SOLUTIONS

1. What is molarity? It is the number of moles of solute present in IL of solution. 2. What is molality? It is the number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent. 3. Which concentration term remain unchanged by temperature? Molality 4. Why does the molality of solution remain unchanged with temperature? Because mass of solute and solvent are independent of temperature. 5. How does molarity of solution change with temperature? With rise in temperature molarity decreases because of volume of solution increases. 6. What is mole fraction? It is the ratio of number of moles of one component and total number of moles of solution. 7. Differentiate between molarity and molality. a) Molarity is the number of moles of solute present in IL of solution. Molality is the number of moles of solute present in 1 kg of solvent. b) Molarity decreases with increase in temperature but molality is independent of temperature. 8. State Henrys law. Give two applications. The partial pressure of a gas in vapour phase (p) is directly proportional to the mole fraction of the gas (x) in the solution, i.e., p = KHx Applications of Henrys law

(i)

Bottles are sealed under high pressure to increase the solubility of CO2 in soft drinks and soda water. the oxygen tanks used by scuba divers are filled with air and diluted with helium to avoid bends.

(ii)

9. Define vapour pressure. What happens to the vapour pressure when non-volatile solute dissolves in the liquid? The pressure exerted by vapour molecules on the surface of its liquid at equilibrium.

Vapour pressure decreases when non-volatile solute is added to it. 10. State Raoults law for solutions containing volatile liquids For a solution of volatile liquids, the partial vapour pressure of each component in the solution is directly proportional to its mole fraction.

11. What is ideal solution? Give graphical representation. Solutions which obey Raoults law over the entire range of concentrations

An ideal solution will be formed when intermolecular forces of attraction between the molecules of solute (A A) and those between the molecules of solvent (B B) are nearly equal to those between solute and solvent molecules (A B). Enthalpy of mixing ,mix H = 0 Volume of mixing, mix V = 0

For ideal solution:

Examples: n-Hexane and n-heptane, bromoethane and chloroethane, benzene and toluene

12. What is non-ideal solution? Solutions which do not obey Raoults law over the entire range of concentration The vapour pressure of a non-ideal solution is either higher or lower than that predicted by Raoults law. o o Positive deviation from Raoults law When vapour pressure is higher Negative deviation from Raoults law When vapour pressure is lower

13. With suitable diagram and appropriate examples explain a non-idealsolutionwith positive deviation. The intermolecular forces of attraction between solute-solvent molecules are weaker than those between solute-solute molecules and solvent-solvent molecules. Therefore, solvent molecules can easily escape, resulting in increase in vapour pressure.

Example: Ethanol and acetone mixture

13. What are the sign of H and V for solution with positive deviation? H =+ve V = + ve

14. With suitable diagram and appropriate examples explain a non-ideal solution with negative deviation. The intermolecular forces of attraction between solute-solute molecules and solvent-solvent molecules are weaker than those between solute-solvent molecules. This results in the decreasing of

vapour pressure.

Example Chloroform and acetone mixture The intermolecular attractive forces between solute-solvent molecules increase due to the formation of H-bond.

15.What are the sign of H and V for solution with negative deviation? H = -ve V = - ve

16.What type of solution is formed when chloroform is mixed with acetone? Solution with negative deviation 17. What type of solution is formed when ethanol is mixed with water? Non-ideal solution with positive deviation. 18. Give an example of solution showing positive deviation from ideal behaviour. Ethanol and hexane 19. Give an example of solution showing negative deviation from ideal behaviour. Water and nitric acid.

