Americorps Aff - May

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Americorps Aff 108/2...........................................................................................................................................................................1
1AC.......................................................................................................................................................................................................1
Americorps Aff 108/2...........................................................................................................................................................................1
_______________................................................................................................................................................................................8
***INHERENCY.................................................................................................................................................................................8
INHERENCY VOLUNTEER OPPORTUNITIES...........................................................................................................................9
INHERENCY PUBLIC OUTREACH............................................................................................................................................10
INHERENCY FUNDING...............................................................................................................................................................11
INHERENCY NCCC......................................................................................................................................................................12
AT STATUS QUO EXPANDS AMERICORPS...............................................................................................................................13
_______________________..............................................................................................................................................................14
***GENERAL SOLVENCY.............................................................................................................................................................14
ENROLLMENT SOLVENCY SPILLOVER.................................................................................................................................15
FUNDING SOLVENCY GENERAL.............................................................................................................................................16
FUNDING SOLVENCY 2004 LEVELS........................................................................................................................................19
FUNDING SOLVENCY RECRUITMENT....................................................................................................................................21
FUNDING SOLVENCY PERSONAL OBLIGATIONS...............................................................................................................22
FUNDING SOLVENCY ALT CAUSALITY.................................................................................................................................23
FUNDING SOLVENCY SUSTAINABILITY...............................................................................................................................24
SCHOOL SOLVENCY ENROLLMENT.......................................................................................................................................25
AT NOBODY JOINS.........................................................................................................................................................................26
AT SOBUS / FUNDING TURNS......................................................................................................................................................27
ENROLLMENT SOLVENCY EMPIRICAL.................................................................................................................................28
NCCC SOLVENCY AT INEFFECTIVE.......................................................................................................................................29
______________________________________................................................................................................................................30
***CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY ADVANTAGE................................................................................................................................30
CIVIC U COURTS..........................................................................................................................................................................31
CIVIC U SUSTAINABILITY.........................................................................................................................................................32
CIVIC IMPACT CRIME NATIONAL SECURITY...................................................................................................................33
CIVIC SOLVENCY INVESTMENT..............................................................................................................................................34
CIVIC SOLVENCY PARTICIPATION.........................................................................................................................................35
CIVIC SOLVENCY LEGAL ENFORCEMENT...........................................................................................................................36
CIVIC SOLVENCY WAR ON DRUGS........................................................................................................................................37
CIVIC SOLVENCY COMMUNITY JUSTICE.............................................................................................................................38
CIVIC SOLVENCY COMMUNITY JUSTICE COURT CP......................................................................................................40
CIVIC SOLVENCY NCCC............................................................................................................................................................41
CIVIC SOLVENCY VOLUNTEERING........................................................................................................................................42
________________________________________............................................................................................................................43
***MILITARY RECRUITMENT ADVANTAGE...........................................................................................................................43
MILITARY IL DRAFT TRADEOFF.............................................................................................................................................44
MILITARY IL RECRUITMENT LEVELS....................................................................................................................................45
___________________________......................................................................................................................................................46
***EDUCATION ADVANTAGE.....................................................................................................................................................46
EDUCATION SOLVENCY NCCC................................................................................................................................................47
EDUCATION AT TURNS.................................................................................................................................................................48
___________________________......................................................................................................................................................49
***TERRORISM ADVANTAGE.....................................................................................................................................................49
TERRORISM FREEDOM CORPS IL............................................................................................................................................50
TERRORISM AMERICORPS SOLVENCY..................................................................................................................................51
____________________________________....................................................................................................................................52
***NATURAL DISASTERS ADVANTAGE...................................................................................................................................52
DISASTERS NCCC KEY...............................................................................................................................................................53
__________________________........................................................................................................................................................56
***RANDOM ADVANTAGES........................................................................................................................................................56
WINTER WEATHER........................................................................................................................................................................57
INDIVIDUAL LEADERS..................................................................................................................................................................58
FIREARMS........................................................................................................................................................................................59
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PHYSICAL HEALTH........................................................................................................................................................................60
NATIONAL SENIOR SERVICE CORPS.........................................................................................................................................61
___________......................................................................................................................................................................................62
2AC CARDS......................................................................................................................................................................................62
ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT........................................................................................................................................................63
ECONOMY MULTIPLIER............................................................................................................................................................64
ECONOMY SMALL PRICETAG..................................................................................................................................................65
POLITICS BUSH GOOD CONSERVATIVES TURN...............................................................................................................66
POLITICS BUSH GOOD FLIP FLOP.........................................................................................................................................68
POLITICS BUSH BAD POPULARITY......................................................................................................................................69
POLITICS BUSH BAD BIPARTISANSHIP..............................................................................................................................70
POLITICS NO LINK......................................................................................................................................................................71
MODELLING DISADS ANSWER...................................................................................................................................................72
CONSTITUTIONALISM AT SERVICE LEARNING LINK........................................................................................................73
STATES CP PERM.........................................................................................................................................................................74
MANDATORY SERVICE CP...........................................................................................................................................................75
MANDATORY SERVICE CP CONSTITUTIONALISM LINK..................................................................................................76
MANDATORY SERVICE CP SELF DETERMINATION DA LINK..........................................................................................78
MANDATORY SERVICE CP CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY DEFICIT...........................................................................................79
AT KRITIK OF AGE.........................................................................................................................................................................80
AT KRITIK OF CULTURE...............................................................................................................................................................81
AT KRITIK PERMUTATION........................................................................................................................................................82
______________________................................................................................................................................................................83
***TOPICALITY / FYI EV...............................................................................................................................................................83
VOLUNTEER DEFINITION.............................................................................................................................................................84
NCCC FYI..........................................................................................................................................................................................85
NATIONAL SERVICE CORPS = AMERICORPS..........................................................................................................................86
AMERICORPS DEFINITION...........................................................................................................................................................87
FYI AMERICORPS BUDGET LEVELS.......................................................................................................................................88
________________............................................................................................................................................................................89
***NEGATIVE EV............................................................................................................................................................................89
NCCC NEG........................................................................................................................................................................................90
SOLVENCY NEG EXPANSION FAILS.......................................................................................................................................91
AMERICORPS FAILS LAUGH TEST..........................................................................................................................................92
AT ATTITUDE SHIFT......................................................................................................................................................................93
AT VOLUNTEERING SOLVES CAUSALITY............................................................................................................................94
AT VOLUNTEERING SOLVES INSIGNIFICANT.....................................................................................................................95
AT EDUCATION ADVANTAGES..................................................................................................................................................96
AT RACIAL INTEGRATION ADVANTAGES...............................................................................................................................97
AT CNCS SURVEY INDICT.........................................................................................................................................................98
AT TERRORISM ADVANTAGE.....................................................................................................................................................99
K LINK MILITARISM.................................................................................................................................................................100
K LINK BIOPOWER....................................................................................................................................................................101
K LINK RACE..............................................................................................................................................................................102
K LINK AUTHORITARIANISM.................................................................................................................................................103
K LINK? WOMEN IN THE MILITARY.....................................................................................................................................104
ECON AT COST BENEFIT RATIO TURN................................................................................................................................105
ECON SPENDING LINK.............................................................................................................................................................106
ECON EFFICIENCY LINK..........................................................................................................................................................107
AMERICORPS VAGUENESS IMPACT EDUCATION.............................................................................................................108
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CONTENTION 1 INHERENCY:
WE ARE CURRENTLY CONFRONTED WITH A LACK OF OPPORTUNITY FOR PATRIOTIC SERVICE EVEN
WITHIN AMERICORPS AN EXPANSION OF THE PROGRAM IS NECESSARY IN ORDER TO INSPIRE NATIONAL
SERVICE
SENATOR MCCAIN 2001 PUTTING THE NATIONAL IN NATIONAL SERVICE WASHINGTON MONTHLY
OCTOBER 2001
America is witnessing a welcome blooming of popular culture chronicling the contributions of the generation that lived through the
Depression and vanquished fascism. From Saving Private Ryan to Tom Brokaw's The Greatest Generation to Stephen Ambrose's
Band of Brothers, Americans are hungry to learn about the heroic service of our parents and grandparents. Some of the commentary
surrounding this positive trend, however, has been wistful, even pessimistic. While rightly celebrating the feats of the World War II
generation, many pundits bemoan the lack of great causes in our day and doubt whether today's young people would be willing to
make the sacrifices necessary to meet such challenges, even if they existed.
I believe these commentators have it wrong. During the last presidential race, I had the privilege of traveling the country and
meeting vast numbers of young people. I cannot express how impressed I was. With energy and passion as contagious as it was
inspiring, these young Americans confided their dreams and shared their aspirations, not for themselves alone, but for their country.
Their attitude should come as no surprise. Though today's young people, according to polls, have little faith in politics, they are
great believers in service. Indeed, they are doing volunteer work in their communities in record numbers---proof that the urge to serve
runs especially deep in them. Indeed, most Americans share this impulse, as witnessed after last month's terrorist attacks, when
thousands of Americans lined up to give blood and assist in rescue efforts. It is time we tapped that urge for great national ends.
And it is not true, as the cynics suggest, that our era lacks great causes. Such causes are all around us. Thousands of schools in our
poorest neighborhoods are failing their students and cry out for talented teachers. Millions of elderly Americans desperately want to
stay in their homes and out of nursing facilities, but cannot do so without help with the small tasks of daily life. More and more of our
communities are being devastated by natural disasters. And our men and women in uniform are stretched thin meeting the vital task of
keeping the peace in places like Bosnia and Kosovo.
Beyond such concrete needs lies a deeper spiritual crisis within our national culture. Since Watergate, we have witnessed an increased
cynicism about our governmental institutions. We see its impact in declining voter participation and apathy about our public life--symptoms of a system that demands reform. But it's a mistake, I think, to believe that this apathy means Americans do not love their
country and aren't motivated to fix what is wrong. The growth of local volunteerism and the outpouring of sentiment for "the greatest
generation" suggest a different explanation: that Americans hunger for patriotic service to the nation, but do not see ways to personally
make a difference.
What is lacking today is not a need for patriotic service, nor a willingness to serve, but the opportunity. Indeed, one of the
curious truths of our era is that while opportunities to serve ourselves have exploded---with ever-expanding choices of what to buy,
where to eat, what to read, watch, or listen to---opportunities to spend some time serving our country have narrowed. The high cost of
campaigning keeps many idealistic people from running for public office. Teacher-certification requirements keep talented people out
of the classroom. The all-volunteer military is looking for lifers, not those who might want to serve for shorter tours of duty.
The one big exception to this trend is AmeriCorps, the program of national service begun by President Bill Clinton. Since 1994,
more than 200,000 Americans have served one-to-two-year stints in AmeriCorps, tutoring school children, building low-income
housing, or helping flood-ravaged communities. AmeriCorps members receive a small stipend and $4,725 in college aid for their
service. But the real draw is the chance to have an adventure and accomplish something important. And AmeriCorps' achievements
are indeed impressive: thousands of homes constructed; hundreds of thousands of senior citizens assisted to live independently in their
own homes; millions of children taught, tutored, or mentored.
Beyond the good deeds accomplished, Americorps has transformed the lives of young people who have participated in its ranks. They
have begun to glimpse the glory of serving the cause of freedom. They have come to know the obligations and rewards of active
citizenship.
But for all its concrete achievements, AmeriCorps has a fundamental flaw: In its seven years of existence, it has barely stirred the
nation's imagination. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy launched the Peace Corps to make good on his famous challenge to "[a]sk
not what your country can do for you, but rather what you can do for your country." Since then, more than 162,000 Americans have
served in the Peace Corps, and the vast majority of Americans today have heard of the organization. By contrast, more than 200,000
Americans have served in AmeriCorps, yet two out of three Americans say they have never heard of the program.
If we are to have a resurgence of patriotic service in this country, then programs like AmeriCorps must be expanded and
changed in ways that inspire the nation. There should be more focus on meeting national goals and on making short-term service,
both civilian and military, a rite of passage for young Americans.
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CURRENT FUNDING IS INADEQUATE IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE RECRUITING GOALS THE CORPORATION
WILL NEED FURTHER FUNDING
NCS 4-21-2006 CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL & COMMUNITY SERVICE, PRESS RELEASE: PRESIDENT THANKS
AMERICAS VOLUNTEERS, CALLS FOR MORE http://americorps.org/about/newsroom/releases_detail.asp?tbl_pr_id=269
(Washington, D.C.) In a proclamation issued yesterday for National Volunteer Week, President Bush praised the dedication of
Americas 65 million volunteers and urged more Americans to help their neighbors in need and serve a cause greater than themselves.
The proclamation kicks off a week of volunteer service projects and special recognition events to thank Americas volunteers during
National Volunteer Week, which is April 23-29. Events will involve Americans of all ages and backgrounds from kindergartners to
cabinet secretaries, teens to TV stars, seniors and CEOs all aimed at recognizing Americas volunteers and encouraging more to get
involved.
Our Nation is a force for freedom and prosperity, and our greatness is measured by our character and how we treat one another, said
the President. During National Volunteer Week, and throughout the year, we appreciate the millions of volunteers across America
and strive to be a more compassionate and decent society. The President urged Americans to find information about volunteer
opportunities in their own hometowns by visiting the USA Freedom Corps website at http://www.volunteer.gov.
David Eisner, CEO of the Corporation for National and Community Service -- the nations largest grantmaker supporting service and
volunteering -- echoed the Presidents praise for volunteers. Last year, participants in the Corporations Senior Corps, AmeriCorps,
and Learn and Serve America programs provided more than 200 million hours of service and engaged an additional 1.3 million
community volunteers. In February, the Corporation released a five-year Strategic Plan that set a national goal of increasing the
number of Americans who volunteer each year to 75 million by the year 2010. The plan noted that reaching that goal will require not
just more volunteer recruitment but an investment in the capacity and infrastructure to support volunteers, matching volunteers with
appropriate and meaningful opportunities, and volunteer training and recognition.
Volunteers are the lifeblood of our nation. Schools, hospitals, shelters, parks - organizations of every type in every community
depend on the time and talent of volunteers, said Eisner. When nature showed its worst in the Gulf, America showed its best, with
an unprecedented outpouring of volunteer compassion that continues to this day. As we pay tribute to volunteers this week, we must
redouble our efforts to engage more Americans in serving their communities and country.
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THUS THE PLAN:
THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL GOVERNMENT SHOULD SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASE FUNDING FOR
AMERICORPS.
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CONTENTION 2: CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY:
INITIALLY NOTE THE STATUS QUO FOCUS ON COURTS AS A SOCIAL AGENT IS CAUSING DEPARTMENT
INEFFICIENCY THE CURRENT APPROACH IS UNSUSTAINABLE
FAGAN AND MALKIN 2003 PROF LAW AND PUB HEALTH @ COLUMBIA AND STAFF ASSOCIATE OF PUB HEALTH
@ COLUMBIA, FORDHAM URBAN LAW JOURNAL MARCH
Over the past two decades, economic, political, and social changes have led the courts onto the frontline of managing policy issues such as the war on drugs, the crisis of gun violence, and quality of life campaigns - in ways that the legal system has not previously
experienced. n27 At the same time, structural issues of size, management, and bureaucracy have affected the system, causing
increased inefficiency and inflexibility. n28 This growth occurred in an era when local and national cost cutting have left both courts
and police departments badly equipped. n29 Finally, criminal courts are faced with high numbers of offenders who have been
adversely affected by social service cuts, such as the mentally ill, the homeless, and those addicted to drugs. n30
Community justice reconceptualizes the judicial branch. It is no longer an impartial arbiter of state power, but instead seeks to serve a
victimized community that is in need of repair. The judicial branch now becomes an activist pressing for social transformation and
neighborhood healing. It pushes for the mobilization of social services under the auspices of the court, and for new forms of
deliberative [*903] democracy where transparent information becomes an engine for reshaping power relations between citizens and
courts. 31
From the outside, much of the "community justice model" from drug courts and mental health courts to restorative justice and the new
"sanctioning circles" 32 can be read as an attempt by the criminal justice system to respond to these challenges. The courts are now
asked to manage the outcome of different social policies. These policies range from social services cuts that lead to increases in the
numbers of homeless and mentally ill people on the street, to increased arrests that put these same individuals in the courts' charge
while leaving the court with limited tools to do anything but incarcerate or release them. These challenges have led judicial leaders
and criminal justice officials to integrate legal and social services under the umbrella of community justice, even as they are faced
with challenges to their own legitimacy.
Advocates for community justice state that their responses are motivated by real issues and less by theoretical debates, the real issue
being that something is not working and needs to be fixed. But the underlying reasons for this inefficiency are more complex than an
organizational malfunction - something implicitly alluded to by community justice advocates who argue that this model "aims to fix
underlying problems." The idea of a broken system, a system that relies on increasing levels of coercion without a corresponding
reduction in crime, 33 suggests that it is not the court system alone that is the problem. Indeed, the very growth in arrest numbers,
many for small nonviolent crimes, and the push for quality-of-life arrests suggests that the system requires these explicit
demonstrations of force and coercion to maintain social order. That is, crime [*904] is being controlled through formal, as opposed to
informal, social control.
While formal social control may be one mechanism for enforcement, the ideal is that compliance will be voluntary, something that is
more likely when individuals consider the law and its accompanying legal institutions to be fair, effective and legitimate. 34 Excessive
noncompliance suggests that the law or its enforcers may be seen as illegitimate, something that is ultimately counterproductive at the
social and economic level:
Legitimacy is significant not only for the maintenance of order, but also for the degree of co-operation and quality of performance that
the powerful can secure from the subordinate; it is important not only for whether they remain in power but for what their power can
be used to achieve ... . In effect, the advantage of legitimacy is that a legitimate system can accrue enhanced order, stability, and
effectiveness. While order, stability, and effectiveness can be achieved through other means, such as coercion alongside effective
organizational capacity, legitimacy allows for the legitimatization of power through moral forces and affects the attitudes and
behaviors of the agents as moral agents. 35
In other words, a legitimate system in the long run is not only more cost effective and efficient (in market terms), but also at the level
of social organization, it enables the powerless to be moral agents who are instrumental in the system's survival. This is quite different
from the logic of the traditional hierarchical courts, where the powerless are imagined as responding in their own self-interest, to
which the system responds in turn by imposing its own vision of a greater good. In the realm of legal institutions and the criminal
justice system, the system is at its most stable when its power is utilized for a "public" good, while simultaneously engendering its
own legitimacy. In this dynamic, the criminal justice system not only remains a positive representative of the state and its power, but
also it leverages and promotes informal social control as individuals increasingly comply with the law, even in the face of laws with
which they do not agree. n36 Furthermore, it becomes increasingly clear that without legitimacy, the system relies on increased
[*905] law enforcement, sanctions, and incarceration, all of which become more costly, time consuming, and inefficient in terms of
overall system stability. Such a system is not sustainable over time.
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AMERICORPS CAUSES INDIVIDUALS TO BE MORE COOPERATIVE IN RESOLVING INDIVIDUAL PROBLEMS
THIS IS A TRANSITION TO CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY
WITTE 1998 FOUNDER, QUAQUA FINANCIAL AND CAREER ASSISTANCE ORGANIZATION.
