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  • Nonviolence Kritik 1NC Answers Common Objections

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    This document contains a nonviolence kritik against affirming violence. It argues that focusing solely on what governments should do to end violence absolves individuals of responsibility for violence in the world. Specifically, it contends we must analyze the specific and differential responsibilities of individuals in diverse situations rather than viewing responsibility as collective or diffuse. Decisions to unleash violence are made by those in power, and we should hold them accountable without diminishing individual responsibility through claims of collective responsibility.

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    This document contains a nonviolence kritik against affirming violence. It argues that focusing solely on what governments should do to end violence absolves individuals of responsibility for violence in the world. Specifically, it contends we must analyze the specific and differential responsibilities of individuals in diverse situations rather than viewing responsibility as collective or diffuse. Decisions to unleash violence are made by those in power, and we should hold them accountable without diminishing individual responsibility through claims of collective responsibility.

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    87 vues63 pages

    Nonviolence Kritik 1NC Answers Common Objections

    Transféré par

    IM
    This document contains a nonviolence kritik against affirming violence. It argues that focusing solely on what governments should do to end violence absolves individuals of responsibility for violence in the world. Specifically, it contends we must analyze the specific and differential responsibilities of individuals in diverse situations rather than viewing responsibility as collective or diffuse. Decisions to unleash violence are made by those in power, and we should hold them accountable without diminishing individual responsibility through claims of collective responsibility.

    Droits d'auteur :

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme DOC, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 63

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Nonviolence Kritik Index 1/2


    Nonviolence Kritik Index 1/2..............................................................................................1 Nonviolence Kritik 1NC......................................................................................................3 Nonviolence Kritik 1NC......................................................................................................4 Nonviolence Kritik 1NC......................................................................................................5 Nonviolence Kritik 1NC......................................................................................................6 Nonviolence Kritik 1NC......................................................................................................7 _______................................................................................................................................8 **Links................................................................................................................................8 Link !ositive !e"ce 2NC ................................................................................................# Link !ositive !e"ce 2NC ..............................................................................................1$ Link !ositive !e"ce 2NC ..............................................................................................11 Link %cienti&ic '()ectivit*.............................................................................................12 Link +"r ,e-resent"tions .............................................................................................13 Link .eterrence ............................................................................................................14 Link ,ede/-tive 0iolence ...........................................................................................15 Link 0iolence ................................................................................................................16 Link %el& .e&ense .........................................................................................................17 _________..........................................................................................................................18 **I/-"cts...........................................................................................................................18 I/-"ct 1xtern"li2"tion 3"d............................................................................................1# I/-"ct Individ4"l Co/-licit*........................................................................................2$ I/-"ct 1xtinction...........................................................................................................21 I/-"ct 1xtinction...........................................................................................................22 I/-"ct 1xtinction ..........................................................................................................23 526 0iolence %olves*........................................................................................................24 526 !er/*..........................................................................................................................24 0iolence Le"ds to 0iolence...............................................................................................25 0iolence Le"ds to 0iolence...............................................................................................26 ____________....................................................................................................................27 **5ltern"tives....................................................................................................................27 5ltern"tive %olvenc* .....................................................................................................28 5ltern"tive %olvenc* .....................................................................................................2# 5ltern"tive 1/-iric"l %olvenc*.....................................................................................3$ 5ltern"tive 1/-iric"l %olvenc*.....................................................................................31 5ltern"tive %olvenc* .....................................................................................................32 5ltern"tive 7lo("li2"tion 8ro/ 3elo9..........................................................................33 5ltern"tive .issent %olves..............................................................................................34 5ltern"tive %olves C"-it"lis/ .......................................................................................35 5ltern"tive %olves C"-it"lis/ .......................................................................................36 526 0iolence Inevit"(le.....................................................................................................37 52 !er/.............................................................................................................................38 52 !er/.............................................................................................................................3# 52 !er/.............................................................................................................................4$ 52 !er/.............................................................................................................................41

    -1-

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    52 !er/.............................................................................................................................42 52 5ction 7ood.................................................................................................................43 ____________....................................................................................................................44 **8r"/e9ork.....................................................................................................................44 8r"/e9ork.........................................................................................................................45 8r"/e9ork 52 +ron: 8or4/........................................................................................46 8r"/e9ork ;4estion 5ss4/-tions................................................................................47 ,e-resent"tions o& 0iolence Ke*.......................................................................................48 _______________..............................................................................................................5$ **52 588 5ns9ers...........................................................................................................5$ 52 !"ci&is/ 1sc"l"tion ................................................................................................51 526 %o/e 0iolence is ok ..................................................................................................52 ______________................................................................................................................53 **588 5ns9ers.................................................................................................................53 0iolence 7ood...................................................................................................................54 0iolence %o/eti/es <4sti&ied............................................................................................55 !"ci&is/ &"ils = l"9 is violent............................................................................................56 Civil .iso(edience 8"ils....................................................................................................57 Civil .iso(edience 3"d.....................................................................................................58 Civil .iso(edience 3"d.....................................................................................................5# !"ci&is/ C"4ses 0iolence..................................................................................................6$ 0iolence C"4ses C>"n:e....................................................................................................61 Non?0iolence <4sti&ies 7enocide......................................................................................62

    -2-

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Nonviolence Kritik 1NC


    The affirmatives locatio of viole ce as somethi ! e"ter al a#solves $s of o$r o% res&o si#ilit' for the ma ' e"&ressio s of viole ce i the %orl() *$estio s a#o$t %hat the !over me t sho$l( (o erase +$estio s a#o$t %hat %e sho$l( (o a ( e s$re viole ce co ti $es) %4s"nne Ka&&eler@ 5ssoci"te !ro& A 5l?5k>"9"*n Bniversit*@ C>e +ill to 0iolence6 C>e !olitics o& !erson"l 3e>"vior@ 1#,-@ -:. 1$?11
    D+e "re t>e 9"rE does not /e"n t>"t t>e res-onsi(ilit* &or " 9"r is s>"red collectivel* "nd di&&4sel* (* "n entire societ* 9>ic> 9o4ld (e eF4iv"lent to exoner"tin: 9"rlords "nd -olitici"ns "nd -ro&iteers or@ "s Blric> 3eck s"*s@ 4->oldin: t>e notion o& collective irres-onsi(ilit*1@ 9>ere -eo-le "re no lon:er >eld res-onsi(le &or t>eir "ctions@ "nd 9>ere t>e conce-tion o& 4nivers"l res-onsi(ilit* (eco/es t>e eF4iv"lent o& " 4nivers"l "cF4itt"l. 6 'n t>e contr"r*@ t>e o()ect is -recisel* to "n"l*2e t>e s-eci&ic "nd di&&erenti"l res-onsi(ilities o& ever*one in t>eir diverse sit4"tions. .ecisions to 4nle"s> " 9"r "re indeed t"ken "t -"rtic4l"r levels o& -o9er (* t>ose in " -osition to /"ke t>e/ to co//"nd s4c> collective "ction. +e need to >old t>e/ cle"rl* res-onsi(le &or t>eir decisions "nd "ctions 9it>o4t lessenin: t>eirs (* "n* collective D"ss4/-tionE o& res-onsi(ilit*. Get o4r >"(it o& &oc4sin: on t>e st":e 9>ere t>e /")or dr"/"s o& -o9er t"ke -l"ce tends to o(sc4re o4r si:>t in rel"tion to o4r o9n s->ere o& co/-etence@ o4r o9n -o9er "nd o4r o9n res-onsi(ilit* le"din: to t>e =9ell?kno9n ill4sion o& o4r "--"rent D-o9erlessnessE "nd its "cco/-"n*in: ->eno/enon@ o4r so?c"lled -olitic"l disill4sion/ent. %in:le citi2ens? even /ore so t>ose o& ot>er n"tions = >"ve co/e to &eel sec4re in t>eir o(vio4s non? res-onsi(ilit* &or s4c> l"r:e?sc"le -olitic"l events "s@ s"*@ t>e 9"rs in Cro"ti" "nd 3osni"?Herce:ovin" or %o/"li" = since t>e decisions &or s4c> events "re "l9"*s /"de else9>ere. Get o4r insi:>t t>"t indeed 9e "re not res-onsi(le &or t>e decisions o& " %er(i"n :ener"l or " Cro"ti"n -resident tends to /isle"d 4s into t>inkin: t>"t t>ere&ore 9e >"ve no res-onsi(ilit* "t "ll@ not even &or &or/in: o4r o9n )4d:/ent@ "nd t>4s into 4nderr"tin: t>e res-onsi(ilit* 9e do >"ve 9it>in o4r o9n s->ere o& "ction. In -"rtic4l"r@ it see/s to "(solve 4s &ro/ >"vin: to tr* to see "n* rel"tion (et9een o4r o9n "ctions "nd t>ose events@ or to reco:ni2e t>e connections (et9een t>ose -olitic"l decisions "nd o4r o9n -erson"l decisions. It not onl* s>o9s t>"t 9e -"rtici-"te in 9>"t 3eck c"lls Dor:"ni2ed irres-onsi(ilit*E@ 4->oldin: t>e "--"rent l"ck o& connection (et9een (4re"4cr"tic"ll*@ instit4tion"ll*@ n"tion"ll* "nd "lso individ4"ll* or:"ni2ed se-"r"te co/-etences. It "lso -roves t>e ->eno/en"l "nd 4nF4estioned "lli"nce o& o4r -erson"l t>inkin: 9it> t>e t>inkin: o& t>e /")or -o9er/on:ers. 8or 9e tend to t>ink t>"t 9e c"nnot DdoE "n*t>in:@ s"*@ "(o4t " 9"r@ (ec"4se 9e dee/ o4rselves to (e in t>e 9ron: sit4"tionI (ec"4se 9e "re not 9>ere t>e /")or decisions "re /"de. +>ic> is 9>* /"n* o& t>ose not *et entirel* disill4sioned 9it> -olitics tend to en:":e in " &or/ o& /ent"l de-4t* -olitics@ in t>e st*le o& D+>"t 9o4ld I do i& I 9ere t>e :ener"l@ t>e -ri/e /inister@ t>e -resident@ t>e &orei:n /inister or t>e /inister o& de&enceJE %ince 9e see/ to re:"rd t>eir /e:" s->eres o& "ction "s t>e onl* 9ort>9>ile "nd tr4l* e&&ective ones@ "nd since o4r -olitic"l "n"l*ses tend to d9ell t>ere &irst o& "ll@ "n* F4estion o& 9>"t I 9o4ld do i& I 9ere indeed /*sel& tends to -eter o4t in t>e co/-"r"tive insi:ni&ic"nce o& >"vin: 9>"t is -erceived "s Dvirt4"ll* no -ossi(ilitiesE6 9>"t I co4ld do see/s -ett* "nd &4tile. 8or /* o9n "ction I o(vio4sl* desire t>e r"n:e o& "ction o& " :ener"l@ " -ri/e /inister@ or " 7ener"l %ecret"r* o& t>e BN &indin: ex-ression in ever /ore -rev"lent &or/4l"tions like DI 9"nt to sto- t>is 9"rE@ DI 9"nt /ilit"r* interventionE@ DI 9"nt to sto- t>is ("ckl"s>E@ or DI 9"nt " /or"l revol4tion.E7 D+e "re t>is 9"rE@ >o9ever@ even i& 9e do not co//"nd t>e troo-s or -"rtici-"te in so c"lled -e"ce t"lks@ n"/el* "s .r"k4liK s"*s@ in o4r non?co/-re>ensionE6 o4r 9illed re&4s"l to &eel res-onsi(le &or o4r o9n t>inkin: "nd &or 9orkin: o4t o4r o9n 4nderst"ndin:@ -re&errin: innocentl* to dri&t "lon: t>e ideolo:ic"l c4rrent o& -re&"(ric"ted "r:4/ents or less t>"n innocentl* t"kin: "dv"nt":e o& t>e "dv"nt":es t>ese o&&er. 5nd 9e D"reE t>e 9"r in o4r D4nconscio4s cr4elt* to9"rds *o4E@ o4r toler"nce o& t>e D&"ct t>"t *o4 >"ve " *ello9 &or/ &or re&4:ees "nd I donEtE o4r re"diness@ in ot>er 9ords@ to (4ild identities@ one &or o4rselves "nd one &or re&4:ees@ one o& o4r o9n "nd one &or t>e Dot>ersE. +e s>"re in t>e res-onsi(ilit* &or t>is 9"r "nd its violence in t>e 9"* 9e let t>e/ :ro9 inside 4s@ t>"t is@ in t>e 9"* 9e s>"-e Do4r &eelin:s@ o4r rel"tions>i-s@ o4r v"l4esE "ccordin: to t>e str4ct4res "nd t>e v"l4es o& 9"r "nd violence.

    -.-

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Nonviolence Kritik 1NC


    The affirmative is em#lematic of the c$rre t (eath (rive i here t viole t %orl( or(eri !) Their /ill to save me talit' le!itimi0es a ( ma/es &ossi#le the most viole t atrocities) 3o"vent4r" de 1a tos@ !ro& "t Bniv o& Coi/(r"@ 5-ril 2$2.@ LCollective %4icideJM@ 3"d %4()ects@ Iss4e N
    63 5ccordin: to 8r"n2 Hinkel"//ert@ t>e +est >"s re-e"tedl* (een 4nder t>e ill4sion t>"t it s>o4ld tr* to s"ve >4/"nit* (* destro*in: -"rt o& it. C>is is " s"lvi&ic "nd s"cri&ici"l destr4ction@ co//itted in t>e n"/e o& t>e need to r"dic"ll* /"teri"li2e "ll t>e -ossi(ilities o-ened 4- (* " :iven soci"l "nd -olitic"l re"lit* over 9>ic> it is s4--osed to >"ve tot"l -o9er. C>is is >o9 it 9"s in coloni"lis/@ 9it> t>e :enocide o& indi:eno4s -eo-les@ "nd t>e 5&ric"n sl"ves. C>is is >o9 it 9"s in t>e -eriod o& i/-eri"list str4::les@ 9>ic> c"4sed /illions o& de"t>s in t9o 9orld 9"rs "nd /"n* ot>er coloni"l 9"rs. C>is is >o9 it 9"s 4nder %t"linis/@ 9it> t>e 74l":@ "nd 4nder N"2is/@ 9it> t>e Holoc"4st. 5nd no9 tod"*@ t>is is >o9 it is in neoli(er"lis/@ 9it> t>e collective s"cri&ice o& t>e -eri->er* "nd even t>e se/i-eri->er* o& t>e 9orld s*ste/. +it> t>e 9"r ":"inst Ir"F@ it is &ittin: to "sk 9>et>er 9>"t is in -ro:ress is " ne9 :enocid"l "nd s"cri&ici"l ill4sion@ "nd 9>"t its sco-e /i:>t (e. It is "(ove "ll "--ro-ri"te to "sk i& t>e ne9 ill4sion 9ill not >er"ld t>e r"dic"li2"tion "nd t>e 4lti/"te -erversion o& t>e +estern ill4sion6 destro*in: "ll o& >4/"nit* in t>e ill4sion o& s"vin: it. %"cri&ici"l :enocide "rises &ro/ " tot"lit"ri"n ill4sion /"ni&ested in t>e (elie& t>"t t>ere "re no "ltern"tives to t>e -resent?d"* re"lit*@ "nd t>"t t>e -ro(le/s "nd di&&ic4lties con&rontin: it "rise &ro/ &"ilin: to t"ke its lo:ic o& develo-/ent to 4lti/"te conseF4ences. I& t>ere is 4ne/-lo*/ent@ >4n:er "nd de"t> in t>e C>ird +orld@ t>is is not t>e res4lt o& /"rket &"il4resI inste"d@ it is t>e o4tco/e o& /"rket l"9s not >"vin: (een &4ll* "--lied. I& t>ere is terroris/@ t>is is not d4e to t>e violence o& t>e conditions t>"t :ener"te itI it is d4e@ r"t>er@ to t>e &"ct t>"t tot"l violence >"s not (een e/-lo*ed to ->*sic"ll* er"dic"te "ll terrorists "nd -otenti"l terrorists. C>is -olitic"l lo:ic is ("sed on t>e s4--osition o& tot"l -o9er "nd kno9led:e@ "nd on t>e r"dic"l re)ection o& "ltern"tivesI it is 4ltr"?conserv"tive in t>"t it "i/s to re-rod4ce in&initel* t>e st"t4s F4o. In>erent to it is t>e notion o& t>e end o& >istor*. .4rin: t>e l"st >4ndred *e"rs@ t>e +est >"s ex-erienced t>ree versions o& t>is lo:ic@ "nd@ t>ere&ore@ seen t>ree versions o& t>e end o& >istor*6 %t"linis/@ 9it> its lo:ic o& ins4-er"(le e&&icienc* o& t>e -l"nI N"2is/@ 9it> its lo:ic o& r"ci"l s4-eriorit*I "nd neoli(er"lis/@ 9it> its lo:ic o& ins4-er"(le e&&icienc* o& t>e /"rket. C>e &irst t9o -eriods involved t>e destr4ction o& de/ocr"c*. C>e l"st one trivi"li2es de/ocr"c*@ dis"r/in: it in t>e &"ce o& soci"l "ctors s4&&icientl* -o9er&4l to (e "(le to -riv"ti2e t>e st"te "nd intern"tion"l instit4tions in t>eir &"vor. I >"ve descri(ed t>is sit4"tion "s " co/(in"tion o& -olitic"l de/ocr"c* "nd soci"l &"scis/. 'ne c4rrent /"ni&est"tion o& t>is co/(in"tion resides in t>e &"ct t>"t intensel* stron: -4(lic o-inion@ 9orld9ide@ ":"inst t>e 9"r is &o4nd to (e inc"-"(le o& >"ltin: t>e 9"r /"c>ine set in /otion (* s4--osedl* de/ocr"tic r4lers. 5t "ll t>ese /o/ents@ " de"t> drive@ " c"t"stro->ic >erois/@ -redo/in"tes@ t>e ide" o& " loo/in: collective s4icide@ onl* -revent"(le (* t>e /"ssive destr4ction o& t>e ot>er. !"r"doxic"ll*@ t>e (ro"der t>e de&inition o& t>e ot>er "nd t>e e&&ic"c* o& its destr4ction@ t>e /ore likel* collective s4icide (eco/es. In its s"cri&ici"l :enocide version@ neoli(er"lis/ is " /ixt4re o& /"rket r"dic"li2"tion@ neoconserv"tis/ "nd C>risti"n &4nd"/ent"lis/. Its de"t> drive t"kes " n4/(er o& &or/s@ &ro/ t>e ide" o& Odisc"rd"(le -o-4l"tionsO@ re&errin: to citi2ens o& t>e C>ird +orld not c"-"(le o& (ein: ex-loited "s 9orkers "nd cons4/ers@ to t>e conce-t o& Ocoll"ter"l d"/":eO@ to re&er to t>e de"t>s@ "s " res4lt o& 9"r@ o& t>o4s"nds o& innocent civili"ns. C>e l"st@ c"t"stro->ic >erois/@ is F4ite cle"r on t9o &"cts6 "ccordin: to reli"(le c"lc4l"tions (* t>e Non?7overn/ent"l 'r:"ni2"tion P1.5CC@ in London@ (et9een 48 "nd 26$ t>o4s"nd civili"ns 9ill die d4rin: t>e 9"r "nd in t>e t>ree /ont>s "&ter Qt>is is 9it>o4t t>ere (ein: civil 9"r or " n4cle"r "tt"ckRI t>e 9"r 9ill cost 1$$ (illion doll"rs@ eno4:> to -"* t>e >e"lt> costs o& t>e 9orldSs -oorest co4ntries &or &o4r *e"rs.

