with the confi.ence le0el of #.#" to .eter*ine the .ifferences a*ong all treat*ents (Fusriningru* 2##8!. ". #esults and $iscussion ,er*ente. Gracilaria s .' Kappaphycus s . an. Sargassum s . waste using fer*entation 2acteria Lactobacillus s . .o*inate. culture shows .ifferent results. Lactobacillus s . *icro2e erfor*s fer*entation rocess 2con0erting co* le; organic *atters into si* ler *olecules. It in.icates that Gracilaria s . waste is ca a2le of su orting the growth of Lactobacillus s . 2etter than the use of Lactobacillus s . 2acterial growth *e.ia with Kappaphycus s . an. Sargassum s . Easte (:a2le 1!. It is e0i.ence that the inoculation of Lactobacillus s . 2acteria in Gracilaria s .' Kappaphycus s . an. Sargassum s . waste fer*entation *e.ia ha0e the sa*e tren. where .a--" shows the highest growth of the a*ount of Lactobacillus s . 2acteria. So is the *easure*ent of nitrogen an. hos horus le0els in fer*entation *e.ia' .a--" shows that the fer*entation *e.ia with Gracilaria s . waste is 2etter than the le0els of nitrogen an. hos horus in Kappaphycus s . an. Sargassum s . waste fer*entation *e.ia. Digh le0els of nitrogen an. hos horus resulte. fro* Gracilaria s . waste fer*entation *e.ia is e; ecte. to ro0i.e the 2est results in ro2iotic enrich*ent an. 2iofertili<er ro.ucts in intensi0e a=uaculture with a=ua onic s-ste* (:a2le 2!. )lthough the le0els of nitrogen an. hos horus resulte. fro* Gracilaria s . waste fer*entation *e.ia is not significantl- .ifferent fro* the le0els of nitrogen an. hos horus resulte. fro* Kappaphycus s . an. Sargassum s . waste fer*entation *e.ia' with the highest le0els of nitrogen an. hos horus resulte. fro* Gracilaria s . waste fer*entation *e.ia a*ounte. to #.3"9$> an. #.##">' the stu.focuses on e; loring the results of Gracilaria s . waste fer*entation as ro2iotic enrich*ent an. 2iofertili<er ro.ucts in intensi0e a=uaculture with a=ua onic s-ste*. )=ua onic s-ste*s teste. in this stu.- are the Nutrient ,il* :echni=ue (N,:! an. ,loating Raft (,R! s-ste*s. In general' the N,: s-ste* nee.s water to flow continuousl- to the lantsB0egeta2les culti0ation *e.ia so that lantsB0egeta2les continuousl- ac=uire nutrients. :he use of the N,: s-ste* is e; ecte. to *a6e lantsB0egeta2les a2le to grow ra i.l-' as well as a=uaculture which is s-nergi<e. in the a=ua onic s-ste*. Dowe0er' the wea6ness of the N,: s-ste* is that the .eca- in the roots of lantsB0egeta2les is ine0ita2le if the water flow is not going well. In a=ua onic s-ste* with ,R *o.el' lantsB0egeta2les are lace. on the *e.ia containerB ot floate. on a=ua onic culti0ation s-ste*' otherwise the fish *eta2olic resi.ue ro.ucts are usuall.ifficult to 2e a2sor2e. 2- the lants well an. the ossi2ilit- of .a*age lant roots as the- were eaten 2- the fish. In this stu.-' the i* ro0e*ent of the wea6ness of the N,: s-ste* as well as ,R s-ste* is carrie. out in intensi0e a=uaculture with a=ua onic s-ste* (,igure 1!. In N,: s-ste*' in or.er to a0oi. the occurrence of root .eca- rocess' the u* s-ste* to .eli0er water is e=ui e. with auto*atic s-ste* ca a2le of regulating the flow of e;cess water' while the wea6ness in the ,R s-ste* is fi;e. 2- *a6ing *ultile0el a=ua onic culti0ation *o.els in ho es of fish *eta2olic waste a2sor tion occurs gra.uall- an. continuousl- as well as allows the fish not to eat the roots of lants B 0egeta2les. :he test results of a=ua onic culti0ation s-ste* either with i* ro0e. N,: *o.el or i* ro0e. ,R *o.el show that the occurrence of the wea6ness arising fro* each *o.el can 2e a0oi.e.' such as no 0egeta2les roots are .eca-e. an. no .a*age 0egeta2les roots .ue to 2eing eaten 2- fish. :here are no significant .ifferences 2etween

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Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN 2224-3186 (Pa er! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline! &ol.3' No.11' 2#13