GETTING A GRIP ON NATIONAL SERVICE, BYU LAW REVIEW REV 741
[*749] National service is thus a vehicle to: (1) "enforce standards of conduct to promote proper moral and disciplinary conditions,"
n25 (2) "build an ethic of civic responsibility," n26 (3) "develop citizenship values and skills," n27 (4) "renew the ethic of civic
responsibility and the spirit of community," n28 (5) "further[] [young peoples'] understanding and appreciation of their community,"
n29 (6) "engender[] a sense of social responsibility and commitment," n30 (7) "contribute to [an] understanding of civic
responsibility," n31 (8) "significantly increase the support for national service," n32 (9) "affirm common responsibilities[,]... shared
values" and "positive experiences," n33 and (10) "promote positive attitudes... regarding... solving community problems[,]...
improving the lives of others, [and] the responsibilities of... a citizen and community member, and other factors." n34 Indeed,
according to Clinton, "citizen service... is an essential part of what it means to be an American." n35
AMERICORPS COMMUNITY MEMBERS REDUCE CRIME LEVELS
n81. See, e.g., Swearing-In Ceremony, 10/12/95, supra note 12, at 1581 ("Thousands and thousands" of Corps members "helped to
close those crack houses and give those children safe streets to walk."); Hillsborough, supra note 6, at 431 ("These AmeriCorps
volunteers are...members of three local law enforcement agencies... They're working together to make... community policing[] a
reality, to make the streets safer. They're out there doing things that uniformed officers don't have to do that lower the crime rate and
make people safer."); Clinton, The President's Radio Address (Mar. 11, 1995), in Papers 330, 331 (1995) ("Our young AmeriCorps
volunteers are partners with our... police officers, doing work that won't get done any other way. They're walking police beats in
Brooklyn...."). Many of the above comments were made in relation to discussions about the Brady gun control bill, a cause that
Clinton firmly supports.
THIS IS KEY TO US NATIONAL SECURITY
n82. Indeed, AmeriCorp in many respects is designed to function like an armed scout troop or Peace Corp, with military and law
enforcement functions blended together in both the organizational culture and the organizational activities. Many times the President
has addressed the volunteers as if they were about to storm the beach at Normandy or conduct a SWAT team operation against drug
dealers. See, e.g., Swearing-In Ceremony, 9/12/94, supra note 2, at 1537 (1995) (stating that "we are grateful for those of you who
wish to give back something to the country that has done so much for you," noting that "the people who made this country great are...
farm boys on the beaches of Normandy, the police officers walking the dark beats," and asserting that "you, the people of
AmeriCorps, will be America's next generation of heroes"); see also, e.g., Summer of Safety, supra note 3, at 1135-37 (explaining
that it is necessary to "get out here and help the volunteers by having the National Government do its part to be partners in the fight
against crime," asserting that "a big part of our national security is what happens right here... on the streets of every
community of this country," commenting that "order" is "a really personal thing," advocating that "we ought to... provide boot
camps," and noting that commitment is key to putting on a police uniform or a Corps uniform); Education, supra note 24, at 294
(1995) ("The national service program which Congress adopted, AmeriCorps, will... send... young people out across our country,
helping police to stop crime and violence...."); Gephardt, supra note 8, at 1138 (1995) (describing how ex-Marines are "doing a lot for
our national security right here at home" by "organizing block patrols" that "work[] with the police to diminish crime").
US NATIONAL SECURITY IS KEY TO PREVENT MULTIPLE NUCLEAR WARS
Khalilzad 1995 RAND, Ambassador to Afghanistan
Washington Quarterly, Spring
Under the third option, the United States would seek to retain global leadership and to preclude the rise of a global rival or a return to
multipolarity for the indefinite future. On balance, this is the best long-term guiding principle and vision. Such a vision is desirable not
as an end in itself, but because a world in which the United States exercises leadership would have tremendous advantages. First, the
global environment would be more open and more receptive to American values -- democracy, free markets, and the rule of law.
Second, such a world would have a better chance of dealing cooperatively with the world's major problems, such as nuclear
proliferation, threats of regional hegemony by renegade states, and low-level conflicts. Finally, U.S. leadership would help preclude
the rise of another hostile global rival, enabling the United States and the world to avoid another global cold or hot war and all the
attendant dangers, including a global nuclear exchange. U.S. leadership would therefore be more conducive to global stability than a
bipolar or a multipolar balance of power system.
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CONTENTION 3 SOLVENCY:
GIVING AMERICORPS ADEQUATE FUNDING IS SUFFICIENT TO MAINTAIN HIGH RECRUITMENT LEVELS
n2. The President has said as much on numerous occasions. See, e.g., William J. Clinton, Remarks at the Presidential Scholars Awards
Presentation Ceremony (July 1, 1994), in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton 1174, 1175 (1995)
[hereinafter "William J. Clinton" will be referred to as "Clinton," and "Public papers of the President of the United States: William J.
Clinton" will be referred to as "Papers"] [hereinafter Presidential Scholars, 7/1/94] ("Perhaps the signature program of this
administration, when the history of our time here is written, will be the AmeriCorps program, the national service program... If we
can just keep the funding up, we'll have 100,000 young Americans... revolutionizing life at the grassroots level."); Clinton, Remarks
in a Swearing-In Ceremony for AmeriCorps Volunteers (Sept. 12, 1994), in Papers 1536, 1538 (1995) [hereinafter Swearing-In
Ceremony, 9/12/94] ("[AmeriCorps is] the most important commitment your President ever tried to make to the American people, to
give us a chance to come together, to move forward together.").
FUNDING AMERICORPS CREATES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR AMERICORPS GROUPS THAT IS SUSTAINABLE
NCS 2-6-2006 CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE FISCAL YEAR 2007 CONGRESSIONAL
BUDGET JUSTIFICATION http://www.americorps.net/pdf/2007_budget_justification.pdf
State and National grants have enabled sponsoring organizations to manage
and fund about 65,000 to 70,000 AmeriCorps*State and National members per
year since 2004 to provide intensive services in communities across the
country. AmeriCorps members serve through more than 900 nonprofit
organizations, public agencies, and faith-based and other community
organizations. Members tutor and mentor youth, build affordable housing,
teach computer skills, clean parks and streams, run after-school programs, and
help communities respond to disasters. In addition, these trained and dedicated
people enable nonprofits to accomplish more by helping to recruit, train, and
make more effective use of community volunteers.
The State and National program is built on the idea that communities and
community institutions, whether public agencies or private organizations, can
best identify community needs and develop and implement appropriate
responses to those needs. The Corporations support for community-based
solutions serves to leverage additional financial and in-kind support, making
local efforts more sustainable. Equally important, State and National support
is designed to increase the involvement and contribution of community
volunteers to solve community problems. The State and National program is
an effective way to help communities strengthen their ability to respond to
local concerns.
PARTICIPATION IN AMERICORPS IS ENOUGH TO EFFECTIVELY INCREASE CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE 2004 SERVING THE COUNTRY AND COMMUNITY: A
LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF SERVICE IN AMERICORPS, DECEMBER
The effect of participation was particularly strong on measures of civic engagement, a key priority for
the Corporation. The study found that participation in both AmeriCorps*State and National and
AmeriCorps*NCCC resulted in statistically significant positive impacts on members connection to
community, knowledge about problems facing their community, participation in community-based
activities, and personal growth through service. While AmeriCorps members increased their level of
civic engagement on many of the outcome measures, scores for comparison group members typically
showed little or no change during the same period.
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***INHERENCY
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INHERENCY VOLUNTEER OPPORTUNITIES
NO INSPIRATION EXISTS FOR NATIONAL SERVICE BECAUSE OF A LACK OF OPPORTUNITIES
OCTOBER 2001
America is witnessing a welcome blooming of popular culture chronicling the contributions of the generation that lived through the
Depression and vanquished fascism. From Saving Private Ryan to Tom Brokaw's The Greatest Generation to Stephen Ambrose's
Band of Brothers, Americans are hungry to learn about the heroic service of our parents and grandparents. Some of the commentary
surrounding this positive trend, however, has been wistful, even pessimistic. While rightly celebrating the feats of the World War II
generation, many pundits bemoan the lack of great causes in our day and doubt whether today's young people would be willing to
make the sacrifices necessary to meet such challenges, even if they existed.
I believe these commentators have it wrong. During the last presidential race, I had the privilege of traveling the country and
meeting vast numbers of young people. I cannot express how impressed I was. With energy and passion as contagious as it was
inspiring, these young Americans confided their dreams and shared their aspirations, not for themselves alone, but for their country.
Their attitude should come as no surprise. Though today's young people, according to polls, have little faith in politics, they are
great believers in service. Indeed, they are doing volunteer work in their communities in record numbers---proof that the urge to serve
runs especially deep in them. Indeed, most Americans share this impulse, as witnessed after last month's terrorist attacks, when
thousands of Americans lined up to give blood and assist in rescue efforts. It is time we tapped that urge for great national ends.
And it is not true, as the cynics suggest, that our era lacks great causes. Such causes are all around us. Thousands of schools in our
poorest neighborhoods are failing their students and cry out for talented teachers. Millions of elderly Americans desperately want to
stay in their homes and out of nursing facilities, but cannot do so without help with the small tasks of daily life. More and more of our
communities are being devastated by natural disasters. And our men and women in uniform are stretched thin meeting the vital task of
keeping the peace in places like Bosnia and Kosovo.
Beyond such concrete needs lies a deeper spiritual crisis within our national culture. Since Watergate, we have witnessed an increased
cynicism about our governmental institutions. We see its impact in declining voter participation and apathy about our public life--symptoms of a system that demands reform. But it's a mistake, I think, to believe that this apathy means Americans do not love their
country and aren't motivated to fix what is wrong. The growth of local volunteerism and the outpouring of sentiment for "the greatest
generation" suggest a different explanation: that Americans hunger for patriotic service to the nation, but do not see ways to personally
make a difference.
What is lacking today is not a need for patriotic service, nor a willingness to serve, but the opportunity. Indeed, one of the
curious truths of our era is that while opportunities to serve ourselves have exploded---with ever-expanding choices of what to buy,
where to eat, what to read, watch, or listen to---opportunities to spend some time serving our country have narrowed. The high cost of
campaigning keeps many idealistic people from running for public office. Teacher-certification requirements keep talented people out
of the classroom. The all-volunteer military is looking for lifers, not those who might want to serve for shorter tours of duty.
The one big exception to this trend is AmeriCorps, the program of national service begun by President Bill Clinton. Since 1994,
more than 200,000 Americans have served one-to-two-year stints in AmeriCorps, tutoring school children, building low-income
housing, or helping flood-ravaged communities. AmeriCorps members receive a small stipend and $4,725 in college aid for their
service. But the real draw is the chance to have an adventure and accomplish something important. And AmeriCorps' achievements
are indeed impressive: thousands of homes constructed; hundreds of thousands of senior citizens assisted to live independently in their
own homes; millions of children taught, tutored, or mentored.
Beyond the good deeds accomplished, Americorps has transformed the lives of young people who have participated in its ranks. They
have begun to glimpse the glory of serving the cause of freedom. They have come to know the obligations and rewards of active
citizenship.
But for all its concrete achievements, AmeriCorps has a fundamental flaw: In its seven years of existence, it has barely stirred the
nation's imagination. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy launched the Peace Corps to make good on his famous challenge to "[a]sk
not what your country can do for you, but rather what you can do for your country." Since then, more than 162,000 Americans have
served in the Peace Corps, and the vast majority of Americans today have heard of the organization. By contrast, more than 200,000
Americans have served in AmeriCorps, yet two out of three Americans say they have never heard of the program.
If we are to have a resurgence of patriotic service in this country, then programs like AmeriCorps must be expanded and
changed in ways that inspire the nation. There should be more focus on meeting national goals and on making short-term service,
both civilian and military, a rite of passage for young Americans.
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INHERENCY PUBLIC OUTREACH
NO PUBLIC OUTREACH CAMPAIGN EFFECTIVENESS
The vast majority of members reported that
their AmeriCorps experience was not what
they expected (Exhibit 3.6). In fact, nearly
one-third described it as not at all as
expected. This feedback suggests that
marketing and outreach activities may not
have accurately or comprehensively shaped
members understanding of program
activities and responsibilities. The link
between expectations and perceptions of
the program is important, as indicated in
Exhibit 3.7. Members whose service
experience was as expected were more
likely to say they would enroll in
AmeriCorps if they had to decide again.
INHERENCY - AMERICORPS = HIDDEN
OCTOBER 2001
The ability to provide skilled and motivated manpower to other organizations is what makes AmeriCorps so effective. But it also
creates a problem. AmeriCorps members often take on the identity of the organizations they're assigned to. In the process, they often
lose any sense of being part of a larger national service enterprise, if they ever had it at all. Indeed, staffers at nonprofit groups
sometimes call AmeriCorps headquarters looking for support for their organizations, only to find out that their own salaries
are being paid by AmeriCorps. It's no wonder most Americans say they have never heard of the program. And a program few have
heard of will obviously not be able to inspire a new ethic of national service.
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INHERENCY FUNDING
FUNDING KEY
involved.
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INHERENCY NCCC
INHERENCY PRESIDENTIAL BUDGET
STATES NEWS SERVICE 4-3-2006 FROM THE OFFICE OF MD SENATOR MIKULSKI
We write to express our support for continued FY 2007 funding of the AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps (NCCC) and
to respectfully request that funding be restored to the FY 2006 enacted level of $27 million.
Established in 1993, the AmeriCorps NCCC is a full-time, team-based residential program for men and women between age 18 24
designed to strengthen communities and develop leaders through team-based national and community service in the areas of disaster
relief, education, unmet human needs, environment and public safety. Since its creation, over 11,000 individuals have completed the
10-month program.
AmeriCorps NCCC is a reputable program with a proven track record. AmeriCorps NCCC team members have built and renovated
approximately 5,500 houses, tutored over 300,000 students, constructed 7,800 miles of hiking trails, cleared thousands of acres of
burned trees created by wildfires, and supported 4.6 million people in disaster areas. AmeriCorps NCCC members have brought their
extensive training in CPR, first aid, disaster response and firefighting to every national disaster since the program was established.
Most recently, all AmeriCorps NCCC members have been deployed to the Gulf Coast Region to support hurricane relief and recovery.
They have provided more than 250,000 service hours, valued at $3.8 million, to more than 50 different projects.
While the current program was created under the National and Community Service Trust Act of 1993, the program's roots can be
traced to the 1930s. President Roosevelt established the highly regarded Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) program on March 31,
1933. CCC members constructed many building and trails in state and national parks that are still used today. In addition, they
provided the first truly organized wildfire fighting crews in the country and planted an estimated 3 billion trees for the U.S. Forest
Service. In 1992, a bipartisan group of Senators worked hand-in-hand with the first Bush Administration to resurrect the CCC in a
new form for a new era, creating what is now know as AmeriCorps NCCC.
The President's proposed budget eliminates the AmeriCorps NCCC program, providing only $5 million to close the five regional
campuses located in Sacramento, CA; Denver, CO; Charleston, SC; Washington, DC; and Perry Point, MD. The loss of these five
campuses will be felt not only in their local communities but within the hundreds of communities throughout the country where they
are deployed each year
U BUSH ELIMINATING AMERICORPS
Last month, President Bush submitted to Congress the fiscal year 2007 budget, which included $5 million to eliminate AmeriCorps
-NCCC.
The budget cited high per-participant cost - each volunteer costs the government $28,000 - and lack of quantifiable measures that
show the program is "strengthening communities."
The money would be used to graduate the last class of volunteers, pay facility costs, cover severance pay and unemployment, among
other things, said Siobhan Dugan, spokeswoman for the Washington, D.C.- based Corporation for National and Community Service,
which administers the program.
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AT STATUS QUO EXPANDS AMERICORPS
BUSHS CURRENT EXPANSION IS PARALLEL TO HIS 2002 COMMITMENTS WHICH FAILED
WASHINGTON POST 4-24-2006
Eisner said that Bush is not putting AmeriCorps into the budget grinder. In his letter, Eisner maintained that Bush "is expanding
AmeriCorps in his 2007 budget request to 75,000 AmeriCorps members -- 50 percent more than the previous administration's highwater mark -- even accounting for the elimination of NCCC."
If that number rings a bell, it might be because Bush first pledged to increase AmeriCorps to 75,000 members in January 2002. The
program reached that level in 2004, but fell to 74,000 members last year and 73,000 in 2006. Now AmeriCorps officials hope to
reach 75,000 again.
BUSHS CLAIM TO EXPAND AMERICORPS WILL FALL THROUGH HELL FOCUS ON IRAQ SPENDING
CHATTANOOGA TIMES FREE PRESS 4-3-2006
Despite the enviable record of service and the unsolicited praise over the years from those the NCCC has helped, President Bush
wants to dismantle the highly trained group. He says it is too expensive. He promises, however, to support the broader AmeriCorps
program, though similar promises of support for other useful agencies and programs have disappeared in the maw of the
administration's continued spending in Iraq and the unconscionable budget deficit.
As is often the case, Mr. Bush is off the mark. The NCCC and its more than 1,100 volunteers are well worth the expense of training
and housing them on five campuses around the country. As the president well knows, members of the group can be sent to provide
disaster relief at a moment's notice. Even when the NCCC is not engaged in such work, it provides other welcome and essential
services as varied as tutoring children, assisting the elderly with income tax preparation and maintaining public parks and other
facilities.
AmeriCorps and NCCC volunteers receive small stipends as well as a grant for college after serving for 10 months. In return, the
young men and women learn discipline and the value of teamwork and public service. That seems a bargain for both the country and
the youngsters.
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_______________________
***GENERAL SOLVENCY
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ENROLLMENT SOLVENCY SPILLOVER
ENROLLMENT SPILLOVER
While enrolled in AmeriCorps, members were engaged in community service on a daily basis. They
received first-hand experience in what it takes to improve communities and the lives of the people
who live within them. They also reaped the rewards that come from a job well donea job that
impacts the lives of others. The desire to do community service was self-reinforcing ; at program
completion, 65.6 percent of State and National members and 74.4 percent of NCCC members said
they would definitely be involved with community service in the future. Taking it one step further,
four out of every five AmeriCorps member said that their AmeriCorps experience made it more
likely or much more likely that they would participate in community service in the future.
Participation in Service after AmeriCorps
Level and Frequency
When interviewed for the post-program survey, 66 percent of State and National members and 74
percent of NCCC members indicated they would continue to engage in service. Two years later, the
percentage of members actually engaging in service after they left the program was remarkably
similar: 63 percent of State and National and 78 percent of NCCC members reported that they had
participated in volunteer service.24 These rates are considerably higher than the national average of 26
percent of the U.S. population who said they had volunteered in the last 12 months. 25
SPILLOVER MEMBERSHIP
OCTOBER 2001
Rather than elbowing out other volunteers, as many of us feared, AmeriCorps members are typically put to work recruiting, training,
and supervising other volunteers. For instance, most of the more than 500 AmeriCorps members who work for Habitat for Humanity
spend less time swinging hammers themselves than making sure that hammers, nails, and drywall are at the worksite when the
volunteers arrive. They then teach the volunteers the basic skills of how to hang drywall. As a result, studies show that each
AmeriCorps member generates, on average, nine additional volunteers.