    -3-

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Nonviolence Kritik 1NC


    O$r alter ative is that %e sho$l( #e!i o$r i terro!atio s of viole ce %ith a local ref$sal to e (orse the viole ce of the affirmative) 4e sho$l( #ecome &eace #' ref$si ! the affirmative) O$r alter ative of local a al'sis is the o l' %a' to $ (ersta ( o$r o% com&licit' i the &ro($ctio of viole t %orl( or(ers) It &olitici0es the %a' %e thi /5 a ( he ce o&e s a s&ace for $ (ersta (i ! the %ill to viole ce that tra(itio al a al'ses of %hat %e o$!ht to (o ca ot) %4s"nne Ka&&eler@ 5ssoci"te !ro& A 5l?5k>"9"*n Bniversit*@ C>e +ill to 0iolence6 C>e !olitics o& !erson"l 3e>"vior@ 1#,-@ -:. 258
    I& 9e nevert>eless contin4e to ex-l"in violence (* its Dcirc4/st"ncesE "nd "tte/-t to co4nter it (* c>"n:in: t>ese circ4/st"nces@ it is "lso (ec"4se in t>is 9"* 9e st"* in co//"nd o& t>e -ro(le/. In -"rtic4l"r@ 9e do not co/-lic"te t>e -ro(le/ (* "n* s4::estion t>"t it /i:>t (e -eo-le 9>o need to c>"n:e. Inste"d@ 9e t4rn t>e -er-etr"tors o& violence into t>e victi/s o& circ4/st"nces @ 9>o "s victi/s (* de&inition c"nnot "ct sensi(l* Q(4t in c>"n:ed circ4/st"nces 9ill (e>"ve di&&erentl*. D +eE@ on t>e ot>er >"nd@ "re t>e s4()ects "(le to t"ke in >"nd t>e t"sk o& c>"n:in: t>e circ4/st"nces. 1ven i& c>"n:in: t>e circ4/st"nces = co/("tin: -overt*@ 4ne/-lo*/ent@ in)4stice@ etc. = /"* not (e e"s*@ it nevert>eless re/"ins 9it>in Do4rE sco-e@ "t le"st t>eoretic"ll* "nd (* /e"ns o& st"te -o9er. C>"n:in: -eo-le@ on t>e ot>er >"nd@ is neit>er 9it>in o4r -o9er nor@ it see/s@ 4lti/"tel* in o4r interest6 9e -re&er to kee- cert"in -eo-le 4nder control@ -4ttin: li/its on t>eir violent (e>"vio4r@ (4t 9e "--"rentl* >"ve no interest in "
    -olitics t>"t -res4--oses -eo-leEs "(ilit* to c>"n:e "nd "i/s "t c>"n:in: "ttit4des "nd (e>"vio4r. 8or c>"n:in: Q"s o--osed to restrictin:R ot>er -eo-leEs (e>"vio4r is (e*ond t>e r"n:e "nd in&l4ence o& o4r o9n -o9erI onl* t>e* t>e/selves c"n c>"n:e it. It reF4ires t>eir 9ill to c>"n:e@ t>eir 9ill not to "(4se -o9er "nd not to 4se violence.

    5 -olitics "i/in: "t " c>"n:e in -eo-leEs (e>"vio4r 9o4ld reF4ire -olitic"l 9ork t>"t is ver* /4c> /ore c4/(erso/e "nd ver* /4c> less -ro/isin: o& s4ccess t>"n is t>e 4se o& st"te -o9er "nd soci"l control . It 9o4ld reF4ire -olitic"l conscio4sness r"isin: -olitici2in: t>e 9"* 9e t>ink 9>ic> c"nnot (e i/-osed on ot>ers (* &orce or co/-4lsor* ed4c"tion"l /e"s4res . It 9o4ld reF4ire " vie9 o& -eo-le 9>ic> t"kes serio4sl* "nd reckons 9it> t>eir 9ill@ (ot> t>eir 9ill to violence or t>eir 9ill to c>"n:e. Co t"ke serio4sl* t>e 9ill o& ot>ers >o9ever 9o4ld /e"n reco:ni2in: oneEs o9n@ "nd -4ttin: -eo-leEs 9ill@ incl4din: o4r o9n@ "t t>e centre o& -olitic"l re&lection. 5 -olitic"l "n"l*sis o& violence needs to reco:ni2e t>is 9ill@ t>e -erson"l decision in &"vo4r o& violence not )4st to descri(e "cts o& violence@ or t>e conditions 9>ic> en"(le t>e/ to t"ke -l"ce@ (4t "lso to c"-t4re t>e /o/ent o& decision 9>ic> is t>e re"l i/-et4s &or violent "ction . 8or 9it>o4t t>is decision t>ere 9ill (e no violent "ct@ not even in circ4/st"nces 9>ic> -otenti"ll* -er/it it. It is t>e decision to viol"te@ not )4st t>e "ct itsel&@ 9>ic> /"kes " -erson " -er-etr"tor o& violence )4st "s it is t>e decision not to do so 9>ic> /"kes -eo-le not "ct violentl* "nd not "(4se t>eir -o9er in " sit4"tion 9>ic> 9o4ld nevert>eless -er/it it. C>is /o/ent o& decision@ t>ere&ore@ is "lso t>e loc4s o& -otenti"l resist"nce to violence. Co 4nderst"nd t>e str4ct4res o& t>inkin: "nd t>e criteri" (* 9>ic> s4c> decisions "re re"c>ed@ (4t "(ove "ll to re:"rd t>is decision "s "n "ct o& c>oice@ see/s to /e " necess"r* -recondition &or "n* -olitic"l str4::le ":"inst violence "nd &or " non? violent societ*.

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Nonviolence Kritik 1NC


    6aith i the i(ea that %e ca /ill i or(er to save %orse s the c'cle of viole ce) Re7ecti ! this i(ea is a act of o viole ce a ( reco! itio of o$r role as i (ivi($als a#le to ma/e 7$(!me t i o&&ositio to the !over me t) %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro& o& 3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?1#,3
    Poreover@ t>e discontented@ dissident voices t>"t t"ke 4- "r/s to o--ose t>e s*ste/ 4s4"ll* end (* stren:t>enin: it. 1"c> 4se o& violence &4rt>er le:iti/i2es violence "nd "&&ir/s its 4lti/"c*. 3* /"kin: violence t>e "ltern"tive o& Ol"st resort@O 9e ins4re its -l"ce "s t>e de&initive redee/er. In 9"r@ re:"rdless o& t>e victor@ t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ re/"ins t>e &4nd"/ent"l constr4ct &or t>e victorSs "4t>orit*. C>o4:> t>e -"rtic4l"r v"nt":e -oint o& t>e -o9er&4l /"* s>i&t "s " res4lt o& t>e str4::le &or -o9er@ t>e s*ste/ o& do/in"tion re/"ins in -l"ce. ,e:"rdless o& 9>et>er " str4::le ends 9it> -o9er s>i&tin: to t>e le&t or t>e ri:>t@ t>e :"/e re/"ins one o& control "nd -o9er over ot>er -eo-lesS lives. C>4s@ 9>et>er one re/"ins co/-licit 9it> t>e s*ste/ or t"kes 4- "r/s ":"inst it@ t>e s*ste/ -reserves its -o9er "nd t>e c*cle o& violence ret"ins t>e "--e"r"nce o& inevit"(ilit*. !eo-le (eco/e resi:ned to t>is see/in:l* inevit"(le "nd invinci(le s*ste/ o& do/in"tion. C>eir resi:n"tion@ in t4rn@ dr"ins "n* >o-es o& esc"-e. UC'NCINB1%V 0iolent o--osition to t>e do/in"tin: s*ste/ risks -er-et4"tin: -recisel* t>e s*ste/ it seeks to tr"nscend. O+>oever &i:>ts /onsters@O 9"rned Niet2sc>e@ Os>o4ld see to it t>"t in t>e -rocess >e does not (eco/e " /onster.O 8or t>e /ost -"rt@ 9>ere /ove/ents o& t>e o--ressed l"s> o4t "t t>e do/in"nt :ro4- t>e c*cle o& violence esc"l"tes "nd it ends (* eit>er destro*in: or &4rt>er /"r:in"li2in: t>"t /ove/ent in societ*@ or (* est"(lis>in: t>"t /ove/ent "s t>e ne9 o--ressor. 34t i& 9e sit -"ssivel* (*@ 9e (eco/e "ccessories (* o4r in"ction to t>e in)4stice o& t>e s*ste/. %o/e>o9@ 9e /4st s9i/ ":"inst t>e tide o& t>e c4rrent -"r"di:/ in "n e&&ort to &ind "not>er 9"* to o--ose t>is s*ste/. C>e -rinci-le o& nonviolence is :ro4nded in t>e i//or"lit* o& do/in"tion. +e "ssert t>is i//or"lit* 9it>o4t resortin: Q&or t>e /o/entR to stories "(o4t "(sol4te tr4t>s@ -r"ctic"l re"son"(leness@ or -r":/"tic -rinci-les &or s4--ort. +e need not "ddress t>ese iss4es to t"lk "(o4t t>e -"l-"(le e&&ects o& t>e s*ste/ "nd "ssert t>"t o4r lives need not incl4de t>ese e&&ects. Nonviolence@ or t>e reco:nition o& t>e ot>erSs essenti"l >4/"nit*@ -rovides " /et>odolo:* &or tr"ns&or/in: t>e c4rrent s*ste/ 9it>o4t si/-l* re-lic"tin: it6 it s>o9s t>e -ro/ise o& tr"nscendin: t>e c4rrent -"r"di:/. UC'NCINB1%V Pore recentl*@ t>e *e"r 1#8# 9itnessed t>irteen nonviolent revol4tions@ "ll (4t one o& t>e/ s4ccess&4l@ involvin: " t>ird o& t>e >4/"n r"ce. C>o4:> still in its in&"nc*@ nonviolence "s " /e"ns o& soci"l c>"n:e >"s "t l"st de/onstr"ted its vi"(ilit*. Nonviolence@ "s " -r"ctice@ "llo9s individ4"ls to en:":e t>e s*ste/ 9it>o4t 4lti/"tel* s4cc4/(in: to its /et>ods. In t>is sense@ nonviolence is less " /or"l edict t>"n it is " -r"ctic"l tool &or dis/"ntlin: t>e /ec>"nis/ o& do/in"tion. 5s de l" 3oetie -ointed o4t@ 9e "re t>e do/in"torSs e*es@ >"nds "nd &eetI t>e -o9er >e exerts is in t>e /*t> t>"t is intern"li2ed (* (ot> t>e do/in"ted "nd t>e do/in"tor. C>is is t>e so4rce o& t>e lever":e o& do/in"tion. C>e /*t> -rovides "n intention"l (lindness to9"rd t>e >4/"nit* o& t>ose t>e do/in"tor /4st s4--ress "s o()ects o& >is -o9er. C>e /*t> te"c>es t>"t t>ese o()ects "re inc"-"(le o& 9ieldin: t>e res-onsi(ilit* &or /"int"inin: order t>"t >"s (een t>r4st 4-on t>e do/in"tor (* virt4e o& >is -l"ce in societ*. C>e "cce-t"nce o& t>is stor* "s tr4e "nd n"t4r"l "llo9s &or its -er-et4"tion. 3* ex-osin: t>e /*t> "nd its s4--ortin: ideolo:* o& o()ecti&ic"tion "nd res4ltin: s4-eriorit*@ its -o9er ev"-or"tes like " /ir":e in t>e desert. C>e do/in"tor is &orced to co/e to ter/s 9it> t>e >4/"nit* o& t>e ot>er "s >e is no lon:er -rotected (* t>e stor* o& >is Ori:>t&4lO -osition. In t>e s"/e 9"* t>"t it is di&&ic4lt &or t>ose 9>o live in " t9o?di/ension"l 9orld to vis4"li2e " c4(e@ it c"n (e di&&ic4lt to conce-t4"li2e )4st >o9 nonviolence dis"r/s t>e do/in"tor. Poreover@ nonviolence >"s (een re-e"tedl* con&4sed 9it> nonresist"nce@ -"ssivit*@ "nd s4-ine "cce-t"nce o& 9ron:. <es4s told sever"l stories t>"t concretel* ill4str"te t>e -r"ctic"l e&&ects o& nonviolence "nd@ *et@ t>e -o-4l"r /isinter-ret"tion o& t>ese stories >"s led to /4c> o& t>e con&4sion (et9een -"ssivit* "nd nonviolence. 5n ex"/-le o& t>is is <es4sS te"c>in: "(o4t t4rnin: t>e ot>er c>eek. In t>e >istoric"l context o& t>is stor*@ <es4s 9"s not en)oinin: >is -e"s"nt "4dience to co/-o4nd in)4r* (* deli(er"tel* invitin: "ddition"l (lo9s. ,"t>er@ >e 9"s 4r:in: >is >e"rers to neit>er c"-it4l"te to evil@ nor o--ose it violentl*@ (4t to seek " t>ird 9"*. CONTIN8E19

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Nonviolence Kritik 1NC


    CONTIN8ED9 He t"4:>t@ OI& "n*one strikes *o4 on t>e ri:>t c>eek@ t4rn t>e ot>er "lso.O C>is re&ers@ not to " (lo9 9it> t>e &ist to t>e ri:>t c>eek Q9>ic> 9o4ld reF4ire 4se o& t>e le&t >"ndR@ (4t " ("ck>"nd. C>e ("ck>"nd 9"s not intended to in)4re ->*sic"ll* (4t -s*c>ic"ll*6 its -4r-ose 9"s to >4/ili"te@ de>4/"ni2e@ de/e"n@ "nd s>"/e "n 4-st"rt in&erior "nd re?insert s4c> " -erson into >is or >er soci"l role. It 9"s "d/inistered (* " s4-erior to "n in&erior6 /"ster to sl"ve@ >4s("nd to 9i&e@ -"rent to c>ild@ ,o/"n to <e9. OC4rnin: t>e ot>er c>eekO is "n "ct o& de&i"nce. C>e Oin&eriorO re&4ses to (e re?inserted into t>e in&erior role. 3* ->*sic"ll* t4rnin: t>e ot>er c>eek@ t>e o--ressed -erson cre"tes " lo:istic"l -ro(le/6 it is no9 i/-ossi(le to re-e"t t>e ("ck>"nd since t>e ot>erSs nose is no9 in t>e 9"*. QC>is scene c"n onl* (e &4ll* 4nderstood (* ->*sic"ll* de/onstr"tin: it.R 3ec"4se o& t>e %e/itic t"(oo ":"inst 4sin: t>e le&t >"nd@ t>e "::ressorSs onl* "ltern"tive is to "ct4"ll* strike " (lo9. 34t " (lo9 9it> t>e &ist 9o4ld est"(lis> t>e -"rties "s eF4"ls "nd destro* t>e do/in"torSs lever":e. <es4s is 4r:in: >is >e"rers@ 9>o "re "cc4sto/ed to s4c> tre"t/ent QOi& "n*one strikes *o4OR@ to re&4se to "cce-t it "n* lon:er@ t>4s &orcin: t>e do/in"tors to reco:ni2e t>e/ "s >4/"n (ein:s. He c>"llen:es t>e/ to re&4se to (e >4/ili"ted "n* lon:er. C>is &orced "ckno9led:/ent o& eF4"lit* is cert"inl* no 9"* to "void tro4(leI t>e /"ster or -"rent /"* res-ond 9it> " &lo::in:. 34t it (re"ks t>e c*cle o& do/in"tion (* "n "ct o& de&i"nce t>"t s>"tters t>e /*t> "nd c>"n:es t>e existin: -o9er rel"tions. UC'NCINB1%V C>e /*t> o& rede/-tive violence "nd do/in"tion is " t"le s-4n &ro/ invisi(le t>re"d. +e "re t"4:>t t>"t (iolo:ic"l evol4tion -re-"red 4s &or t9o res-onses to t>re"t6 &li:>t or &i:>t. 1it>er 9e s4(/it@ 9it>dr"9@ &lee@ s4rrender@ or 9e strike ("ck in kind. Nonviolence re-resents " t>ird 9"*@ neit>er -"ssive nor violent6 "ctive nonviolent resist"nce. <es4s@ t>ro4:> t>ese te"c>in:s@ ex>orted >is 4s4"ll* s4-ine >e"rers to sei2e t>e /or"l initi"tive "nd &ind " cre"tive "ltern"tive to violence. C>e s*ste/ is con&o4nded 9>en -eo-le re&4se to "cce-t t>eir "ssi:ned roles. <4st (* re&4sin: to sit in t>e ("ck o& " (4s@ ,os" !"rks c"t"l*2ed "n "v"l"nc>e o& soci"l c>"n:e in t>is co4ntr*. C>e -o9er&4l c"n (e &orced (* non?in)4rio4s coercive "ction to reco:ni2e "nd "ckno9led:e t>e >4/"nit* o& t>ose 9>o/ t>e* nor/"ll* s4--ress@ "nd@ in t>e -rocess@ recover t>eir o9n >4/"nit*. %i/il"rl*@ t>e c"-"cit* to reco:ni2e t>e >4/"nit* o& oneSs o--ressors Qlovin: oneSs ene/iesR /"kes it -ossi(le &or e"c> -"rt* to " con&lict to (e reconciled. Nonviolence is t>e onl* tr4l* vi"(le o-tion &or t>e -o9erless. +e sc"rcel* >"ve (e:4n to t"- t>e -o9er o& t>is "ncient (4t recentl* (4r:eonin: /et>od &or overco/in: do/in"tion. Colsto* 9rote P">"t/" 7"nd>i in 1#1$ st"tin: t>"t t>e non?violent resist"nce c"/-"i:n in %o4t> 5&ric" OWisX t>e /ost i/-ort"nt "ctivit* t>e 9orld c"n "t -resent t"ke -"rt in@ "nd in 9>ic> not C>ristendo/ "lone (4t "ll t>e -eo-le o& t>e e"rt> 9ill -"rtici-"te.O