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a=ua onic culti0ation with N,: an. ,R *o.el. :he results for the leaf length growth of 2oth local an. )* enan (@o*2o6' Eest Nusa :enggara! watercress lants with .ifferent .ose are o2taine. fro* the calculation of the .ifference in leaf length of watercress lants at the 2eginning an. the en. of the stu.- (,igure 2!. Case. on the )N%&) results' the a0erage growth of watercress leaf length results in N#.#"' which *eans that .ifferent .ose lea.s to a real .ifference in the a0erage growth rate of watercress leaf length. GuncanOs *ulti le range test results show that treat*ent 1' G an. 3 are significantl- .ifferent fro* treat*ent ) an. C' while treat*ent in 3 gi0es the 2est result although it is not significantl- .ifferent fro* treat*ents 1 an. G (:a2le 3!. :he a0erage of leaf wi.th of local an. )* enan watercress results in si*ilar tren.s where treat*ent 3 gi0es the 2est result 2ut it is not significantl- .ifferent fro* treat*ent 1 an. G (:a2le 4!. Case. on the )N%&) results' the a0erage growth of watercress leaf wi.th results in N#.#"' which *eans that .ifferent .ose lea.s to a real .ifference in the a0erage growth rate of watercress leaf length. GuncanOs *ulti le range test results of local watercress show that treat*ent 3 is significantl- .ifferent fro* treat*ent ) an. C' -et it is si*ilar to treat*ents 1 an. G' as for )* enan watercress' treat*ent 3 is onl- significantl- .ifferent fro* treat*ent ) 2ut it is slightl- .ifferent fro* treat*ents C' 1 an. G. :he a0erage growth of ste* length of local watercress as well as )* enan watercress also result in N#.#" allowing a significant .ifference in the growth of ste* length of local watercress as well as )* enan watercress. :a2le " shows that treat*ent 3 gi0es the 2est result although it is not significantl- .ifferent fro* treat*ents 1 an. G. :he a0erage growth of root length of watercress with .ifferent .oses is o2taine. fro* the calculation of the .ifference in roots length of watercress at the 2eginning an. the en. of the stu.-. :he highest a0erage growth of roots length of water watercress is in treat*ent 3 (8.43 c*! followe. 2- treat*ent G (8.2" c*!' treat*ent 1 (9.$8 c*!' treat*ent C (9.63 c*! an. the lowest a0erage growth of roots length is in treat*ent ) (9.41 c*!. :he a0erage growth of roots length of )* enan watercress with .ifferent .oses .uring the stu.- also shows a si*ilar results tren. (:a2le 6! with the 2est result in treat*ent 3 (11."3 c*! followe. 2- treat*ent G (1#.14 c*!' treat*ent 1 ($.$$ c*!' treat*ent C ($.41 c*! an. treat*ent ) (6.$1 c*!. :he a0erage increase of the nu*2ers of lea0es of local watercress as well as )* enan watercress results in N#.#" allowing a significant .ifference in the a0erage increase of the nu*2ers of lea0es of 2oth local an. )* enan watercresss. :a2le 9 shows that treat*ent of 3 gi0es the 2est result although it is not significantl- .ifferent fro* treat*ents 1 an. G. :he *ain test ara*eters of this stu.- in a..ition to *easuring the increase of watercress growth (2oth local an. )* enan watercress! also *easure fish growth an. nile sur0i0al rate through icht-oto;icit- test. ,ish growth inclu.es the growth of the 2o.- weight (E! an. the growth in total length (:@!. :he result of the nile fish 2o.weight growth with .ifferent .oses .istri2ution are .eri0e. fro* the calculation of the .ifference in weight at the en. an. at the 2eginning of the stu.- .i0i.e. 2- the erio. of culti0ation *ulti lie. 2- 1##>. :he highest s ecific weight growth rate of nile fish is in treat*ent 3 (1.91>! followe. 2- treat*ents G' 1' C an. )' while the culti0ation treat*ent without a=ua onic s-ste* onl- has a s ecific weight growth rate #.6$> (:a2le 8!. It *eans that there is a 2 ti*es increase in the s ecific growth rate of the nile fish culti0ation with a=ua onic. :he highest a2solute length growth of nile fish is in treat*ent 3 (1.43 c*! followe. 2- treat*ents G' 1' C an. )' while the culti0ation treat*ent without a=ua onic s-ste* onl- reaches #.3$ c* (:a2le $!. :his in.icates that culti0ation treat*ent with a=ua onic s-ste* gi0es 2etter results co* are. to treat*ent without a=ua onic s-ste* 2ecause it is a2le to .e*onstrate a=uaculture 2iointegration with fish an. lants B 0egeta2les ro.uctions at the sa*e ti*e. In a=ua onic s-ste*' s ecific growth rate an. a2solute length of nile fish an. 0egeta2le growing o ti*all- .e*onstrate the i* ro0e*ent of the *echanis* of integrate. culti0ation co* are. to con0entional culti0ation s-ste*. Nile fish sur0i0al at the en. of the stu.- after 2eing gi0en .ifferent treat*ents shows 1##> sur0i0al rate so that it can 2e assure. that 2- a .ose of 1> of the .istri2ution of fer*ente. Gracilaria s . waste li=ui. is not ararel with the a=ua onic culti0ation s-ste*. It is also su orte. 2- the significant result of the icht-oto;icit- test where 2ioassa- for the .etection of e;tract to;icit- carrie. outwith the lar0ae of nile fish (O. niloticus! shows 1##> sur0i0al rate in 24 h o2ser0ation. Para*eters results of the a0erage of water =ualit- .uring this stu.- in.icate that the range of 0alues of water =ualit- re*aine. within the range of o ti*al growth. @i6ewise' the i.entification of lan6ton .uring the stu.- shows that the lan6tons i.entifie. are .o*inate. 2- 1hloro h-ceae (Chlorella s .' :ol1o7 s .' Scene$esmus s .' an. Chlamy$omonas s .!. :he .o*inance of Chlorella s . .uring the stu.- is in.icate. 2- the a0erage .ensit- er .a- as *uch as 2.2 ;1#" cellsB*@' followe. 2- &ol0o; s . (1.$ ;1#" cellsB*@!' Scene$esmus s . (1.6 ;1#" cellsB*@! an. Chlamy$omonas s . (1.6 ;1#" cellsB*@!. In general' the increase of weight an. fish .is ersi0e .ensit- .uring the culti0ation rocess will increase the 0alue of ,1R (&ee$ Con1ersion "atio!' le0els of ND3 an. N%2 an. .ecrease the %2 le0el. %n the other han.' the lac6 of %2 can inhi2it growth an. lower fish i**une so that culti0ation s-ste* often fail or .oes not achie0e o ti*al culti0ation. ,actors affecting the fish growth are classifie. into two' internal factors an. e;ternal factors. Internal factors that affect growth are offs ring' se;' age an. .isease' while the e;ternal factors that affect growth are fee. an. water =ualit-. ?rowth occurs if there is e;cess energ- after the nee. for *eta2olis* an.