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FUNDING SOLVENCY GENERAL
SOLVENCY - FUNDING
The Corporations budget request is focused on the four strategic focus areas,
but it more broadly supports our strategic goals, continuing the momentum of
recent years toward a greatly increased number of Americans who volunteer
and whose service provides enormous value to their communities. These goals
are:
Meet Critical Needs in Local Communities through Service:
Across America, millions of lives are improved, problems resolved,
injuries healed, and injustices overcome as a result of interventions by
caring, compassionate, and skilled volunteers and service participants
in Corporation-supported programs. These outcomes are reached in
partnership with an expanding public-private network of nonprofit
organizations, public agencies, and educational institutions.
Strengthen Communities to Engage Citizens: Strong communities
have a robust capacity to engage citizens effectively. Corporation
programs help nonprofit organizations, public agencies, educational
institutions, and volunteer connector organizations build that capacity
for communities. A focus on community capacity and sustainability
ensures that every Corporation program leaves a community better
equipped to engage local citizens to address pressing local challenges.
Engage Americans in a Lifetime of Volunteering and Service:
Through our programs and partnerships, the Corporation and its
partners and grantees offer every American (as a member, program
participant, or community volunteer) meaningful opportunities to serve
and improve their communities and their own lives. Through service
the Corporation helps to create an ethic of responsibility and citizen
engagement, as well as helping those that serve to enhance valuable
skills, engage in rewarding service projects and also gain health and
social benefits.
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SOLVENCY FUNDING
SCHWARZENEGGER 3-17-2006 THE TERMINATOR, LETTER TO CONGRESSIONAL APPROPRIATORS,
http://www.voicesforservice.org/legis_update.htm
CNCS funding for California supports over 8,000 AmeriCorps members who commit a
year of their life to service, as well as 31,000 older Californians serving in their
communities through the National Senior Service Corps. CNCS funding provides
volunteer opportunities that enable over 132,000 K-12 and college students to develop an
ethic of service while contributing to and learning about their communities. Effective
disaster response, relief, and recovery efforts by California volunteers combine both
CNCS and Citizen Corps federal funding. For every one of the 7 million Californians
who volunteers, nearly three do not. California needs these resources to recruit, match,
train, and supervise the thousands of volunteers needed by local community organizations
throughout our state.
AmeriCorps*State and National Grants
This program is our top priority. I urge Congress to provide $287.7 million for the
AmeriCorps* State and National Grants program. Based on the FY 2005 level, these
funds will allow CSC to maintain the strength of 6,000 AmeriCorps members. We
estimate that under the Presidents proposed funding level, the state will lose 20 percent,
or 1,200 AmeriCorps members.
AmeriCorps*National Civilian Community Corp (NCCC)
The Presidents FY 2007 budget proposes to eliminate this program entirely. I do not
support this decision and urge Congress to provide $26.7 million. At this level, the
program can continue to support the current level of operations.
AmeriCorps*NCCC is the jewel in the crown of CNCS. As you know, NCCC trains
teams of young women and men between the ages of 18 and 24 who reside at one of five
campuses. They serve in local communities in every state, responding to needs that are
identified by community based organizations. According to the Corporation for National
Service, these teams have logged more than 800,000 hours, serving more than 677
projects in California since 2000. As an example, they have provided 35,000 hours in
support of wildfire suppression and tutored over 28,000 students.
The Western Region Campus located in Sacramento trains 250 members each year and
serves Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, Washington
and the Pacific US Territories. The teams are on call 24/7 and respond to disasters
nation-wide. The Sacramento campus is responsible for the rapid deployment of its
teams to numerous national disasters, including wildfires, floods and mudslides in the
western states. They served with distinction doing relief and recovery missions in the
Gulf Coast Hurricane region in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina.
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SOLVENCY - FUNDING
The devastation brought down upon the Gulf Coast by Hurricane Katrina and
the powerful response of national and community service is a stark reminder of
why the federal government has worked to build a national service
infrastructure over the past forty years. The Corporations FY 2007 budget
request of $851.5 million reflects the difficult choices required in a highly
constrained budget. At the same time, it maintains the Presidents
commitment to support 75,000 AmeriCorps members, finances nearly 500,000
Senior Corps volunteers, and invests in key management initiatives to increase
cost-effectiveness.
This budget is based on a new strategic plan for 2006-2010 that calls for
expanding national service and volunteering to meet significant demographic,
social and economic challenges facing the nation, including the aging of the
population, the plight of children and youth in disadvantaged circumstances,
and of course the monumental task of rebuilding after Katrina. To achieve our
goals, we will give special focus to enlisting the spirit and energy of college
students, the experience and skills of retiring Baby Boomers, and the efforts of
children and youth who, in addition to being recipients of service, also have
much to give. We will also look to improve volunteer management, extend our
reach into more rural and distressed communities, and build new partnerships
with faith-based organizations.
Funding for the Corporation grows and strengthens a vast network of nonprofit
organizations that engage Americans in giving of themselves to others,
on both a local and national scale. The power of service is needed now more
than ever, not only to care for evacuees and rebuild cities, but also to make
society more resilient against future crises.
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FUNDING SOLVENCY 2004 LEVELS
2004 FUNDING LEVELS SOLVENCY
VOICES FOR NATIONAL SERVICE 2006 GROUP OF 150 COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS, STATE COMMISSIONS,
PRIVATE SECTOR PARTNERS, COLLEGES AND OTHERS, TESTIMONY OF VOICES FOR NATIONAL SERVICE
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS http://www.voicesforservice.org/legis_update.htm
We understand the funding constraints of the current appropriations process, and appreciate your
leadership in seeking to provide support to the many programs that are meeting community needs
across the nation in a challenging fiscal environment.
Given the track record of AmeriCorps, Learn and Serve America, and the NCCC in serving
children, families, and communities and in responding effectively and efficiently to the recent
disasters in the Gulf Coast region, we urge you to reject the funding cuts to these programs in the
Administrations FY 2007 budget request and to fund these programs at their FY 2004 levels.
These programs have proven to be worthy of your investment.
FUNDING SOLVENCY 17%
Our message to the Labor-HHS Subcommittee is quite simple: AmeriCorps, Learn and Serve
America, and the NCCC are cost-effective programs that meet critical community needs, and
funding for these programs should be sustained, not cut. While we recognize the fiscal constraints
that lawmakers must operate under, now is not the time to cut funding for national service. We urge
you to fund these programs at their FY 2004 enacted levels:
$441 million for AmeriCorps;
$43 million for Learn and Serve America; and
$26 million for the NCCC.
We would like to note the following areas of concern and consideration as they relate to the
appropriation for these programs:
We are concerned that the Administrations budget proposes to cut funding for the NCCC to
$5 million in FY 2007, and to eliminate the program by 2008. As numerous op-eds and
newspaper stories have attested in the past weeks, the NCCC responded to the crisis in the
Gulf Coast heroically, deploying 1,600 members to the region who have provided critically
needed services and support. This is not the time to eliminate a program with a proven track
record in strengthening Americas disaster preparedness and relief capacity.
While we are eager for NCCCs funding to be reinstated, we hope that you will not preserve
this program at the expense of other critical programs like AmeriCorps State and National
and Learn and Serve America. Like the NCCC, these programs have had a profound impact
in the Gulf Coast and in the communities they serve. Americans want to serve. We should
be expanding their opportunities, not eliminating them.
We are concerned that despite strong bipartisan support, the proposed budget would result in
a 17 percent reduction in AmeriCorps State and National funding since FY 2004.
AmeriCorps is a critically needed program that provides opportunities for 70,000 Americans
to serve each year, and its funding should be sustained, not cut.
We are concerned that the proposed funding cut to Learn and Serve America would have
serious negative consequences for both the 1.5 million students who participate in this
program and the communities they serve. Compared to its FY 2004 funding level of $43
million, the proposed cut to $34.2 million would mean:
o 300,000 fewer students serving their communities through Learn and Serve America;
o A loss of $34 million in leveraged private and community resources; and
o A decline of 7.3 million service hours to communities.
We are concerned that the Corporation for National and Community Services plan to
continue to recruit 75,000 AmeriCorps members in spite of the programs proposed cuts will
be detrimental to programs running full-time, stipended corps. The proposed cuts include a
$300 reduction in the average federal contribution per full-time corps member. AmeriCorps
programs have been required to absorb an increasing percentage of their program operating
costs. As fixed and mandated costs grow, annual reductions in operating support are
destabilizing the AmeriCorps field. Efforts to do more with less threaten AmeriCorps
historic mix of full-time and part-time, stipended and non-stipended corps.
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FUNDING SOLVENCY RECRUITMENT
MAINTAINING GOOD FUNDING SOLVES
n2. The President has said as much on numerous occasions. See, e.g., William J. Clinton, Remarks at the Presidential Scholars Awards
Presentation Ceremony (July 1, 1994), in Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: William J. Clinton 1174, 1175 (1995)
[hereinafter "William J. Clinton" will be referred to as "Clinton," and "Public papers of the President of the United States: William J.
Clinton" will be referred to as "Papers"] [hereinafter Presidential Scholars, 7/1/94] ("Perhaps the signature program of this
administration, when the history of our time here is written, will be the AmeriCorps program, the national service program... If we
can just keep the funding up, we'll have 100,000 young Americans... revolutionizing life at the grassroots level."); Clinton, Remarks
in a Swearing-In Ceremony for AmeriCorps Volunteers (Sept. 12, 1994), in Papers 1536, 1538 (1995) [hereinafter Swearing-In
Ceremony, 9/12/94] ("[AmeriCorps is] the most important commitment your President ever tried to make to the American people, to
give us a chance to come together, to move forward together.").
INCREASING FUNDING FOR AMERICORPS ALLOWS A CONTINUED TREND OF MEMBERSHIP INCREASES
Since the Presidents Call to Service in 2002, the number of Americans
volunteering in their communities has grown from 60 million to 65 million.
Over 2 million of these volunteers are recruited, trained and supervised by
national service participants. The Corporation wants to accelerate the
volunteering trend so that by 2010, 75 million Americans will be contributing
their time and talents to meet community needs. FY 2007 activities in support
of this initiative include:
Supporting 75,000 AmeriCorps members in FY 2007, up from 73,000 in
FY 2006; and
Placing even greater emphasis on volunteer leveraging by all
Corporation programs and building organizational capacity to engage
volunteers.
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FUNDING SOLVENCY PERSONAL OBLIGATIONS
SOLVENCY MONEY
Finally, it is important to note that one in four State and National members (26.3 percent) did not
complete their term of service. Feedback from these participants suggests that a variety of factors and
influences played a role in their decisions to discontinue their program commitment. As can be seen
in Exhibit 3.16, approximately one-quarter of the dropout population cited either employment or
financial obligations as their main reason for not completing their AmeriCorps term. An additional
42.7 percent cited health or personal reasons, which may also reflect financial obligations or other
pressures.
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FUNDING SOLVENCY ALT CAUSALITY
NEW FUNDING SOLVES THE CORPS CAN ADAPT TO ANY OTHER PROBLEMS
With the annual number of participants having grown in half a decade from an initial 20,000 participants per year n12 to 65,000 per
year, n13 and with the potential and ambition for eventual levels of a "couple hundred thousand people" on a regular basis, n14 the
National Service Corps is an organization with a sophisticated and apparently carefully distilled organizational design. The Corps is
designed to instill in participants a set of ideals that mixes humanitarian, political, and religious themes by using a sophisticated set of
regimens and incentives patterned after those in military and scouting programs. n15 In order to maintain its role as a social change
agent, n16 the Corps gathers information and has mechanisms in place to respond to political forces at various levels of federal, state,
and local government. The Corps is organic in nature; the only restriction that appears to constrict its evolution is budgetary
allotment, and it allows for highly dynamic and rapid changes in internal priority and strategy. Additionally, the Corps both engages
and assimilates other organizations it encounters, simultaneously building upon and changing existing organizations. n17 The growth
appears to be focused in a politically pragmatic manner, taking the paths of least resistance first and then focusing resources to occupy
areas [*747] in the socio-political landscape that appear most receptive to absorbing the national service scheme. n18
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FUNDING SOLVENCY SUSTAINABILITY
FUNDING AMERICORPS CREATES FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR AMERICORPS GROUPS THAT IS SUSTAINABLE
State and National grants have enabled sponsoring organizations to manage
and fund about 65,000 to 70,000 AmeriCorps*State and National members per
year since 2004 to provide intensive services in communities across the
country. AmeriCorps members serve through more than 900 nonprofit
organizations, public agencies, and faith-based and other community
organizations. Members tutor and mentor youth, build affordable housing,
teach computer skills, clean parks and streams, run after-school programs, and
help communities respond to disasters. In addition, these trained and dedicated
people enable nonprofits to accomplish more by helping to recruit, train, and
make more effective use of community volunteers.
The State and National program is built on the idea that communities and
community institutions, whether public agencies or private organizations, can
best identify community needs and develop and implement appropriate
responses to those needs. The Corporations support for community-based
solutions serves to leverage additional financial and in-kind support, making
local efforts more sustainable. Equally important, State and National support
is designed to increase the involvement and contribution of community
volunteers to solve community problems. The State and National program is
an effective way to help communities strengthen their ability to respond to
local concerns.
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SCHOOL SOLVENCY ENROLLMENT
SOLVENCY SCHOOL PROGRAMS
CLOTFELTER 1999 PROF PUBLIC POLICY AND ECONOMICS @ DUKE, WHY AMATEURS?, LAW AND
CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS FALL
Brown pays special attention to the factors that explain the differences among adults in their propensity to volunteer, including
attitudes-such as caring and feelings of empowerment-and previous volunteering in youth. Because she believes that volunteer activity
can shape one's civic attitudes and behavior, the connections between youthful volunteering and later participation cause her to
emphasize the possible importance of service-learning programs in schools. Citing evidence that simply making service
opportunities available to high school students induces student participation as effectively as school-mandated service
requirements, she favors policies that take the former approach to encouraging volunteering by youth. In contrast to Goss's argument,
n30 Brown concludes with an optimistic appraisal of future trends in the rates of volunteer activity in the United States. She argues
that the proliferation of service-learning programs in schools, aided by the improving health status of the elderly, should lead to
increasing levels of volunteering.
SOLVENCY MECHANISM COLLEGE COURSES
OCTOBER 2001
We must also ask our nation's colleges to step up to the plate and more aggressively promote service. Currently, only a small fraction
of college work-study funds are devoted to community service, far less than what Congress originally intended when it passed the
Higher Education Act in 1965. Congress must encourage universities to comply with the intent of the act to promote student
involvement in community activities.
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AT NOBODY JOINS
AT PEOPLE JUST HATE THE PROGRAM THIS AFFECTS LESS THAN 5 PERCENT OF THE PROGRAM
Among those who left the program prior to
completion, approximately one in five State and
National members (19 percent) cited
dissatisfaction with the program itself as a
primary motivator. While this represents only
about 5 percent of the entire cohort of members
included in the study, it is nonetheless
important to examine the range of issues that
could have led to program attrition. As can be
seen in Exhibit 3.17, the most prominent source
of dissatisfaction involved supervisors,
management, or administration. The more
content-related aspects of the program (e.g.,
interest in project, physical demands, pay) were
rarely cited as a main reason for early
departure.
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AT SOBUS / FUNDING TURNS
MULTIPLIER EFFECT DISPROVES SOBUS ANALYSIS
President Clinton and Retired General Colin Powell disagree with the above analysis; their theory is that (1) government intervention
will raise the level of volunteerism without inter [*803] fering with private nonprofit activity because of a "multiplier effect"
associated with government sponsorship, n240 and (2) youth that are compelled to good deeds will get a taste of service and like it so
much that they will eagerly generate more service in partnership with the government and throughout the remainder of their lives.
n241
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ENROLLMENT SOLVENCY EMPIRICAL
CITY YEAR PROVES AMERICORPS EXPANSION IS EFFECTIVE
OCTOBER 2001
I believe AmeriCorps needs to be expanded and changed, in ways that do not alter those aspects of the program that make it effective,
but that build greater espirit de corps among members and encourage a sense of national unity and mission.
There is no doubt that this can be done because some smaller programs within AmeriCorps are already doing it. One example
is City Year, an AmeriCorps effort that began in Boston and is now operating in 13 American cities. City Year members wear
uniforms, work in teams, learn public speaking skills, and gather together for daily calisthenics, often in highly public places such as
in front of city hall. They also provide vital services, such as organizing after-school activities and helping the elderly in assistedliving facilities.
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NCCC SOLVENCY AT INEFFECTIVE
NO ONE CONTESTS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROGRAM AND IT ONLY COSTS 27 MILLION WHICH ISNT
GOING TO PUT US INTO DIRE STRAITS
NEW YORK TIMES 3-14-2006
David Eisner, chief executive of the corporation that oversees AmeriCorps, does not dispute the Civilian Community Corps's
effectiveness. He says he was ''heartbroken'' to recommend its elimination, but says the step is necessary, given the tough budget times
and the higher costs associated with fielding members of that program, compared with other AmeriCorps participants. It's hard to
follow this logic because the program's whole budget is under $27 million, and there is no question that the public gets its money's
worth. The marginally higher cost of disaster and quick-response training for community corps members is a productive investment
for homeland security and for molding leaders steeped in the value of community service.
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______________________________________
***CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY ADVANTAGE
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CIVIC U COURTS
U SQ IS POORLY EQUIPPING COURT SYSTEMS
Over the past two decades, economic, political, and social changes have led the courts onto the frontline of managing policy issues such as the war on drugs, the crisis of gun violence, and quality of life campaigns - in ways that the legal system has not previously
experienced. n27 At the same time, structural issues of size, management, and bureaucracy have affected the system, causing
increased inefficiency and inflexibility. n28 This growth occurred in an era when local and national cost cutting have left both courts
and police departments badly equipped. n29 Finally, criminal courts are faced with high numbers of offenders who have been
adversely affected by social service cuts, such as the mentally ill, the homeless, and those addicted to drugs. n30
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CIVIC U SUSTAINABILITY
IL SYSTEM INSTABILITY SOCIAL ORGANIZATION KEY
In other words, a legitimate system in the long run is not only more cost effective and efficient (in market terms), but also at the level
of social organization, it enables the powerless to be moral agents who are instrumental in the system's survival. This is quite different
from the logic of the traditional hierarchical courts, where the powerless are imagined as responding in their own self-interest, to
which the system responds in turn by imposing its own vision of a greater good. In the realm of legal institutions and the criminal
justice system, the system is at its most stable when its power is utilized for a "public" good, while simultaneously engendering its
own legitimacy. In this dynamic, the criminal justice system not only remains a positive representative of the state and its power, but
also it leverages and promotes informal social control as individuals increasingly comply with the law, even in the face of laws with
which they do not agree. n36 Furthermore, it becomes increasingly clear that without legitimacy, the system relies on increased
[*905] law enforcement, sanctions, and incarceration, all of which become more costly, time consuming, and inefficient in terms of
overall system stability. Such a system is not sustainable over time.