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    _______ **Links

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Link Positive Peace 2NC


    A) The affirmative=s re&rese tatio s of %ar as a eve t lea( to crisis-#ase( &olitics5 %hich (estro's f$t$re activism) The i(ea that >&eace? is the &olar o&&osite of %ar (isa#les $s from challe !i ! state s&o sore( viole ce a ( militarism) Vote e!ative to re7ect the affirmatives re&rese tatio s of %ar as a eve t i or(er to e"ami e %ar as a co sta t &he ome o ) C>ris C$omo@ "ssist"nt -ro&essor o& ->iloso->* "nd 9o/enSs st4dies "t t>e Bniversit* o& Cincinn"ti@ H*-"ti"@ 8"ll 1,,:@ v11 n4 -3$Q16R
    !>iloso->ic"l "ttention to 9"r >"s t*-ic"ll* "--e"red in t>e &or/ o& )4sti&ic"tions &or enterin: into 9"r@ "nd over "--ro-ri"te "ctivities 9it>in 9"r. C>e s-"ti"l /et"->ors 4sed to re&er to 9"r "s " se-"r"te@ (o4nded s->ere indic"te "ss4/-tions t>"t 9"r is " re"l/ o& >4/"n "ctivit* v"stl* re/oved &ro/ nor/"l li&e@ or " sort o& >"--enin: t>"t is "--ro-ri"tel* conceived "-"rt &ro/ ever*d"* events in -e"ce&4l ti/es. Not s4r-risin:l*@ /ost disc4ssions o& t>e -olitic"l "nd et>ic"l di/ensions o& 9"r disc4ss 9"r solel* "s "n event ? "n occ4rrence@ or collection o& occ4rrences@ >"vin: cle"r (e:innin:s "nd endin:s t>"t "re t*-ic"ll* /"rked (* &or/"l@ instit4tion"l decl"r"tions. 5s >"--enin:s@ 9"rs "nd /ilit"r* "ctivities c"n (e seen "s /otiv"ted (* identi&i"(le@ i& co/-lex@ intentions@ "nd directl* en"cted (* individ4"l "nd collective decision?/"kers "nd ":ents o& st"tes. 34t /"n* o& t>e F4estions "(o4t 9"r t>"t "re o& interest to &e/inists ? incl4din: >o9 l"r:e?sc"le@ st"te?s-onsored violence "&&ects 9o/en "nd /e/(ers o& ot>er o--ressed :ro4-sI >o9 /ilit"r* violence s>"-es :endered@ r"ced@ "nd n"tion"listic -olitic"l re"lities "nd /or"l i/":in"tionsI 9>"t s4c> violence consists o& "nd 9>* it -ersistsI >o9 it is rel"ted to ot>er o--ressive "nd violent instit4tions "nd >e:e/onies ? c"nnot (e "deF4"tel* -4rs4ed (* &oc4sin: on events. C>ese iss4es "re not /erel* " /"tter o& :ood or ("d intentions "nd identi&i"(le decisions. In O7ender "nd S!ost/odernS +"r@O ,o(in %c>ott introd4ces so/e o& t>e 9"*s in 9>ic> 9"r is c4rrentl* (est seen not "s "n event (4t "s " -resence Q%c>ott 1##5R. %c>ott "r:4es t>"t -ost/odern 4nderst"ndin:s o& -ersons@ st"tes@ "nd -olitics@ "s 9ell "s t>e >i:>?tec> n"t4re o& /4c> conte/-or"r* 9"r&"re "nd t>e -re-onder"nce o& civil "nd n"tion"list 9"rs@ render "n event?("sed conce-tion o& 9"r in"deF4"te@ es-eci"ll* inso&"r "s :ender is t"ken into "cco4nt. In t>is ess"*@ I 9ill ex-"nd 4-on >er "r:4/ent (* s>o9in: t>"t "cco4nts o& 9"r t>"t onl* &oc4s on events "re i/-overis>ed in " n4/(er o& 9"*s@ "nd t>ere&ore &e/inist consider"tion o& t>e -olitic"l@ et>ic"l@ "nd ontolo:ic"l di/ensions o& 9"r "nd t>e -ossi(ilities &or resist"nce de/"nd " /4c> /ore co/-lic"ted "--ro"c>. I t"ke %c>ottSs c>"r"cteri2"tion o& 9"r "s -resence "s " -oint o& de-"rt4re@ t>o4:> I "/ not co//itted to t>e ide" t>"t t>e const"nc* o& /ilit"ris/@ t>e &"ct o& its o/ni-resence in >4/"n ex-erience@ "nd t>e -"4cit* o& "n event?("sed "cco4nt o& 9"r "re excl4sive to conte/-or"r* -ost/odern or -ostcoloni"l circ4/st"nces. C>eor* t>"t does not investi:"te or even notice t>e o/ni-resence o& /ilit"ris/ c"nnot re-resent or "ddress t>e de-t> "nd s-eci&icit* o& t>e ever*d"* e&&ects o& /ilit"ris/ on 9o/en@ on -eo-le livin: in occ4-ied territories@ on /e/(ers o& /ilit"r* instit4tions@ "nd on t>e environ/ent. C>ese e&&ects "re relev"nt to &e/inists in " n4/(er o& 9"*s (ec"4se /ilit"r* -r"ctices "nd instit4tions >el- constr4ct :endered "nd n"tion"l identit*@ "nd (ec"4se t>e* )4sti&* t>e destr4ction o& n"t4r"l non>4/"n entities "nd co//4nities d4rin: -e"ceti/e. L"ck o& "ttention to t>ese "s-ects o& t>e (4siness o& /"kin: or -reventin: /ilit"r* violence in "n extre/el* tec>nolo:i2ed 9orld res4lts in t>eor* t>"t c"nnot "cco//od"te t>e connections "/on: t>e const"nt -resence o& /ilit"ris/@ decl"red 9"rs@ "nd ot>er closel* rel"ted soci"l ->eno/en"@ s4c> "s n"tion"listic :lori&ic"tions o& /ot>er>ood@ /edi" violence@ "nd c4rrent ideolo:ic"l :r"vit"tions to /ilit"r* sol4tions &or soci"l -ro(le/s. 1t>ic"l "--ro"c>es t>"t do not "ttend to t>e 9"*s in 9>ic> 9"r&"re "nd /ilit"r* -r"ctices "re 9oven into t>e ver* &"(ric o& li&e in t9ent*?&irst cent4r* tec>nolo:ic"l st"tes le"d to crisis?("sed -olitics "nd "n"l*ses. 8or "n* &e/inis/ t>"t "i/s to resist o--ression "nd cre"te "ltern"tive soci"l "nd -olitic"l o-tions@ crisis?("sed et>ics "nd -olitics "re -ro(le/"tic (ec"4se t>e* distr"ct "ttention &ro/ t>e need &or s4st"ined resist"nce to t>e en/es>ed@ o/ni-resent s*ste/s o& do/in"tion "nd o--ression t>"t so o&ten &4nction "s :ivens in /ost -eo-leSs lives. Ne:lectin: t>e o/ni-resence o& /ilit"ris/ "llo9s t>e &"lse (elie& t>"t t>e "(sence o& decl"red "r/ed con&licts is -e"ce@ t>e -ol"r o--osite o& 9"r. CONTIN8E19

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Link Positive Peace 2NC


    CONTIN8E19 It is -"rtic4l"rl* e"s* &or t>ose 9>ose lives "re s>"-ed (* t>e s"&et* o& -rivile:e@ "nd 9>o do not re:4l"rl* enco4nter t>e re"lities o& /ilit"ris/@ to /"int"in t>is &"lse (elie&. C>e (elie& t>"t /ilit"ris/ is "n et>ic"l@ -olitic"l concern onl* re:"rdin: "r/ed con&lict@ cre"tes &or/s o& resist"nce to /ilit"ris/ t>"t "re /erel* exercises in crisis control. 5nti9"r resist"nce is t>en /o(ili2ed 9>en t>e Ore"lO violence &in"ll* occ4rs@ or 9>en t>e st"(ilit* o& -rivile:e is directl* t>re"tened@ "nd "t t>"t -oint it is di&&ic4lt not to res-ond in 9"*s t>"t /"ke resisters dro- "ll ot>er -olitic"l -riorities. Crisis?driven "ttention to decl"r"tions o& 9"r /i:>t "ct4"ll* kee- resisters co/-l"cent "(o4t "nd co/-licito4s in t>e :ener"l -resence o& :lo("l /ilit"ris/. %eein: 9"r "s necess"ril* e/(edded in const"nt /ilit"r* -resence dr"9s "ttention to t>e &"ct t>"t >orri&ic@ st"te?s-onsored violence is >"--enin: ne"rl* "ll over@ "ll o& t>e ti/e@ "nd t>"t it is -er-etr"ted (* /ilit"r* instit4tions "nd ot>er /ilit"ristic ":ents o& t>e st"te . Povin: "9"* &ro/ crisis?driven -olitics "nd ontolo:ies concernin: 9"r "nd /ilit"r* violence "lso en"(les consider"tion o& rel"tions>i-s "/on: see/in:l* dis-"r"te ->eno/en"@ "nd t>ere&ore c"n s>"-e /ore n4"nced t>eoretic"l "nd -r"ctic"l &or/s o& resist"nce. 8or ex"/-le@ investi:"tin: t>e 9"*s in 9>ic> 9"r is -"rt o& " -resence "llo9s consider"tion o& t>e rel"tions>i-s "/on: t>e events o& 9"r "nd t>e &ollo9in:6 >o9 /ilit"ris/ is " &o4nd"tion"l tro-e in t>e soci"l "nd -olitic"l i/":in"tionI >o9 t>e -erv"sive -resence "nd s*/(olis/ o& soldiers/9"rriors/-"triots s>"-e /e"nin:s o& :enderI t>e 9"*s in 9>ic> t>re"ts o& st"te?s-onsored violence "re " so/eti/es invisi(le/so/eti/es (old ":ent o& r"cis/@ n"tion"lis/@ "nd cor-or"te interestsI t>e &"ct t>"t v"st n4/(ers o& co//4nities@ cities@ "nd n"tions "re c4rrentl* in t>e /idst o& excr4ci"tin:l* violent circ4/st"nces. It "lso -rovides " lens &or considerin: t>e rel"tions>i-s "/on: t>e v"rio4s kinds o& violence t>"t :et l"(eled O9"r.O 7iven c4rrent 5/eric"n o(sessions 9it> n"tion"lis/@ :4ns@ "nd /iliti"s@ "nd :ro9in: >4n:er &or t>e de"t> -en"lt*@ -risons@ "nd " /ore -o9er&4l -olice st"te@ one c"nnot 4nderesti/"te t>e need &or ->iloso->ic"l "nd -olitic"l "ttention to connections "/on: ->eno/en" like t>e O9"r on dr4:s@O t>e O9"r on cri/e@O "nd ot>er st"te?&4nded /ilit"ristic c"/-"i:ns. I -ro-ose t>"t t>e const"nc* o& /ilit"ris/ "nd its e&&ects on soci"l re"lit* (e reintrod4ced "s " cr4ci"l loc4s o& conte/-or"r* &e/inist "ttentions@ "nd t>"t &e/inists e/->"si2e >o9 9"rs "re er4-tions "nd /"ni&est"tions o& o/ni-resent /ilit"ris/ t>"t is " -rod4ct "nd tool o& /4lti-l* o--ressive@ cor-or"te@ tec>nocr"tic st"tes.Q2R 5ll told@ incl4din: -e"ceti/e "ctivities "s 9ell "s t>e i//ense destr4ction c"4sed (* co/("t@ /ilit"r* instit4tions -ro("(l* -resent t>e /ost dr"/"tic t>re"t to ecolo:ic"l 9ell?(ein: on t>e -l"net. C>e /ilit"r* is t>e l"r:est :ener"tor o& >"2"rdo4s 9"ste in t>e Bnited %t"tes@ cre"tin: ne"rl* " ton o& toxic -oll4tion ever* /in4te@ "nd /ilit"r* "n"l*st <illi"n %keel cl"i/s t>"t@ O7lo("l /ilit"r* "ctivit* /"* (e t>e l"r:est 9orld9ide -oll4ter "nd cons4/er o& -recio4s reso4rcesO QF4oted in C>o/"s 1##5@ 5R. 5 convention"ll* -o9ered "ircr"&t c"rrier cons4/es 15$@$$$ :"llons o& &4el " d"*. In less t>"n "n >o4rSs &li:>t@ " sin:le )et l"4nc>ed &ro/ its &li:>t deck cons4/es "s /4c> &4el "s " Nort> 5/eric"n /otorist (4rns in t9o *e"rs. 'ne 8?16 )et en:ine reF4ires ne"rl* &o4r "nd " >"l& tons o& sc"rce tit"ni4/@ nickel@ c>ro/i4/@ co("lt@ "nd ener:*?intensive "l4/in4/ QC>o/"s 1##5@ 5R@ "nd nine -ercent o& "ll t>e iron "nd steel 4sed (* >4/"ns is cons4/ed (* t>e :lo("l /ilit"r* QC>o/"s 1##5@ 16R. C>e Bnited %t"tes .e-"rt/ent o& .e&ense :ener"tes 5$$@$$$ tons o& toxins "nn4"ll*@ /ore t>"n t>e 9orldSs to- &ive c>e/ic"l co/-"nies co/(ined. C>e /ilit"r* is t>e (i::est sin:le so4rce o& environ/ent"l -oll4tion in t>e Bnited %t"tes. '& 338 cit"tions iss4ed (* t>e Bnited %t"tes 1nviron/ent"l !rotection 5:enc* in 1#8#@ t>ree?F4"rters 9ent to /ilit"r* inst"ll"tions QC>o/"s 1##5@ 17R. C>e &e/ini2"tion@ co//odi&ic"tion@ "nd dev"l4"tion o& n"t4re >el-s cre"te " re"lit* in 9>ic> its destr4ction in 9"r&"re is e"sil* )4sti&ied. In i/":inin: "n et>ic t>"t "ddresses t>ese re"lities@ &e/inists c"nnot ne:lect t>e extent to 9>ic> /ilit"r* ecocide is connected@ conce-t4"ll* "nd -r"ctic"ll*@ to tr"nsn"tion"l c"-it"lis/ "nd ot>er &or/s o& >4/"n o--ression "nd ex-loit"tion. 0irt4"ll* "ll o& t>e 9orldSs t>irt*?&ive n4cle"r (o/( test sites@ "s 9ell "s /ost r"dio"ctive d4/-s "nd 4r"ni4/ /ines@ occ4-* N"tive l"nds QC>o/"s 1##5@ 6R. %ix /4ltin"tion"ls control one?F4"rter o& "ll Bnited %t"tes de&ense contr"cts QC>o/"s 1##5@ 1$R@ "nd t9o /illion doll"rs -er /in4te is s-ent on t>e :lo("l /ilit"r* QC>o/"s 1##5@ 7R. 'ne co4ld :o on &or vol4/es "(o4t t>e e&&ects o& c>e/ic"l "nd n4cle"r testin:@ /ilit"r*?ind4stri"l develo-/ent "nd 9"ste@ "nd t>e disr4-tion o& 9ildli&e@ >"(it"ts@ co//4nities@ "nd li&est*les t>"t "re inesc"-"(l* linked to /ilit"r* -r"ctices.

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Link Positive Peace 2NC


    B) 6oc$si ! o eve ts of %ar sile ces the o -!oi ! state-s&o sore( viole ce a!ai st o&&resse( !ro$&s5 the e viro me t5 a ( ho% the militar' viole tl' sha&es !e (ere(5 race(5 a ( atio alistic &olitical realities) This (estro's o$r a#ilit' to e"ami e the viole ce that &ermeates o$r societ' #' (isa#li ! challe !es to state s&o sore( viole ce a ( militarism5 %hich is the root ca$se of %ar a ( ma/es e"ti ctio i evita#le) Ist"v"n @es0aros@ LPilit"ris/ "nd Co/in: +"rs@M Pont>l* ,evie9@ <4ne 2$2.@
    >tt-6//999.&ind"rticles.co//c&_dls//1132/2_55/1$33835$4/-rint.)>t/l It is not &or t>e &irst ti/e in >istor* t>"t /ilit"ris/ 9ei:>s on t>e conscio4sness o& t>e -eo-le "s " ni:>t/"re. Co :o into det"il 9o4ld t"ke &"r too lon:. Ho9ever@ >ere it s>o4ld (e eno4:> to :o ("ck in >istor* onl* "s &"r "s t>e nineteent> cent4r* 9>en /ilit"ris/@ "s " /")or instr4/ent o& -olic* /"kin:@ c"/e into its o9n@ 9it> t>e 4n&oldin: o& /ode/ i/-eri"lis/ on " :lo("l sc"le@ in contr"st to its e"rlier?? /4c> /ore li/ited??v"rieties. 3* t>e l"st t>ird o& t>e nineteent> cent4r* t>e 3ritis> "nd 8renc> 1/-ires 9ere not t>e onl* -ro/inent r4lers o& v"st territories. C>e Bnited %t"tes@ too@ /"de its >e"v* i/-rint (* directl* or indirectl* t"kin: over t>e &or/er colonies o& t>e %-"nis> 1/-ire in L"tin 5/eric"@ "ddin: to t>e/ t>e (lood* re-ression o& " :re"t li(er"tion str4::le in t>e !>ili--ines "nd inst"llin: t>e/selves "s r4lers in t>"t "re" in " 9"* 9>ic> still -ersists in one &or/ or "not>er. Nor s>o4ld 9e &or:et t>e c"l"/ities c"4sed (* OIron C>"ncellorO 3is/"rckSs i/-eri"list "/(itions "nd t>eir "::r"v" ted -4rs4it l"ter on (* >is s4ccessors@ res4ltin: in t>e er4-tion o& t>e 8irst +orld +"r "nd its dee-l* "nt":onistic "&ter/"t>@ (rin:in: 9it> it HiderSs N"2i rev"nc>is/ "nd t>ere(* ver* cle"rl* &ores>"do9in: t>e %econd +orld +"r itsel&. C>e d"n:ers "nd i//ense s4&&erin: c"4sed (* "ll "tte/-ts "t solvin: dee-?se"ted soci"l -ro(le/s (* /ilit"ristic interventions@ on "n* sc"le@ "re o(vio4s eno4:>. i&@ >o9ever@ 9e look /ore closel* "t t>e >istoric"l trend o& /ilit"ristic "dvent4res@ it (eco/es &ri:>tenin:l* cle"r t>"t t>e* s>o9 "n ever :re"ter intensi&ic"tion "nd "n ever?incre"sin: sc"le@ &ro/ loc"l con&ront"tions to t9o >orrendo4s 9orld 9"rs in t>e t9entiet> cent4r*@ "nd to t>e -otenti"l "nni>il"tion o& >4/"nkind 9>en 9e re"c> o4r o9n ti/e.

    - 11 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Link Scientific Ob ectivit!


    E"&lai i ! viole ce i terms of scie tific o#7ectivit' shiel(s &erso al res&o si#ilit') Disc$ssi ! viole ce i terms of a chai of eve ts at$rali0es a ( %ashes the ha (s of the &er&etrators) %4s"nne Ka&&eler@ 5ssoci"te !ro& A 5l?5k>"9"*n Bniversit*@ C>e +ill to 0iolence6 C>e !olitics o& !erson"l 3e>"vior@ 1,#5@ -: 14
    %cienti&ic disco4rse@ too@ 9>ic> is one o& t>e /")or instr4/ents o& c4lt4r"l "nd ideolo:ic"l -o9er@ cert"inl* is no lon:er t>e -rero:"tive o& t>ose 9>o r4les "nd "d/inister societ* "ccordin: to t>eir 9ill "nd interests. 5 co/-"r"(le -se4do?scienti&ic st"nd-oint@ "(str"cted &ro/ "n* s-eci&icit* o& t>e "ct4"l sit4"tion@ incre"sin:l* c>"r"cteri2es t>e disco4rse o& individ4"ls incl4din: t>"t o& " critic"l o--osition 9>o t>en re:"rd t>e D-ro(le/s o& t>e 9orldE &ro/ " si/il"rl* lo&t* "nd lordl* vie9@ "rrivin: "t si/il"r sol4tions. %o?c"lled st"nd-ointlessness@ t>e o()ecti&*in: look &ro/ D"(oveE "nd Do4tside@E "nd its conco/it"nt s4()ectless s-eec> "re t>e tr"de/"rk o& "n* disc4rsivel* constr4cted "4t>orit*. 5nd since it is " s-eci"lit* o& scienti&ic disco4rse to "(str"ct "ction &ro/ its ":ents@ re-resentin: it "s Q":entlessR "cts@ it is onl* lo:ic"l t>"t t>is "ction too@ t>is -rod4ction o& kno9led:e"(le scienti&ic s-eec>@ is -resented "s "n "ct 9it>o4t "n ":ent@ " disco4rse 9it>o4t "n "4t>or@ " /onolo:ic"l s-eec> -rod4ct 9it>o4t " -rod4cer. <4st "s -4(lic disco4rse is t>e /"rket?-l"ce o& ind4stri"ll* -4(lis>ed disc4rsive -rod4cts@ so? c"lled -riv"te co//4nic"tion incre"sin:l* t"kes t>e &or/ o& "n exc>"n:e o& -erson"l s-eec> -rod4cts@ 9it> individ4"ls &i:>tin: e"c> ot>er (* /e"ns o& riv"lin: re-resent"tions in -re&erence to re"c>in: " co//on 4nderst"ndin:. P"n* " -olitic"l /eetin:@ se/in"r or convers"tion "/on: sever"l -eo-le (e"rs testi/on* to t>e &"ct t>"t@ >o9ever s/"ll t>is -4(lic "ren"@ it is seen "nd 4sed "s "n o--ort4nit* &or -4ttin: oneEs o9n -rod4cts on o&&er "nd "c>ievin: " victor* &or oneEs o9n re-resent"tion over "n* re"lit* to (e "n"l*2ed "nd "n* -eo-le involved in "n"l*2in: it. %cience is less concerned 9it> t>e F4estion o& -eo-leEs res-onsi(le "ction in t>e 9orld t>"n -ro&essedl* 9it> t>e -rinci-le o& c"4se "nd e&&ect in t>e re"lit* 9>ic> is t>e o()ect o& its st4d*? Dn"t4reE in t>e c"se o& t>e ori:in"l n"t4r"l sciences@ lon: since )oined (* Dc4lt4reE "nd Dsociet*E "s t>e o()ects o& t>e soci"l sciences. C"4se "re t>e o()ecti&ied i/-et4ses o& "ctions QDeventsE or D-rocessesER@ -resented 9it>o4t re:"rd to t>ese "s "ctions@ 9>ile e&&ects "re t>e o()ecti&ied conseF4ences o& t>ese. C>e c>"n:in: contin4it* o& "ction Qor " -rocess or eventR is se-"r"ted into its "--"rent (e:innin: "nd end@ " -oint o& de-"rt4re "nd " &in"l o4tco/e@ (et9een 9>ic> " connection@ " c"s4"l rel"tions>i-@ is t>en in&erred. 5 r"tion"l /or"lit*@ i& "n*@ derives &ro/ t>e ev"l4"tion o& e&&ects@ 9>ic> "re )4d:es "s :ood or ("d@ 4se&4l or >"r/&4l@ desir"(le or 4ndesir"(le@ ?? le"vin: "side &or t>e /o/ent (* 9>o/ "nd in 9>ose interests. 5 -olitic"l /or"lit* co4ld "lso (e derived &ro/ t>e conseF4ences o& "ction@ in ter/s o& t>e ":entsE res-onsi(ilit* &or t>e conseF4ences o& t>eir "ctions. Ho9ever@ t>e scienti&ic re-resent"tion o& t>e conseF4ences o& "ction "s /ere st"tes o& "&&"irs "s &"ct4"l e&&ects serves to ev"de s4c> res-onsi(ilit* "s e&&ectivel* "s once did /*t>olo:ic"l re-resent"tions o& destin* "s -reord"ined. 8or i& 9e det"c> t>e "ct &ro/ t>e -erson "ctin: "nd re:"rd its conseF4ences "s "n e&&ect@ -erson"l res-onsi(ilit* is no lon:er "n iss4e. 'n t>e contr"r*@ t>is e&&ect no9 c"lls &or t>e scienti&ic investi:"tion o& its c"4se. C>e c"4se@ "s 9e >"ve "lre"d* seen "nd s>"ll see ":"in "nd ":"in@ is never &o4nd in t>e res-onsi(ilit* o& conscio4sl* "ctin: -eo-le@ (4t in "n "rr"* o& correl"tin: &"ctors "nd contri(4tin: circ4/st"nces 9>ic> /"ke identi&*in: "n* -erson"l res-onsi(ilit* virt4"ll* i/-ossi(le. +>"t is o& "dv"nt":e to t>e r4lin: interests o& societ*@ >o9ever@ "lso >"s its "ttr"ction &or individ4"ls@ 9>o t>4s si/il"rl* seek to ev"de t>eir -erson"l res-onsi(ilit* (* /e"ns o& " scienti&ic re-resent"tion o& t>eir o9n "ctions "s t>e e&&ect o& " /ost co/-lic"ted set o& c"4ses.

