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DISCLAIMER Ihe SPORTING ARMS ANDAMMUNITION MANUFACTURERS INSTITUTE (SAAMI) hasprepared thissheet for the information of its members.

lt is furnished to youas a matter of courtesy and public service. Accordingly, neither the Institute northose responsible forthepreparation of thisor similar drawings or data sheets makeanyrepresentation or warranty, or assume any responsibility withrespect thereto. Thismaterial is supplied withthat understanding. These drawings anddatasheets arethe property of the Institute and you haveno publication or reproduction rights withrespect to the information. such drawings or datasheets aresubject to change without notice. Exportation of datasheets maybe subject to federal regulation; see 22 Code of Federal Regulations Parts 120-12A.

SAAMITECHNICAL DATASHEET TECHNICAC L O R R E S P O N D E N TH ANDBOOK 'S GUN RECOIL- TECHNICAL

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F R E ER E C O I L ENERGY Recoilcan be described mathematically by the physical law of the Conservation of Momentum.The law states: "lf a force and it's reactionact betweentwo bodies,and no other forces are present,equal and opposite changesin the momentum this saysthat will be givento the two bodies."Simplystated, (in direction) for everyactionthere is an equaland opposite action. The momentum, therefore, of a free recoiling firearmis equaland opposite in direction to the gases. Because momentum of the bullet(or shot chargeand wad column) and the propellant the propellant gasesare extremely gas difficult to weigh,for purposes of this application, the propellant weightwill be equatedto the powderchargeweight. Free RecoilEnergyis reallykinetic energyand so can be expressed mathematically as F.R.E= . lrMVz Where M = is the mass (or the weightof the firearm divided by 32.17)and V = is the velocity of the recoiling firearm, To determine the velocity of the recoiling firearm we can use the formula: V WhereW" V" = = Weight(in grains) of the ejecta(bullet or shot and wad column) Velocityof ejectain feet per second gases Weightof propellant (fps)of propellant gases Velocity Conversion factorfor grainsto pounds Weightof firearmin pounds Wo*Vu *W o'*V " 7000xW "

Won = Von = 7000 = W =

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TECHNICAL SAAMI D A T AS H E E T TECHNICAC L O R R E S P O N D E N TH ANDBOOK 'S GUN RECOIL- TECHNICAL lf thereforeM-W, thentLM= and z 32 tt 64.34 W,

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+(lhg.Wt.xV* ,, _W"xV" 7000xW. The Free RecoilEnergyof a Firearm can be described as:

!''!l.li -l

( w , \ ( w' * t ''' t ( h 's w t x v -\' zx ll 7000xW, ) [64 34r[

gasesor powderchargeare easily The weightsof the gun, of the ejectaand of the propellant determined. gas, a muchmoredifficult The effective velocity of the propellant measurement, varies, in general, with the muzzlepressure and projectile velocity. The following Vpsshouldbe used: V* =V"xf wherefor High poweredrifles (average Shotguns length) (longbarrel) Shotguns Pistol& revolvers Von = Von = Vps = Von = V" x 1.75 V. x 1.50 V. x 1.25 Vux 1.50

were derivedfrom extensiveexperiments by the British, [The above velocityrelationships published published in "British Text Bookof SmallArms" in 1929and confirmed by later work in this country.l

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S A A M IT E C H N I C A L D A T AS H E E T TECHNICAC L O R R E S P O N D E N TH 'S ANDBOOK _ TECHNICAL GUNRECOIL

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NOTE: Firearm velocity in feet per weightmustbe in pounds; ejectaand powderchargein grains; second. Freerecoilenergywill then be expressed in foot pounds. EXAMPLE. How much Free RecoilEnergy wouldbe developed by an averagelengthshotgun weighing 7 pounds firing a 12ga2%-3lzload of No.4 shotwith w a d sw e i g h i n 4 g3 grainsand loadedwith 33.4 grainsof powder. Therefore: Wr = 7 Pounds Wu = Shot is 1 % oz. x the conversion factor437.5or 546.9grains; wads weigh43 grs. TOTAL: 589.9grains Chg. Wt. = 33.4 grains V" = 1275 fps (Averagevelocityfrom tables) r =1.5 (Foraveragelengthof shotgun) So'' WoxVo + (-hg .Wt.x vor, ) ' FRE =( )( 7000x w1 \2x3217 )l )

+otstt s1' F R E = 1orce{7szt2z


\ 4e000 )

s''1' F RE = (oroo1'sroooo '\


4e000 )

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D A T AS H E E T S A A M IT E C H N I C A L TECHNICAL C O R R E S P O N D E N TH 'S ANDBOOK

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G U NR E C O I L . TECHNICAL

F.R E = (oloo[ro os),

= (oroo[zzz.:)
= 30.22 FT LBS. ANS: About30 ft. lbs. ExactF.R.E. for a givenshotwoulddependuponexactweightof shotchargeand exactvelocity of that shot. Calculations may be made in the metricsystemif firearm weightis givenin kilograms; ejectaand powderchargeweightin gramsand the velocity in metersper second. Massto weightconversion factoris then 9.8. The equation wouldthen take the form:

F.RE_ I

( wJ. \ ( w x r * ( ' h s . w xrl ' r , ) '

[zxoaJ[

w,

The F.R.E.wouldbe givenin kilogram-meters

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