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Journal of Natural Sciences Research ISSN 2224-3186 (Pa er! ISSN 222"-#$21 (%nline! &ol.3' No.11' 2#13

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*o0e*ent is fulfille.. 3nerg- is o2taine. fro* che*ical 2on.ing con0ersion through a rocess of o;i.ation reaction against fee. co* onents' i.e. rotein' fat an. car2oh-.rate. Guring the *eta2olic rocess' these three co* onents are con0erte. into si* ler co* oun.s (a*ino aci.' fatt- aci. an. glucose! so that the- can 2e a2sor2e. 2- the 2o.- to 2e use. or store.. )=ua onic s-ste* is a for* of s-nerg- or 2io integration that correlates a=uaculture atterns using the rinci le of recirculation with h-.ro onic lantsB0egeta2les ro.uction (Gi0er 2##6!. )=ua onic technolog- is also an alternati0e of a=uaculture with h-.ro onic lantsB0egeta2les using the rinci le of ti*e an. s ace sa0ing culti0ation an. utili<ation of nutrients fro* fee. an. fish *eta2olis* resi.ue. Plants also ser0e as a filter of 0egetation that .eco* oses the to;ins into har*less su2stances to fish an. increase. su l- of o;-gen in the water is use. to conser0e the fish. :his c-cle will lea. to *utual 2eneficial c-cle (Pra*ono 2#11!. )h*a. et al. (2##9! also states that a=ua onic technolog- is ro0en as ca a2le of successfull- ro.ucing fish o ti*all- with a li*ite. s ace an. water resources. In this case' a=ua onic technolog- .esigne. is atte* te. as an alternati0e to coastal co**unit- e* ower*ent consi.ering s ace an. water use efficienc-' the co*2ination of a=uaculture an. lantsB0egeta2les culti0ation s-ste*s' eas-' ine; ensi0e an. en0iron*entall- frien.l- a=uaculture a lications 2ecause it uses seawee. waste which is a2un.ant an. scattere. in coastal areas. :he increase of the growth of leaf length' leaf wi.th' ste* length' root length' an. nu*2er of lea0es of watercress as well as s ecific weight growth rate an. a2solute length growth of nile fish with the .istri2ution of a .ose of ro2iotic enriche. with Gracilaria s . waste show that treat*ent 3 gi0es the 2est results although it is not significantl- .ifferent fro* treat*ents 1 an. G. :his suggests that the o ti*al .ose for the a lication of ro2iotic enriche. with Gracilaria s . waste in nile fish intensi0e a=uaculture s-ste* with a=ua onic *o.el is treat*ent with the .istri2ution of fer*ente. Gracilaria s . waste li=ui. as *uch as #.">. It *eans that the *ini*u* .ose of fer*ente. Gracilaria s . waste li=ui. as *uch as #."> can i* ro0e the growth of fish an. lantsB0egeta2les o ti*all-. 1hoi et al. (2#12! e0en suggests that natural anti2acterial su2stances ro.uce. fro* seawee. ha0e selecti0e anti2acterial effect 2- .is*issing the acti0it- of athogenic 2acteria so that 2eneficial 2acteria easil- 2ree.. Seawee. has a long-chain ol-sacchari.e that ser0es as a re2iotic (as ro2iotic nutrients!. Rees (1$6$! an. (urano (1$$"! state that Gracilaria s . has a ol-sacchari.e structure with its *ain structure 1'4-lin6e.-3'6-anh-.ro-P-@-galacto -ranose alternating with 1'3-lin6e.-Q-G-galacto -ranose.:he interesting thing of this stu.- can also 2e seen fro* the culti0ation treat*ent without a=ua onic s-ste* which shows 0er.ifferent results co* are. to culti0ation s-ste* with a=ua onic *o.el. S ecific growth rate an. the a2solute length of nile fish in a=uaculture without a=ua onic s-ste* are onl- #.6$> an. #.3$>' while in a=uaculture with a=ua onic s-ste* can reach *ore than 2-3 ti*es. :he success of the a=ua onic s-ste* suggests that a=uatic lants are a2le to function as 2iofilter' where to;in containe. ro.uce. fro* the re*aining fee. an. fish feces in the for* of ND3 can 2e neutrali<e. 2- a=uatic lants an. re.uce. through recirculation s-ste*. Nugroho A Sutrisno (2##8! states that the e;istence of the lants as 2iofilter can re.uce the to;icit- of ND3 so that the water is still ro er to 2e use. as a *e.iu* to culti0ate fish. Recirculation s-ste* use. consists of co* art*ent culti0ation an. water treat*ent allowing .ecantation' filtration' o;-genation an. sterili<ation rocesses. Pra*ono (2#11! e0en suggests that the use of a=uatic lants as 2iofilter is ca a2le of 2eing the su2strate of 2eneficial 2acteria a2le to o0erco*e an. *anage e;cess nitrogen co* oun. which is har*ful to fish in a=ua onic s-ste*. Ei+a-a (2##8! also states that the nitrogen in the lants encourages the growth of organs associate. with hotos-nthesis' the leaf. Plant with enough nitrogen su l- will grow lea0es with wi.er 2la.e with higher chloro h-ll content' so that the lant is a2le to ro.uce car2oh-.rate or assi*ilate in sufficient =uantities to su ort 0egetati0e growth. %n the other han.' lant with nitrogen .eficienc- will grow s*aller lea0es' ale green -oung lea0es .ue to lac6 of chloro h-ll an. ol. lea0es e; erience chlorosis followe. 2- necrosis an. then fall. Dowe0er' if nitrogen su l- is e;cessi0e' lant ten.s to s-nthesi<e organic nitrogen co* oun.s. Plant lea0es ten. to 2e flo - so that the- .ecrease the efficienc- of ca turing sunlight an. there is the ossi2ilit- of the occurrence of necrosis at leaf *argins as a result of ND3 oisoning for*e. fro* nitrate re.uction rocess. In a..ition' nitrogen is an essential co* onent for the growth of the lant ste* ()ngga.ire+a et al. 2##6!. :here are two for*s of nitrogen a2sor2e. 2- lant roots' the nitrate ion (N%3-! an. a**oniu* ion (ND4R!. Nitrogen a2sor2e. in the for* of nitrate ion will artiall- 2e store. .irectl- in the cell 0acuoles of root cells an. organs cells on the groun.. :he rest will 2e re.uce. into nitrite (N%2! 2- the re.uctase nitrate en<-*e7 su2se=uentl- the nitrite is re.uce. 2- re.uctase nitrite en<-*e into ND3. ,urther*ore' the a**onia for*e. reacts with D2% to for* ND4 which is then assi*ilate. into a*i.e (-(ND2!2!' an. a*ine (-ND2!. )*i.e an. a*ine are trans orte. to the to of the lant an. for*ing rotein an. a*ino aci.. )**oniu* assi*ilation in the root cells nee. car2oh-.rate in large =uantities to re are the car2on chain in the s-nthesis of a*i.e an. a*ine. )=uatic lants also re=uire hos horus for its growth. It is as e; resse. 2- @ingga A (arsono (2##9!' that hos horus is an essential co* onent to sti*ulate lant growth' accelerate an. strengthen the growth of -oung lants to *ature lants. :his relates to the role of hos horus as a nutrient source which is 2io.egra.a2le an. easil- a2sor2e. 2-