    - 12 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Link "ar #e$resentations


    A#stracti ! %ar re&ro($ces viole ce C>ris <. C$omo@ "ssist"nt -ro&essor o& ->iloso->* "nd 9o/enEs st4dies "t t>e 4niversit* o& Cincinn"ti@ H*-"ti" %-eci"l Iss4es6 +o/en "nd 0iolence 0ol4/e 11 N4/(er 4@ 1,,:
    34t t>e "(str"ction o& t>e -"rtic4l"rities o& 9"r de-ends on "n "(str"ction o& 9"r itsel&. C>e dist"nce o& s4c> "(str"ction is cre"ted in -"rt (* 9illin:ness to t>ink o& 9"r 9it>o4t considerin: t>e -resence o& 9"r in O-e"ce&4lO ti/es. +"rs (eco/es conce-t4"l entities ? o()ects &or consider"tion ? r"t>er t>"n diverse@ >istoric"ll* lo"ded exe/-li&ic"tions o& t>e contexts in 9>ic> t>e* occ4r. In order to notice t>e -"rtic4l"r "nd individ4"l re"lities o& 9"r@ "ttention /4st (e :iven to t>e -"rtic4l"r@ individ4"l@ "nd context4"li2ed c"4ses "nd e&&ects o& -erv"sive /ilit"ris/@ "s 9ell "s t>e -"tterns "nd connections "/on: t>e/.

    - 1. -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Link %eterrence
    Deterre ce thro$!h force &er&et$ates the c'cle of viole ce %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro&essor o& 3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?1,,3
    C>e distinctive str4ct4re o& t>e /*t> is t>e victor* o& order over c>"os (* /e"ns o& violence. C>is /*t> served "s t>e ("sic ideolo:* o& " s*ste/ o& W*353X do/in"tion in 9>ic> t>e :ods &"vored t>e conF4erors. C>e lo9er c"stes existed to -er-et4"te t>"t -o9er "nd -rivile:e 9>ic> t>e :ods con&erred 4-on t>e kin: "nd@ in t4rn@ on t>e "ristocr"c* "nd -riest>ood. ,eli:ion 9"s "t t>e service o& t>e Kin:@ "s t>e :odSs re-resent"tive@ to le:iti/"te -o9er "nd -rivile:e. 5ccordin: to t>e /*t>@ "n* &or/ o& order is -re&er"(le to c>"os. '4rs is neit>er " -er&ect nor " -er&ecti(le 9orldI it is " t>e"ter o& -er-et4"l con&lict in 9>ic> t>e -ri2e :oes to t>e stron:. O!e"ce t>ro4:> 9"rO "nd Osec4rit* t>ro4:> stren:t>O "re t>e core convictions t>"t "rise &ro/ t>e /*t> o& rede/-tive violence. C>is -ri/ordi"l /*t> is &"r &ro/ &inis>ed. It is "s 4nivers"ll* -resent "nd e"rnestl* (elieved tod"* "s "t "n* ti/e in its lon: "nd (lood* >istor*. It is t>e do/in"nt /*t> o& t>e conte/-or"r* 9orld. It 4nder:irds -o-4l"r c4lt4re Qe.:. video :"/es@ co/ics@ c"rtoons@ 9esterns@ s-* t>rillers@ co- s>o9s@ co/("t /oviesR@ &orei:n -olic*@ /ilit"ris/@ telev"n:elis/ "nd n"tion"lis/. n46 It ens>rines " c4lt o& violence "t t>e ver* >e"rt o& t>e st"te.

    - 13 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Link #ede&$tive 'iolence


    The' &er&et$ate the m'th of re(em&tive viole ce5 f$eli ! the c'cle of (omi atio %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro&essor o& 3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?1,,3
    +>* do l"r:e /"sses o& t>e non?-rivile:ed s4(/it to do/in"tionJ +>*@ &or ex"/-le@ do (l4e?coll"r 9orkers@ 9>o "re "/on: t>ose victi/i2ed (* t>e r4lin: elite@ contin4e not onl* to s4--ort t>eir o--ressors (4t to (e "/on: t>eir /ost voci&ero4s &"nsJ C>e "ns9er is F4ite si/-le6 t>e -ro/ise o& s"lv"tion. C>e /*t> o& rede/-tive violence o&&ers s"lv"tion t>ro4:> identi&ic"tion 9it> P"rd4k "nd >is e"rt>l* re:ents. C>e v"l4es@ lo*"lties@ "nd "ss4/-tions o& t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ "re intern"li2ed not onl* (* its (ene&ici"ries (4t its victi/s. C>e /*t> o& rede/-tive violence -er/e"tes "ll levels o& o4r c4lt4re "nd ens4res "d>erents to t>e s*ste/. .o/in"tion "nd rede/-tive violence "re so ti:>tl* (o4nd to o4r -s*c>es ?? o4r identit*@ c4lt4r"ll* "nd individ4"ll* ?? t>"t it is not onl* di&&ic4lt to extric"te onesel& &ro/ its t"n:les@ (4t it is >"rd to di&&erenti"te t>e s*ste/ &ro/ t>e sel&. C>e r"-ist "nd t>e r"-ed@ t>e /"ster "nd t>e sl"ve@ "re "ll victi/s o& t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ "nd "re in /"n* 9"*s -o9erless to resist it. C>is does not exc4se t>e r"-ist or sl"ve o9ner "n* /ore t>"n :ro9in: 4- on t>e streets o& H"rle/ exc4ses " cr"ck de"ler. 34t exc4se "nd (l"/e "re not t>e iss4eI t>e*@ in &"ct@ &4el t>e c*cle o& do/in"tion. C>e iss4e is >o9 to &ind " 9"* o4t o& t>"t c*cle &or e"c> ?? (ot> t>e do/in"ted "nd t>e do/in"tor. +it>o4t li(er"tion &or (ot>@ t>e s*ste/ 9ill si/-l* contin4e to -er-et4"te do/in"tion.

    - 1- -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Link 'iolence
    Ever' $se of viole ce %orse s the c'cle of viole ce %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro&essor o& 3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?1,,3
    Poreover@ t>e discontented@ dissident voices t>"t t"ke 4- "r/s to o--ose t>e s*ste/ 4s4"ll* end (* stren:t>enin: it. 1"c> 4se o& violence &4rt>er le:iti/i2es violence "nd "&&ir/s its 4lti/"c*. 3* /"kin: violence t>e "ltern"tive o& Ol"st resort@O 9e ins4re its -l"ce "s t>e de&initive redee/er. In 9"r@ re:"rdless o& t>e victor@ t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ re/"ins t>e &4nd"/ent"l constr4ct &or t>e victorSs "4t>orit*. C>o4:> t>e -"rtic4l"r v"nt":e -oint o& t>e -o9er&4l /"* s>i&t "s " res4lt o& t>e str4::le &or -o9er@ t>e s*ste/ o& do/in"tion re/"ins in -l"ce. ,e:"rdless o& 9>et>er " str4::le ends 9it> -o9er s>i&tin: to t>e le&t or t>e ri:>t@ t>e :"/e re/"ins one o& control "nd -o9er over ot>er -eo-lesS lives. C>4s@ 9>et>er one re/"ins co/-licit 9it> t>e s*ste/ or t"kes 4- "r/s ":"inst it@ t>e s*ste/ -reserves its -o9er "nd t>e c*cle o& violence ret"ins t>e "--e"r"nce o& inevit"(ilit*. !eo-le (eco/e resi:ned to t>is see/in:l* inevit"(le "nd invinci(le s*ste/ o& do/in"tion. C>eir resi:n"tion@ in t4rn@ dr"ins "n* >o-es o& esc"-e.

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Link Self %efense


    Viole ce i self (efe se o l' &er&et$ates the c'cle of viole ce @LK@ .r. P"rtin L4t>er Kin:@ <r.@ 1,::. In I H"ve " .re"/@ ed. <"/es +"s>in:ton@ 1#86.
    Conditions "re s4c> &or Ne:roes in 5/eric" t>"t "ll Ne:roes o4:>t to (e &i:>tin: "::ressivel*. It is ?"s ridic4lo4s &or " Ne:ro to r"ise t>e F4estion o& sel&?de&ense in rel"tion to nonviolence "s it is &or " soldier on t>e ("ttle&ield to s"* >e is not :oin: to t"ke "n* risks. Heis t>ere (ec"4se >e (elieves t>"t t>e &reedo/ o& >is co4ntr* is 9ort> t>e risk o& >is li&e. C>e s"/e is tr4e o& t>e nonviolent de/oristr"tor. He sees t>e /iser* o& >is -eo-le so cle"rl* t>"t >e vol4nteers to s4&&er in t>eir (e>"l& "nd -4t "n end to t>eir -li:>t. 84rt>er/ore@ it is extre/el* d"n:ero4s to or:"ni2e " /ove/ent "ro4nd sel&?de&ense. C>e line (et9een de&ensive violence "nd "::ressive or ret"li"tor* violence is " &ine line indeed. +>en violence is toler"ted even "s " /e"ns o& sel&?de&ense t>ere is :r"ve d"n:er t>"t in t>e &ervor o& e/otion t>e /"in &i:>t 9ill (e lost over t>e F4estion o& sel&?de&ense. +>en /* >o/e 9"s (o/(ed in 1#55 in Pont:o/er*@ /"n* /en 9"nted to ret"li"te@ to -l"ce "n "r/ed :4"rd on /* >o/e. 34t t>e iss4e t>ere 9"s not /* li&e@ (4t 9>et>er Ne:roes 9o4ld "c>ieve &irst cl"ss tre"t/ent on t>e cit*Ss (4ses. H"d 9e (eco/e distr"cted (* t>e F4estion o& /* s"&et* 9e 9o4ld >"ve lost t>e /or"l o&&ensive "nd s4nk to t>e level o& o4r o--ressors. I /4st contin4e (* &"it> or it is too :re"t " (4rden to (e"r "nd violence@ even in sel&?de&ense@ cre"tes /ore -ro(le/s t>"n it solves. 'nl* " re&4s"l to >"te or kill c"n -4t "n end to t>e c>"in o& violence in t>e 9orld "nd le"d 4s to9"rd " co//4nit* 9>ere /en c"n live to:et>er 9it>o4t &e"r. '4r :o"l is to cre"te " (eloved co//4nit* "nd t>is 9ill reF4ire " F4"lit"tive c>"n:e in o4r so4ls "s 9ell "s " F4"ntit"tive c>"n:e in o4r lives.

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    _________ **I&$acts

    - 1< -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    I&$act (xternali)ation *ad


    8 (ersta (i ! viole ce as a a#erratio 5 or as a eve t that occ$rs o$tsi(e of the s&here of o$r &erso al i fl$e ce5 !$ara tees o$r com&licit' %ith co ti $e( viole t %orl( or(eri !s) %4s"nne Ka&&eler@ 5ssoci"te !ro& A 5l?5k>"9"*n Bniversit*@ C>e +ill to 0iolence6 C>e !olitics o& !erson"l 3e>"vior@ 1#,-@ -: 8?#
    0iolence = 9>"t 9e 4s4"ll* reco:ni2e "s s4c> = is no exce-tion to t>e r4les@ no devi"tion &ro/ t>e nor/"l "nd not>in: o4t o& t>e ordin"r*@ in " societ* in 9>ic> ex-loit"tion "nd o--ression "re t>e nor/@ t>e ordin"r* "nd t>e r4le. It is no /is(e>"vio4r o& " /inorit* "/id :ood (e>"vio4r (* t>e /")orit*@ nor t>e deeds o& in>4/"n /onsters "/id >4/"ne >4/"ns@ in " societ* in 9>ic> t>ere is no eF4"lit*@ in 9>ic> -eo-le divide ot>ers "ccordin: to r"ce@ cl"ss@ sex "nd /"n* ot>er &"ctors in order to r4le@ ex-loit@ 4se@ o()ecti&*@ ensl"ve@ sell@ tort4re "nd kill t>e/@ in 9>ic> /illions o& "ni/"ls "re tort4red@ :enetic"ll* /"ni-4l"ted@ ensl"ved "nd sl"4:>tered d"il* &or D>"r/lessE cons4/-tion (* >4/"ns. It is no error o& i4d:e/ent@ no /or"l l"-se "nd no tr"ns:ression ":"inst t>e c4sto/s o& " c4lt4re 9>ic> is t>oro4:>l* stee-ed in t>e v"l4es o& -ro&it "nd desire@ o& sel& re"li2"tion@ ex-"nsion "nd -ro:ress. 0iolence "s 9e 4s4"ll* -erceive it is Dsi/-l*E " s-eci&ic "nd to 4s still visi(le &or/ o& violence@ t>e consistent "nd lo:ic"l "--lic"tion o& t>e -rinci-les o& o4r c4lt4re "nd ever*d"* li&e. +"r does not s4ddenl* (re"k o4t in " -e"ce&4l societ*I sex4"l violence is not t>e dist4r("nce o& ot>er9ise eF4"l :ender rel"tions. ,"cist "tt"cks do not s>oot like li:>tnin: o4t o& " non?r"cist sk*@ "nd t>e sex4"l ex-loit"tion o& c>ildren is no solit"r* -ro(le/ in " 9orld ot>er9ise )4st to c>ildren. C>e violence o& o4r /ost co//onsense ever*d"* t>inkin:@ "nd es-eci"ll* o4r -erson"l 9ill to violence@ constit4te t>e conce-t4"l -re-"r"tion@ t>e ideolo:ic"l "r/"/ent "nd t>e intellect4"l /o(ili2"tion 9>ic> /"ke t>e Do4t(re"kE o& 9"r@ o& sex4"l violence@ o& r"cist "tt"cks@ o& /4rder "nd destr4ction -ossi(le "t "ll. UContin4esV D+e "re t>e 9"rE = "nd 9e "lso D"reE t>e sex4"l violence@ t>e r"cist violence@ t>e ex-loit"tion "nd t>e 9ill to violence in "ll its /"ni&est"tions in " societ* in so?c"lled D-e"ceti/eE@ &or 9e /"ke t>e/ -ossi(le "nd 9e -er/it t>e/ to >"--en.

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    I&$act Individ+al Co&$licit!


    Their a#stractio of viole ce is i a ( of itself viole t) Oversha(o%i ! i (ivi($al res&o si#ilit' for viole ce e acts a form of i(eolo!ical viole ce that %eaves viole ce i to the ver' fa#ric of o$r societ' a ( co scio$s ess) %4s"nne Ka&&eler@ 5ssoci"te !ro& A 5l?5k>"9"*n Bniversit*@ C>e +ill to 0iolence6 C>e !olitics o& !erson"l 3e>"vior@ 1#,-@ -:. 6?7
    C>is /e"ns en:":in: "lso 9it> t>e disco4rses 9>ic> constr4ct violence "s " ->eno/enon (4t o(liter"te t>e ":entEs decision to viol"te. '4r 4n9illin:ness to reco:ni2e t>e 9ill o& t>ose 9>o "ct violentl* "s t>eir 9ill to "ct violentl*@ o4r re"diness to exoner"te violent (e>"vio4r (* /e"ns o& s-4rio4s ex-l"n"tions@ not onl* (etr"*s o4r -ri/"r* identi&ic"tion 9it> t>e s4()ects o& violence "nd o4r l"ck o& solid"rit* 9it> t>e victi/s. It is itsel& "n "ct o& violence6 t>e exercise o& ideolo:ic"l violence@ o& t>e -o9er o& " disco4rse 9>ic> le:iti/"tes violence@ sti:/"ti2es t>e victi/s@ "nd tre"ts -eo-le not "s t>e ":ents o& t>eir o9n "ctions (4t "s /"teri"l &or QDo4rER soci"l -olic*. Ideolo:*@ >o9ever@ is not )4st /"de (* ot>ersI 9e "re "ll o& 4s s4()ects o& ideolo:* "s t>e -rod4cers o& o4r o9n t>inkin: "nd "s t>e reci-ients o& ot>er -eo-leEs disco4rse 4nless 9e resist s4c> ideolo:ic"l str4ct4res o& t>o4:>t "nd disco4rse in " contin4"l critiF4e o& ideolo:* itsel&. 5 decision to viol"te is not necess"ril* s*non*/o4s 9it> " decision to (e D("dE or to co//it "n in)4stice. ,"t>er@ 9e >"ve "t o4r dis-os"l str4ct4res o& t>o4:>t "nd "r:4/ent"tion 9>ic> /"ke s4c> " decision "--e"r r"tion"l@ )4sti&ied or even necess"r*. C>ese str4ct4res o& t>o4:>t "re dee-l* rooted in o4r ever*d"* t>inkin:6 t>e* "re -"rt o& t>e do/in"nt ideolo:*. +e 4se t>e/ in o4r d"il* decisions &or "ction "ctions 9>ic> "re not necess"ril* "cts o& (odil* in)4r* "nd /4rder@ o& "rson "nd l"rcen*@ "nd 9>ic> do not necess"ril* 4nle"s> " /")or 9"r@ (4t 9>ic> none t>e less "re "cts o& violence6 viol"tion o& t>e ri:>ts "nd inte:rit* o& ot>er -eo-le@ viol"tion o& t>eir di:nit* "nd -erson>ood@ s4--ression o& t>eir &reedo/ o& c>oice "nd t>eir sel&?deter/in"tion@ "cts o& o()ecti&ic"tion "nd o& ex-loit"tion "t ever* conceiv"(le level in ot>er 9ords@ 9"r@ on " s/"ll sc"le "nd ":"inst o4r ne"rest i& not o4r de"rest. +>"t is re/"rk"(le is t>"t t>is ever*d"* (e>"vior@ in so &"r "s it does not &"ll 9it>in t>e co/-etence o& cri/in"l l"9@ is >"rdl* t>e s4()ect o& " serio4s t>eoretic"l disc4ssion.4 Neit>er does it "ttr"ct ex-licit le:iti/"tionI r"t>er@ t>e violence o& ever*d"* (e>"vior dr"9s its le:iti/"c* &ro/ t>e 4(iF4it* o& s4c> (e>"vior in o4r societ* "nd t>e soci"l consens4s "(o4t it "s rel"tive D>"r/lessnessE co/-"red 9it> ot>er@ t>"t is@ reco:ni2ed &or/s o& violence. C>"t is to s"*@ ever*d"* (e>"vior t"kes its orient"tion &ro/ t>e tr"dition o& soci"l -r"ctice@ re-rod4cin: itsel& t>ro4:> reco4rse to t>e st"t4s F4o. It is so n"t4r"li2ed@ in &"ct@ t>"t it is not violent "ction 9>ic> "ttr"cts "ttention@ (4t "n* resist"nce to it6 le"vin: " violent rel"tions>i- or sit4"tions o& violence@ resistin: (4ll*in:@ -ress4re "nd (l"ck/"il@ re&4sin: to &i:>t ("ck.