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CIVIC IMPACT CRIME NATIONAL SECURITY
CRIME IMPACT NATIONAL SECURITY
n82. Indeed, AmeriCorp in many respects is designed to function like an armed scout troop or Peace Corp, with military and law
enforcement functions blended together in both the organizational culture and the organizational activities. Many times the President
has addressed the volunteers as if they were about to storm the beach at Normandy or conduct a SWAT team operation against drug
dealers. See, e.g., Swearing-In Ceremony, 9/12/94, supra note 2, at 1537 (1995) (stating that "we are grateful for those of you who
wish to give back something to the country that has done so much for you," noting that "the people who made this country great are...
farm boys on the beaches of Normandy, the police officers walking the dark beats," and asserting that "you, the people of
AmeriCorps, will be America's next generation of heroes"); see also, e.g., Summer of Safety, supra note 3, at 1135-37 (explaining
that it is necessary to "get out here and help the volunteers by having the National Government do its part to be partners in the fight
against crime," asserting that "a big part of our national security is what happens right here... on the streets of every
community of this country," commenting that "order" is "a really personal thing," advocating that "we ought to... provide boot
camps," and noting that commitment is key to putting on a police uniform or a Corps uniform); Education, supra note 24, at 294
(1995) ("The national service program which Congress adopted, AmeriCorps, will... send... young people out across our country,
helping police to stop crime and violence...."); Gephardt, supra note 8, at 1138 (1995) (describing how ex-Marines are "doing a lot for
our national security right here at home" by "organizing block patrols" that "work[] with the police to diminish crime").
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CIVIC SOLVENCY INVESTMENT
FUNDING KEY
involved.
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CIVIC SOLVENCY PARTICIPATION
AMERICORPS SOLVES CIVIC ENGAGEMENT
The effect of participation was particularly strong on measures of civic engagement, a key priority for
the Corporation. The study found that participation in both AmeriCorps*State and National and
AmeriCorps*NCCC resulted in statistically significant positive impacts on members connection to
community, knowledge about problems facing their community, participation in community-based
activities, and personal growth through service. While AmeriCorps members increased their level of
civic engagement on many of the outcome measures, scores for comparison group members typically
showed little or no change during the same period.
CITIZENSHIP IL
[*749] National service is thus a vehicle to: (1) "enforce standards of conduct to promote proper moral and disciplinary conditions,"
n25 (2) "build an ethic of civic responsibility," n26 (3) "develop citizenship values and skills," n27 (4) "renew the ethic of civic
responsibility and the spirit of community," n28 (5) "further[] [young peoples'] understanding and appreciation of their community,"
n29 (6) "engender[] a sense of social responsibility and commitment," n30 (7) "contribute to [an] understanding of civic
responsibility," n31 (8) "significantly increase the support for national service," n32 (9) "affirm common responsibilities[,]... shared
values" and "positive experiences," n33 and (10) "promote positive attitudes... regarding... solving community problems[,]...
improving the lives of others, [and] the responsibilities of... a citizen and community member, and other factors." n34 Indeed,
according to Clinton, "citizen service... is an essential part of what it means to be an American." n35
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CIVIC SOLVENCY LEGAL ENFORCEMENT
DOMESTIC PEACEKEEPING IL
The national service program functions in some respects as a standing domestic army n79 within the United States. n80 Its design
could gradually evolve into federalized law enforcement n81 missions involving domestic "peacekeeping" of a sort similar to the
"peacekeeping" operations conducted by the current United States military in conjunction with the United Nations in coun [*758]
tries such as Haiti, Bosnia, or Somalia. n82 The Corps utilizes a corporate legal arrangement that is juxtaposed with a military
command structure and culture. Indeed, "service in the Corps" is viewed "as an alternative to service in the Armed Forces," n83
and the statute asserts that "domestic national service programs can serve as a substitute for the traditional option of military service in
the Armed Forces... [as a] national service opportunity for young Americans." n84 Publicity efforts for national service also heavily
rely upon military themes. n85
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CIVIC SOLVENCY WAR ON DRUGS
WAR ON DRUGS / CRIME ADV
n81. See, e.g., Swearing-In Ceremony, 10/12/95, supra note 12, at 1581 ("Thousands and thousands" of Corps members "helped to
close those crack houses and give those children safe streets to walk."); Hillsborough, supra note 6, at 431 ("These AmeriCorps
volunteers are...members of three local law enforcement agencies... They're working together to make... community policing[] a
reality, to make the streets safer. They're out there doing things that uniformed officers don't have to do that lower the crime rate and
make people safer."); Clinton, The President's Radio Address (Mar. 11, 1995), in Papers 330, 331 (1995) ("Our young AmeriCorps
volunteers are partners with our... police officers, doing work that won't get done any other way. They're walking police beats in
Brooklyn...."). Many of the above comments were made in relation to discussions about the Brady gun control bill, a cause that
Clinton firmly supports.
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CIVIC SOLVENCY COMMUNITY JUSTICE
COMMUNITY COURTS SOLVE COURT / CITIZEN RELATIONSHIP
The application of community justice inside the judicial process, as opposed to the correctional system or policing, sees the court as
more than an institution that uses the adversarial system to guarantee an individual's right against the power of the state. n38 The
courts and individuals no longer act alone, as the community justice model adds a third component - the community. n39 Courts now
refocus their vision onto the communities whose members restrict their daily practices because of crime levels (real or perceived). In
this theoretical perspective, the courts are present within a larger network, comprised of the court, civil society, and residents who will
work towards the common good of the community. n40 Community [*906] courts are an important facet of the community justice
movement, and are springing up throughout the United States. n41 At the practical level, the community court proposes several ways
in which it can benefit a neighborhood. It brings the court and its service adjuncts into a community with limited access to public and
private services. By placing the court into the neighborhood, it brings the court closer - physically and administratively - to the social
and behavioral origins of the problems that it seeks to address. n42 It aims to bring services to bear on these problems under the
administrative aegis of the court. Meanwhile, the physical presence of the court in a community signals that the relationships of
citizens to courts and communities to courts differ in meaning, tone, and content. n43
EFFECTIVE COURTS KEY
To address the second dimension of legitimacy - compliance and embracing of the social norms of the law - community courts must
address the quality of justice that comes with this new judicial forum. Community justice centers become desirable options only if
they are truly more than just an efficient mechanism to deliver social services to a needy population and/or supply different
social service projects to different neighborhoods. If this is their sole achievement, then one could advocate providing services
without the court, thus avoiding the major overhaul and cost of reorganizing the legal system. Not only is this cheaper, but it may also
benefit the community more, as those people who are reluctant to enter a court to seek help may prefer to seek help through service
agencies that are free standing.
Community courts have to provide new forms of justice, both through the courtroom and other court initiatives. Both should be visible
and available for the community. At the theoretical level, community courts should render the court accountable to local individuals
and groups. Even when crime is the result of macro-level determinants (such as poverty or poverty housing) the community court
model assumes that these problems will be differentially distributed and manifested in different ways across a local social, economic,
and political space. The local space determines the types of problems that present themselves for a socio-legal solution and specific
solutions are usually perceived at the local social and political level. Community courts can address localized crime and other local
problems, such as drinking in a specific park, drugs in a specific building, or prostitution on a specific street. n54 Unlike treatment
courts and other problem-solving courts, community courts seek to fix problems in the courts and in the outside community by
developing legal forums that are uniquely configured towards its particular crimes and social problems. n55 Accountability takes place
[*909] as the court's focus and outcomes are determined by the space in which the court operates.
On the flip side of this new triad of court-community-service providers is the assumption that the people whose quality of life is
affected by crime can be mobilized in such a way that their participation will enhance and complement the role of the criminal justice
system. That is, community justice centers assume that many people who commit crimes of particularized concern in the court's local
space can be rehabilitated, and that once rehabilitated, those people who are residents or victims can exert a form of informal social
control that will ultimately reduce crime. n56
This assumption stems from the fact that fear of the legal system does not promote compliance in neighborhoods with high crime
rates. n57 Social ties among citizens and their dynamic expressions of social control contribute in separate and different ways from
legal control to produce lower crime rates. n58 While participation and partnerships with local communities can vary - from using
them to help enforcement (as when you ask the residents to inform the police and the courts about "hot spots"), to determining
sanctions - the ideal is that community courts can bring citizens and defendants closer in a jurisprudential process that is at once
therapeutic and accountable.
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CIVIC SOLVENCY COMMUNITY JUSTICE
COMMUNITY COURTS SOLVENCY
Community courts have introduced a variety of mechanisms to respond to both theoretical and practical challenges they face, as they
aim to create and augment their legitimacy:
1. Individualized Justice
Community courts focus at the level of the individual to counteract some of the social sources of crime - such as low levels of human
capital, addiction problems, and other medical and social needs. n44 This is done by linking up individuals to different social services
from treatment programs to employment training. They cater their sanctions to individuals and their needs and in this way hope to
reduce the motivation or propensity for criminal behavior.
2. Restorative Justice
Alongside personalized sanctions, the new courts work to apply restorative justice. This means devising sanctions and processes that
help both the victim's and the community's needs. n45 In many cases, the victim is understood to be the entire community, which may
now gain material help, such as community service crews to undertake neighborhood projects - from park clean-ups to graffiti [*907]
removal. The victim could also be an individual whose interests are taken into account when a judge imposes a sanction (such as in
assault and domestic violence cases).
3. Moral Communication
The physical existence of a problem-solving court or community court sends a signal to the community and/or the offenders that
certain illegal and antisocial behaviors are not acceptable and that the law and legal institutions are working to prevent these
behaviors. n46
4. Creating Partnerships
The courts, working in conjunction with social service agencies, community groups, schools, parent-teacher associations, churches,
and other organizations, can create partnerships that will work to strengthen the community and advance the broader goals of the
agencies or the community groups. n47 In this way, the legal institution is no longer separate and alienated from the communities with
which it works. These partnerships are seen as a way to enhance the flexibility of the court system and its ability to respond to the
particular needs of both individuals and neighborhoods. n48 The community is envisioned as an integral part of the process. Ideally,
the "community" should also see itself as having "ownership" over the legal institution. n49 Furthermore, the creation of partnerships
with the community, either through formal mechanisms (community groups and other social service agencies, and advisory boards) or
informal mechanisms (individual relationships) integrate the court into the community's social networks, and ensure that the court
remains more accountable to its clients. n50
Community courts aim to ensure that there is an accretion of positive experiences for those individuals who encounter the courts. n51
This includes both the offender population that benefits from this new form of "therapeutic jurisprudence" and other groups working
in partnership with the courts. n52 These processes and their positive outcomes are communicated to the community [*908] at large
through both direct and vicarious processes of social transmission or contagion that spread across social networks. n53
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CIVIC SOLVENCY COMMUNITY JUSTICE COURT CP
COMMUNITY COURTS AT OTHER COURTS
Through their creation, community courts can address problems that centralized courts cannot. For example, some community courts
and community justice centers can link typically separate court parts (such as family courts, housing courts, and criminal courts) into
one location and under one administrative umbrella. n59 In this way, legal responses to families and individuals with multiple legal
problems are coordinated and, ideally, unified. Also, community courts can respond to community "problems" that are [*910]
normally considered as nuisances or "victimless" crimes - such as loud noise, graffiti, illegal vending, prostitution, and public
urination - problems that typically do not command the attention of centralized courts. These are crimes that affect specific
neighborhoods and that have specific consequences. n60 Ideally, community courts redefine these crimes as problems for the
community, an evaluation that is quite different from its scale within a formal legal framework . n61
These practical strategies, such as providing new services and responding to local problems, are one part of the community court's
response to the crisis of legitimacy of both the law and the legal system at the local level. These localized courts can now seek to both
reestablish their legitimacy, and through this, encourage the informal mechanisms of social control that will reduce crime and
improve a community's quality of life. The larger goal of engendering legitimacy is one of the few ways that a court can cement its
role in improving public safety within a local space without resorting to increased use of coercive force and social control.
For a court to take on this new role, it has to create new partnerships; it cannot control crime alone. But the court is in a double
bind; that is, the partnerships with the community can only emerge if the groups (or "partners") within the community perceive
the legal actors and the court to be a legitimate institution. If not, the groups will at least have to see the partnership as being to
their benefit for some other reason - the community court could be used as an access to resources that citizens lack. n62 Community
courts [*911] need to consider this bind as they enter into neighborhoods and form partnerships. This is a major challenge facing the
court in its quest to transform itself into a legitimate social actor.
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CIVIC SOLVENCY NCCC
SOLVENCY COMMUNITY PRIDE
But supporters say AmeriCorps NCCC instills in participants a long- term commitment and generates a sense of community pride and
responsibility that can't be quantified.
"How do you measure the value of a volunteer that goes out and picks up trash? What they don't see is what happens when you see
neighbors (coming together). There's a domino effect that is very powerful. . . . It helps with community pride and self-esteem, which
is intangible," said Ken Orlin, who works with a community-based beautification program.
AmeriCorps is a network of local, state and national service programs that was established in 1994. Each year, more than 70,000
people participate in one of three AmeriCorps programs.
The AmeriCorps NCCC service program recruits people 18 to 24 years old. Volunteers work on environmental projects, build homes
for the poor and tutor at-risk students.
In January, more than 180 of them went to the Gulf Coast to put tarps on roofs, remove debris from flooded homes and clean
neighborhoods destroyed by Hurricane Katrina.
During their service, volunteers receive a small stipend, housing, food and health insurance. At the end of the program, they are
eligible to receive $4,725 for college, graduate school or to repay student loans.
If the program is terminated, AmeriCorps will close its doors at five campuses across the country that serve as home and training
grounds for volunteers, including the campus at Teikyo Loretto Heights University in Denver. In January it welcomed more than 250
volunteers from around the country.
The president's budget proposal still must go through Congress. Supporters have already established a national campaign called Save
-NCCC to raise community awareness and get wider support for the program.
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CIVIC SOLVENCY VOLUNTEERING
VOLUNTEERING CAUSES INDIVIDUALS TO HAVE A POSITIVE ATTITUDE TOWARD THE COMMUNITY WHICH
SOLVES CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY
Volunteering creates opportunities for individuals to help their community and
feel empowered to make a difference, and provides benefits to the volunteers
themselves. Individuals who regularly volunteer are more likely to actively
solve problems in their communities, provide financial support to charities, and
take an interest in political and social affairs. As part of a path to civic and
political engagement, volunteering is a key component to a healthy democracy.
Since President Bushs Call to Service in 2002, the number of Americans ages
16 and older who volunteered has increased by more than 5 million to 65.4
million. According to the Current Population Surveys supplement on
volunteering in America, an additional 37 million people have a history of
volunteerism, but did not volunteer in 2004. Of this group, 90 percent cited
obstacles to volunteering such as lack of time or information, and family
responsibilities. Only 10 percent indicated no interest in volunteering.
The Corporation is committed to transforming positive attitudes toward
volunteering into actual volunteering behavior. It creates opportunities that
are meaningful to the volunteers and responsive to their needs. As the primary
federal agency that provides grant funds to nonprofits with volunteer
programs, the Corporation actively supports increasing the number of
Americans who contribute to society by making volunteering a regular part of
their lives.
Increasing the level of individual engagement in volunteer activities requires
fostering an ethic of volunteerism; providing an environment that supports
volunteer activities; and building the infrastructure of nonprofits and
communities to enable them to create meaningful volunteer opportunities. In
order to provide for these meaningful opportunities there must be an adequate
investment in volunteer management. According to the 2003 study of
Americas Charities and Congregations, a large majority of nonprofits reported
that volunteers increase quality of service, reduce costs, and increase public
support; however, most do not have a paid volunteer coordinator to implement
the volunteer management practices that have a positive impact on volunteer
recruitment, effectiveness and retention.
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________________________________________
***MILITARY RECRUITMENT ADVANTAGE
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MILITARY IL DRAFT TRADEOFF
DRAFT ADVANTAGE
n87. Some members of Congress have expressed fears about the possibility that the Selective Service System could be utilized to
obtain recruits for AmeriCorp and eventually combine military and national service into one mandatory, comprehensive program .
See, e.g., John Elvin, Is There A Draft In There?, Insight, Aug. 4, 1997, at 34 (discussing, inter alia, concerns expressed by
Representative Ron Paul about the connection between the Selective Service scheme and the Corps). Indeed, at some point an equal
protection argument may be made that, if men can be compelled to register and participate in the Selective Service and the military, it
is unconstitutional not to also compel women to do the same because women have "demonstrated" their ability to serve in the military.
In that way, drafts could capture the entire relevant age population sector, instead of just the fifty percent of civilians who are male.
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MILITARY IL RECRUITMENT LEVELS
MILITARY RECRUITMENT ADVANTAGE
OCTOBER 2001
We should also be concerned by the growing gap between our nation's military and civilian cultures. While the volunteer military has
been successful, fewer Americans know and appreciate the sacrifices and contributions of their fellow citizens who serve in uniform.
The military is suffering severe recruitment problems.
In the past, it has been a rite of passage for our nation's leaders to serve in the armed forces. Today, fewer and fewer of my
congressional colleagues know from experience the realities of military life. The decline of the citizen-soldier is not healthy for a
democracy. While it is not currently politically practical to revive the draft, it is important to find better incentives and opportunities
for more young Americans to choose service in the military, if not for a career, then at least for a limited period of time.
For example, an important responsibility of our armed services is peacekeeping around the world. Often, this involves non-military
activities such as constabulary work. The military should explore whether short-term enlistees could fulfill these responsibilities,
freeing other personnel to perform more traditional military duties.
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___________________________
***EDUCATION ADVANTAGE
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EDUCATION SOLVENCY NCCC
CAUSES PEOPLE TO CONTINUE LEARNING
When asked about their future education plans,
State and National members in particular noted that
their AmeriCorps experience had played an
influential role. Most reported that the educational
awards were either very important (60 percent) or
important (11 percent) in continuing their
education. Similarly, over two-thirds indicated that
as a result of their AmeriCorps experience they
were in fact more likely to continue with their
education. NCCC members, in contrast, appeared to
place somewhat less value on the importance of the
education award and the influence of the
AmeriCorps experience on their future educational
plans, with 36 percent reporting that the awards
were very important and 19 percent reporting
important (see Exhibit 3.22). This may be due to
the fact that NCCC members enrolled in
AmeriCorps with a higher level of educational
attainment than State and National members (see
Exhibit 3.3).
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EDUCATION AT TURNS
AT EDUCATION TURNS SHORT TERM
Overall, we find that in the short term, AmeriCorps
participation has no significant impacts on
measures of educational attitudes or degree
attainment. However, it is important to note that
comparison group members had at least one
additional year of opportunity to pursue an
education while AmeriCorps members were
enrolled in the program. Furthermore, AmeriCorps members are allowed up to seven years to use
their education awards, suggesting that positive impacts of AmeriCorps may become evident after
additional time has passed.
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___________________________
***TERRORISM ADVANTAGE
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TERRORISM FREEDOM CORPS IL
FREEDOM CORPS TERRORISM IL
BERKOWITZ 2-15-2002 WORKING FOR CHANGE WRITER, CIVIC VIRTUE FOR VICE,
http://www.workingforchange.com/article.cfm?ItemID=3377
The presidents' USA Freedom Corps raises important questions about what constitutes civic responsibility in a democratic society.
Should young people be required to devote a period of time to volunteer work? Will recruits become a new civilian homeland
defense corps -- on the lookout for terrorists? Will there be neighborhood committees to report on friends and neighbors? Will
young people be asked to pick up the slack for programs that the government benignly neglects?
Six years ago, when the Clinton Administration introduced AmeriCorps conservatives were apoplectic. A waste of taxpayer money
and a holding-pen for high school dropouts were often-heard criticisms. Conservatives felt AmeriCorps, the domestic counterpart to
the Peace Corps, was a prime example of big government running amok.