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lants for the growth ((e-er et al. 2#13!. Phos horus a2sor tion 2- lant is carrie. out acti0el- an. controlle. 2- the res irator- *eta2olis* of car2oh-.rate. Plants with *an- roots ha0e a chance to a2sor2 hos horus faster. Phos horus is a li*iting nutrient factor for lant growth. Root growth rate of )* enan watercress also .eter*ines the s ee. of ste* an. leaf growth. :est .ata of nitrogen an. hos horus fro* fer*ente. Gracilaria s . waste show the 2est results of nitrogen as *uch as #.3"9$> an. hos horus as *uch as #.##"> an. thus the a0aila2ilit- of nitrogen an. hos horus are a2le to sti*ulate the growth of culti0ate. lants. ?eneticall-' local watercress is s*aller an. its growth is slower an. s*aller in si<e co* are. to )* enan (@o*2o6' Eest Nusa :enggara! watercress. ,igure 2 shows the .ifferent growth of local watercress an. )* enan watercress' howe0er treat*ents 1' G an. 3 gi0en significantl- show the 2est results co* are. to the control treat*ent. :he correlation of 2ioassa- results for the to;icit- .etection of fer*ente. Gracilaria s . waste li=ui. e;tract using nile fish lar0ae (O. niloticus) shows 1##> sur0i0al rate in accor.ance with the increase in the s ecific growth rate an. the a2solute length growth of nile fish. :he acti0e su2stance containe. .ue to the .istri2ution of the e;tract of fer*ente. Gracilaria s . waste li=ui. is not har* or interfering fish *eta2olis*. 30en 1ho+nac6a et al. (2##2! states that the acti0e su2stance of seawee. e;tract in the for* of ol-sacchari.e' rotein' ol-unsaturate. fatt- aci.' ig*ent' ol- henol' *ineral an. lant growth hor*ones' in which ol-sacchari.e su2stance has the a2ilit- of re2iotic' growth an. health-i* ro0ing acti0it-. /tili<ation of Lactobacillus s . as ro2iotic 2acteria .e0elo e. using fer*ente. Gracilaria s . waste li=ui. is a2le to *a6e intensi0e a=uaculture s-ste* with a=ua onic s-ste* su erior' in ter*s of the increase of culti0ate. fish an. lantsB0egeta2les growth. &erschuere et al. (2###! suggests that the ro2iotic 2acteria are li0ing *icro2es that ha0e a 2eneficial effect on the host through the increase of fee. use an. nutrients 0alue' host i**une res onse to .isease as well as en0iron*ental =ualit- i* ro0e*ent. Irianto A )ustin (2##2! an. Eal6er (2##8! e0en suggest the three *o.els of how ro2iotic wor6s' na*el- su ressing 2acterial o ulations through co* etition 2- ro.ucing anti*icro2ial co* oun.s or through nutrient co* etition an. attach*ent area in the intestinal wall' altering 2acterial *eta2olis* 2- increasing or .ecreasing the acti0it- of the en<-*e an. sti*ulating i**unit- through increase. anti2o.- or *acro hages acti0it-. In its a lication stage' the ro2iotic 2acteria erfor* life co* etition through nutrient co* etition an. a.hesion or attach*ent to the gastrointestinal tract there2- 2loc6ing *ultification' infection an. in0asion of athogenic *icro2es. :he ne;t stage is the neutrali<ation of the to;in an. the ro.uction of anti2acterial su2stances (e.g. ro ionic' 2ut-ric an. acetic aci.!. :he D of the .igesti0e tract en0iron*ent is lowere. so that athogenic *icro2es cannot sur0i0e o ti*all- an. thus the resistance of athogenic *icro2es 2eco*es *arginal an. critical in the co* etition an. the host i**une-s-ste* sti*ulation. Pirarat et al. (2##6! also suggests that the ro2iotic 2acteria Lactobacillus is a2le to re.uce the *ortalit- rate of O. niloticus .ue to #$war$siella tar$a infection' where the 2acteria 2oost the fish i**une s-ste* into a 2etter one through aggregation of hagoc-tic cells' increase. hagoc-tic acti0it-' further rotecting the fish fro* acute septicemic $eath cause. 2- #.tar$a infection. (orta<a0ian et al. (2##9! e0en states that Lactobacillus an. .i6i$obacteria are ro2iotic 2acteria which are 0er- i* ortant an. wi.el- use. as a 2acterial agent of ro2iotic ro.ucts. In a=ua onic s-ste*' the nitrif-ing 2acteria transfor*ing to;ic otential of a**onia co* oun.s' es eciall- the one which is not ioni<e. into nitrate through the rocess of nitrification also s-nergi<e. :he rocess re=uires o;-gen. It lowers the aci.it- an. affects al6alinit- 0alue. :his is shown in the a=ua onic treat*ent in which the recor.e. D is a2out 8 to allow the nitrification rocess runs well. Nitrification is a natural rocess that returns to a nor*al con.ition carrie. out 2- 2acteria 2- o;i.i<ing an. transfor*ing a**onia co* oun.s otentiallto;ic into non-to;ic nitrate co* oun.s. Eoon (2##9! re orts on the nitrification rocess which is carrie. out in two stages' first is 2- 2acteria of the genus -itrosomonas which o;i.i<e a**onia or a**oniu* into nitrite an. the secon. is 2- 2acteria of the genus -itrobacter which o;i.i<e nitrite into nitrate. Nitrification uses a s*all a*ount of energ- that is release. as a**onia is o;i.i<e. into nitrate an. re.uces inorganic car2on into 1%2 into organic car2on. )*ong the grou of organis*s' nitrification is 6nown as chemoautotrophic 2acteria that can o;i.i<e organic *atter with non- hotos-nthetic rocesses (Sai.u 2##$!. It is clarifie. 2- the range of le0els of ND3 an. N%2which are N1 * so that nitrification rocess in the a=ua onic s-ste* is 2elie0e. to wor6 well. S-*2iotic relation 2etween 2acteria an. lan6ton also ta6es lace' in which 2acteria ser0ing as organic co* oun.s .eco* oser are a2le to su ort lan6ton to grow an. roliferate. Inorganic su2stances such as nitrogen an. hos horus resulte. fro* 2acterial .eco* osition 2eco*e a source of nutrients for lan6ton. Deinanen (1$$1! states that 2acteria an. lan6ton are alwa-s relate.' as 2acteria .eco* ose organic co* oun.s into nutrients that will 2e utili<e. 2- the lan6ton an. lan6ton ro0i.es organic *atters for 2acterial growth. ,ee. resi.ue an. fish feces will also 2e utili<e. 2- lan6ton. In the rocess of growth' lan6ton re=uires %2 to 2e a2le to .eco* ose the fee. resi.ue an. nitrogen into useful co* oun.s. :his stu.- shows that the a=ua onic s-ste* with its recirculation is a2le to *aintain G% content to 2e in the nor*al range (3-" *!. Chlorella s . .o*inance in the water .uring the stu.- 2rings a ositi0e i* act on fish' a=uatic lants an. ro2iotic content circulating in the a=ua onic culti0ation *e.ia. Ceheshti our et al. (2#13! e0en states that Chlorella s . an.