    - 22 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    I&$act (xtinction
    Com&assio i the form of o viole ce &reve ts total a ihilatio P"tt>e9 6el(ma @ 5ssoci"te Lect4rer in Histor* in t>e %c>ool o& H4/"nities "t 'x&ord 3rookes@ LC>oose .e&initivel* 3et9een Hell "nd ,e"son@M 2222@
    >tt-6//999.(rookes."c.4k/sc>ools/>4/"nities/st"&&/>i/&-"-er6.>t/l +ere it not &or t>e st4((orn ex"/-les o& t>is t>ro4:>o4t >istor*@ I 9o4ld >"ve no i/-et4s to 9rite tod"*. 8ro/ t>e D!il:ri/":e o& 7r"ceE (* t>e -oor ":"inst Henr* 0III to t>e v"li"nt or:"nisin: o& t>e o--ressed in L"tin 5/eric"n co4ntriesI &ro/ 4nder:ro4nd r"ilro"ds in t>e 1#t> cent4r* 5/eric"n %o4t> "nd 2$t> cent4r* occ4-ied 14ro-e tr"ns-ortin: D4n-eo-leE to s"&et* to t>e +o/en in 3l"ck de/onstr"tin: ":"inst occ4-"tion in Isr"elI &ro/ conscientio4s o()ectors like 3ertr"nd ,4ssell in ++I to t>e >4ndreds o& t>o4s"nds o& de/onstr"tors ":"inst 0ietn"/ in +"s>in:ton "nd Dneo?li(er"lis/E in 7eno"@ &ro/ +>ite ,ose "ctivists exec4ted (* t>e N"2is to t>e lone -rotester de&*in: " ro9 o& t"nks in Ci"n"n/en %F4"re = "ll t>ese c"lls &or soci"l )4stice "nd co/-"ssion in t>e &"ce o& " 9orld e/(r"cin: t>e &"/ili"rit* o& "nt":onistic cl"ns "nd s-ittin: 4-on >4/"n &r"ternit*@ re/inds /e o& "ll t>"t is 9ort> -reservin: in >4/"n Q4nRn"t4re. It is t>is "nt>ro-ocentris/ I s>"re 9it> P4rdoc>@ C"/4s@ "nd Yinn@ "nd es-eci"ll*@ Iris P4rdoc>. It is s>e 9>o o-ens onto t>e cr4x o& t>is -"-er6 9>"t s>o4ld t>is co//on"lit* (e directed to9"rd i& it is to tr4l* loc"te 9>"t is 9ort>* o& -reserv"tion in >4/"nit*J In >er ess"* entitled DPet"->*sics "nd 1t>icsE@ P4rdoc> o&&ers one co/-ellin: s4::estion. %>e "r:4es t>"t /odern /or"lit* >"s /oved "9"* &ro/ tr"nscendent"l "ss4/-tions s4c> "s DC>e 7oodE in &"vo4r o& /ore concrete )4d:e/ents ("sed on >4/"n cond4ct@ descri-tive &"cts o& t>is cond4ct@ "nd concl4sions "s to t>e t"n:i(le res4lts "c>ieved. C>is Dre"listE "--ro"c> is >e"vil* in&l4enced (* P4rdoc>Es existenti"l le"nin:@ 9>ic> le"ds >er to "ssert DP"n is " cre"t4re 9>o /"kes -ict4res o& >i/sel& "nd t>en co/es to rese/(le t>e -ict4reE.i 3* t>is@ I (elieve s>e /e"ns t>"t t>e ver* /"lle"(ilit* o& >4/"n n"t4re /"nd"tes " dist"ncin: &ro/ "r(itr"r* conce-ts@ ideolo:ies "nd Dtr4t>sE@ to9"rd t>e "n"l*sis o& "n inter-erson"l cond4ct ("sed si/-l* on 9>et>er 9e "ct in " /"nner t>"t res-ects li&e. Cr4ci"ll*@ t>is see/s 9>oll* co//ens4r"te 9it> t>e >4/"ne tr4t>s -ro-o4nded (* "rt. In t>is sense@ 9>"t is 9ort>* o& -reserv"tion is t>e ver* 4nloc"t"(ilit* o& >4/"n n"t4re@ t>e "(ilit* to "ct "stonis>in:l* &or :ood "nd evil@ to l"4:> "nd cr* "nd love "nd >"te "nd do "ll t>e (e"4ti&4ll* irr"tion"l t>in:s t>"t >4/"n (ein:s do. It is t>ese noted (* "rtists@ 9>o c"n (ot> cele(r"te >4/"n inde&in"(ilit* "nd -ro->etic"ll* 9"rn o& t>e &"ction"lis/ "nd destr4ction t>re"tened (* s4c> " -reci-ito4s >istoric"l /o/ent. In s-ite o& t>e &"ct t>"t it >"s l4rked in t>e ("ck:ro4nd t>ro4:>o4t t>is s4--lic"tion@ sel&?"nni>il"tion is o4r centr"l "dvers"r*@ t>e onl* t>in: t>e 9orld is "s *et c"-"(le o& 4nitin: to "c>ieve. '& t>is re"lit*@ little needs to (e ex-ressed. In t>e -ost?9"r 9orld@ t>ose in -o9er >"ve devised n4/ero4s 9"*s in 9>ic> to end o4r s-ecies "nd let t>e ro"c>es t"ke over. C>is is -rinci-"ll* d4e to in:enio4s -rod4cts "nd tec>nolo:ic"l tools 9e >"ve constr4cted t>"t no9 do/in"te@ /"ni-4l"te@ "nd t>re"ten t>e entire :lo(e. C>e >"rnessed "to/@ c"-"(le o& -o9erin: t>e 9orld or destro*in: itI >*-er?ind4stri"lis"tion@ &"cilit"tin: so /4c>@ (4t "t t>e s"/e ti/e t>re"tenin: tot"l environ/ent"l 4ns4st"in"(ilit* in "s &e9 "s t9o dec"desI scienti&ic "dv"nces t>"t c"n c4re dise"ses or 4nle"s> ones c"-"(le o& in&ectin: "ll li&e on e"rt>6 e"c> o& t>ese re-resent " ne9 er" in >4/"n >istor* t>"t is ever*oneEs do/"in@ &or ever*one is -otenti"ll* "&&ected. 5nd t>ose o(li:ed to 9ei:> ne"rl* t9o /illion *e"rs o& >istor* ":"inst recent c>"n:es in 9"r&"re@ cli/"te@ co//4nic"tions@ (elie&s "nd leis4re since t>e 9"ters>ed *e"r 1#45 = " *e"r o& victor*@ "lso c"rr*in: t>e "to/ic &4n:4s o& o4r -otenti"ll* /4s>roo/in: de&e"t = 9>en .IG extinction (ec"/e conscio4sl* -ossi(le &or t>e >4/"n s-eciesI &ind t>e ("l"nce distinctl* 4n&"vo4r"(le &or >4/"n destin*. C>is is des-ite "/"2in: "dv"nces in ever*t>in: &ro/ :enetics to /o(ile ->ones6 &or "ll o4r constr4cts@ >4/"ns nevert>eless re/"in >4/"n. %till /"de o& &r"il skin 4n"(le to 9it>st"nd s-eedin: /et"l or r"di"tion@ 9it> l4n:s t>"t need ox*:en -rod4ced (* trees "nd (odies needin: &iltered li:>t &ro/ t>e s4n@ "ndI o& co4rse@ 9e ret"in t>e >4/"n cl"nnis>ness t>"t >"s /"rked "ll (4t t>e l"st -":e o& o4r 3ook o& Li&e. 3ec"4se o& o4r "dv"nces@ 9e "re no9 &orever conde/ned to t>is l"st -":e@ &orever c4rsed to &i:>t t>e &4t4re "nd t>e closin: o& t>is (ook. <4st like P"loneEs o9n n"rr"tive in %"/4el 3eckett Trilogy@ t>is &in"l -":e c"n never (e -4nct4"ted@ (ec"4se to do so 9o4ld (e to 9rite o4r o9n collective endin:. 6ELD@AN CONTIN8E19

    - 21 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    I&$act (xtinction
    6ELD@AN CONTIN8ED9 Indeed@ t>e onl* t>in: c"-"(le o& d9"r&in: t>e /is&ort4ne o& /ost o& t>e 9orld tod"* 9o4ld (e t>e exter/in"tion o& t>e 9>ole 9orld to/orro9. 5nd t>ere is eno4:> evidence &or s4c> "n exter/in"tion "/"ssed "lre"d*@ &or t>ose 9illin: to look. C>e "ncient isl"nders o& C4v"l4 "re onl* t>e &irst &"cin: dis-l"ce/ent Qto Ne9 Ye"l"ndR "s t>e 9"r/in: environ/ent c"4ses t>e !"ci&ic 'ce"n to rise "ro4nd t>e/.ii 7iven t>"t &4ll* 25Z o& :lo("l e/issions e/"n"te &ro/ t>e Bnited %t"tes = 9>ic> >"s re)ected t>e K*oto !rotocol "nd initi"ted " Dvol4nt"r* incentivesE &or do/estic e/issions red4ctions ? it is >i:>l* do4(t&4l t>e* 9ill (e t>e l"st victi/s o& environ/ent"l conv4lsion. 5lt>o4:> t>is o& co4rse did not /"ke Lne9sM@ t>e "--"rentl* 4n-recedented (re"k o& 5$$ /illion (illion tonne = ro4:>l* t>e si2e o& +"les = "re" o& ice D9"rnin: o& t>e e&&ects o& :lo("l 9"r/in:E cert"inl* did.iii C>e t>re"t &o4nd in 5/eric"Es recent DN4cle"r !ost4re ,evie9E is "lso ne9@ evolvin: o4t o& o-er"tion"l 4se o& F4"si? n4cle"r 9e"-ons s4c> "s Dd"is* c4ttersE in 5&:>"nist"n "nd t>e str"te:ic consider"tion o& e/-lo*in: t>e 361?11 D34nker 34sterE " t"ctic"l n4cle"r -enetr"tion (o/( to &4l&il 7eor:e +. 34s>Es desire to D4se "ll t>e tools "t o4r dis-os"lE to en"ct " re:i/e c>"n:e in Ir"F.iv Post recentl*@ t>e -rinci-le o& Dli/ited n4cle"r con&lictE o& t>e v"riet* so t>re"tenin: to %o4t>ern 5si" on "cco4nt o& Indi"?!"kist"n >ostilities >"s (een t"ken even &4rt>er (* t>e &or9"rd?-l"nnin: 34s> :"n:@ to9"rd ne9 str"te:ies to co/("t Dterroris/E 9>ic> incl4des t>e o-tion o& D-re?e/-tiveE n4cle"r strikes in t>e interests o& Dsel&?de&enceE. Get &or "ll t>e &4t4ristic t"lk o& t>ese &or9"rd?-l"nners@ s4c> "s t>e Dson o& %t"r +"rsE@ t>e "tt"cks o& 11 t> %e-te/(er s4rel* de/onstr"ted in " terri&*in: 9"* t>"t 9illin: :ro4-s do not need so->istic"ted 9e"-ons to c"4se ":on*I onl* " &"n"tic"l (elie& t>"t so/e c"4se is " )4st one. %-e"kin: o& %t"r +"rs@ it is ironic t>"t even t>e .e"t> %t"r 9o4ld >"ve no de&ence ":"inst s-ores o& "nt>r"x@ "nd even t>e citi2ens o& Clo4d Cit* need ox*:en. Povin: into t>e &4t4re 9it> tec>nolo:ies c"-"(le o& endin: 4nnecess"r* s4&&erin: or /":ni&*in: it " t>o4s"nd?&old@ 9e need to d9ell on o4r -"st "nd t>e s>"k* cert"inties it >"s :iven 4s. %o/e o& t>e -"r"di:/s /entioned -revio4sl* /"* not de&ine >4/"nit*@ (4t t>e :re"test d"n:er is s4rel* t>"t t>e* co4ld. C>is /4c> is cle"r. 5s descri(ed "(ove@ des-ite t>e see/in: D4nn"t4reE o& >4/"n n"t4re@ o4r >istoric tendenc* to divide into "l9"*s?)4sti&ied -rovinci"l c"/-s@ tri("lis/ >"s (een " consistent t>e/e in >4/"n >istor*. Needless to s"*@ o4r :lo("lised existence tod"* /e"ns t>"t t>e little >oloc"4sts -revio4sl* 9ro4:>t (* discredited ideolo:ies in 14ro-e@ c4rrentl* credi(le ideolo:ies in L"tin 5/eric" or in t>e Piddle 1"st@ "re (ot> tendencies "nd 9"rnin:s &or t>e (i: >oloc"4st l4rkin: "ro4nd t>e corner. It is &or t>is re"son t>"t 5/eric"n "ctions Q"nd "s I "/ /*sel& 5/eric"n@ I do not /e"n t>e "ctions o& t>e -o-4l"ce[R >"ve (een centr"ll* t"r:eted >ere. It is /erel* "n exe/-l"r o& 9>"t >"s :one on t>ro4:>o4t >istor* "nd t>"t c"nnot contin4e. +e "re no9 in " -osition 9>ere contin4ed cons4/-tion "t c4rrent levels@ "n "tt"ck on Ir"F@ or t>e )4sti&ic"tions elites 9r"t>e/selves in co4ld "ll s-ell D:ener"l destr4ctionE = n4cle"r@ environ/ent"l@ (iolo:ic"l@ "nd so on. 5nd it is t>is 9e need to 4nderst"nd "(o4t t>e s"/e old /ent"lities "nd ne9 risks6 risks to " -"rtic4l"r re:ion or :ro4- "re tod"* risks to o4r 9orld9ide con:re:"tion. Let t>is -oint not (e /ist"ken6 t>e :lo("l t>re"ts cre"ted "s " res4lt o& >4/"n &"ction"lis/ si/-l* c"nnot coexist 9it> t>e -"roc>i"lis/ 9>ic> >"s t>4s &"r s>"-ed so /4c> o& >4/"n >istor*@ "nd "not>er sixt* *e"rs si/il"r to t>e l"st 9ill "ss4redl* re"lise t>e Dinverted 4to-i"E 9e c"nnot i/":ine. C>e ti/e >"s co/e to t"ke "n intellect4"l Hi--ocr"tic '"t> to 4nite t>ose 9>o/ (r"vel*@ "(s4rdl*@ st"nd ":"inst t>e void *et to (e initi"ted. +e /"* >"ve co/e to t>e &in"l -":e in t>e 3ook o& Li&e@ (4t it need not (e 9ritten on 54@ or even 54$$$ -"-er. C>"t is entirel* 4- to 4s@ -"rtic4l"rl* 4s@ 9>o "s intellect4"ls &or:e t>e ide"s t>"t 9ill l"ter co/e into c4lt4r"l -r"ctice. Ide"s 9ere once t>e c"se 9it> n4cle"r 9e"-ons@ so c"n t>e* (e 9it> dis"r/"/entI ide"s 9ere once t>e c"se 9it> ":ri(4siness@ so c"n t>e* (e 9it> s4st"in"(ilit*I "nd ide"s 9ere even once t>e c"se 9it> -"ss-orts "nd Ds->eres o& in&l4enceE@ so c"n t>e* (e 9it> soci"l )4stice "nd :lo("lis"tion t>"t is not -4nitive "nd excl4sive@ (4t co/-"ssion"te "nd incl4sive. '4r &4t4re is not one o& terr"ced Heide::eri"n destin*@ (4t " 3or:esi"n D:"rden o& &orkin: -"t>sE de-endin: 4-on t>e in&init* o& c>oices l*in: (e&ore 4s. 6ELD@AN CONTIN8E19

    - 22 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    I&$act (xtinction
    6ELD@AN CONTIN8ED9 C>ere&ore it is not necess"r* to concl4de 9it> " /ess":e o& &e"r@ (4t o& c"4tio4s >o-e. +e "re diverse 9riters "ssoci"ted 9it> t>is )o4rn"l6 di&&erent et>nic ("ck:ro4nds "nd n"tion"lities@ di&&erent colo4rs o& skin "nd o& -olitics@ di&&erent reli:ions "nd sex4"lities@ di&&erent 9"nts "nd di&&erent needs. Get 9e -rinci-"ll* "--e"r >ere "s one in solid"rit* "nd enco4r":e/ent o& e"c> ot>er. It is t>is /4r/4r t>"t c"n "nd /4st (e c"rried to9"rd t>e ("rrels o& :4ns to -rove Dt>"t 9ords "re stron:er t>"n (4lletsE@ so t>"t t>ose not *et (orn c"n kno9 t>e di:nit* o& (ein: >4/"n. Indeed@ it is C"/4s 9>o ":"in ->r"ses t>is c"4tio4s >o-e /ost s4ccinctl*6 34t I >"ve "l9"*s t>o4:>t t>"t i& t>e /"n 9>o -l"ces >o-e in t>e >4/"n condition is " &ool@ t>en >e 9>o :ives 4- >o-e in t>e &"ce o& circ4/st"nces is " co9"rd.

    - 2. -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,2- 'iolence Solves* ,2- Per&*


    Viole ce ca ever co stit$te a effective act of resista ce to viole ce) Rather5 acts of viole ce5 ho%ever %ell-mea i !5 reaffirm the &ri ci&le of viole ce a ( ma/e $s (irectl' com&licit %ith the viole ce %e see/ to &reve t) %4s"nne Ka&&eler@ 5ssoci"te !ro& A 5l?5k>"9"*n Bniversit*@ C>e +ill to 0iolence6 C>e !olitics o& !erson"l 3e>"vior@ 1#,-@ -:. 258
    ,esist"nce to violence >o9ever c"nnot consist o& violence. 0iolence /"* c>"n:e t>e direction o& violence@ invert t>e roles o& viol"tor "nd victi/@ (4t it necess"ril* "&&ir/s t>e -rinci-le o& violence@ 9>"tever else it /"* "c>ieve. 5nd it "dds ne9 victi/s to t>e 9orld victi/s o& o4r o9n /"kin:@ not to /ention /ore violent -er-etr"tors@ 9>ose r"nks 9e >"ve decided to )oin. +>ile in extre/it* "nd 4nder t>e t>re"t o& o4r lives 9e /"* not >"ve "n* /e"ns ot>er t>"n violence to sec4re o4r s4rviv"l@ /ost o& 4s /ost o& t>e ti/e "re not in s4c> sit4"tions@ t>o4:> 9e :li(l* s-e"k o& Ds4rviv"lE. Inste"d@ 9e 9o4ld >"ve "/-le o--ort4nit* in sit4"tions o& no s4c> t>re"t to c>"llen:e t>e le:iti/"c* o& violence "nd to -r"ctise "ltern"tives "(ove "ll (* decidin: not to 4se violence o4rselves.