20. Define azeotropic mixture. A mixture of liquids which boil at constant temperature without change in composition is called azeotropic mixture. 21. What are maximum boiling azeotropes? Give an example. A mixture of liquids which boils at a temperature higher than the boiling point of both the components in pure state. Example: Hydrochloric acid and water Non-ideal solution showing negative deviation forms maximum boiling azeotropes 22. What are minimum boiling azeotropes? Give an example. A mixture of liquids which boils at a temperature lower than the boiling point of both the components in pure state. Example: ethanol and water Non-ideal solution showing positive deviation forms minimum boiling azeotropes. 23. What type of behavior is expected when water is added to sulphuric acid? Negative deviation. 24.What are colligate properties? Give examples. Those properties which depend upon number of solute particles only and not on nature of solute are called colligative properties. 1. Relative lowering of vapour pressure 2. Elevation of boiling point. 3. Depression of freezing point. 4. Osmotic pressure. 25. Define boiling point. The temperature at which vapour pressure of liquid becomes equal to atmospheric pressure. 26. Illustrate elevation in boiling point with help of a diagram. With addition of non-volatile solute, vapour pressure decreases and hence, boiling point increases. When a non-volatile Solute is dissolved in a solvent its vapour pressure decreases.Hence vapour pressure of solution becomes equal to atmospheric pressure only at higher temperature.

Here, = Elevation of boiling point Where, Tb = Boiling of solution = Boiling point of solvent

27. Derive the expression for elevation in boiling point.

Tbm (for dilute solution) Tb = Kbm

Where, m = Molality Kb = Proportionality constant known as Boiling Point Elevation Constant or Molal Elevation Constant or Ebullioscopic constant (Unit = K kg mol1)

Where, w2 = Mass of solute M2 = Molar mass of solute w1 = Mass of solvent 28.Write an expression for calculating molar mass of solute from elevation in boiling point.

29. Illustrate depression in freezing point with help of a diagram. With addition of non-volatile solute, vapour pressure decreases, which leads to a decrease in freezing point.

When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in a solvent its vapour pressure decreases.Hence vapour pressure of solvent and solution becomes equal at lower temperature.

Here, Where,

= Depression of freezing point

= Freezing point of solvent

Tf= Freezing point of solution

30.Derive an expression for depression in freezing point.

For dilute solution (ideal solution), Tfm Tf= Kfm Where, m = Molality Kf = Proportionality constant known as Freezing Point Constant or Molal Depression Constant or Cryoscopic constant (Unit = K kg mol1)

Where, w2 = Mass of solute M2 = Molar mass of solute w1 = Mass of solvent 31. Write an expression for calculating molar mass of solute from depression in freezing point .

32. What is an antifreeze?

It is a liquid which is added to another liquid to prevent its freezing .Eg: Ethylene glycol in water 33. Why does the boiling point of solution increase on adding non-volatile solute? On adding nonvolatile solute to liquid its vapour pressure decreases. Hence boiling point increases 34. Why does the freezing point of solution decrease on adding non-volatile solute? On adding nonvolatile solute to liquid its vapour pressure decreases. Hence freezing point decreases. 35. Define ebullioscopic constant. It is the elevations in boiling point when I mol of solute is added to 1000g of solvent. 36. Define Cryoscopic constant. It is the depression in freezing point when 1 mol of solute is added to 1000g of solvent. 37. What is osmosis ? The process of flow of solvent from pure solvent to solution or from less concentrated solution to more concentrated solution through a semi permeable membrane is called osmosis. 38. Define osmotic pressure. The extra pressure applied on the solution side to just stop the process of osmosis, when the solvent and solution are separated by semipermeable membrane is called osmotic pressure. 39. Osmotic pressure is a colligative property. Why? Osmotic pressure is a colligative property because it depends only on number of solute particles and not depend on the nature of solute particles. 40. Write different expressions for Osmotic pressure. 1. v = n2 RT = Osmotic pressure V= volume of solution in Litre n2 = number of moles of solute R = gas constant T = Temperature in Kelvin

2.

w2=MassofsoluteM2 = Molar mass of solute

3. = MRT OR solution

= CRT

M = Molarity of solution C = concentration of

41.Write the formula to find molar mass of solute from osmotic pressure.

42. What is the advantage of osmotic pressure method for determining molecular mass of solute? a) This method is performed at room temperature b) Osmotic pressure method gives large value even for dilute solution 43. State how does osmotic pressure vary with temperature. Osmotic pressure increases with increase in temperature 44.What is reverse osmosis? What is the use of reverse osmosis? If the pressure applied on the solution is greater than its osmotic pressure, then the direction of osmosis is reversed i.e., the solvent starts passing from solution to solvent. The phenomenon is called reverse osmosis. This phenomenon is used in purification (desalination) of sea water.