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Spirulina s . are a2le to i* ro0e the 0ia2ilit- of ro2iotic there2- increasing the functional character of ro2iotic 2acteria 2ecause these *icroalgae contain nutrients an. co* lete nutraceutical *aterials as functional foo.. :o6usoglu A /nal (2##3! suggest that 1hlorella consists of ol-unsaturate. fatt- aci.s (P/,)s! (38.$4>! an. 13.32> of total li i.s. Pal*itic aci. in 1hlorella is as *uch as 1".41>' 3P) (2#4" n-3! as *uch as 3.23> an. .ocosa entaenoic aci. as *uch as 3.11>. :he .ocosahe;aenoic aci. (1224 6 n-3! containe. in 1hlorella is 0erhigh u to 2#.$4>. 1hlorella is also rich in P' Na' F' 1a' (g an. ,e *inerals. :he Chlorella s . .o*inance in this stu.- also shows *utual s-*2iosis that can i* ro0e o ti*al growth of culti0ate. fish an. lants. :he technolog- engineering nee.s to 2e e; lore. further 2- unco0ering the *echanis*s in ter*s of 2ioche*istr- an. *olecular 2iolog- stu.ies so as to encourage the use of Gracilaria s . waste as a ro2iotic enrich*ent an. 2iofertili<er ro.ucts in intensi0e a=uaculture with a=ua onic s-ste*. %. &onclusion Pro er culti0ation *o.el using seawee. waste engineering technolog- as ro2iotic enrich*ent an. 2iofertili<er ro.ucts in intensi0e a=uaculture with a=ua onic s-ste* can 2e o2taine. 2- using fer*ente. Gracilaria s . waste li=ui. an. ro2iotic 2acteria Lactobacillus s . an. the .o*inance of lan6ton Chlorella s . in the water of culti0ation' either with N,: or ,R s-ste*. % ti*al .ose of ro2iotic enrich*ent an. 2iofertili<er ro.ucts fro* seawee. waste in intensi0e a=uaculture with a=ua onic s-ste* is treat*ent with the .istri2ution of fer*ente. Gracilaria s . waste li=ui. as *uch as #."> with the ro2iotic 2acteria Lactobacillus s . #e'erences )frianto' 3. A @i0iawati' 3. (1$$3!' SSeawee. 1ulture an. ProcessingT' P: Chratara Niaga (e.ia' Ja6arta. )h*a.' :.' Sofiarsih' @. A Rus*ana (2##9!' S:he ?rowth of Patin !angasio$on hypopthalmus in ) 1lose S-ste* :an6T' In$onesian *quaculture ;ournal 2(1!' 69-93. )ngga.ire+a' J. :.' Uatni6a' ).' Purwoto' ). A Istini' S. (2##6!' SSeawee.T' Pene2ar Swa.a-a' Ja6arta. )ni6' (. :. (1$8$!' SDan.2oo6 of ,ish ,ee.T' /ni0ersitas Crawi+a-a' (alang. Ceheshti our' D.' (orta<a0ian' ).(.' (oha**a.i' R.' Sohra20an.i' S. A Fhosra0i- Garani' F. (2#13!' SSu le*entation of Spirulina platensis an. Chlorella 1ulgaris )lgae into Pro2iotic ,er*ente. (il6sT' Comprehensi1e "e1iews in &oo$ Science an$ &oo$ Sa6ety 12 (2!' 144-1"4. 1hoi' J.S.' Da' M.(.' Joo' 1./.' 1ho' F.F.' Fi*' S.J. A 1hoi' I.S. (2#12!' SInhi2ition of %ral Pathogens an. 1ollagenase )cti0it- 2- Seawee. 3;tractsT' ;. #n1iron. .iol. 33(1!' 11"-121. 1ho+nac6a' F.' Saei.' ).' Eit6ows6a' U. A :uh-' @. (2##2!' SCiologicall- )cti0e 1o* oun.s in Seawee. 3;tract-the Pros ect for the ) licationT' (he Open Con6erence !rocee$ings ;ournal 3' 2#-28. Gi0er' S. (2##6!' S)=ua onic-Integration D-.ro onic with )=uaculture. National 1entre of ) ro riate :echnolog-T' /nite. States Ge art*ent of )gricultureVs Rural Cussiness 1oo erati0e Ser0ice. 3ffen.ie' (.I. (1$$9!' S,isheries Ciolog-T' Ma-asan Pusta6a Nusantara. Mog-a6arta. ?i.eon' %.).' %g2on.a' F. D. A )*inigo' R. 3. (2##9!' S% ti*i<ation Stu.ies of Cio*ass Pro.uction an. Protein Cios-nthesis in a Spirulina s . Isolate. ,ro* an %il Pollute. ,la*e Pit in :he Niger GeltaT' Ge art*ent of (icro2iolog-' Port Darcourt /ni0ersit-' Nigeria. Deinanen' ).P. (1$$1!' SCacterial Nu*2ers' Cio*ass an. Pro.ucti0it- in the Caltic Sea4 ) 1ruise Stu.-T' +ar. #col. !rog. Ser. 9#' 283-2$#. Di.a-at' G. (1$8"!. S,ish ,ee.T. Masaguna. Ja6arta. Il6nur' ). A 1iri6' S. (2##4!' SGistri2ution of Gracilaria 1errucosa (Du.son! Pa enfuss (Rho.o h-ta! in I<*ir Ca- (3astern )egean Sea!T' !a<istan .iol Sci. 9 (11!' 2#22-2#23. Inc6le' (.' Peter' G.S.' :i*' :. A :o*' &. (2##"!' S:he Pre aration an. /se of 1o* ostT' )gro*isa ,oun.ation' Eageningen' Netherlan.s. Irianto' ). A )ustin' C. (2##2!' SPro2iotics in )=uaculture (Re0iew!T' ;. &ish. =iseases 2"' 633-642. Ju.oa*i+o-o' ). (2##3!' S)=uaculture Pro2ioticT' ?a.+ah (a.a /ni0ersit- Press' Mog-a6arta. Fohar' I.' Da.+o' P.D.' Jonatan' (. A )gustanti' %. (2##4!' SStu.- of Dea0- (etal P2 in Stal6 an. @eaf of Eatercress (Ipomoea reptans! that 2oile. 2- Na1l an. )cetic )ci.T' +a<ara Sains 8(3!' 8"-88. Fusriningru*' R.S. (2##8!' S3; eri*ent GesignT' ,acult- of &eterinar- (e.icine' )irlangga /ni0ersit-' )irlangga /ni0ersit- Press' Sura2a-a. @ingga' P. A (arsono (2##9!' S,ertili<er /tili<ing GirectionT' Pene2ar Swa.a-a' Ja6arta. @o0ell (1$8$!' SNutrition an. (arincultureT' JI1) :e;t2oo6. :he ?eneral )=uaculture 1ourse. Ge art*ent of )=uatic Ciosience. :o6-o /ni0ersit- of ,isheries. :o6-o. (e-er' ).' 1o*2rou;' I. A :re*olieres' (. (2#13!' SG-na*ic of Nutrient 1ontents (Phos horus' Nitrogen! in Eater' Se.i*ent an. Plants )fter Restoration of 1onnecti0it- in Si.e-1hannels of the Ri0er RhineT' "estoration #cology 21(2!' 232-241. (orta<a0ian' ).(.' 3hsani' (.R.' (ousa0i' S.(.' Re<aei' F.' Sohra20an.i' S. A Reinhei*er' J.). (2##9!'