    - 23 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    'iolence Leads to 'iolence


    4he viole ce fi!hts viole ce5 viole ce %i s) Aeace is im&ossi#le thro$!h viole t mea s) @LK5 .r P"rtin L4t>er Kin:@ <r.@ C>e Cr4/-et '& Conscience@ 1#:;5 -. 7$?71
    No9 let /e s"*@ secondl*@ t>"t i& 9e "re to >"ve -e"ce in t>e 9orld@ W-eo-leX /en "nd n"tions /4st e/(r"ce t>e nonviolent "&&ir/"tion t>"t ends "nd /e"ns /4st co>ere. 'ne o& t>e :re"t ->iloso->ic"l de("tes o& >istor* >"s (een over t>e 9>ole F4estion o& /e"ns "nd ends. 5nd t>ere >"ve "l9"*s (een t>ose 9>o "r:4ed t>"t t>e end )4sti&ies t>e /e"ns@ t>"t t>e /e"ns re"ll* "renSt i/-ort"nt. C>e i/-ort"nt t>in: is to :et to t>e end@ *o4 see. %o@ i& *o4Sre seekin: to develo- " )4st societ*@ t>e* s"*@ t>e i/-ort"nt t>in: is to :et t>ere@ "nd t>e /e"ns "re re"ll* 4ni/-ort"ntI "n* /e"ns 9ill do so lon: "s t>e* :et *o4 t>ere?t>e* /"* (e violent@ t>e* /"* (e 4ntr4t>&4l /e"nsI t>e* /"* even (e 4n)4st /e"ns to " )4st end. C>ere >"ve (een t>ose 9>o >"ve "r:4ed t>is t>ro4:>o4t >istor*. 34t 9e 9ill never >"ve -e"ce in t>e 9orld 4ntil W-eo-leX /en ever*9>ere reco:ni2e t>"t ends "re not c4t o&& &ro/ /e"ns@ (ec"4se t>e /e"ns re-resent t>e ide"l in t>e /"kin:@ "nd t>e end in -rocess@ "nd 4lti/"tel* *o4 c"nSt re"c> :ood ends t>ro4:> evil /e"ns@ (ec"4se t>e /e"ns re-resent t>e seed "nd t>e end re-resents t>e tree. ItSs one o& t>e str"n:est t>in:s t>"t "ll t>e :re"t /ilit"r* :eni4ses o& t>e 9orld >"ve t"lked "(o4t -e"ce. C>e conF4erors o& old 9>o c"/e killin: in -4rs4it o& -e"ce@ 5lex"nder@ <4li4s C"es"r@ C>"rle/":ne@ "nd N"-oleon@ 9ere "kin in seekin: " -e"ce&4l 9orld order. I& *o4 9ill re"d Mein Kampf closel* eno4:>@ *o4 9ill discover t>"t Hitler contended t>"t ever*t>in: >e did in 7er/"n* 9"s &or -e"ce. 5nd t>e le"ders o& t>e 9orld tod"* t"lk eloF4entl* "(o4t -e"ce. 1ver* ti/e 9e dro- o4r (o/(s in Nort> 0ietn"/@ !resident <o>nson t"lks eloF4entl* "(o4t -e"ce. +>"t is t>e -ro(le/J C>e* "re t"lkin: "(o4t -e"ce "s " dist"nt :o"l@ "s "n end 9e seek@ (4t one d"* 9e /4st co/e to see t>"t -e"ce is not /erel* " dist"nt :o"l 9e seek@ (4t t>"t it is " /e"ns (* 9>ic> 9e "rrive "t t>"t :o"l. +e /4st -4rs4e -e"ce&4l ends t>ro4:> -e"ce&4l /e"ns. 5ll o& t>is is s"*in: t>"t@ in t>e &in"l "n"l*sis@ /e"ns "nd ends /4st co>ere (ec"4se t>e end is -re?existent in t>e /e"ns@ "nd 4lti/"tel* destr4ctive /e"ns c"nnot (rin: "(o4t constr4ctive ends.

    - 2- -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    'iolence Leads to 'iolence


    Aeace is im&ossi#le thro$!h viole t mea s) Viole ce o l' #e!ets viole ce @LK5 .r P"rtin L4t>er Kin:@ <r.@ C>e Cr4/-et '& Conscience@ 1#:;5 -. 7$?71
    No9 let /e s"*@ secondl*@ t>"t i& 9e "re to >"ve -e"ce in t>e 9orld@ W-eo-leX /en "nd n"tions /4st em#race the o viole t affirmatio t>"t ends "nd /e"ns /4st co>ere. 'ne o& t>e :re"t ->iloso->ic"l de("tes o& >istor* >"s (een over t>e 9>ole F4estion o& /e"ns "nd ends. 5nd t>ere >"ve "l9"*s (een t>ose 9>o "r:4ed t>"t t>e end )4sti&ies t>e /e"ns@ t>"t t>e /e"ns re"ll* "renSt i/-ort"nt. C>e i/-ort"nt t>in: is to :et to t>e end@ *o4 see. %o@ i& *o4Sre seekin: to develo- " )4st societ*@ t>e* s"*@ t>e i/-ort"nt t>in: is to :et t>ere@ "nd t>e /e"ns "re re"ll* 4ni/-ort"ntI "n* /e"ns 9ill do so lon: "s t>e* :et *o4 t>ere?t>e* /"* (e violent@ t>e* /"* (e 4ntr4t>&4l /e"nsI t>e* /"* even (e 4n)4st /e"ns to " )4st end. C>ere >"ve (een t>ose 9>o >"ve "r:4ed t>is t>ro4:>o4t >istor*. 34t 9e %ill ever have &eace in t>e 9orld 4ntil W-eo-leX /en ever*9>ere reco:ni2e t>"t e (s are ot c$t off from mea s@ (ec"4se t>e /e"ns re&rese t the i(eal i the ma/i !@ "nd t>e end in -rocess@ "nd 4lti/"tel* *o4 ca Bt reach !oo( e (s thro$!h evil mea s@ (ec"4se t>e /e"ns re-resent t>e seed "nd t>e end re-resents t>e tree. ItSs one o& t>e str"n:est t>in:s t>"t "ll t>e :re"t /ilit"r* :eni4ses o& t>e 9orld >"ve t"lked "(o4t -e"ce. C>e conF4erors o& old 9>o c"/e killin: in -4rs4it o& -e"ce@ Ale"a (er5 <4li4s Caesar5 Charlema! e5 "nd Na&oleo @ 9ere "kin in seekin: " -e"ce&4l 9orld order. I& *o4 9ill re"d Mein Kampf closel* eno4:>@ *o4 9ill discover t>"t Hitler contended t>"t ever*t>in: >e did in 7er/"n* %as for &eace. 5nd t>e le"ders o& t>e 9orld tod"* t"lk eloF4entl* "(o4t -e"ce. 1ver* ti/e 9e dro- o4r (o/(s in Nort> 0ietn"/@ !resident <o>nson t"lks eloF4entl* "(o4t -e"ce. +>"t is t>e -ro(le/J C>e* "re t"lkin: "(o4t -e"ce "s " dist"nt :o"l@ "s "n end 9e seek@ (4t one d"* 9e /4st co/e to see t>"t -e"ce is ot /erel* a (ista t !oal 9e seek@ (4t t>"t it is " mea s #' %hich %e arrive at that !oal. 4e m$st &$rs$e &eacef$l e (s thro$!h &eacef$l mea s. 5ll o& t>is is s"*in: t>"t@ in t>e &in"l "n"l*sis@ /e"ns "nd ends /4st co>ere (ec"4se t>e end is -re?existent in t>e /e"ns@ "nd 4lti/"tel* (estr$ctive mea s ca ot #ri ! a#o$t co str$ctive e (s)

    - 2: -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ____________ **,lternatives

    - 2; -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,lternative Solvenc!
    Com&lete o viole ce is the o l' %a' to s&$r com&assio ) 4e m$st ref$se to e !a!e i the c'cle of (estr$ctio to &reve t viole t atrocities) ."rrell < 6aschi ! a ( .ell Decha t@ Co/-"r"tive ,eli:ion 1t>ics6 5 N"rr"tive 5--ro"c>@ 2$21 -:
    C>e -ro(le/ 9it> O)4st 9"rO "nd t>e )4st 4se o& violence is t>"t even t>e le:iti/"te 4se o& violence cre"tes " Osli--er* slo-e@O &or "s >istor* >"s reve"led@ t>e line (et9een sel&?de&ense "nd "::ression is " t>in one. Historic"ll*@ t>e (4ild4- o& 9e"-ons in order to (e -re-"red to de&end oneSs -eo-le >"s t*-ic"ll* (een inter-reted (* ot>ers "s "n "::ressive "ct reF4irin: " si/il"r res-onse. %el& de&ense t>en (eco/es " -rovoc"tion &or -ree/-tive strikes ":"inst t>e ot>er@ 9>ic> t>e ot>er inter-rets "s 4n-rovoked "nd 4nnecess"r* "::ression. C>is does not /e"n t>"t t>ere is no s4c> t>in: "s et>ic"ll* le:iti/"te sel&?de&ense@ )4st t>"t it is di&&ic4lt to -4t into -r"ctice 9it>o4t -rovokin: 4nnecess"r* violence . +e 9o4ld "r:4e t>"t "skin: 9>et>er violence c"n ever (e et>ic"ll* )4sti&ied is -er>"-s "skin: t>e 9ron: F4estion. C>e re"l F4estion is 9>et>er violence c"n ever (e rede/-tive. C"n violence (e 4sed 9it>o4t -rovokin: still &4rt>er violence@ le"din: to "n 4nendin: c*cle o& violenceJ +>"t /"kes non?violence rede/-tive is t>"t it o&&ers t>e -ossi(ilit* o& (re"kin: t>is c*cle. C>e 7"nd>i"n tr"dition is "::ressive in its -4rs4it o& )4stice &or t>e o--ressed t>ro4:> civil diso(edience "nd ot>er non?violent t"ctics. 3* re&4sin: to en:":e in violence t>e c>ildren o& 7"nd>i seek to "9"ken t>e >4/"nit* "nd conscience o& t>e ot>er. 5nd even 9>en t>e* &"il to do so@ t>e* re&4se to "dd to t>e s4/ tot"l o& violence in t>e 9orld. 3* re&4sin: to resort to violence@ t>e* o&&er t>e Oene/*O no le:iti/"tion &or t>e contin4"nce or esc"l"tion o& violence . C>e* (re"k t>e c*cle o& violence Q"n e*e &or "n e*eR t>ro4:> t>eir 9illin:ness to s4&&er r"t>er t>"n (e t>e c"4se o& s4&&erin:. Ho9ever@ t>e -r"ctice o& non?violent resist"nce does not occ4r in " -olitic"l v"cc4/. <"/es Cone >"s s4::ested t>"t P"rtin L4t>er Kin:@ <r.Ss /ess":e o& non?violence 9o4ld never >"ve "c>ieved t>e -ositive rece-tion it did in 9>ite 5/eric" Qo&ten " rel4ct"nt "cce-t"nceR 9it>o4t t>e t>re"t o& violence t>"t P"lcol/ \Ss r>etoric cre"ted. C>e t>re"t o& t>e l"tter@ Cone s4::ests@ /"de t>e -ro/ise o& t>e &or/er t>e /ore -"l"t"(le o-tion. 5lt>o4:> P"lcol/ \ never "ct4"ll* 4sed violence "::ressivel*@ >is "dvoc"c* o& violence in sel&?de&ense t"kes 4s to t>e ver* >e"rt o& t>e F4estion o& reli:ion "nd violence. C>e iss4e is o& critic"l i/-ort"nce to t>e 9orld tod"*@ &or i& reli :ion c"n (e seen to le:iti/"te violence@ &or "n* re"son@ it c"n (eco/e *et "n ot>er /otiv"tin: &"ctor in t>e esc"l"tion o& tensions (et9een -eo-les "nd n"tions. It :oes 9it>o4t s"*in: t>"t in " n4cle"r ":e t>e conseF4ences o& s4c> esc"l"tions /"* -rove &"t"l to 4s "ll.

    4e m$st %al/ a%a' from the &ractices that s$&&ort the c'cle of viole ce i or(er to (isma tle it P. K"* Harris@ "ssoci"te -ro&essor in t>e .e-"rt/ent o& Cri/in"l <4stice "t Ce/-le Bniversit*@ @ Cri/inolo:* "s !e"ce/"kin: Qedited (* H"rold 1. !e-insk* "nd ,ic>"rd ;4inne*R@ 1#,1@ -. #3
    8e/inist v"l4es do o&&er@ >o9ever@ so/e (e:innin: :4ides &or "--ro"c>in: t>e &4t4re. 5 ke* st"nd"rd to >el- in /"kin: c>oices is to "sk6 +>"t kinds o& (e>"vior "nd res-onses 9ill "c>ieve t>e :o"l o& t>e :re"test -ossi(le >"r/on*J C>4s@ t>e t"sk is not to discover >o9 to er"dic"te cri/e@ (4t to discover >o9 to (e>"ve "s (e&its o4r v"l4es "nd desire &or >"r/on*. 5cce-t"nce o& >4/"n eF4"lit* "nd reco:nition o& t>e interde-endence o& "ll -eo-le reF4ires re)ection o& sever"l c4rrent co//on tendencies. +e need to str4::le ":"inst t>e tendenc* to9"rd o()ecti&ic"tion@ o& t"lkin: "nd t>inkin: "(o4t cri/e "nd cri/in"ls "s i& t>e* 9ere distinct entities in t>e/selves. +e "lso need to re)ect t>e ide" t>"t t>ose 9>o c"4se in)4r* or >"r/ to ot>ers s>o4ld s4&&er sever"nce o& t>e co//on (onds o& res-ect "nd concern t>"t (ind /e/(ers o& " co//4nit*. +e s>o4ld relinF4is> t>e notion t>"t it is "cce-t"(le to tr* to L:et rid o&M "not>er -erson@ 9>et>er t>ro4:> exec4tion@ ("nis>/ent@ or c":in: "9"* -eo-le "(o4t 9>o/ 9e do not c"re. +e s>o4ld no lon:er -retend t>"t con&licts c"n (e resolved (* t>e -o4ndin: o& " :"vel or t>e lockin: o& " cell door. 5 &e/inist orient"tion le"ds to :re"ter "9"reness o& t>e role "nd res-onsi(ilit* o& societ*@ not )4st t>e individ4"l@ in develo-/ent o& con&lict. C>is s4::ests t>"t individ4"ls@ :ro4-s@ "nd societies need to "cce-t :re"ter res-onsi(ilit* &or -reventin: "nd red4cin: t>ose conditions@ v"l4es@ "nd str4ct4res t>"t -rod4ce "nd s4--ort violence "nd stri&e. ,e/ovin: t>e ide" o& -o9er &ro/ its centr"l -osition is ke* >ere@ "nd t>is reF4ires contin4"ll* c>"llen:in: "ctions@ -r"ctices@ "nd "ss4/-tions t>"t :lori&* -o9er@ control@ "nd do/in"tion@ "s 9ell "s develo-in: /ore &elicito4s "ltern"tives.

    - 2< -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,lternative Solvenc!
    No -Viole ce tra sforms the c'cle of viole ce %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro&essor o&
    3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?

    1#,3
    C>"t 9e "re "t t>e end o& "n er" is not so/et>in: t>"t c"n (e -roved scienti&ic"ll*. 'ne senses it or one does not. 'ne kno9s (* int4ition t>"t t>e old i/":es@ "s 5rc>i("ld P"cLeis> s"*s in C>e Pet"->or@ >"ve lost t>eir /e"nin:. C>e old i/":es /"* *et >"ve so/e /e"nin:@ (4t t>eir :ri- >"s loosened s4&&icientl* to "llo9 4s to consider "ltern"tives. +e "re no9 &"ced 9it> t>e o--ort4nit* to dis/"ntle t>e /*t> o& rede/-tive violence "nd (re"k t>e c*cle o& do/in"tion. C>e &r":/ented excl4sivit* o& o4r se-"r"te str4::les &or )4stice /4st (e disc"rded &or t>e co//on :ro4nd o& o--osition to t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ in "ll its &or/sI it is t>e co//on ene/*. C>ro4:> t>e reco:nition "nd "ckno9led:/ent o& e"c> ot>erSs >4/"nit*@ 9e c"n o-en " 9"* to " ne9 -ossi(ilit* &or li&e. Li&e o4tside t>is c*cle . In t>e le:"l context@ t>is -rinci-le reF4ires t>e reco:nition "nd recti&ic"tion o& ineF4"lit* 4nder t>e l"9. It reF4ires t>e reco:nition o& t>e >4/"nit* o& t>ose o--ressed (* t>e o-er"tion o& l"9 "s -r"cticed. It reF4ires t>e "ckno9led:/ent (* t>e le:"l s*ste/ o& t>e o()ecti&ic"tion "nd s4(seF4ent >"r/ to 9o/en (* -orno:r"->*. It reF4ires t>e reco:nition t>"t t>e l"9Ss -ers-ective re/"ins t>"t o& /en. It reF4ires t>e reco:nition t>"t t>e color(lindness o& t>e constit4tion /e"ns t>"t it /"inl* sees 9>ite. It reF4ires t>"t -eo-le "ckno9led:e "nd cele(r"te t>eir c4lt4r"l "nd lin:4istic di&&erences "nd s4--ort e"c> ot>erSs &4ll -"rtici-"tion in societ*. Ho9 c"n violence (e rede/-tive 9>en it onl* (e:ets /ore "nd /ore violence "nd ex"cts " contin4in: -rice &ro/ e"c> -"rtici-"nt. C>"t is not t>e -"t> to victor*@ onl* de&e"t . C>e ("ttle 9e /4st &i:>t is not ":"inst t>e do/in"tors "s individ4"ls@ (4t t>e s*ste/ in 9>ic> "ll "re victi/s. C>e str4::le /4st (e )oined@ not ":"inst so/et>in: so "s to overco/e or do/in"te it@ (4t r"t>er to tr"nscend t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ itsel& ?? t>e -"r"di:/ o& o4r existence. C>e c>oice (et9een )oinin: t>e s*ste/ or &i:>tin: ":"inst it re/"ins " c>oice t>"t serves t>e s*ste/ in eit>er c"se ?? it is " 2ero?s4/ :"/e@ " Ho(sonSs c>oice. C>e "ltern"tive is to seek " t>ird 9"* in ever* >4/"n ende"vorI " 9"* t>"t s>i&ts t>e context &ro/ do/in"tion to " -"rtners>i- "/on: -eo-leI " 9"* t>"t "&&ir/s t>e >4/"nit* o& oneSs ene/ies "nd seeks t>eir 9ell?(ein: "lon: 9it> o4r o9n in " co//4nit* o& eF4"ls 9>ere t>e >4/"nit* o& "ll is "&&ir/ed.