Sen. Rick Santorum (R-Pa.) dismissed AmeriCorps as a program for "kids to stand around a campfire to hold hands and sing
Kumbaya at taxpayers' expense." And Mark Shields, political columnist and commentator on CNN and the "Jim Lehrer News Hour,"
recently pointed out that since its inception, conservatives had characterized AmeriCorps as Bill Clinton's "bad idea."
That was then. Now, AmeriCorps is starting to look good even to some of its longtime critics.
During the State of the Union address the president briefly outlined his new USA Freedom Corps initiative - making it the domestic
counterpart to the war on terrorism. According to its website, the USA Freedom Corps, through the newly created Citizens Corps, the
AmeriCorps, the Senior Corps and the Peace Corps "will work with local officials and community groups to offer expanded service
opportunities for Americans at home and abroad." The president called upon citizens to devote 4,000 hours to public service.
Sacrifice and service
The vision of USA Freedom Corps is sacrifice and service during the war on terrorism: "The USA Freedom Corps will promote a
culture of responsibility, service, and citizenship. It will work with key service agencies in government and the nonprofit sector to
provide incentives and new opportunities to serve at home and abroad. The USA Freedom Corps will draw on help from Americans of
all ages and of every background."
John Bridgeland, director of the White House Policy Council has been named the executive director and will head up the eight-person
USA Freedom Corps office. In December 2001, the Washington Monthly's Paul Glastris called Bridgeland "the brains behind [the]
push for citizen service in the White House." And, in a late-August column, conservative columnist Robert Novak noted he is "a
longtime Republican functionary."
Bridgeland, a former member of the president's transition team, played a key role, along with former Secretary of State James Baker,
in shaping the president's post-election legal strategy in Florida. According to a January 2001 report in the Cincinnati Enquirer, he is
the former chief of staff to Rep. Rob Portman (R-Ohio), who "left politics in 1998 for a business venture promoting the role of
nonprofits, foundations and corporations in public policy." He joined "the Bush team [in April 2000] and spent most of his time at the
campaign's Austin, Texas, headquarters, researching and drafting issue papers."
On the first of February, Bush introduced Jim Towey, as the new director of the White House Office of Faith-Based and Community
Initiatives (OFBCI). The president's controversial faith-based initiative has been through the mill since it was ceremoniously
introduced a year ago. In what the Washington Post's Dana Milbank called "a bid to tie the office to Bush's new national service
initiative and shift it from the controversy that greeted Bush's effort last year to aid religious charities," the president announced that
the OFBCI would now come "under the wing" of John Bridgeland, appointed two days earlier to head the newly created White House
national service office.
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TERRORISM AMERICORPS SOLVENCY
ADDON TERRORISM
Bovard claimed Lenkowsky is "salivating over the prospect of an expanded program, telling staff in a recent memo: 'This is a new
position for [AmeriCorps] and it allows us the freedom to take the offensive to expand service opportunities and help strengthen the
character of our communities.'" Bovard reports that Lenkowsky told AmeriCorps recruits last month that their "daily duties" will be
"helping to thwart terrorism itself . . .. Terrorists sow the seeds of distrust. You sow the seeds of trust, at a time your nation
badly needs them."
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____________________________________
***NATURAL DISASTERS ADVANTAGE
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DISASTERS NCCC KEY
THE NCCC IS KEY TO AMERICAN PROTECTION AGAINST NATURAL DISASTERS
STATES NEWS SERVICE 4-4-2006
The NCCC is a full-time residential program for 18 to 24 year olds designed to strengthen communities and develop leaders through
team-based service projects. Each year, approximately 1,100 participants reside in its five campuses nationwide. The Perry Point
campus houses 200 AmeriCorps members every year, and since 1994 its residents have logged more than 350,000 service hours.
NCCC teams are well trained and deployed throughout the country to build homes, clear thousands of acres of burned trees created by
wildfires, and tutor children. Most recently, they have provided more than 250,000 service hours valued at $3.8 million to projects in
the Gulf Coast region, which reflects their critical service during every American natural disaster since the program started .
SOLVENCY NATURAL DISASTERS
Senator Barbara A. Mikulski (D-Md.) has joined several of her Senate colleagues to urge Subcomittee on Labor, HHS, Education and
Related Agencies Chairman Senator Arlen Specter (R-Pa.) and Ranking Member Senator Tom Harkin (D-Iowa) to restore an essential
AmeriCorps program that President Bush cut in his FY 2007 budget proposal. The President's budget would eliminate the National
Civilian Community Corps (NCCC) and close its five campuses, including one in Perry Point, Md.
AmeriCorps volunteers tutor teens, start neighborhood crime watches, turn vacant lots into neighborhoods and help communities clean
up and rebuild after natural disasters. These volunteers are needed now more than ever, said Senator Mikulski. As a founder of
AmeriCorps, I have been its chief advocate in the Senate. I fought to create AmeriCorps, I fought to strengthen AmeriCorps, and I will
fight to save AmeriCorps.
The NCCC is a full-time residential program for 18 to 24 year olds designed to strengthen communities and develop leaders through
team-based service projects. Each year, approximately 1,100 participants reside in its five campuses nationwide. The Perry Point
campus houses 200 AmeriCorps members every year, and since 1994 its residents have logged more than 350,000 service hours.
Teams are well trained and deployed throughout the country to build homes, clear thousands of acres of burned trees created by
wildfires, and tutor children. Most recently, they have provided more than 250,000 service hours valued at $3.8 million to projects in
the Gulf Coast region, which reflects their critical service during every American natural disaster since the program started .
NCCC ADVANTAGE DISASTERS
OCTOBER 2001
Another example is AmeriCorps' National Civilian Community Corps, a service program consciously structured along military lines.
NCCC members not only wear uniforms and work in teams, as City Year members do, but actually live together in barracks on former
military bases, and are deployed to service projects far from their home base. This "24/7" experience fosters group cohesion and a
sense of mission. AmeriCorps' NCCC members know they are part of a national effort to serve their country. The communities they
serve know that, too.
In April of last year, when the Mississippi's flood waters threatened the town of Camanche, Iowa, an AmeriCorps NCCC team was
brought in to coordinate volunteers and help plug leaks in the town's levee. "This AmeriCorps crew has probably single-handedly
saved $1 million to $1.5 million worth of property damage since they've been here," Camanche Public Works Director Dave
Rickertsen told the St. Louis Post Dispatch. NCCC teams also helped out last year after floods in Ohio and Florida, a hurricane in
North Carolina, and forest fires in six western states, providing disaster relief to an estimated 33,500 people. This year they've been
dispatched to help combat nine floods and dozens of forest fires.
When not providing disaster relief, NCCC teams often work in national parks, clearing overgrown trails and rebuilding cabins. In the
spring, they help Habitat for Humanity run its Collegiate Challenge, a program that convinces thousands of college students each year
to spend their spring breaks not in bars in Ft. Lauderdale but building homes for low-income families.
In May of last year, one NCCC crew descended on the home of Stella Knab, an 80-year-old former cleaning lady, now confined to a
wheelchair. Knab lived with her handicapped son in New Orleans' Bywater district, in a decrepit house with cracked plumbing and
rotted wood floors with holes big enough for neighborhood rats to pay visits. The NCCC team moved Knab and her son into a motel
for two weeks, and in partnership with a local nonprofit group, the Preservation Resource Center, completely gutted and rebuilt the
interior of her house. "It was pretty scary. I really can't imagine someone living like this," Paula Dora, 23, one the AmeriCorps
members, told The New Orleans Times-Picayune. "It felt more like the Third World than it did the Land of the Free.' It feels so
good to be able to make such a difference."
Only about 1,000 of AmeriCorps' 50,000 members are a part of NCCC. City Year accounts for another 1,200. Congress should expand
these two programs dramatically, and spread their group-cohesion techniques to other AmeriCorps programs. Indeed, the whole
national service enterprise should be expanded, with the ultimate goal of ensuring that every young person who wants to serve can
serve. Though this will require significantly more funding, the benefits to our nation will be well worth the investment. At the same
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time, we must encourage the corporate sector and the philanthropic community to provide funding for national service, with federal
challenge grants and other incentives.
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DISASTERS NCCC KEY
NCCC PROGRAMS ARE EFFECTIVE KATRINA PROVES
CHATTANOOGA TIMES FREE PRESS 4-3-2006
Evidence of the good work done by AmeriCorps volunteers readily is apparent across the country. Since 2000, for instance, its
members have provided 250,000 hours of public service in Tennessee and 222,000 hours in Georgia. More recently, the National
Civilian Community Corps, an elite group within AmeriCorps that is trained in disaster relief, has done heroic work in areas ravaged
by Hurricanes Katrina and Rita.
The NCCC was sent there by President Bush. Its deployment was to be six months, but it proved so successful in providing assistance
that some NCCC members remain in Louisiana and in Mississippi. They continue to provide invaluable assistance to residents of
shattered communities who have no other help as they continue to clean up their communities and begin the task of rebuilding their
lives.
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__________________________
***RANDOM ADVANTAGES
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WINTER WEATHER
WINTER WEATHER ADVANTAGE
NATIONAL SERVICE NEWS OCTOBER 2005 - http://www.nationalservice.gov/about/newsroom/nsn.asp?tbl_nsn_id=4
Armed with shrink-wrap kits to cover windows, foam pipe insulation, weather stripping, caulk, and energy efficient light bulbs,
AmeriCorps members are combating energy worries as winter looms. Winterizing is an annual task that is particularly important
because of rising energy prices. The Montana Conservation Corps is weatherizing 500 homes statewide through the recently
established Warm Homes Montana program. In Milwaukee, WI, AmeriCorps members serving with the YMCA are taking on the task
through the Y Warmer Winters program. And the Maine Volunteer Service Commission is recruiting 2,000 volunteers to participate in
the second season of Keep ME Warm, with participation from Foster Grandparents, RSVP volunteers, and AmeriCorps members.
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INDIVIDUAL LEADERS
LEADERSHIP IL
WITTE 1998 FOUNDER, QUAQUA FINANCIAL AND CAREER ASSISTANCE ORGANIZATION QUOTING CLINTON,
n9. See, e.g., Clinton, Remarks at the University of California in Los Angeles, California (May 20, 1994), in Papers 959, 961 (1995)
[hereinafter UCLA]:
The wise decisions of [Franklin D. Roosevelt] built four decades of robust economic growth and expanding opportunity and laid the
foundation for us to be able to win the cold war. Now, we stand at our third pivotal moment in this century. And you are designed to
play the leading role. The cold war is over. It is up to all of us to keep the American dream alive here at home, even as it advances
abroad. But this miracle of renewal must begin with personal decisions.
LEADERSHIP GAP AND AMERICORPS SOLVENCY
Evaluations prove that AmeriCorps works. Recent studies by the Center for Leadership and Public
Service at Harvard University and Bridgestar indicate that the United States is facing a significant
leadership gap in the next decade. Given the need for an emerging group of young leaders to fill
leadership positions in the social, private, and public sectors, the results of AmeriCorps programs in
terms of building civic skills and a commitment to public service are striking. To cite but a few
examples of some of the positive results of recent program evaluations:
A rigorous multi-site control group evaluation by Abt Associates and Brandeis University
reported significant employment and earnings gains by young people who join service or
conservation corps.
A study of Teach for America (TFA) by Mathematica Research Group found that it
supplies low-income schools with academically talented teachers who contribute to the
academic achievement of their students. TFA teachers produce higher student test scores
than the other teachers in their schools.
An evaluation of City Year alumni by Policy Studies Associates showed that more than
three-quarters of alumni reported an increased commitment to public responsibility and
greater knowledge and skills that improved their ability to address and solve community
problems.
Learn and Serve America has tremendous impact and support. According to a 2004 study by RMC
Research, Service-learning, when implemented with high quality, yields statistically significant
impacts on students academic achievement, civic engagement, acquisition of leadership skills, and
personal/social development. Evaluations also indicate that the program correlates with a
reduction in the number of behavioral problems, and reduced sexual activity and pregnancy among
students.
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FIREARMS
FIREARMS ADV?
n79. Although use of firearms has not been emphasized in initial rhetoric or, apparently, in initial programs, participants could use
firearms without any apparent conflict with statutory provisions. The Executive Branch can apparently simply determine that firearms
are appropriate.
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PHYSICAL HEALTH
PHYSICAL HEALTH IL
Empirical studies do show that volunteering is associated with civic-mindedness and feelings of trust, characteristics that, in current
parlance, would be associated with social capital. However, as Musick and Wilson warn, even statistical associations that hold over a
period of years in a person's life may not necessarily prove that causation runs from volunteering to favorable attitudes; it is possible
that people who do the former usually are those who happen to have the latter. A second effect of volunteering is on anti-social
behavior. Although it is not clear why it works, volunteering appears to be associated with reduced levels of such behavior. In a third
category, physical health, volunteering has a strikingly powerful association: Those who volunteer live longer. Again, there may be
other, unmeasured variables that explain both of these observations, but the associations certainly cannot be ignored. Similarly,
volunteering has a significant association with mental health. Volunteering is thought to give people new roles in life, which, in turn,
serve as some sort of antidote to sadness and disconnection, especially at older ages. Exactly what mechanisms are at work, how they
differ by type of activity, and how their effect differs over the life cycle are all questions that need further study. Finally, volunteering
may improve a person's job prospects. While Musick and Wilson find no evidence of a connection to labor force participation, they do
find a statistically significant relationship between past volunteering and job status for a sample of young women.
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NATIONAL SENIOR SERVICE CORPS
NATIONAL SENIOR SERVICE CORPS
SCHWARZENEGGER 3-17-2006 THE TERMINATOR, LETTER TO CONGRESSIONAL APPROPRIATORS,
http://www.voicesforservice.org/legis_update.htm
National Senior Service Corps
I support the Presidents request of $217.6 million and urge Congress to do what is
possible in this budget year to reverse the current trend and engage the time and talent of
older volunteers. This year, the first of the Baby Boom generation will turn 60 years of
age, heralding a demographic revolution that will create the largest, fastest growing and
most capable civic resource in our history.
While older Americans are very interested in being of service, the current trend
volunteering drops off upon retirement. I support a 5 percent increase for programs that
demonstrate the skilled roles that older volunteers can fill in our neighborhoods and
public and nonprofit institutions. A portion of the funding should be prescribed to help
equalize funding across states such as California that do not currently receive their
population share. This will not only benefit those in need, but also our older volunteers.
Volunteering has a positive impact on the health and longevity of our senior population.
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___________
2AC CARDS
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ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT
ECONOMY EMPLOYMENT TURN
The study found that AmeriCorps participation had a meaningful impact on employment outcomes.
Most notably, participants in AmeriCorps*State and National programs were significantly more likely
to choose careers in public service compared to the comparison group. While AmeriCorps*NCCC
participation does not appear to have impacted career choices, AmeriCorps*NCCC members did
experience statistically significant increases in their work skills compared to the comparison group.
These findings suggest that the Corporations efforts to support member development and skillsbuilding
are yielding positive results.
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ECONOMY MULTIPLIER
AT ECON DA
Investment in AmeriCorps goes far. A team of noted conservative economists found recently that every dollar of Federal money
invested returns at least $ 1.60 to $ 2.60... for the taxpayers in public benefits. And of course, that doesn't calculate the long-term
benefit of increased education...
...
... The one thing the GAO didn't do [in its report showing that the money spent for each volunteer is much more than $ 4,000--the
amount the White House says it costs] is to consider all the people that are kicking into the program; they leverage the private
money.
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ECONOMY SMALL PRICETAG
EVEN SMALL INCREASES IN FUNDING CAUSE SUBSTANTIAL INCREASES IN VOLUNTEER LEVELS
The FY 2007 budget request provides $95 millionessentially the same level
as the FY 2006 enacted levelto support AmeriCorps*VISTAs anti-poverty
programs with 7,651 members providing service resulting in organizational
and community capacity-building.
In FY 2007, AmeriCorps*VISTA will:
Increase VISTA member enrollment by 2.7 percent over FY 2006;
Implement effective, lower cost training to strengthen sustainable
capacity-building efforts through best practices;
Institute new efficiency controls, including increasing accuracy in cost
projections and budget implementation; and
Partially offset rising health care and subsistence costs through
increased cost sharing with VISTA partners.
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POLITICS BUSH GOOD CONSERVATIVES TURN
POLITICS CONSERVATIVES UNPOPULAR
Any program expanding government and involving spending, except for defense spending, is greeted negatively by staunch
conservative naysayers. In late-November, when it looked like AmeriCorps would be the main service program expanded, Jim
Bovard, author of "Feeling Your Pain: The Explosion & Abuse of Government Power in the Clinton-Gore Years," lashed out with a
vengeance. His column typifies the fire the USA Freedom Corps initiative might experience .
Bovard's "Bloating AmeriCorps" is posted at the website of the Ludwig von Mises Institute. He trashes AmeriCorps, calling it a
government "boondoggle." For those not familiar with the Auburn, Alabama-based Ludwig von Misses Institute -- and there's little
reason you should be -- it describes itself as "the research and educational center of classical liberalism and the Austrian School of
economics." It "defends the market economy, private property, sound money, and peaceful international relations, while opposing
government intervention as economically and socially destructive."
POLITICS UNPOPULAR CONSERVATIVES
Predictably, the president's initiative has been greeted by heavy-duty carping from a few conservative leaders and organizations.
The most vocal individual, the Washington Times reported, was House Majority Leader Dick Armey (R-TX) who vowed to block it
from becoming law. At his weekly briefing to reporters, Armey said: "He is so wrong on that. I do not understand why anyone
would embrace AmeriCorps. It was not a good idea then, and it is not a good idea now.
"I consider the conceptual framework of AmeriCorps as obnoxious. We give least well when we give at the direction and supervision
of the government, you know, and the idea that government can teach charity to America rings very hollow with me; for example, like
AmeriCorps, where we are going to give our kids $30,000 worth of jobs and benefits to teach them about volunteerism."
Conservative News Service (CNS) reported that the libertarian Ayn Rand Institute, the Libertarian Party and the National Taxpayers
Union (NTU) also issued statements opposing the president's initiative. The Institute called the president's challenge to each American
to donate 4,000 hours of volunteer work "incompatible" with America's traditions of individualism and freedom.
POLITICS LINK CONSERVATIVES
n242. Clinton has already had a showdown with the Republican Congress over the funding issue. See Clinton, Statement on Signing
the Omnibus Consolidated Rescissions and Appropriations Act Of 1996, (Apr. 26, 1996), in Papers 637 (1996) ("The Congress, in a
bill I vetoed, sought to kill AmeriCorps, the National Service Program. This bill retains it, as I had insisted, funding the Corporation
for National and Community Service at $ 402 million."); see also Clinton, Message to the House of Representatives Returning
Without Approval the Departments of Veterans Affairs and Housing and Urban Development, and Independent Agencies
Appropriations Act, 1996, (Dec. 18, 1995), in Papers 637 (1996).
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POLITICS BUSH GOOD CONSERVATIVES TURN
LINK GOOD REPUBLICANS
Much less subtle is the potential political importance of public service programs that use full-time recruits. However politically neutral
in their conception, these service programs tend to stir up waves in the pool of politics, especially when they are funded directly by the
government. Policies to encourage volunteers is one thing, but when legislatures are called on to pay for the work of usually young,
idealistic recruits, those legislatures, not surprisingly, adopt a heightened level of scrutiny. A basic issue, of course, is whether such
programs are an appropriate function of government and, if so, what level of government should be responsible for it. Much more
prominent on the political radar screen, though, are the actions of those recruits. As Korstad and Leloudis show, idealistic volunteers
for the North Carolina Fund of the 1960s could and did come into conflict with political leaders in communities where they worked.
n25 These recruits openly questioned Jim Crow segregation and the white power structure that upheld it; the War on Poverty is replete
with similar instances elsewhere in the South. n26 As a reaction to VISTA's efforts at community organizing, the Nixon
Administration placed restrictions on its recruits. n27 It seems likely that confrontations between the efforts of recruits and entrenched
local power may well be common, especially in the public service programs powered by idealistic and articulate college graduates.