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S3ffect of refrigerate. storage te* erature on the 0ia2ilit- of ro2iotic *icro-organis*s in -ogurtT' Int. ;. =airy (echnol. 6#(2!' 123-129. (urano' 3. (1$$"!' S1he*ical Structure an. Wualit- of )gars fro* GracilariaT' ;ournal o6 *pplie$ !hycology 9(3!' 24"-2"4. Nugroho' 3. A Sutrisno (2##8!' S)=uaculture an. &egeta2le in )=ua onic S-ste*T' Pene2ar Swa.a-a' Ja6arta. :o6usoglu' %. A /nal' (.F. (2##3!' SCio*ass Nutrient Profiles of :hree (icroalgae4 Spirulina platensis> Chlorella 1ulgaris an. Isochrisis galbanaT' &oo$ Chem. (o7icol. 68(4!' 1144-1148. Pirarat' N.' Fo2a-ashi' :.' Fatagiri' :.' (aita' (. A 3n.o' (. (2##6!' SProtecti0e effects an. *echanis*s of a ro2iotic 2acteriu* Lactobacillus rhamnosus against e; eri*ental #$war$siella tar$a infection in tila ia (Oreochromis niloticus!T' :et. Immunol. Immunopathol. 113(3-4!' 33$-349. Prasa.' F.N.' Shi0a*urth-' ?.R. A )ra.h-a' S.(. (2##8!' TIpomoea aquatica> )n /n.eralili<e. ?reen @eaf&egeta2le4 ) Re0iewT' International ;ournal o6 .otany 4 (1!' )sian Networ6 ,or Scientific Infor*ation' 12312$. Rees' G.). (1$6$!' SStructure' 1onfor*ation' (echanis* in the ,or*ation of Pol-sacchari.e ?els an. Networ6sT' *$1ances Carbohy$. Chem. .iochem. 24' 269-332. Sai.u' (.(.?. (2##$!' S:e* erature I* act on Nitrification an. Cacterial ?rowth Finetics in )ccli*ating Recirculating )=uaculture S-ste*s CiofiltersT' =issertation' ?ra.uate ,acult- of the @ouisiana State /ni0ersitan. )gricultural an. (echanical 1ollege. Caton Rouge' @ouisiana' /S). Sute+o' (.(. (2##2!' S ,ertili<er an. /tili<ingT' Rine6a 1i ta. Ja6arta. Su-anto' S.R. (2##2!' S Nile ,ishT' Pene2ar Swa.a-a. Ja6arta. :hi*en' @' Preston' :.R.' :hao' 1ong' C.&. A Doi' G.N. (2##"!' S%n ,ar* 30olution of :he 3ffect of Gifferent ,ertili<ers on Eater S inach (Ipomoea aquatica! Miel.s' an. of Inclu.ing Eater S inach an. 1atfish %il In Giets ,or ,attening Pigs in the (e6ong Gelta of &ietna*T' Eor6sho ' (e6arn L 1:/' &ietna*. &erschuere' @.' Ro*2aut' ?.' Sorgeloos' P. A &erstraete' E. (2###!' SPro2iotic Cacteria as Ciological 1ontrol )gents in )=uacultureT' +icrobiol. +ol. .iol. "e1. 64(4!' 6""-691. Eal6er' E.). (2##8!' S(echanis*s of )ction of Pro2ioticsT' O76or$ ;ournals 46(2!' "89-"$1. Ei+a-a' F.). (2##8!' SPlant NutritionT' Prestasi Pusta6a. Ja6arta. Eoon' C.D. (2##9!' SRe*o0al of Nitrate Nitrogen in 1on0entional Easte Eater :reat*ent PlantsT' (hesis' /ni0ersiti :e6nologi (ala-sia. Fuala @u* ur. (ala-sia.