    No viole ce s o%#alls i to social cha !e


    3ri"n @ARTIN %C%@ B o& +ollon:on:. Uprooting War. 1,<3 >tt-6//999.4o9.ed4."4/"rts/sts/(/"rtin/-4(s/#$49/ %oci"l de&ence c"n (e "n or:"nis"tion"l &oc4s &or loc"l co//4nities@ &"ctor* 9orkers@ o&&ice 9orkers@ &e/inists@ :"*s "nd /"n* ot>ers. !re-"rin: t>e/selves to resist "::ression :ives s4c> :ro4-s so/et>in: to do (* t>e/selves "nd &or t>e/selves@ 9it>o4t "--e"lin: to elites or de-endin: on to- level ":ree/ents or ne:oti"tions. !eo-le in t>eir o9n loc"l :ro4- or /ove/ent c"n do so/et>in: t>"t -rovides t>e ("sis &or "n "ltern"tive to /ilit"r* de&ence "nd 9>ic> "t t>e s"/e ti/e -rovides skills &or resistin: -olitic"l re-ression. %oci"l de&ence c"/-"i:ns c"n tie in nicel* 9it> c"/-"i:ns &or -rotection &ro/ cri/e@ r"-e or -olice >"r"ss/ent@ &or -ro/otin: 9orkersS sel&?/"n":e/ent@ "nd /"n* ot>er c"/-"i:ns. I& " soci"l -ro(le/ exists@ it is i/-ort"nt to (e "(le to &or/4l"te "n "ltern"tive. I& " desir"(le "ltern"tive c"n (e &or/4l"ted@ one 9"* to >el- (rin: it "(o4t is to t4rn it into " c"/-"i:n or " /ove/ent. I& n4cle"r -o9er is " -ro(le/@ loc"l ener:* sel&?reli"nce c"n (e /ore t>"n )4st "n "r:4/ent6 it c"n "lso (e " &oc4s &or or:"nisin: -eo-le to t"ke "ction. I& centr"lised decision?/"kin: is " -ro(le/@ -"rtici-"tor* de/ocr"c* "nd consens4s decision?/"kin: "re not )4st desir"(le :o"ls (4t "lso -rinci-les &or :ro4-s o& -eo-le or:"nisin: to c>"llen:e t>e centr"lised decision?/"kin:. 'ne :re"t "dv"nt":e o& t4rnin: "n "ltern"tive into "n or:"nisin: &oc4s is t>"t t>e discre-"nc* (et9een /e"ns "nd ends is /ini/ised. %oci"l de&ence is "t le"st "s i/-ort"nt "s " &oc4s &or c"/-"i:nin: "s it is "s " :o"l to (e re"c>ed.

    - 2, -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,lternative (&$irical Solvenc!


    No viole ce ca a ( has %or/e( a!ai st some of the %orst acts of viole ce i histor') 3ri"n @arti %C%@ B o& +ollon:on:. Uprooting War, 1#<3@ >tt-6//999.4o9.ed4."4/"rts/sts/(/"rtin/-4(s/#$49/
    I& it is "ss4/ed t>"t "n "::ressor is co/-letel* r4t>less@ "nd is 9illin: to tort4re "nd kill 4nli/ited n4/(ers o& -eo-le 9it> little or no -rovoc"tion@ t>en /ost o& t>e /et>ods o& soci"l de&ence "re 4seless or co4nter-rod4ctive. 34t is t>is "ss4/-tion re"listicJ ,o(ots /i:>t (e -ro:r"//ed to (e co/-letel* r4t>less "::ressors@ (4t s>ort o& t>is c"n >4/"ns (e>"ve t>is 9"* t>e/selvesJ 5 &e9 >istoric"l ex"/-les s4::est t>e* seldo/ c"n@ i& s4&&icient co//4nit* "9"reness "nd resist"nce c"n (e /4stered in t>e co4ntr* "tt"cked or in t>e co4ntr* &ro/ 9>ic> t>e "::ression co/es. 'n 1 %e-te/(er 1#3#@ t>e d"* o& t>e N"2i /ilit"r* inv"sion o& !ol"nd@ Hitler l"4nc>ed " -ro:r"//e o& Se4t>"n"si"S &or t>e ins"ne "nd inc4r"(l* ill. C>e -ro:r"//e de-ended on vol4nt"r* -"rtici-"tion (* doctors. Ne9s o& t>e >i:>l* secret -ro:r"//e le"ked o4t. !4(lic -rotests 9ere /"de (* -ro/inent C"t>olic C>4rc> &i:4res@ le"din: to t>e ter/in"tion o& t>e -ro:r"//e in 1#41. 1&&ective nonviolent resist"nce to t>e N"2i occ4-iers occ4rred in t>e Net>erl"nds@ .en/"rk "nd Nor9"* d4rin: +orld +"r C9o. 8or ex"/-le@ t>e N"2i re:i/e in Nor9"* r4n (* ;4islin: tried to &orce t>e sc>ools to te"c> N"2i doctrines. C>e te"c>ers -4(licl* re&4sed@ "nd /"n* 9ere "rrested "nd sent to concentr"tion c"/-s. 34t t>e* contin4ed to resist@ "nd &in"ll* t>e ;4islin: :overn/ent@ 9orried "(o4t "n:erin: t>e Nor9e:i"n -eo-le too /4c>@ rele"sed t>e te"c>ers. C>e sc>ools 9ere never 4sed &or N"2i -ro-":"nd". 1ven in N"2i 7er/"n* itsel&@ nonviolent resist"nce 9"s e&&ective in so/e c"ses. In 1#43 in 3erlin@ t>o4s"nds o& non?<e9is> 9ives o& <e9s "rrested (* t>e 7est"-o de/onstr"ted o4tside t>e detention centre. 1vent4"ll* t>e -risoners 9ere rele"sed. Pore :ener"ll*@ exter/in"tion o& t>e <e9s "nd ot>er :ro4-s (* t>e N"2is 9"s >eld ("ck in co4ntries 9>ere /")or :ro4-s o& t>e -o-4l"tion@ "nd es-eci"ll* in&l4enti"l :ro4-s "nd individ4"ls s4c> "s c>4rc> le"ders@ re&4sed to coll"(or"te 9it> or to re/"in silent "(o4t "rrests "nd de-ort"tions. 8or ex"/-le@ H4n:"r* 9"s "n "ll* o& 7er/"n* d4rin: t>e 9"r@ (4t t>e H4n:"ri"n :overn/ent re&4sed to ":ree to "n* de-ort"tions o& <e9s in s-ite o& -ress4re &ro/ t>e N"2is &ro/ 1#42 to 1#44. 'nl* "&ter t>e H4n:"ri"n :overn/ent 9"s overt4rned (* t>e N"2is in 1#44 did de-ort"tions (e:in 9>ic> led to t>e killin: o& >4ndreds o& t>o4s"nds o& H4n:"ri"n <e9s "t 54sc>9it2. 5nd even "t t>is l"te st":e t>e exter/in"tion -ro:r"//e 9"s :re"tl* "ided (* t>e H4n:"ri"n <e9is> co//4nit* le"ders>i-@ 9>ic> coo-er"ted 9it> t>e N"2is "nd >el-ed or:"nise t>e <e9s &or de-ort"tion. UC'NCINB1%V Indeed@ no :overn/ent in >istor* >"s (een so -o9er&4l t>"t it co4ld &4nction 9it>o4t " &"ir de:ree o& -o-4l"r consent or "cF4iescence. In t>e /odern 9orld@ 4nrestr"ined violence ":"inst innocent victi/s is 9idel* conde/ned. In t>is -o-4l"r "nt":onis/ to 4n)4sti&ied re-ression lies t>e 9e"kness o& o-en "nd 4nrestr"ined violence "nd t>e stren:t> o& nonviolent resist"nce. Not " sin:le one o& t>e /"n* :overn/ents 9>ic> 4se tort4re "nd /4rder "s instr4/ents o& st"te re-ression o-enl* "d/its to doin: t>is. C>e s4ccess o& 5/nest* Intern"tion"l in o--osin: tort4re (* t>e Ssi/-leS /e"ns o& o-enl* ex-ressin: o--osition to it de/onstr"tes t>is si:ni&ic"nt -oint. UC'NCINB1%V !er>"-s t>e /ost dr"/"tic s4ccess *et "c>ieved (* nonviolent "ction ":"inst severe re-ression is t>e Ir"ni"n revol4tion in 1#78?1#7#. C>e %>">Ss re:i/e "t t>"t ti/e 9"s one o& t>e /ost re-ressive "nd (r4t"l in t>e 9orld. C>e :overn/ent >"d "n over9>el/in: /ilit"r* "nd -olice "rsen"l. Cort4re "nd killin: 9ere 4sed ro4tinel* ":"inst o--onents o& t>e re:i/e@ "nd "rrest "nd tort4re 9ere 4sed (* t>e st"te to terrorise t>e -o-4l"tion. C>e %>">Ss re:i/e 9"s s4--orted (* "ll /")or :overn/ents@ incl4din: t>e :overn/ents o& t>e Bnited %t"tes@ t>e %oviet Bnion@ t>e 5r"( co4ntries "nd Isr"el. C>e le"ders o& t>e /"in o--osition to t>e %>">@ ("sed on P4sli/ &4nd"/ent"lis/@ ex-licitl* o--osed t>e 4se o& violence. C>eir str"te:* 9"s ("sed on /"ss /o(ilis"tion incl4din: &r"ternis"tion 9it> troo-s. 3e&ore t>e %>">Ss re:i/e 9"s to--led@ so/et>in: like 4$@$$$ 4n"r/ed -eo-le 9ere s>ot de"d in t>e streets d4rin: nonviolent de/onstr"tions. 'ne need not (e " s4--orter o& -ost?revol4tion"r* Ir"n Q-erson"ll* I "/ dee-l* o--osed to /4c> o& 9>"t >"s >"--ened t>ereR to "--reci"te t>e enor/o4s -o9er o& nonviolent "ction de/onstr"ted d4rin: t>e revol4tion. 5lt>o4:> t>e >4/"n cost in overt>ro9in: t>e %>">Ss re:i/e 9"s enor/o4s@ ex-eriences else9>ere s4::est t>"t revol4tion (* "r/ed str4::le 9o4ld >"ve res4lted in &"r /ore de"t>s.

    - .2 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,lternative (&$irical Solvenc!


    No viole ce ca a ( has %or/e( a!ai st some of the %orst acts of viole ce the %orl( has ever see ) No %ea&o ca co vi ce o e %ho ref$ses to e !a!e i viole ce to fi!ht) 3ri"n @arti %C%@ B o& +ollon:on:. Uprooting War, 1#<3@
    >tt-6//999.4o9.ed4."4/"rts/sts/(/"rtin/-4(s/#$49/ I& it is "ss4/ed t>"t "n "::ressor is co/-letel* r4t>less@ "nd is 9illin: to tort4re "nd kill 4nli/ited n4/(ers o& -eo-le 9it> little or no -rovoc"tion@ t>en /ost o& t>e /et>ods o& soci"l de&ence "re 4seless or co4nter-rod4ctive. 34t is t>is "ss4/-tion re"listicJ ,o(ots /i:>t (e -ro:r"//ed to (e co/-letel* r4t>less "::ressors@ (4t s>ort o& t>is c"n >4/"ns (e>"ve t>is 9"* t>e/selvesJ 5 &e9 >istoric"l ex"/-les s4::est t>e* seldo/ c"n@ i& s4&&icient co//4nit* "9"reness "nd resist"nce c"n (e /4stered in t>e co4ntr* "tt"cked or in t>e co4ntr* &ro/ 9>ic> t>e "::ression co/es. 'n 1 %e-te/(er 1#3#@ t>e d"* o& t>e N"2i /ilit"r* inv"sion o& !ol"nd@ Hitler l"4nc>ed " -ro:r"//e o& Se4t>"n"si"S &or t>e ins"ne "nd inc4r"(l* ill. C>e -ro:r"//e de-ended on vol4nt"r* -"rtici-"tion (* doctors. Ne9s o& t>e >i:>l* secret -ro:r"//e le"ked o4t. !4(lic -rotests 9ere /"de (* -ro/inent C"t>olic C>4rc> &i:4res@ le"din: to t>e ter/in"tion o& t>e -ro:r"//e in 1#41. 1&&ective nonviolent resist"nce to t>e N"2i occ4-iers occ4rred in t>e Net>erl"nds@ .en/"rk "nd Nor9"* d4rin: +orld +"r C9o. 8or ex"/-le@ t>e N"2i re:i/e in Nor9"* r4n (* ;4islin: tried to &orce t>e sc>ools to te"c> N"2i doctrines. C>e te"c>ers -4(licl* re&4sed@ "nd /"n* 9ere "rrested "nd sent to concentr"tion c"/-s. 34t t>e* contin4ed to resist@ "nd &in"ll* t>e ;4islin: :overn/ent@ 9orried "(o4t "n:erin: t>e Nor9e:i"n -eo-le too /4c>@ rele"sed t>e te"c>ers. C>e sc>ools 9ere never 4sed &or N"2i -ro-":"nd". 1ven in N"2i 7er/"n* itsel&@ nonviolent resist"nce 9"s e&&ective in so/e c"ses. In 1#43 in 3erlin@ t>o4s"nds o& non?<e9is> 9ives o& <e9s "rrested (* t>e 7est"-o de/onstr"ted o4tside t>e detention centre. 1vent4"ll* t>e -risoners 9ere rele"sed. Pore :ener"ll*@ exter/in"tion o& t>e <e9s "nd ot>er :ro4-s (* t>e N"2is 9"s >eld ("ck in co4ntries 9>ere /")or :ro4-s o& t>e -o-4l"tion@ "nd es-eci"ll* in&l4enti"l :ro4-s "nd individ4"ls s4c> "s c>4rc> le"ders@ re&4sed to coll"(or"te 9it> or to re/"in silent "(o4t "rrests "nd de-ort"tions. 8or ex"/-le@ H4n:"r* 9"s "n "ll* o& 7er/"n* d4rin: t>e 9"r@ (4t t>e H4n:"ri"n :overn/ent re&4sed to ":ree to "n* de-ort"tions o& <e9s in s-ite o& -ress4re &ro/ t>e N"2is &ro/ 1#42 to 1#44. 'nl* "&ter t>e H4n:"ri"n :overn/ent 9"s overt4rned (* t>e N"2is in 1#44 did de-ort"tions (e:in 9>ic> led to t>e killin: o& >4ndreds o& t>o4s"nds o& H4n:"ri"n <e9s "t 54sc>9it2. 5nd even "t t>is l"te st":e t>e exter/in"tion -ro:r"//e 9"s :re"tl* "ided (* t>e H4n:"ri"n <e9is> co//4nit* le"ders>i-@ 9>ic> coo-er"ted 9it> t>e N"2is "nd >el-ed or:"nise t>e <e9s &or de-ort"tion. UC'NCINB1%V Indeed@ no :overn/ent in >istor* >"s (een so -o9er&4l t>"t it co4ld &4nction 9it>o4t " &"ir de:ree o& -o-4l"r consent or "cF4iescence. In t>e /odern 9orld@ 4nrestr"ined violence ":"inst innocent victi/s is 9idel* conde/ned. In t>is -o-4l"r "nt":onis/ to 4n)4sti&ied re-ression lies t>e 9e"kness o& o-en "nd 4nrestr"ined violence "nd t>e stren:t> o& nonviolent resist"nce. Not " sin:le one o& t>e /"n* :overn/ents 9>ic> 4se tort4re "nd /4rder "s instr4/ents o& st"te re-ression o-enl* "d/its to doin: t>is. C>e s4ccess o& 5/nest* Intern"tion"l in o--osin: tort4re (* t>e Ssi/-leS /e"ns o& o-enl* ex-ressin: o--osition to it de/onstr"tes t>is si:ni&ic"nt -oint. UC'NCINB1%V !er>"-s t>e /ost dr"/"tic s4ccess *et "c>ieved (* nonviolent "ction ":"inst severe re-ression is t>e Ir"ni"n revol4tion in 1#78?1#7#. C>e %>">Ss re:i/e "t t>"t ti/e 9"s one o& t>e /ost re-ressive "nd (r4t"l in t>e 9orld. C>e :overn/ent >"d "n over9>el/in: /ilit"r* "nd -olice "rsen"l. Cort4re "nd killin: 9ere 4sed ro4tinel* ":"inst o--onents o& t>e re:i/e@ "nd "rrest "nd tort4re 9ere 4sed (* t>e st"te to terrorise t>e -o-4l"tion. C>e %>">Ss re:i/e 9"s s4--orted (* "ll /")or :overn/ents@ incl4din: t>e :overn/ents o& t>e Bnited %t"tes@ t>e %oviet Bnion@ t>e 5r"( co4ntries "nd Isr"el. C>e le"ders o& t>e /"in o--osition to t>e %>">@ ("sed on P4sli/ &4nd"/ent"lis/@ ex-licitl* o--osed t>e 4se o& violence. C>eir str"te:* 9"s ("sed on /"ss /o(ilis"tion incl4din: &r"ternis"tion 9it> troo-s. 3e&ore t>e %>">Ss re:i/e 9"s to--led@ so/et>in: like 4$@$$$ 4n"r/ed -eo-le 9ere s>ot de"d in t>e streets d4rin: nonviolent de/onstr"tions. 'ne need not (e " s4--orter o& -ost?revol4tion"r* Ir"n Q-erson"ll* I "/ dee-l* o--osed to /4c> o& 9>"t >"s >"--ened t>ereR to "--reci"te t>e enor/o4s -o9er o& nonviolent "ction de/onstr"ted d4rin: t>e revol4tion. 5lt>o4:> t>e >4/"n cost in overt>ro9in: t>e %>">Ss re:i/e 9"s enor/o4s@ ex-eriences else9>ere s4::est t>"t revol4tion (* "r/ed str4::le 9o4ld >"ve res4lted in &"r /ore de"t>s.

    - .1 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,lternative Solvenc!
    No -Viole ce tra sforms the c'cle of viole ce %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro&essor o&
    3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?

    1#,3
    C>"t 9e "re "t t>e end o& "n er" is not so/et>in: t>"t c"n (e -roved scienti&ic"ll*. 'ne senses it or one does not. 'ne kno9s (* int4ition t>"t t>e old i/":es@ "s 5rc>i("ld P"cLeis> s"*s in C>e Pet"->or@ >"ve lost t>eir /e"nin:. C>e old i/":es /"* *et >"ve so/e /e"nin:@ (4t t>eir :ri- >"s loosened s4&&icientl* to "llo9 4s to consider "ltern"tives. +e "re no9 &"ced 9it> t>e o--ort4nit* to dis/"ntle t>e /*t> o& rede/-tive violence "nd (re"k t>e c*cle o& do/in"tion. C>e &r":/ented excl4sivit* o& o4r se-"r"te str4::les &or )4stice /4st (e disc"rded &or t>e co//on :ro4nd o& o--osition to t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ in "ll its &or/sI it is t>e co//on ene/*. C>ro4:> t>e reco:nition "nd "ckno9led:/ent o& e"c> ot>erSs >4/"nit*@ 9e c"n o-en " 9"* to " ne9 -ossi(ilit* &or li&e. Li&e o4tside t>is c*cle . In t>e le:"l context@ t>is -rinci-le reF4ires t>e reco:nition "nd recti&ic"tion o& ineF4"lit* 4nder t>e l"9. It reF4ires t>e reco:nition o& t>e >4/"nit* o& t>ose o--ressed (* t>e o-er"tion o& l"9 "s -r"cticed. It reF4ires t>e "ckno9led:/ent (* t>e le:"l s*ste/ o& t>e o()ecti&ic"tion "nd s4(seF4ent >"r/ to 9o/en (* -orno:r"->*. It reF4ires t>e reco:nition t>"t t>e l"9Ss -ers-ective re/"ins t>"t o& /en. It reF4ires t>e reco:nition t>"t t>e color(lindness o& t>e constit4tion /e"ns t>"t it /"inl* sees 9>ite. It reF4ires t>"t -eo-le "ckno9led:e "nd cele(r"te t>eir c4lt4r"l "nd lin:4istic di&&erences "nd s4--ort e"c> ot>erSs &4ll -"rtici-"tion in societ*. Ho9 c"n violence (e rede/-tive 9>en it onl* (e:ets /ore "nd /ore violence "nd ex"cts " contin4in: -rice &ro/ e"c> -"rtici-"nt. C>"t is not t>e -"t> to victor*@ onl* de&e"t . C>e ("ttle 9e /4st &i:>t is not ":"inst t>e do/in"tors "s individ4"ls@ (4t t>e s*ste/ in 9>ic> "ll "re victi/s. C>e str4::le /4st (e )oined@ not ":"inst so/et>in: so "s to overco/e or do/in"te it@ (4t r"t>er to tr"nscend t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ itsel& ?? t>e -"r"di:/ o& o4r existence. C>e c>oice (et9een )oinin: t>e s*ste/ or &i:>tin: ":"inst it re/"ins " c>oice t>"t serves t>e s*ste/ in eit>er c"se ?? it is " 2ero?s4/ :"/e@ " Ho(sonSs c>oice. C>e "ltern"tive is to seek " t>ird 9"* in ever* >4/"n ende"vorI " 9"* t>"t s>i&ts t>e context &ro/ do/in"tion to " -"rtners>i- "/on: -eo-leI " 9"* t>"t "&&ir/s t>e >4/"nit* o& oneSs ene/ies "nd seeks t>eir 9ell?(ein: "lon: 9it> o4r o9n in " co//4nit* o& eF4"ls 9>ere t>e >4/"nit* o& "ll is "&&ir/ed.