Once released to do good, these recruits may be a genie that will not quietly go back into the bottle. The most recent illustration of the
political controversy that public service programs can engender is that which surrounded the authorization and funding of
AmeriCorps. Although passed in 1993, the program was nearly demolished after the congressional elections in November 1994,
when the House of Representatives voted to reduce its funding by three quarters. Republicans criticized AmeriCorps as a veiled
employment program and one that was subject to too much federal control. n28 The program survived, of course, but this battle
serves [*11] as another illustration of the political potentialities embedded in publicly funded service programs.
IV Overview of Articles
POLITICS LINK GOOD REPUBLICANS
In the 1990s, congressional Republicans, who had no love for one of Clinton's favorite initiatives, regularly targeted AmeriCorps for
budget cuts. They said the program cost too much per volunteer and undermined the spirit of service by giving participants monetary
rewards.
Bush's embrace seemed to offer AmeriCorps a measure of protection, even as it suffered controversy and internal financial
management problems in 2003.
But now the White House says the NCCC program, at least, is not worth the money. A review by the Office of Management and
Budget found it to be "extremely expensive," with a per-participant cost of $27,859. In contrast, the other nonresidential AmeriCorps
programs typically have a per-participant cost of $16,000.
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POLITICS BUSH GOOD FLIP FLOP
AT POLITICS LINK FLIP FLOP
President Bush, who embraced AmeriCorps as part of his "compassionate conservative" agenda in 2001, now wants to shut down a
part of the national service program that his administration has deemed "ineffective."
Beginning next year, the White House would reduce funding for the AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps from $27
million to $5 million with the goal of closing it down, according to the president's budget. About 81 full-time staff members would
lose their jobs.
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POLITICS BUSH BAD POPULARITY
POLITICS ELECTIONS POPULAR
Despite the criticism, the president's call to "Stand up to evil with acts of goodness and kindness" is likely to resonate with many
Americans. According to the British-based Guardian, the president told an enthusiastic audience in Winston-Salem, North Carolina:
"It sounds like I'm making a pitch and I am. This is the right thing to do for America.'' He once again stressed the nation's battle
against evil. "'There really isn't much middle ground -- like, none," Bush said. According to the Guardian, Bush appeared to "revel in
the role of recruiter clos[ing] his appeal as a rock star might wrap a concert: 'Fight on, America! I love ya!'''
POLITICS COMMUNITY SERVICE FUNDING HUGELY POPULAR
NATIONAL SERVICE NEWS OCTOBER 2005 - http://www.nationalservice.gov/about/newsroom/nsn.asp?tbl_nsn_id=4
By a 94-3 vote on Oct. 27, the Senate passed the Labor, Health and Human Services and Education bill, which contains a total of
$935.2 million for the Corporation for National and Community Service. The total for FY05 was $927.01 million. Currently, the
Corporation is operating under a continuing resolution until budgetary measures are enacted. The totals for programs include:
AmeriCorps*VISTA: $96.4 million
AmeriCorps*NCCC: $27 million
AmeriCorps Grants: $280 million
RSVP: $60.2 million
Foster Grandparents: $112 million
Senior Companions: $47.4 million
Learn and Serve America: $42.6 million
National Service Trust: $149 million
Partnership Grants: $15 million
State Commission Administrative Grants: $12.6 million
Innovation and Demonstration: $15.9 million
Evaluation: $4 million
Program Administration Salaries and Expenses: $66.7 million
Office of Inspector General: $6 million
Under this bill, several programs, including AmeriCorps Grants, AmeriCorps*NCCC, and Learn and Serve America, are slated to
receive more than President Bushs request. Senators approved an amendment proposed by Sen. Ken Salazar, D-CO, calling for a
report on Corporation programs that are based in rural areas. The spending plan now moves to a House-Senate conference committee.
THEYLL VOTE MORE FOR REPUBLICANS
Voting is an important indicator of civic engagement. State and National and NCCC alumni had
higher rates of voting than the nation as a whole during the 2000 Presidential election. As shown in
Exhibit 3.20, both State and National and NCCC former members were more likely to register and
vote in the 2000 election than the national population and in particular the national population aged
1824, based on self-reporting.
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POLITICS BUSH BAD BIPARTISANSHIP
POLITICS BUSH BAD BIPARTISAN / AT REPUBLICANS
OCTOBER 2001
National service is an issue that has been largely identified with the Democratic Party and the left of the political spectrum. That is
unfortunate, because duty, honor, and country are values that transcend ideology. National service, both civilian and military, can
embody the virtues of patriotism that conservatives cherish.
More than a decade ago, the patron saint of modern conservatism, William F. Buckley, Jr., offered an eloquent and persuasive
conservative case for national service. In the book Gratitude, Buckley wrote, "Materialistic democracy beckons every man to make
himself a king; republican citizenship incites every man to be a knight. National service, like gravity, is something we could accustom
ourselves to, and grow to love."
Buckley was right, but it's fair to say that it took a while before we conservatives accustomed ourselves to the idea. Indeed, when
Clinton initiated AmeriCorps in 1994, most Republicans in Congress, myself included, opposed it. We feared it would be another "big
government program" that would undermine true volunteerism, waste money in "make-work" projects, or be diverted into political
activism.
We were wrong. Though AmeriCorps' record is not untarnished, the overall evidence for its effectiveness is hard to deny. For
instance, AmeriCorps members tutored over 100,000 first-through-third graders during the 1999-2000 school year. On average, those
children scored significantly higher on reading performance tests than would otherwise have been expected, according to Abt
Associates, an independent evaluation firm. Having seen results like these-and having often seen AmeriCorps members work on the
ground---more and more of my GOP colleagues have changed their minds about the program. Forty-nine of 50 governors, 29 of
them Republicans, signed a letter last year urging Congress to support AmeriCorps . One of the signers was then-Texas Governor
George W. Bush. As president, Bush put forth a budget that keeps AmeriCorps at its current level of members---the ultimate sign that
national service today has truly bipartisan support.
SENATE APPROPRIATIONS SUPPORTS NCCC THEY WILL OVERRIDE BUSH TO PASS IT
STATES NEWS SERVICE 4-4-2006
Senator Barbara A. Mikulski (D-Md.) today announced that the Emergency Supplemental spending bill, which the Senate
Appropriations Committee passed this afternoon, contains $20 million for the AmeriCorps National Civilian Community Corps
(NCCC) program to support volunteer hurricane recovery activities on the Gulf Coast and in other affected areas. Funding will be
used to continue the work of AmeriCorps members who are providing vital disaster relief and recovery services in the Gulf region.
President Bush's FY 2007 budget would completely eliminate the NCCC and close its five campuses, including one in Perry Point,
Md.
This funding demonstrates the Senate's commitment to keeping this valuable program alive, despite President Bush's efforts to cut the
federal funds it needs to survive. Today's federal investment, like these fine volunteers, are needed now more than ever, said Senator
Mikulski. I will do everything I can to work with my Senate colleagues to make sure these funds are approved as a part of this
emergency spending package.
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POLITICS NO LINK
POLITICS NO LINK
The idea of universal national service, particularly the idea of instituting a draft-like mandatory service requirement for all young
people, is a policy option related to "stipended" service programs and has been a perennial issue of debate in public policy circles.
Touted as a leveler, an antidote to excessive materialism, and a source of fertile soil for the growth of civic values, compulsory
national service apparently has enjoyed popular support. In a 1984 Gallup survey, sixty-five percent of adults approved of a one-year
compulsory national service program. n15 Unlike AmeriCorps, which is decidedly voluntary, such a program would be mandatory,
which would dramatically increase not only its cost and the difficulty of finding productive assignments, but also surely the political
opposition to it. Former Senator Gary Hart once stated, "Compulsory national service may be the biggest issue of the eighties." n16
If it ever was, the feeling appears to have passed, though the idea remains one with lingering appeal.
C. Service-learning
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MODELLING DISADS ANSWER
NO MODELLING VOLUNTEER STRUCTURES ARE SOCIAL SYSTEM BASED AND SIMILARITIES ARE
COINCIDENTAL
In Volunteering in Cross-National Perspective: Initial Comparisons, Anheier and Salamon take a comparative look at volunteering,
focusing on Europe, but also touching on other developed countries and a few developing countries as well. n31 Drawing from
detailed surveys conducted in more than twenty countries, they show how the relative size of the nonprofit sector, as measured by paid
[*12] employment, and the extent of volunteer activity differ across countries. In contrast to the nearly one-half of adults who
volunteer in the United States, for example, the comparable average in Europe is closer to one quarter. This difference illustrates their
central argument, that one cannot fully understand a country's volunteer activity without also considering the country's political
institutions and its traditions for meeting social needs . European nations simply have chosen to meet the various demands of their
citizens in ways that are different from those chosen by the United States, and also different from one another's. Anheier and
Salamon argue that volunteering is deeply embedded in the path a society takes in this allocation of social functions. In the highly
developed welfare states of Scandinavia, for example, volunteering traditionally has been little more than a minor ornament added to
the important functions performed by government. In "statist" societies such as Japan, where government's role in social welfare
functions is much more limited than in welfare states, volunteer activity traditionally has also been marginal. By contrast, both the
nonprofit sector and volunteer activity have assumed much more importance in the liberal and "corporatist" regimes, such as the
United States and Germany, respectively.
In some other respects, volunteering in other countries looks similar to the American variety. For example, the rate of volunteering
rises with socioeconomic status and educational attainment in Europe, as it does in the United States. However, its functions differ
from country to country, in sometimes subtle, sometimes significant, ways. For example, in the countries of Eastern Europe,
"volunteering" under the old communist regimes was often an obligation imposed on citizens by the state, obviously robbing it of the
voluntary nature that is usually its hallmark. In the social democratic countries, where the welfare state has long been highly
developed, volunteer activity, when it appeared, was more likely to focus on recreational activities, where the state was less active.
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CONSTITUTIONALISM AT SERVICE LEARNING LINK
AT CONSTITUTIONALISM DA
Smolla addresses the very important question of whether service-learning programs that require student participation are in fact
constitutional in The Constitutionality of Mandatory Public School Community Service Programs. n33 Where such programs have
been instituted, he argues, the requirements are the expression of popular demand, as they are adopted by elected officials on school
boards or state legislatures. Such requirements evidently reflect the view that public education should contain some amount of service
and, as such, the programs are not value-neutral, nor does the Constitution require that they be so. The question is whether these valueladen programs violate the Constitution. Smolla argues they do not.
After considering several possible constitutional challenges to mandatory service programs, Smolla concludes that none of the
arguments are sufficient to doom such programs. An argument that mandatory service is tantamount to involuntary servitude would
not hold up, considering that a military draft and compulsory schooling have already been adjudged constitutional. A substantive due
process challenge, based on the doctrine of individual privacy rights, cannot be sustained in the case of mandatory service any more
than it could in the case of compulsory schooling. If this doctrine were used to attack the specifics of the adopted curriculum, instead
of the element of compulsory attendance, it would then face the same legal challenges as sex education or heavy homework; these,
Smolla argues, are properly the decision of elected officials [*14] who run the schools. Challenges based on religious freedom and
free speech are blunted, he argues, because mandatory programs give students a choice of organizations for which to work. Education
authorities should be able, within the bounds established by the Constitution, to reject some organizations from participation, as long
as the reasons for doing so are neutral and do not ultimately hinge on whether the organizations are religious or political.
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STATES CP PERM
AT STATES CP SAME AS THE PLAN; STATES UTILIZE FEDERAL FUNDING
AmeriCorps*State and National Programs comprise the largest set of AmeriCorps
programs and are operated by national multi-state nonprofit organizations and
community-based nonprofit organizations. AmeriCorps*State members enroll through a
network of local community-based organizations, educational institutions, and other
agencies receiving Corporation funding through their gubernatorially appointed state
service commissions. AmeriCorps*National programs are funded through national
nonprofit service organizations, such as Habitat for Humanity and Communities in
Schools, that operate programs in multiple states. In program year 19992000,
AmeriCorps*State and National programs enrolled approximately 36,000 members. The
minimum age for participating is 17. About half of the members were 22 to 30 years old,
but many were in their 30s and 40s. In the year of intake into this study, about threequarters
of the members served full-time. FY2000 funding for AmeriCorps*State and
National programs totaled $228 million. An additional $70 million was funded through
the National Service Trust, most of which provided education benefits and education
awards to AmeriCorps*State and National members.5
STATES CP PERMUTATION SOLVES BEST; STATES FUNCTION AS A FUNNEL FOR AMERICORPS ACTION
UPI 11-28-2001
Both McCain and Lenkowsky are far more enthusiastic about swelling AmeriCorps than about fixing the program's glaring faults.
Most AmeriCorps spending is handled by federally funded state commissions. Inspector general reports revealed that some state
commissions are so slipshod and negligent that they appear to be little more than pass-through operations to launder federal money to
local recipients.
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MANDATORY SERVICE CP
AT MANDATORY SERVICE CP
To examine these issues in more detail, they discuss the findings of their exhaustive survey and interviews from such programs in 385
public and private high schools in Los Angeles County. Through service-learning programs in these schools, students worked in their
own schools, other schools, hospitals and other health care organizations, churches, community service organizations, government
agencies, and other organizations. Among other things, the students tutored younger children, distributed goods, assisted patients,
helped teachers, and participated in clean-up operations. Although only about half of the volunteers reported they received any
training, and one-third said they had not received encouragement by their schools, most students had a positive view about their
service experiences. The lessons they drew from the experience tended to differ according to the type of school they attended; students
in religious schools were, for example, most likely to remark that the experience had taught them about helping others. Whether the
service was mandatory was important: Those who had been required to do service were less likely to say they planned to
volunteer in the future. However, that finding could just as easily reflect sample selection as causation. In any case, the survey and
interview results provide a rich store of findings to use in assessing the value of service-learning programs or in designing such
programs in the future.
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MANDATORY SERVICE CP CONSTITUTIONALISM LINK
MANDATORY REQUIREMENTS LINKS
B. Compelling Uncompensated Labor Is Unconstitutional and Counterproductive
The National Service Initiative and the National Service Corps are based on the premise that government can use direct law and/or
severe economic penalties to compel recalcitrant individuals to perform labors that the government believes will benefit the individual
and/or society as a whole. n189 This premise has also engendered legal and policy criticisms.
1. Legal argument against compelling individuals to perform involuntary labor
Opponents of "involuntary volunteerism" believe that such tactics violate the Thirteenth Amendment n190 prohibition against
[*785] involuntary servitude. n191 The Thirteenth Amendment has very sweeping scope and applicability, protecting nondelinquent
minors against state-sponsored "beneficent" n192 involuntary servitude, n193 even if the servitude is coerced purely through legal
or economic means. n194 The same logic also could be extended to the Fourteenth Amendment n195 (and Fifth Amendment
n196 ) protection [*786] of "liberty"; n197 after all, community service curtails both the spatial and qualitative liberty one has to
control one's own life activities. n198 Additionally, compelled service in most contexts is arguably a "taking" of property in violation
of the Fifth Amendment, since the monetary value of private time and labor has been appropriated. n199
Courts analyzing the Thirteenth Amendment issue have not applied the strict scrutiny test associated with fundamental rights, because
they have avoided characterizing school-mandated "community service" as the kind of involuntary servitude that was intended to
trigger the protection of the Thirteenth Amendment. n200 Since compulsory attendance laws in general are [*787] arguably already
a liberty-curtailing form of involuntary servitude, it is difficult to draw an analytically principled distinction between two years of
compelled gym class exercises and two years of compelled n201 "service learning" in the community. n202 Disturbingly, however,
the courts have not explained whether or how service can ever differ from servitude; the absence of principled distinctions leaves a
very slippery slope n203 and highlights [*788] the possibility that our government-sponsored compulsory education systems have
become "constitution-free" zones for the processing of incarcerated n204 minors.
Probing deeper into the Thirteenth Amendment theory ultimately reveals that the concept of the National Service Corps represents a
fundamental alteration of the traditional United States structure of Family Federalism. Any attempt by the government (state or
federal) to control the upbringing of a child without the consent and delegation of authority from the natural parents will implicate the
powerful and sweeping protection of the Thirteenth Amendment. This is so because, like adults, minors enjoy the protection of
constitutional rights operative against the government, n205 and minors have a constitutional right to a continuity of affectionate care
from natural parents if those parents have done nothing to forfeit their parental authority to direct the upbringing of their minor. n206
A violation of the Ninth Amendment rights of parents and their minor via governmental usurpation of control over the life activities of
the minor also implicates a minor's right to liberty and a minor's right to be free from involuntary servitude.
[*789] Neither the parens patriae doctrine n207 nor the in loco parentis doctrine n208 can salvage a government scheme for
minors that is incongruent with the prohibition against involuntary servitude and/or deprivations of liberty. The federal government
has no parens patriae power to affirmatively regulate the daily management of minors in any context, n209 and a state government
acting in "partnership" with the federal government only possesses the range of state parens patriae power that is allowable under the
limits imposed by the United States Constitution. n210 Unless a [*790] state has assumed custody of a minor in a parens patriae
standing capacity in a manner comporting with required standards of due process and evidence, n211 a state agency exercising
control over a minor stands in loco parentis and must yield to parental directives regarding the scope and authorized uses of the
authority temporarily and voluntarily delegated from the parents to the state through explicit or implicit means. n212
No government at any level exercises an original claim over families or children; under the Family Federalism of the Tenth
Amendment, family autonomy is a power reserved by the people against improper intrusion by either federal or state government, and
improper intrusion by any level of government results in violation of a fundamental right retained by the people under the Ninth
Amendment. n213 Congress can preempt (and federal courts [*791] can enjoin) state laws that provide for forms of compulsory
participation in mediation institutions, thereby running afoul of the Thirteenth Amendment by prescribing regimens that preclude
individual choice about education and lifestyle. n214 However, the Thirteenth Amendment does not indicate that the federal
government can in any way exempt itself (or other governments) from the Thirteenth Amendment's firm command. History has
already shed light upon the consequences of handing the federal government a "blank check" to "protect" the welfare of private
citizens in ways that are contrary to the United States government's authorized role within the structure of Family Federalism. n215
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MANDATORY SERVICE CP CONSTITUTIONALISM LINK
CONSTITUTIONALISM DA LINK INVOLUNTARY CONSCRIPTION
Although the National Service Initiative is promoted to participants as "a journey that will change their lives forever," n160 [*776]
some people not wishing to embark on the journey have attempted to challenge the National Service Initiative concept of "involuntary
volunteerism" on constitutional grounds. n161 Public scrutiny is only beginning, and the court decisions upholding involuntary
volunteerism have come under fierce scholarly criticism based upon a tapestry of constitutional rights, including those related to
freedom of expression, the right of free association, the right to direct the upbringing of a child, n162 and also freedom from
involuntary servitude. n163
[*777] Critics argue that the First Amendment n164 generally does not permit the government to compel individuals to participate
in activities that effectively embody and express ideas contrary to the world view of that individual. n165 There is no such thing as
religiously "neutral" educational mediating institutions, because organizational culture, educational pedagogy, and implicit working
philosophical premises can never be neutral. n166 It could also be argued that forced participation violates the First Amendment by
creating associational opportunity costs n167 and by violating the First Amendment prohibition against any "law respecting an
establishment of religion." n168
[*778] There are other n169 constitutional theories available as well; critics of the National Service Initiative have charged that
compelled servitude violates a parent's fundamental right to direct the upbringing of their child, n170 and efforts to compel
community service (especially over long periods of time or in boarding contexts) could also run afoul of the right of privacy protected
by the Third, Fourth, and Ninth Amendments. n171
2. The policy argument against using government resources to instill a world view
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MANDATORY SERVICE CP SELF DETERMINATION DA LINK
MANDATORY SERVICE UNDERMINES DOMESTIC SELF DETERMINATION
[*792] 2. Policy argument against compelling individuals to perform involuntary labor
Perhaps the most potent policy criticism of involuntary volunteerism is related to the philosophy of self-determination; personal
growth comes when a person has the freedom to choose between good and bad, and of their own free will chooses good. Dr. Mark
Sobus, for example, after conducting a social psychology analysis of the likely impact of mandated government community service on
the general population, concluded that service learning "is unlikely to foster long-term prosocial attitudes" and that it "should be
expected to undermine positive attributions, stifle feelings of self-determination, and ultimately make self-generated acts of
community service more scarce." n216 Thus, Sobus contends that mandated service benefits neither the person nor the community in
the long run.