:a2le 1. :he a*ount of Lactobacillus s . 2acteria on Gracilaria s .' Kappaphycus s . an. Sargassum fer*entation *e.ia Amount o' Lactobacillus sp. $ay. (&)*+m,1 " % / 0 ,er*entation with Gracilaria s . #.";1#4 1.9;1#4 2.3;1#4 8.9;1#4 3.9;1#" 3.1;1#" *e.ia ,er*entation with Kappaphycus s . #.4;1#4 #.$;1#4 1.6;1#4 6.1;1#4 2.9;1#" 2.$;1#4 *e.ia ,er*entation with Sargassum s . #.1;1#4 #.8;1#4 1.1;1#4 4.1;1#4 #.$;1#" 1.9;1#4 *e.ia

s . waste

1 ".9;1#4 1.";1#4 #.";1#4

:a2le 2. Results of nitrogen an. hos horous le0els test on .a--" in Gracilaria s .' Kappaphycus s . an. Sargassum s . waste fer*entation *e.ia Seaweed Waste )ermentation !edia ($ay./2itrogen ,evel (34hosphorus ,evel (3,er*entation with Gracilaria s . waste #.3"9$ #.##" ,er*entation with Kappaphycus s . waste #.2336 #.##3 ,er*entation with Sargassum s . waste #.2193 #.##3