45. What are isotonic solutions? Solutions having same osmotic pressure are called isotonic solutions 46. Define i) hypertonic solution ii) hypotonic Solution i) Solution having higher osmotic pressure is called hypertonic solution. ii) Solution having lower Osmotic pressure is called hypotonic Solution.

47. Doctors advise gargles by saline water in case of sore throat. Why? Saline water is hypertonic solution therefore fluids responsible for irritation in throat will come out. 48. What is the statement of Raoults law for solution containing non-volatile solute? Relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute. i.e.,

Where, = Vapour pressure of the solvent p1 = Vapour pressure of the solution x2 = Mole fraction of the solute However, Where, n2 = Number of moles of solute n1 = Number of moles of solvent 49.What is the formula to find vapour pressure of solution if solute is non-volatile?

50.What is the formula to find Molar mass and weight of non-volatile solute if vapour pressure of solution is given?

Where, w2 = Mass of solute M2 = Molar mass of solute w1 = Mass of solvent M1= Molar mass of solvent 51.What is the formula to find i) vapour pressure of solution ii) composition (mole fractions) of components if both the components are volatile liquids?

52. What is the formula to find composition (mole fractions) of components in vapour phase?

y1, y2 = Mole fractions of the components 1 and 2 respectively in the vapour phase 53.What is abnormal molarmass? Due to association or dissociation of solute, the molar mass of a solutecalculated from its colligative property is either lower or higher than the expected or normal value. Such molar mass is called abnormal molar mass. Dissociation: KCl K+ + Cl

Association: 2CH3COOH (CH3COOH)2

54.What is vant Hoffs factor? The ratio of normal molar mass and abnormal molar mass is called vant Hoffs factor OR The ratio of observed colligating properties and norm colligative properties is called vant Hoffs factor

55.What is thevalueof vant Hoffs factor if solute particles undergo dissociation? More than one 56. What is the value of vant Hoffs factor if solute particles undergo association ? Less than one 57. What is the value of vant Hoffs factor if solute particles do not undergo association and dissociation? One 58. Name the colligative property mostly used for the determination of molecular mass of solute. Osmotic pressure because this method used at room temperature and macromolecules decompose at higher temperature. 59. Give examples for solute which undergo association. Acetic acid in benzene, benzoic acid in benzene 60. Give examples for solutes which undergo dissociation. Electrolytes(NaCl,KCl,Na2SO4,K2SO4) 61. Give modified equations for colligative properties Relative lowering of vapour pressure of solvent,

*Elevation of boiling point, *Depression of freezing point,

Tb = iKbm Tf = iKfm

*Osmotic pressure of solution,

= in2RT/V

62.What is the formula to find vant Hoffs factor if dissociation is not complete?

= i-1/n-1
= degree of dissociation n = number of particles after dissociation eg:KClK+ + Cl n =2

63. What is the formula to find vant Hoffs factor if solute particles undergo association?

=i- 1/ 1/n-1

For dimer n=2 64. What is the value of vant Hoffs factor for NaCl? 2 65. What is the value ofvant Hoffs factor for Na2SO4 ? 3 66. What is the value of vant Hoffs factor for solute which undergoes dimerization? 67. What is the value ofvant Hoffs factor for solute which undergoes tetramerisation ? 68. Which will have greater boiling point? (i) 1M urcasolution (ii) 1M NaCl solution 1M NaCl solution because number of particles are more 69.Which will have greater freezing point? (i) 1M urcasolution (ii) 1M NaCl solution 1M urea solution because number of particles are less 70. Why a mixture of liquids shows negative deviation from ideal behavior?

Because intermolecular force of attraction between two liquids is stronger than that between pure liquids. 71. Why a mixture of liquids shows positive deviation from ideal behavior? Because intermolecular force of attraction between two liquids is weaker than that between pure liquids. 72. Osmotic pressure of 1M KCl solution is higher than 1M urea solution. Why? KCl is an electrolyte, it undergoes dissociation insolution,hence number of particles increases. Urea is non-electrolyte.