Retired General Colin Powell disagrees. Since 1996 Powell has been on tour throughout the country for the National Service
Initiative, openly advocating school-sponsored involuntary volunteerism on the basis that the volunteerism is justified because of the
skills and benefits the participants may acquire. n217 [*793] In Powell's view, therefore, it is necessary to force good behavior in
order to ensure that everyone in society will succeed and to prevent anyone from becoming lost. Only one-third of American students
would choose to accept Powell's plan. n218
This imposed socialization approach requires that Powell be given the same kind of exclusive control over young civilians that he
once had and used as a military commander to mold the behaviors of the enlisted soldiers. Powell seems to believe that the key to
helping American is to transform American culture into a paramilitary culture. However, history has cast doubt upon the idea of
managing civilians with military paradigms. n219 The military has a distinguished tradition and an undisputed [*794] role in the
preservation of democracy, and it is organizationally well-suited for marshaling people with character who are willing to engage
dangerous situations that threaten United States national security and ordered liberty. At the same time, the military scheme is illsuited to manage the chaotic and decentralized day-to-day functions of the economic, educational, and familial systems within the
American system.
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MANDATORY SERVICE CP CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY DEFICIT
MANDATORY SERVICE DOESNT SOLVE CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY
Even if the government nonprofit system works just as efficiently as the private nonprofit model from a logistical standpoint, Dr.
Sobus n238 has suggested another reason for why there still may be a reduction in the total quantity/quality level of volunteer
activity. After conducting a social psychology analysis of the likely impact of mandated government community service on the
general population, Dr. Sobus concluded that compulsory service learning "is unlikely to foster long-term prosocial attitudes" and that
it "should be expected to undermine positive attributions, stifle feelings of self-determination, and ultimately make self-generated
acts of community service more scarce." n239
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AT KRITIK OF AGE
NATIONAL / STATE AFF AT AGE K LINKS?
Participation in AmeriCorps is open to U.S. citizens 17 years of age or older. As mentioned above,
the State and National program has no other age restrictions, while the NCCC is restricted to
individuals between 18 and 24 years of age. Most State and National members joined before they
entered their late twenties. Not surprisingly, enrollment often occurred at transition periods in young
peoples livesage at enrollment peaked at around 18 and then again around at 22, roughly
corresponding to traditional graduation points from high school and college (see Exhibit 3.1). Given
its more restricted age requirements, this pattern was particularly pronounced in the NCCC program.
While the majority of State and National members were in their late teens and early twenties, these
programs attracted an older cohort as well, suggesting that participation in full-time national service is
an attractive option for individuals throughout their lifetimes (see Exhibit 3.1). The average age at
enrollment was 28 years for State and National members and 21.5 for NCCC members; the median
age for State and National and NCCC members was 23.8 and 22.1, respectively.
20 Part-time members were not included in this study.
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AT KRITIK OF CULTURE
AT CULTURE K
The concept of a federal national youth corps arose as a result of President Bill Clinton's desire to revitalize the nation's moral fabric
by sharing his interpretation of America's common values with America's youth on a systematic and widespread basis. n20 Clinton
desires to use "national service... to... build[] [*748] communities from the grassroots up." n21 The National Service Corps is thus
intended to be a mediating institution n22 designed to foster structural intercultural interaction in a setting that inculcates a
particular set of beliefs and values in its newly unified participants. n23 The set of attributes has been, at least in part, defined in
political terms. n24
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AT KRITIK PERMUTATION
K PERMUTATION EV?
Specifically, approximately 85 percent of both State and National and NCCC members agreed that, as
a result of their AmeriCorps experience, they re-examined their beliefs and attitudes and were
exposed to new ideas and ways of seeing the world. This introspection and enhanced personal
vision may, in part, have been fueled by a program culture that has resulted in extensive journal
writing among members (84 percent did so frequently or occasionally).
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______________________
***TOPICALITY / FYI EV
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VOLUNTEER DEFINITION
VOLUNTEER DEFINITION
BROWN 1999 ECONOMICS @ POMONA, THE SCOPE OF VOLUNTEER ACTIVITY AND PUBLIC SERVICE, LAW AND
CONTEMPORARY PROBLEMS FALL 62:17
Scholars have striven to be precise in their usage of the word volunteer. One particularly thoughtful definition defines a volunteer as
an individual engaging in behavior that is not bio-socially determined (e.g., eating, sleeping), nor economically necessitated (e.g., paid
work, housework, home repair), nor sociopolitically compelled (e.g., paying one's taxes, clothing oneself before appearing in public),
but rather that is essentially (primarily) motivated by the expectation of psychic benefits of some kind as a result of activities that have
a market value greater than any remuneration received for such activities. n3
In short, volunteering is purposeful activity that is not compelled and the productive value of which is not captured by the volunteer.
VOLUNTEER T CARD IN CASE SOME BIZARRE T VIOLATION SAYS VOLUNTEER. WHATS THE RESOLUTION
AGAIN?
One might quibble with the notion that volunteering needs to result in something that has market value, in contrast to activities that
were intended to have market value but went awry, or ones that pursued goals not related to market value such as lobbying on behalf
of unpopular causes. Generally, though, this definition is an apt one for the purposes at hand. It encompasses informal volunteering good deeds done directly, such as shopping for a frail neighbor or babysitting for a harried one, unmediated by any formal
organization, such as a church or a school, through which larger-scale volunteer efforts are coordinated. Such good deeds are not
compelled, and they yield value that is not materially returned to the volunteer. The definition also extends to stipended volunteers. As
the word "stipend" implies, programs such as AmeriCorps offer modest pay to doers of good works, on the theory that society needs
full-time volunteers and that it is hard for very many people to give so much time freely and continue to keep body and soul together.
As long as stipended volunteers are employed in "activities that have a market value greater than any remuneration received," they are
volunteers as defined above.
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NCCC FYI
NCCC = FULL TIME LIVERS
AMERICORPS.ORG 2006 VISITED 4/30/2006, http://www.americorps.org/about/programs/nccc.asp
AmeriCorps*NCCC (National Civilian Community Corps) is a full-time, team-based residential program for men and women age 18
24. Members live on one of five campuses, located in Denver, Colorado; Charleston, South Carolina; Sacramento, California; Perry
Point, Maryland; and Washington, D.C.
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NATIONAL SERVICE CORPS = AMERICORPS
AT NATIONAL SERVICE CORPS NOT AMERICORPS
n1. As this Comment will explain at length, the "National Service Corps," also known by its nickname "AmeriCorps," is an
incorporated entity created by statute. Additionally, the Corps serves as a kind of flagship program within the "National Service
Initiative," a political movement that incorporates such interrelated principles and methods as, for example, community activism,
"service learning" pedagogy, compelled nonprofit activity for students, social justice, "Points of Light" awards for outstanding
volunteers, mentoring, scholarships for educational activity, and voluntary participation in government-generated community service
projects. The "National Service Corporation" is simply a term that describes the government corporation that sponsors activities
related to the National Service Initiative; the National Service Corporation runs the National Service Corps program in conjunction
with other programs and activities related to the National Service Initiative.
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AMERICORPS DEFINITION
BROAD AMERICORPS DEFINITION GIVES YOU GROUND
KNAUER 1997 ASSOC PROF LAW @ TEMPLE LAW, SYMPOSIUM: CORPORATE PHILANTHROPY, NEW YORK LAW
SCHOOL LAW REVIEW
The Corporation is a charitable government corporation. n150 Its purpose is to provide young people with a meaningful opportunity
for national service and let them earn money toward their college educations. The Corporation manages three different volunteer
programs: Americorps, Learn and Serve, and the National Senior Service Corps, often referred to collectively as "Americorps."
n151 In the new spirit of "entrepreneurial government," President Clinton assured Congress that "the Corporation will operate as much
like a lean nonprofit corporation as a government agency." n152
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FYI AMERICORPS BUDGET LEVELS
FYI FUNDING LEVELS
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________________
***NEGATIVE EV
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NCCC NEG
COUNTERPLANS VS NCCC AFF COMPARATIVELY BETTER
LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF SERVICE IN AMERICORPS, AMERICORPS.ORG DECEMBER
Overall, the study found that for numerous outcomes, participation in both AmeriCorps*State and
National and AmeriCorps*NCCC resulted in statistically significant positive effects on participants.
The effect of AmeriCorps participation in the AmeriCorps*State and National program is consistently
positive across a majority of civic engagement, employment, and life skills outcomes, and over half
of the effects are statistically significant. While the effects of participation for the AmeriCorps*
NCCC program are more mixed, the results are generally positive.
AT NCCC GOOD AFFS EVEN THE NCS CONCEDES THAT THIS PROGRAM SUCKS
EISNER 2-6-2006 CEO, CORPORATION FOR NATIONAL AND COMMUNITY SERVICE, MESSAGE ON FISCAL YEAR
2007 BUDGET http://www.nationalservice.gov/about/newsroom/statements_detail.asp?tbl_pr_id=248
For AmeriCorps*NCCC, this budget requests only $4.9 million, which is intended to cover the cost of closing our campuses. This is a
difficult decision, given the popularity of the program with our participants and partners, particularly in disaster response. However,
the NCCC is costly compared to other AmeriCorps programs and was rated poorly in a recent Federal management assessment. The
Corporation is committed to building up the rapid and flexible disaster recovery capacity of the NCCC within the rest of the national
service portfolio.
OTHER PROGRAMS ARE COMPARATIVELY BETTER NCCC IS HUGELY EXPENSIVE
But that association is wrong, AmeriCorps chief David Eisner wrote The Washington Post last week. The NCCC got its start in a
1992 defense bill. So the program that Bush wants to kill by cutting its budget from $27 million to $5 million is not a product of the
Clinton administration but of his father's. "[T]he NCCC program wasn't created by President Clinton -- it was signed into law as a
demonstration program by President George H.W. Bush in October 1992," Eisner wrote. "We're proposing to end the NCCC
demonstration partly because other AmeriCorps programs have proven they can yield similar results at a lower federal cost."
The program brings together more than 1,100 18-to-24-year-olds on five residential campuses each year to spend 10 months working
on service projects, mainly homeland security and disaster relief. The White House has branded it "ineffective" and "extremely
expensive" at a cost of $27,859 per participant. Advocates and former participants say the money is worth it, and have rallied support
in Congress.
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SOLVENCY NEG EXPANSION FAILS
NO SOLVENCY PEOPLE DONT WANT TO JOIN AMERICORPS
UPI 11-28-2001
Expanding AmeriCorps could be difficult because many AmeriCorps programs already are unable to attract enough recruits to fill
available slots. In Mississippi, state government employees are counted as AmeriCorps members as long as they wear AmeriCorps
hats and T-shirts and promise to spend a few hours' extra time each week tutoring kids. (The inspector general examined this program
and raised doubts about its legality; AmeriCorps management dismissed the IG report and continues using employees of other
government agencies to pad its own numbers.)
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AMERICORPS FAILS LAUGH TEST
AMERICORPS IS INEFFECTIVE IT DOESNT PASS THE LAUGH TEST
UPI 11-28-2001
The Sept. 11 terrorist attacks have given new life and vitality to almost all preexisting boondoggles in Washington. Even AmeriCorps
-- Clinton's national service charade -- is on the verge of getting fresh dollars.
Sen. John McCain is leading a push to greatly expand the program from 50,000 to 250,000 members a year. McCain says
AmeriCorps members "have begun to glimpse the glory of serving the cause of freedom." In this case, the freedom will consist of
collecting a paycheck while rarely being required to break a sweat.
McCain sees a bigger AmeriCorps as a cure for both "a deeper spiritual crisis within our national culture" and "increased cynicism
about our governmental institutions."
Washington Post columnist David Broder, the titular head of the Washington media establishment, hails McCain's proposal as a "great
feat of statesmanship" and turning "catastrophe into opportunity." Yet many AmeriCorps projects directly foment cynicism among
taxpayers.
In Mississippi, AmeriCorps members have gone door-to-door to recruit people for food stamps. In New Jersey, AmeriCorps
members are recruiting middle-class families to accept subsidized federal health insurance for their children. In Washington State,
AmeriCorps bankrolled the Welfare Rights Organizing Coalition. AmeriCorps is paying housing activists who pressure Congress to
perpetuate federal subsidies for renters.
"Passing the laugh test" is not a requirement for AmeriCorps grantees. In Buffalo, N.Y., AmeriCorps members helped run a
program that gave children $5 for each toy gun they brought in. In Lone Pine, Calif., AmeriCorps members put on a puppet show to
warn 4-year-olds of the dangers of earthquakes. Elsewhere in California, AmeriCorps members busied themselves foisting
unreliable "ultra-low-flush toilets" on poor people.
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AT ATTITUDE SHIFT
NEG ATTITUDE ADVANTAGES
Attitudinal Outcomes. Overall, we find that participation in AmeriCorps results in numerous
positive and statistically significant effects on members attitudes, especially with respect to attitudes
toward civic engagement. Specifically, participation in State and National programs results in
positive, statistically significant effects for all eight civic engagement attitudinal outcomes, while
participation in NCCC results in positive, statistically significant effects for half of the civic
engagement attitudinal outcomes. Given the strong emphasis on service participation, civic
engagement, and community involvement during the programs, we are not surprised to find such a
large number of positive civic engagement outcomes. The results for education, employment, and
teamwork and other life skills outcomes are less consistently positive. State and National programs
show strong positive effects for both employment attitudinal outcomes, but we do not detect any
statistically significant effects for the two education outcomes for either program. Finally, we find
that participation in NCCC results in a statistically significant negative effect on one of the attitudinal
life skills outcomes; there are no significant effects of State and National participation on these
outcomes. These findings indicate that AmeriCorps participation has an immediate effect on
members attitudes, especially attitudes toward various aspects of civic engagement and employment.
In the short term, however, AmeriCorps participation does not appear to have positive impacts on
attitudes toward education or teamwork and other life skills.
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AT VOLUNTEERING SOLVES CAUSALITY
PUBLIC SERVICE DOESNT SOLVE NOT CAUSAL
Fundamental to the rationale behind service-learning is the notion that public service work will have a beneficial effect on the
students who participate. It is probably just as likely that the act of participation has an effect on volunteers and public service recruits
as well. Indeed, the aggregate importance of such participation effects may be much greater in the case of volunteers-because of their
huge numbers-or public service recruits-because they are very likely to take leadership roles as they mature-than for participants in
service-learning.
Several kinds of effects have been mentioned. One rather straightforward effect that is seemingly easy to verify is whether servicelearning work in school increases the chance that a young person will volunteer in the future. Other effects of amateur service could
include changed attitudes about civic life and social problems, or an enhanced occupational outlook or improved mental health. There
is evidence, for example, that elderly volunteers are more likely to have a feeling of purpose in life than their peers who do not
volunteer. n22
Unfortunately, all of these empirical questions face a daunting methodological problem-the question of causation. If volunteers
are found to have systematically different attitudes from those of non-volunteers, for example, it is by no means obvious that
volunteering affects attitudes or vice versa. Both volunteering and attitudes could be correlated to a third, unmeasured variable that
caused both of them. Even if observations are separated in time, the problem of causation is not easily solved. When one draws
conclusions based on the association of some treatment and other supposed results, one should be cautious whenever the selection into
the treatment group was not random, which it seldom is. This is not to say that empirical analysis cannot uncover behavioral or
attitudinal consequences of volunteering and public service participation, but only that care must be taken to distinguish correlation
from causation.
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AT VOLUNTEERING SOLVES INSIGNIFICANT
AT VOLUNTEERISM ADVANTAGES
As valuable a resource as volunteering can be, there are limits to the extent to which government can expect volunteers to address its
policy concerns. The 1999 IS data suggest that at least half of the volunteering population is only marginally involved, participating in
one-shot events or in conjunction with particular holidays. More committed volunteers can make sustained contributions to various
endeavors, some of which serve ends pursued by government, but the area of activity that garners the most volunteer time is religion.
Government can direct volunteer effort through the use of full-time stipended volunteers, such as those supported through
AmeriCorps, but such direct government programs are small in the landscape of volunteering. Most volunteering goes to church and
family-related activities rather than farther-flung civic enterprise. Government enthusiasm for volunteerism should not rest on the
hope of shifting responsibilities from government to voluntary action. Rather, volunteering should be respected for the substantial and
varied contributions volunteers make to causes chosen not through the political process, but directly by citizen-volunteers themselves.
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AT EDUCATION ADVANTAGES
AMERICORPS DOESNT EFFECT EDUCATIONAL OUTCOMES
The study found that in the short term, AmeriCorps participation had no significant impacts on
measures of educational outcomes. It is important to note that individuals in the comparison group
had at least one extra year to advance their education while AmeriCorps members were engaged in
the program. AmeriCorps members are also allowed up to seven years to use their education awards,
suggesting additional time may be needed to observe the impacts of AmeriCorps participation on
educational outcomes.
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AT RACIAL INTEGRATION ADVANTAGES
AT RACIAL INTEGRATION / LIFE SKILLS ADV
The study did not identify any significant positive effects of AmeriCorps participation on the selected
life skills, including appreciation of cultural and ethnic diversity and constructive group interactions .
These early findings suggest it may be important for the Corporation to strategize about better ways
to support the development of members interpersonal skills, and to promote an environment in which
diversity is embraced.
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AT CNCS SURVEY INDICT
AT CNCS SURVEYS NOT CONCLUSIVE
The findings in this report reflect only the initial results of a long-term longitudinal study. The longerterm
impact of participation in AmeriCorps on members civic engagement, education, employment,
and life skills may not be known for several years. Subsequent reports will assess whether the early
outcomes identified in this study will be sustained over time and whether new areas of program
impact will appear.