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:a2le 3.:he .ata of a0erage leaf length growth of watercress with the .istri2ution of a .ose of ro2iotic enriche. with Gracilaria s . waste 5reatment ,ea' ,ength o' ,ocal Watercress 6 S$ (cm- ,ea' ,ength o' AmpenanWatercress6 S$ (cm) C 1 G 3 2.3#2 X #.1" 2.4$2 X #.43 2.$2a X #.66 3.#4a X #."9 3.#"a X #.61 ".482 X #."2 ".922 X #.6$ 9.9$a X #.61 9.81a X #."3 8.#2a X #.2"

:a2le 4.:he .ata of a0erage leaf wi.th growth of watercress with the .istri2ution of a .ose of ro2iotic enriche. with Gracilaria s . waste ,ocal Watercress ,ea' Width 6 S$ (cmAmpenan Watercress ,ea' Width 6 S$ (cm5reatment ) 1."$2 X #.29 3.242 X #.3" 2 C 1."6 X #.28 3.4$a2 X #.23 a 1 1.98 X #.3" 3."$a2 X #.24 a 1.8# X #.4# 3.94a X #.1$ G a 1.6$ X #.2" 3.82a X #.61 3 :a2le ".:he .ata of a0erage ste* length growth of watercress with the .istri2ution of a .ose of ro2iotic enriche. with Gracilaria s . waste 5reatment Stem ,ength o' ,ocal Watercress 6 S$ (cm- Stem ,ength o' Ampenan Watercress 6 S$ (cm3."$2 X #.4# ) 8.#8c X 1."$ 2 3.$1 X #.6" C $.192c X 2.33 a2 4.24 X #.4" 11.#8a2c X 4.69 1 a2 4.34 X #.96 12.29a2 X 1.98 G a 4.$3 X #.19 13.83a X 4.#$ 3

:a2le 6.:he .ata of a0erage of roots length of watercress with the .istri2ution of a .ose of ro2iotic enriche. with Gracilaria s . waste 5reatment #oots length o' ,ocal Watercress 6 S$ (cm- #oots length o' Ampenan Watercress 6 S$ (cm) 9.412 X #.$# 6.$$c X 1.1$ 2 C 9.63 X #.62 $.442 X #."$ a2 9.$8 X #.6# $.$4a2 X #.$" 1 a G 8.2" X #.9" 1#.1$a2 X 1.21 a 3 8.43 X 1.#9 12.34a X 1.34 :a2le 9. :he .ata of the the a0erage of increase nu*2ers of lea0es of watercress with the .istri2ution of a .ose of ro2iotic enriche. with Gracilaria s . waste 5reatment Increase o' the numbers o' leaves o' ,ocal Increase o' the numbers o' leaves o' Ampenan Watercress 6 S$ (cmWatercress 6 S$ (cm2 ) ".32 X #.1# 8.$9c X 1.#1 2 C ".6$ X #."1 $.93c X #.19 a2 1 9.$3 X #.39 14.$8a2 X 1.1" a G 11.84 X #.4" 16."8a X 1.19 a 3 12."3 X #.$1 19.#1a X 1.41

9"

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:a2le 8. S ecific weight growth rate of nile fish with the .istri2ution of a .ose of ro2iotic enriche. with Gracilaria s . waste 5reatment 5he Speci'ic Weight 7rowth #ate o' 2ile )ish (3) #.88 C 1.#1 1 1.22 G 1.42 3 1.91 N #.6$ Gescri tion4 N H culti0ation treat*ent without a=ua onic s-ste* :a2le $. )2solute length growth of nile fish with the .istri2ution of a .ose of ro2iotic enriche. with Gracilaria s . waste 5reatment Absolute ,ength 7rowth o' 2ile )ish (cm) #.68 C #.99 1 1.#$ G 1.12 3 1.43 N #.3$ :a2le 1#.Eater =ualit- of a=ua onic intensi0e culti0ation s-ste* Water 8uality 4arameters :e* erature (K1! D G% ( *! Salinit- (oBoo! ND 3 ( *! N% 2 ( *! N% 3 ( *!

#ange 28-3# 9-8 3-" # N1 N1 1-2

()! (C! ,igure 1. )=ua onic culti0ation s-ste* with Nutrient ,il* :echni=ue (o.el ()! an. ,loating Raft S-ste* (C!

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@ocal Eatercress )* enan Eatercress ,igure 2. @ocal an. )* enan watercress growth. :he scale in.icates 1# c*. Gescri tion4 ) H control7 C H treat*ent with the .istri2ution of fer*ente. Gracilaria s . waste li=ui. #.2">7 #.2"> 1 H treat*ent with the .istri2ution of fer*ente. Gracilaria s . waste li=ui. #.">7 G H treat*ent with the .istri2ution of fer*ente. Gracilaria aria s . waste li=ui. #.9">7 3 H treat*ent with the .istri2ution of fer*ente. Gracilaria s . waste li=ui. 1>7 SG H stan.ar. .e0iation7 Gifferent su erscri ts in the sa*e colu*n in.icate .ifferences ( N#.#"!. (/nits B *@!

250,000.00 200,000.00 150,000.00 100,000.00 50,000.00 0.00 Chlorella sp. Volvox sp. Scenedesmus Chlamydomonas sp. sp.

,igure 3. )0erage nu*2ers of .ail- lan6tons .o*ination

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