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AT TERRORISM ADVANTAGE
AMERICORPS DOESNT SOLVE TERRORISM THEY ARENT SCARED OF PUPPETS
Lenkowsky told AmeriCorps recruits last month that their "daily duties" will be "helping to thwart terrorism itself . ... Terrorists sow
the seeds of distrust. You sow the seeds of trust, at a time your nation badly needs them."
Perhaps Lenkowsky believes that nothing would intimidate al Qaida more than a doubling in the number of puppet shows performed
in America. Or perhaps he believes that Americans are overwhelmed with a rush of pride each time they see some young person
wearing a government-issued AmeriCorps hat and T-shirt -- regardless of whether that person is leaning on a rake or otherwise
daydreaming.
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K LINK MILITARISM
MILITARY BAD K LINK
Clinton views the Corps as a "replacement" of sorts for the regular military, which he has downsized in an attempt to reduce defense
spending. n65 Indeed, he tapped the retiring General [*755] Colin Powell to serve "another mission" for his country as Powell was
leaving the armed forces. n66 The Corps uses various facilities and cultural artifacts to reinforce the military values of conformity,
unity, team cooperation, and obedience to authority. Of primary importance are (1) the living arrangements; (2) the equipment and
facilities; and (3) the bestowal of identity and recognition through uniforms, awards, and ceremony. Each of these components are
discussed below.
1. Living arrangements
"Both [the national service program and summer national service program] are residential programs. The membership of the Corps in
each program shall reside with other members of the Corps in Corps housing during the periods of the members' agreed service." n67
"A full-time, year-round youth corps program... includes as participants youths and young adults between the ages of 16 and 25,
inclusive, including out-of-school youths... youths in foster care who are becoming too old for foster care,... [and] homeless youths,"
n68 all of whom are people likely to have little personal attachment to a specific geographic location.
Corps members live in a "Corps Camp," which is "the facility or central location established as the operational headquarters and
boarding place for particular Corps units." n69 Corps camp living means residency in closely compacted, carefully supervised group
quarters occupied by permanently assembled crews of people:
The Corps shall be divided into permanent units. Each Corps member shall be assigned to a unit.
[*756] ... The designated leader shall accompany the unit throughout the period of agreed service of the members of the unit.
... The units of the Corps shall be grouped together as appropriate in camps for operational, support, and boarding purposes. The Corps
camp for a unit shall be in a facility or central location established as the operational headquarters and boarding place for the unit.
Corps members may be housed in the camps. n70
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K LINK BIOPOWER
FOUCAULT / POPULATION LINK***
Clinton views the Corps as an organic and growing means by which he can perpetuate his political vision and influence far beyond
the confines of his own stay in the Presidential office. n172 [*779] However, some judges have noticed that "'an essential element
in maintaining a system of limited government'" against authoritarianism is to prevent the kind of "'massive state involvement with
mediating institutions that would invest the capacity to influence powerfully, through socialization, the future outcomes of... political
processes.'" n173 Some "ideas touching the relation [*780] between individual and state [are]...wholly different from those upon
which our institutions rest," and the Supreme Court has noted there are some systems of social order that no legislative body could
impose upon the people "without doing violence to both the letter and spirit of the Constitution." n174 Oddly, legal scholars and
judges have paid little attention to the fact that the Supreme Court's analysis seems to have substantial support in the position of the
Framers themselves; it is clear from the writings of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and James Madison that the Framers (1) were
familiar with the Platonic model for social order and (2) rejected that model because they considered it odious and irreconcilable with
the United States constitutional system of ordered liberty based upon their own presuppositions. n175
[*782] Left to themselves, "individuals tend to choose activities congruent with salient aspects of their identities, and they support
the institutions embodying those identities." n176
Identification also may engender internalization of, and adherence to, group values and norms and homogeneity in attitudes and
behavior. Just as the social classification of others engenders stereotypical perceptions of them, so too does the classification of
oneself and subsequent identification engender the attribution of prototypical characteristics to oneself... This self-stereotyping
amounts to depersonalization of the self (i.e., the individual is seen to exemplify the group), and it increases the perceived
similarity with other group members and the likelihood of conformity to group norms. n177
"The self-stereotyping occasioned by psychological grouping causes one to expect attitudinal and perceptual agreement with group
members, such that disagreement triggers doubt and, in turn, attitudinal/perceptual change." n178 A change in identity can lead to a
change in political behavior. n179
[*783] Unfortunately community service has often been used as an effective means for encouraging political docility to
government authoritarianism; it makes some sense to control a population by using carefully supervised, simple, timeconsuming, labor-intensive activities that yield easily measurable results. n180 Authoritarians encourage populations of
mixed demographic groups, because the internal differences reduce the risk of an effective challenge by the population to the
central authority. n181 The "doomsday" scenario of government overreaching would contemplate the possibility of the
National Service Corps becoming a standing domestic military force that requires all young men and women to engage in law
enforcement and domestic peace-keeping missions. n182 Local school programs that increasingly engulf the entire life experience
of students n183 can be linked to the long-term evolution of national service, a process that is already beginning to occur even
at the elementary school level n184 through explicit design. n185
[*784] In addition to the government-funded mass socialization n186 of voters and future voters, there may also eventually be
problems related to the unethical political use of Corps information databases for advantage in political campaigns. n187
Additionally, campaign finance and/or influence-peddling issues may arise in conjunction with how Corps resources are deployed to
serve particular special interest groups and/or strategic demographic/geographic political constituencies. n188 In the hands of an
unscrupulous politician, the Corps could eventually become a very potent tool for accomplishing illegitimate purposes.
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K LINK RACE
RACE K LINK
n145. The language of the statute does not mention race as a mandatory criteria for participation in the Corps. However, the statutory
scheme (1) consistently uses combinations of demographic criteria that narrow in on particular demographic communities without
identifying them by name, see, e.g., infra note 153 and accompanying text, (2) specifically mentions the importance of racial
classification, see, e.g., supra note 118, (3) earmarks a Native American tribe for one of the two initial Corps demonstration projects,
see infra note 147, and (4) exists against a general backdrop of a federal government with a history of micro-managing and/or
"experimenting" with minority communities such as Native-Americans and Japanese Americans, see infra notes 202, 203. Regardless
of the intent of those who advocate the National Service Corps scheme, the practical effect of the statute is to target minority
demographic populations for disparate impacts.
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K LINK AUTHORITARIANISM
K LINK
n173. Witte, supra note 44, at 239 (quoting People v. Bennett, 501 N.W.2d 106, 122 n.3 (Mich. 1993) (Riley, J., dissenting).
The prospect of government-facilitated reconstruction of the political base through the use of mediating institutions is not
hypothetical, it is real and is a tool of authoritarian practitioners bent on forcing the human mind. At various times, various
governments have openly acknowledged the fact that government-sponsored mediating institutions are being designed and used to
instill specific educational and socialization characteristics in youth so that the outcomes of political processes will be altered over
time and specific demographic groups will be targeted by facially "neutral" legal schemes. In the United States, for example, one of
the major arguments used to garner support for compulsory education in the mid-1800s was that (1) Catholic immigrants were a threat
to the (overwhelmingly Protestant) republic of the United States, and (2) compulsory education tailored to eliminate Catholic schools
was necessary to cleanse Catholic children of their subversive Catholic world view so that a Protestant religious world view could be
inculcated. See Libby Sternberg, History Sheds Light on Bars to School Choice, Insight, Jul. 28, 1997, at 28.
In Turkey, Muslims historically used the might of the government to forcibly inculcate an Islamic world view into the children of
conquered Christians. See Witte, supra note 44, at 244 n.208. Muslim families in Turkey now are discovering that their own religious
liberties are being denied by militant secularists who are using the same time-honored authoritarian tactic to promote an atheistic
world view. Militant secularists have leveraged control of the military to force the democratically-elected Turkish government to
change its education laws, forcing a more restrictive compulsory education scheme designed to cut enrollment in the popular (and
better performing) private Muslim schools, in spite of the fact that the move sparked angry demonstrations throughout Turkey. See
Zeynep Alemdar, Turkey Passes Pro-Secular Education Bill, San Juan Star, Aug. 17, 1997, at 40. This move was justified because "'no
country in the world would tolerate an education system which produced generations that were indeed enemies of the country's
system,'" id. at 40, and because "the [Muslim] academies... are producing an Islamic electoral base... [and are] growing so fast... that
academy graduates... would be enough to produce a landslide in the 2005 elections, enabling Islamists to rule without restraint by
secularist allies," Richard Boudreaux, Young Turks: Fundamentalists in Training?: Debate Over Role of Muslim Academies in
Mideast's Most Rigidly Secular State Pits Military Against Islamic Government, L.A. Times World Report (published in cooperation
with Korea Times), May 17, 1997, at 2. In light of this political technique, see supra note 172.
The danger of allowing the government to "punish the expression of some viewpoints while permitting the expression of opposing
viewpoints" is clear; fairness becomes impossible. See Danny J. Boggs, A Differing View on Viewpoint Discrimination, 1993 U. Chi.
Legal F. 45, 46. Peculiar institutions, if they are allowed to evolve without restraint, will inevitably harm peculiar peoples; see, e.g.,
Daniel 1:1-10 (King James) (discussing the removal of Hebrew youth by a Babylonian king in order to educate and socialize the youth
for service in the royal Babylonian governmental cadre); Mock Marriage Generates Protests, Daily Universe (Provo, Utah), Nov. 19,
1997, at 2 (parent decided to home educate her son after the school board for Star Hill Elementary near Dover, Delaware, refused by a
formal vote to stop a teacher from conducting mock same-sex marriage ceremonies in her class that involved pairing second-grade
students in "the "wedding of friends'").
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K LINK? WOMEN IN THE MILITARY
IT SAYS WOMEN
The involvement of women in the regular military, and the involvement of women in the Maryland public schools that already have
mandated service for graduation as part of the National Service Initiative, n86 suggests that if national service with the National
Service Corps were to be made mandatory on a national scale, the logic of "equal protection" could be utilized to compel (as opposed
to merely permit) women as well as men to [*759] participate in the draft. n87 Indeed, Clinton has repeatedly identified a
conceptual nexus between women serving in the military and women serving in the National Service Corps. n88
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ECON AT COST BENEFIT RATIO TURN
HIGH COST BENEFIT RATIOS DO NOT CORRELATE WITH ECONOMIC EFFECTIVENESS THE EFFECT IS
STILL INSIGNIFICANT
Early program evaluations of three AmeriCorps projects calculated benefit-cost ratios of 1.54 to 2.60, numbers that have been touted
as indicative of the success of the program in addressing social needs in a cost-effective manner. n48 It is not clear, however, that
these numbers are terribly helpful in assessing AmeriCorps's effectiveness as a service-delivery strategy. In particular, much of the
calculated excess of benefits over costs comes from high estimated returns to AmeriCorps tuition vouchers. Subsidizing education for
persons similar to AmeriCorps volunteers through education awards, under the assumption that the subsidies are necessary and
sufficient for the volunteers to continue their education and so increase their lifetime earnings, can yield a high benefit-cost ratio. This
result justifies programs that encourage people to go to school, but says nothing about the effectiveness of AmeriCorps volunteers in
helping others. Including wages paid to participants as "participant benefits" as well as costs, and counting the shortfall between
stipends and market wages as a psychic benefit received by the volunteer, are debatable accounting techniques that, like the education
award, focus cost-benefit numbers on the volunteers' outcomes rather than on service delivery. In short, these studies do not provide
[*25] definitive information about the effectiveness of social service provision through AmeriCorps volunteers.
However effective AmeriCorps may be, its labor force is small in comparison to the efforts of unpaid volunteers. In comparison to
roughly 100,000 volunteers having served in AmeriCorps, the 15.7 billion hours volunteered annually by American adults are the
equivalent of about eight million full-time workers. n49
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ECON SPENDING LINK
INCREASES IN AMERICORPS FUNDING UNDERMINES FISCAL DISCIPLINE WHICH SPILLS OVER
REIDL 2-8-2005 FEDERAL BUDGETARY AFFAIRS @ HERITAGE, PRESIDENTS BUDGET A SOLID STEP TO REIGN
IN SPENDING http://www.heritage.org/Research/Budget/wm659.cfm
President Bushs fiscal year 2006 budget proposal is a strong step towards getting the budget back under control. Budgets are
about setting priorities, and President Bush prioritizes national security by providing the Defense Department with a 4 percent budget
increase, while saving $20 billion by eliminating or vastly reducing nearly 150 outdated and wasteful programs. The Presidents next
step should be to demand that Congress work within this budget framework or face vetoes on excess spending.
Click here for a summary of the President's FY 2006 budget proposal.
Positives
1. Freezing non-defense discretionary spending. The Presidents budget holds non-defense discretionary even with last year in
order to fund priorities like defense and homeland security. Tough decisions are necessary in order to rein in spending growth, and
establishing budget priorities is a necessary component. Trade-offs must be made in this process, and non-priority programs should
not receive additional budget increases. So President Bush proposes freezing this portion of the budget in 2006. Money saved from
failed programs will fund spending increases for worthy programs.
2. Eliminating or strongly reducing nearly 150 programs. Washington has been running many of the same outdated and wasteful programs for decades. It is
time for lawmakers to modernize the budget and close down outdated agencies that consume tax dollars while providing few benefits. A case in point is the Advanced
Technology Program (ATP), which has lavished hundreds of millions of dollars in subsidies on wealthy Fortune 500 companies. President Bush is wise to call for
eliminating ATP and similarly unnecessary programs.
3. Reforming farm subsidies. Farm subsidies are Americas largest corporate welfare program, with two-thirds of all subsidies paid to just 10 percent of all
farms and agribusinesses. President Bushs proposal to reduce subsidies and tighten subsidy limits for large agribusinesses will save $8 billion over the decade.[1]
4. Making the tax cuts permanent. Tax revenues are now growing 9 percent annually in part because the 2001 and 2003 tax relief laws increased incentives to
work, save, and invest. Uncertainty about whether the tax cuts will expire makes it difficult for entrepreneurs to plan future investments. Letting the tax cuts expire
would harm businesses, families, and the economy, and history shows that any new revenues would likely be allocated to new spending rather than deficit reduction.
Challenges
1.
Medicare. Medicare spending is projected by leap $91 billion over the next two next years, from $290 billion to $381 billion. Such large increases, which chiefly
result from the new Medicare drug benefit, are unsustainable. A positive first reform would be replacing the Medicare drug benefit with the drug discount card that is
currently in place until 2006. This discount drug would assist needy seniors at a small fraction of the current drug benefits cost.[2]
2.
Other entitlement costs. It will be nearly impossible to constrain future spending and trim the deficit unless entitlement spending is streamlined. While the fiscal
year 2006 budget provides a strong second step by calling for the elimination of small, outdated programs, this momentum must be followed by reforms to Social
Security, Medicare, and Medicaid.
3.
Exclusion of certain costs. The Presidents budget excludes the costs of future Iraq supplemental bills and adjusting the Alternative Minimum Tax. These
necessary costs should be included in budget projections to provide a clearer picture of the budgetary challenges that lie ahead.
Conclusion
President Bush has proposed a lean budget that continues the process of reining in spending he started last year. While the President
asks lawmakers to accept reforms in many of their favored programs, he leads by example by offering to reduce spending on some
of his own favorite programs, like AmeriCorps. Many lawmakers have been very critical of recent spending and budget deficit
trends. They now have the opportunity to step up to the plate and join the President in reducing runaway spending.
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ECON EFFICIENCY LINK
GOVERNMENT SPENDING ON NATIONAL SERVICE UNDERMINES TAX REVENUES AND INDEPENDENTLY
DESTROYS PARTICIPATION LEVELS
Critics of nationalized government management of the nonprofit sector argue that the concept will (1) lead to wasteful use of tax
revenue and economic inefficiency, (2) actually harm and homogenize the private nonprofit sector, and (3) lead to a net reduction in
the total mixture of quantity and quality of volunteer service activity. Although there is apparently a current dearth of data sufficient
and reliable enough to make a conclusive empirical characterization of The National Service Initiative with respect to the above
impacts, the theories that have emerged are clear and are deserving of more careful attention.
One can argue that there is only a limited amount of time, labor, and financial resources that a society, at any given level of economic
and technological proficiency, can contribute to volunteerism on a sustainable basis (even if there is a desire by society and each
individual to maximize total volunteer activity). n228 Inevitably, various nonprofit and religious programs under a nationalized
nonprofit system will find themselves competing for resources absorbed and redistributed by the federal national service program,
n229 since a nationalized system concen [*799] trates all instruments of economic capital (including human intellectual capital) into
the hands of the state. n230 Some critics therefore disagree with Clinton's characterization of compensated activity as a "service,"
n231 and believe that the use of free market mechanisms n232 is a more efficient way to distribute nonprofit economic resources,
and to avoid bloated government bureaucracy. n233
[*800] House Speaker Newt Gingrich is an example of one prominent politician who has expressed concern about the possibility that
the National Service Initiative will result in government "burning up the oxygen" (i.e., financial and human resources) that private
nonprofit organizations need to maintain healthy and functional independent operations. n234 Clinton himself has tip-toed
delicately around the question of why the National Service Initiative required a statute to protect the labor market from being
undermined by large-scale government-sponsored activity, while the Initiative at the same time did not require that nonprofit
institutions be afforded similar protection against damage resulting from government encroachment in their domain. n235
[*801] It is possible that private nonprofit programs, however, will face pressure from some potential donors and volunteers to seek
and accept federal aid, and that fiscal shortfalls may eventually occur if National Service became a large enough movement; many
people could eventually refuse to donate to private nonprofits on the theory that they "already donate" to charity through government
taxation. n236 Additionally, many potential youth (and adult) volunteers will be diverted from independent nonprofit volunteer
programs over time, because the youth will [*802] be enticed or compelled into participation in the federal national service scheme.
Potential participants for such traditional (and entirely voluntary) adolescent nonprofit programs as Girl Scouting, Boy Scouting, 4-H,
and religious proselytizing organizations may, over time, become increasingly depleted in numbers and manifest reduced energy and
enthusiasm, especially if the national service becomes widespread and/or mandatory in the same fashion as it is in other countries.
n237
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AMERICORPS VAGUENESS IMPACT EDUCATION
VAGUENESS IMPACT AMERICORPS EDUCATION
Of all the initiatives and programs that President Bill Clinton has supported during his Administration, the National Service Corps
n1 (sometimes referred to as "AmeriCorp," but here [*742] inafter also referred to as "the Corps") is arguably the program that the
President regards as the most important and personally fulfilling, n2 as well as the most historically significant. n3 The National
Service Corps organization is somewhat unique in that every aspect of the institutional design is spelled out in minute [*743] detail
by statute. n4 Although national service and the Corps have been widely discussed and debated in the political arena and in
the media, those discussions have generally been conducted at a broad level of analysis. Little effort has been made to describe, in
an accessible and scholastically documented manner, how the Corps is structured and what the Corps is designed to accomplish . Such
analysis is important because the National Service Corps could have a profound and tangible monetary and organizational
impact on scores of nonprofit organizations, educational institutions, governmental entities, neighborhoods, ethnic groups, and
religious proselytizing programs.
108

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AMERICORPS AFF 15/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 16/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 17/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 18/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 19/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 20/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 21/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 22/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 23/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 24/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 25/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 26/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 27/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 28/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6

AMERICORPS AFF 29/2

CAL DEBATE 2K6