    No viole ce &reve ts escalatio a ( res$lts i fe%er cas$alties) Viole ce is har( to 7$stif' a!ai st o viole ce o matter %hat) 3ri"n @arti %C% A B o& +ollon:on: 2$21MNonviolence 0ers4s C"-it"lis/M
    >tt-6//999.4o9.ed4."4/"rts/sts/(/"rtin/-4(s/$1nvc/nvc"ll.>t/l 8or t>ose seekin: to cre"te " 9orld 9it>o4t violence@ nonviolent "ction is sel&?consistent6 it 4ses onl* t>ose /et>ods t>"t "re co/-"ti(le 9it> t>e :o"l. C>is is 4nlike /ilit"r* de&ence@ 9>ic> relies on t>e t>re"t o& violence to -revent 9"r. Nonviolent "ction "llo9s /"xi/4/ -"rtici-"tion in soci"l str4::le. Ne"rl* "n*one c"n si:n " -etition or )oin " (o*cott or vi:il 9it>o4t re:"rd to sex@ ":e or "(ilit*. C>is is 4nlike /ilit"r* or :4errill" &orces@ 9>ic> -4t " -re/i4/ on ->*sic"l &itness "nd o&ten excl4de 9o/en@ c>ildren "nd t>e elderl*. Nonviolent "ction o&ten 9orks (etter t>"n violence@ since it is /ore likel* to 9in over o--onents "nd t>ird -"rties. It o&ten 9orks (etter t>"n 4sin: o&&ici"l c>"nnels &or c>"n:e@ s4c> "s &or/"l co/-l"ints to :overn/ents@ co4rt "ctions or elections@ since nonviolent "ction c"n (e 4sed (* t>ose 9it>o4t "d/inistr"tive i/-"ct@ le:"l s4--ort or elector"l in&l4ence. Nonviolent "ction o&ten le"ds to /ore l"stin: c>"n:e@ (ec"4se it /o(ilises /ore o& t>e -o-4l"tion in " -"rtici-"tor* &"s>ion t>"n eit>er violence or o&&ici"l c>"nnels. Co/-"red to violent str4::le@ nonviolent "ction 4s4"ll* le"ds to fe%er cas$alties. 5lt>o4:> violence c"n (e "nd is 4sed ":"inst nonviolent -rotesters@ t>is is 4s4"ll* less intense "nd s4st"ined t>"n ":"inst "r/ed o--osition@ since it is easier to 7$stif' violence ":"inst " violent o--onent. Note@ t>o4:>@ t>"t nonviolent "ction is not :4"r"nteed to c"4se &e9er de"t>s "nd in)4ries.W13X

    - .2 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,lternative .lobali)ation /ro& *elo0


    4e m$st reco! i0e the f$ (ame tal val$e of all life5 ot 7$st life that e"ists i si(e or o$tsi(e of the &olitical s&here) O l' !lo#ali0atio from #ottom $& solves) 3o"vent4r" de 1a tos@ !ro& "t Bniv o& Coi/(r"@ 5-ril 2$2.@ LCollective %4icideJM@ 3"d %4()ects@ Iss4e N
    63 Is it -ossi(le to &i:>t t>is de"t> driveJ +e /4st (e"r in /ind t>"t@ >istoric"ll*@ s"cri&ici"l destr4ction >"s "l9"*s (een linked to t>e econo/ic -ill":e o& n"t4r"l reso4rces "nd t>e l"(or &orce@ to t>e i/-eri"l desi:n o& r"dic"ll* c>"n:in: t>e ter/s o& econo/ic@ soci"l@ -olitic"l "nd c4lt4r"l exc>"n:es in t>e &"ce o& &"llin: e&&icienc* r"tes -ost4l"ted (* t>e /"xi/"list lo:ic o& t>e tot"lit"ri"n ill4sion in o-er"tion. It is "s t>o4:> >e:e/onic -o9ers@ (ot> 9>en t>e* "re on t>e rise "nd 9>en t>e* "re in decline@ re-e"tedl* :o t>ro4:> ti/es o& -ri/itive "cc4/4l"tion@ le:iti/i2in: t>e /ost s>"/e&4l violence in t>e n"/e o& &4t4res 9>ere@ (* de&inition@ t>ere is no roo/ &or 9>"t /4st (e destro*ed. In tod"*Ss version@ t>e -eriod o& -ri/itive "cc4/4l"tion consists o& co/(inin: neoli(er"l econo/ic :lo("li2"tion 9it> t>e :lo("li2"tion o& 9"r. C>e /"c>ine o& de/ocr"c* "nd li(ert* t4rns into " /"c>ine o& >orror "nd destr4ction. In o--osition to t>is@ t>ere is t>e on:oin: /ove/ent o& :lo("li2"tion &ro/ (elo9@ t>e :lo("l str4::le &or soci"l )4stice@ led (* soci"l /ove/ents "nd N7's@ o& 9>ic> t>e +orld %oci"l 8or4/ Q+%8R >"s (een "n eloF4ent /"ni&est"tion. C>e +%8 >"s (een " re/"rk"(le "&&ir/"tion o& li&e@ in its 9idest "nd /ost incl4sive sense@ e/(r"cin: >4/"n (ein:s "nd n"t4re. +>"t c>"llen:es does it &"ce (e&ore t>e incre"sin:l* inti/"te inter-enetr"tion o& t>e :lo("li2"tion o& t>e econo/* "nd t>"t o& 9"rJ I "/ convinced t>"t t>is ne9 sit4"tion &orces t>e :lo("li2"tion &ro/ (elo9 to re?t>ink itsel&@ "nd to res>"-e its -riorities. It is 9ell?kno9n t>"t t>e +%8@ "t its second /eetin:@ in 2$$2@ identi&ied t>e rel"tions>i- (et9een econo/ic neoli(er"lis/ "nd i/-eri"l 9"r/on:erin:@ 9>ic> is 9>* it or:"ni2ed t>e +orld !e"ce 8or4/@ t>e second edition o& 9>ic> took -l"ce in 2$$3. 34t t>is is not eno4:>. 5 str"te:ic s>i&t is reF4ired. %oci"l /ove/ents@ no /"tter 9>"t t>eir s->eres o& str4::le@ /4st :ive -riorit* to t>e &i:>t &or -e"ce@ "s " necess"r* condition &or t>e s4ccess o& "ll t>e ot>er str4::les. C>is /e"ns t>"t t>e* /4st (e in t>e &rontline o& t>e &i:>t &or -e"ce@ "nd not si/-l* le"ve t>is s-"ce to (e occ4-ied solel* (* -e"ce /ove/ents. 5ll t>e /ove/ents ":"inst neoli(er"l :lo("li2"tion "re@ &ro/ no9 on@ -e"ce /ove/ents. +e "re no9 in t>e /idst o& t>e &o4rt> 9orld 9"r Qt>e t>ird (ein: t>e Cold +"rR "nd t>e s-ir"l o& 9"r 9ill :o on "nd on. C>e -rinci-le o& non?violence t>"t is cont"ined in t>e +%8 C>"rter o& !rinci-les /4st no lon:er (e " de/"nd /"de on t>e /ove/entsI no9 it /4st (e " :lo("l de/"nd /"de (* t>e /ove/ents. C>is e/->"sis is necess"r* so t>"t@ in c4rrent circ4/st"nces@ t>e cele(r"tion o& li&e c"n (e set ":"inst t>is verti:ino4s collective s4icide. C>e -e"ce to (e &o4:>t &or is not " /ere "(sence o& 9"r or o& terroris/. It is r"t>er " -e"ce ("sed 4-on t>e eli/in"tion o& t>e conditions t>"t &oster 9"r "nd terroris/6 :lo("l in)4stice@ soci"l excl4sion@ c4lt4r"l "nd -olitic"l discri/in"tion "nd o--ression "nd i/-eri"list :reed. 5 ne9@ cos/o-olit"n >4/"nis/ c"n (e (4ilt "(ove "nd (e*ond +estern ill4/inist "(str"ctions@ " >4/"nis/ o& re"l -eo-le ("sed on t>e concrete resist"nce to t>e "ct4"l >4/"n s4&&erin: i/-osed (* t>e re"l "xis o& evil6 neoli(er"lis/ -l4s 9"r.

    - .. -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,lternative%issent Solves
    There is o fi al $to&ia sta!e i %hich (isse t ta/es &lace5 rather it is i (isse ts (ail'- ess %here there ca #e s&ace for a visio of ho&ef$l social tra sformatio ) ,ol"nd Blei/er@ Coordin"tor o& t>e !e"ce "nd Con&lict %t4dies !ro:r"/ "t t>e Bniversit* o& ;4eensl"nd@ L!o-4l"r .issent@ H4/"n 5:enc* "nd 7lo("l !oliticsM@ 2222@ -: 281
    Cr"nsvers"l &or/s o& dissent c"nnot s4cceed overni:>t. 5n en:":e/ent 9it> lin:4istic"ll* "nd disc4rsivel* entrenc>ed &or/s o& do/in"tion 9orks slo9l* "nd indirectl*. C>e e&&ects o& s4c> inter&erences "re di&&ic4lt to see or -rove@ es-eci"ll* i& one "--ro"c>es t>e F4estion o& evidence 9it> " -ositivist 4nderst"ndin: o& kno9led:e. 34t tr"nsvers"l dissent is nevert>eless re"l. It enters t>e soci"l context in t>e &or/ o& 9>"t t>e 1"st 7er/"n -oet B9e Kol(e c"lled S" tr"ce ele/entS.S It does not directl* c"4se -"rtic4l"r events. It en:enders >4/"n ":enc* t>ro4:> " /4lti?l"*ered "nd di&&4sed -rocess@ t>ro4:> " :r"d4"l tr"ns&or/"tion o& societ"l v"l4es. C>is -rocess >"s no end. No /"tter >o9 s4ccess&4l t>e* "re@ disc4rsive &or/s o& dissent@ even i& t>e* /"n":e to tr"ns:ress n"tion"l (o4nd"ries@ "re never co/-lete. C>ere is no e/"nci-"tor* -e"k to (e cli/(ed. .issent is t>e ver* "ct o& cli/(in:@ d"il*@ do::edl*@ endlessl*. It is not "n event t>"t >"--ens once@ " s-ect"c4l"r o4t(4rst o& ener:* t>"t overco/es t>e d"rk &orces o& o--ression "nd li&ts li(er"tion into "n s4-erior st"te o& -er-et4"l tri4/->. S1ver*t>in: (eco/es "nd ret4rns etern"ll*S@ Niet2sc>e s"*s. S1sc"-e is i/-ossi(le[O 1ven t>e /ost )4st soci"l order excl4des 9>"t does not &it into its vie9 o& t>e 9orld. Incl4siveness lies in " const"nt -rocess o& dist4r(in: l"n:4":e "nd ret>inkin: /e"nin:@ r"t>er t>"n in "n 4to-i"n &in"l st":e.

    - .3 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,lternative Solves Ca$italis&


    No viole ce is the o l' ho&e to esca&e the em&ire a ( #rea/ free of the miser' a ( (estr$ctio ca&italism tra&s $s i ) 3ri"n @arti @ %C% A B o& +ollon:on:@ 2$21MNonviolence 0ers4s C"-it"lis/M
    >tt-6//999.4o9.ed4."4/"rts/sts/(/"rtin/-4(s/$1nvc/nvc"ll.>t/l Nonviolent "ction is t>e /ost -ro/isin: /et>od &or /ovin: (e*ond c"-it"lis/ to " /ore >4/"ne soci"l "nd econo/ic s*ste/. 5--ro"c>es ("sed on 4sin: st"te -o9er ?? incl4din: st"te soci"lis/ "nd soci"list elector"lis/ ?? >"ve (een tried "nd &"iled. .r"/"tic c>"n:es "re de&initel* needed (ec"4se c"-it"lis/@ des-ite its 4ndo4(ted stren:t>s@ contin4es to c"4se enor/o4s s4&&erin:. Nonviolent "ction "s "n "--ro"c> >"s t>e c"-"cit* to tr"ns&or/ c"-it"lis/@ t>o4:> t>ere "re /"n* o(st"cles involved. +it> t>e coll"-se o& /ost st"te soci"list s*ste/s@ t>ere >"s (een since 1##$ /4c> tri4/->"l r>etoric "(o4t t>e s4-eriorit* "nd inevit"(ilit* o& c"-it"lis/. 34t it is &"r &ro/ "n ide"l s*ste/ ?? ver* &"r. It is -rod4cin: econo/ic ineF4"lit* on " /"ssive sc"le@ 9it> t>e -oor :ettin: -oorer "nd t>e ric> :ettin: ric>er. It is destro*in: tr"dition"l c4lt4res@ re-l"cin: t>e/ 9it> " >o/o:eneo4s cons4/er c4lt4re t>"t l"cks "4t>entic co//4nit*. It is c"4sin: enor/o4s environ/ent"l d"/":e@ 4nder/inin: (iolo:ic"l diversit* "nd de-letin: reso4rces. It is /"kin: t>e lives o& /ost 9orkers (le"k "nd /e"nin:less@ 9>ile den*in: 9ork to t>ose 9>o do not &it t>e "v"il"(le slots. 34t c"-it"lis/ does -rod4ce " /"ssive F4"ntit* o& :oods. It >"rnesses >4/"n "cF4isitive drives to t>e t"sk o& -rod4ction 4nlike "n* ot>er s*ste/. +it>in /"rket -"r"/eters@ it -rovides :oods "nd services in " :ener"ll* res-onsive &"s>ion@ "nd >"s dr"/"tic"ll* r"ised /"teri"l livin: st"nd"rds in /"n* co4ntries. C"-it"lis/ does >"ve stren:t>s. .o t>e 9e"knesses re"ll* /"tter@ i& t>ere is no "ltern"tiveJ 5ct4"ll*@ it is "(s4rd to s"* t>"t c"-it"lis/ is inevit"(le. C>is is re"ll* )4st "n exc4se &or doin: not>in: to ex"/ine "nd -ro/ote i/-rove/ents "nd "ltern"tives. C>e 9"* societ* is or:"nised is d4e to t>e "ctions o& -eo-le@ "nd t>ese "ctions c"n c>"n:e. Histor* s>o9s " tre/endo4s r"n:e o& -ossi(ilities &or >4/"n -"tterns o& inter"ction. 84rt>er/ore@ tec>nolo:ic"l develo-/ent is cre"tin: ne9 o-tions &or t>e str4ct4rin: o& 9ork@ co//4nic"tion "nd inter"ction. Considerin: t>"t c"-it"lis/ is onl* " &e9 >4ndred *e"rs old "nd contin4es to c>"n:e@ "nd t>"t t>ere is not>in: "--ro"c>in: ":ree/ent t>"t t>e c4rrent s*ste/ is ide"l@ t>e "ss4/-tion o& inevit"(ilit* is ver* 9e"k indeed. .e&enders o& c"-it"lis/ "ss4/e t>"t t>ere "re onl* t9o ("sic o-tions6 eit>er c"-it"lis/ or so/e sort o& s*ste/ ("sed on "4t>orit"ri"n :overn/ent@ eit>er st"te soci"lis/ or so/e ot>er sort o& dict"tors>i-. QC"-it"lis/ is "ss4/ed to :o >"nd in >"nd 9it> re-resent"tive :overn/ent@ (4t t>is i:nores t>ose co4ntries 9it> c"-it"list econo/ies "nd "4t>orit"ri"n -olitics@ incl4din: &"scis/ "nd /ilit"r* dict"tors>i-.R 34t o& co4rse t>ere "re /ore t>"n t9o t>ese o-tions. C>ere "re ot>er 9"*s o& or:"nisin: econo/ic "nd soci"l li&e. C>e c>"llen:e is to &i:4re o4t 9>ic> ones "re 9ort>9>ile "nd 9ort> -4rs4in:. 1ven settin: "side o-tions t>"t "re co/-letel* di&&erent@ c"-it"lis/ is (* no /e"ns " &ixed "nd &in"l s*ste/. It 9ill (e tr"ns&or/ed "nd 9ill tr"ns&or/ itsel& in co/in: dec"des. It co4ld (eco/e (etter or it co4ld (eco/e 9orse@ de-endin: on 9>"t -eo-le do "(o4t it.

    - .- -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,lternative Solves Ca$italis&


    No viole ce /e' to social cha !e a ( (isma tle ca&italism 3ri"n @ARTIN %C% A B o& +ollon:on: 2221MNonviolence 0ers4s C"-it"lis/M >tt-6//999.4o9.ed4."4/"rts/sts/(/"rtin/-4(s/$1nvc/nvc"ll.>t/l
    P"n* o& t>e /ost -o9er&4l inst"nces o& nonviolent "ction >"ve (een l"r:el* s-ont"neo4s@ 9it> little -l"nnin: or tr"inin:. C>is is o&ten t>e c"se in resist"nce to /ilit"r* co4-s@ s4c> "s t>e 1#2$ K"-- !4tsc> in 7er/"n*@ t>e 1#61 5l:eri"n 7ener"lsS ,evolt "nd t>e 1##1 co4- in t>e %oviet Bnion. In e"c> c"se t>e nonviolent resist"nce 9"s i/-rovised on t>e s-ot@ -"rtl* (ec"4se t>ere 9"s little or no 9"rnin: t>"t " co49o4ld occ4r. 1ven in so/e o& t>e lon:er c"/-"i:ns@ t>e level o& -l"nnin: "nd tr"inin: >"s (een lo9@ s4c> "s t>e inti&"d" in !"lestine@ 9>ic> (4rst on t>e scene "s " s4r-rise to (ot> Isr"elis "nd t>e !"lestini"n le"ders>i- "nd 9>ose co4rse over t>e *e"rs 9"s /ore "n or:"nic develo-/ent t>"n " c"re&4ll* c"lc4l"ted tr")ector*. UC'NCINB1%V It 9"s 7"nd>i 9>o -ioneered -l"nnin: &or nonviolent "ction. He s"9 overt "ction "s -"rt o& " lon:?ter/ str"te:* &or soci"l c>"n:e@ reF4irin: :re"t c"re in -re-"r"tion@ -l"nnin:@ disci-line "nd tr"inin:. His ex"/-le >"s (een t"ken to >e"rt (* " n4/(er o& soci"l /ove/ents@ s4c> "s t>e B% civil ri:>ts /ove/ent "nd "ntin4cle"r c"/-"i:ners. ,e"li2in: t>"t "n "ction /"* l"ck i/-"ct 9it>o4t s4&&icient -re-"r"tion@ i& it is "i/ed "t t>e 9ron: t"r:et or is ill ti/ed@ c"/-"i:ners >"ve s-ent :re"t e&&ort in soci"l "n"l*sis@ co//4nit* ed4c"tion "nd nonviolence tr"inin:@ in order to /"xi/ise e&&ectiveness. +it> -l"nned nonviolent "ction@ t>ere is " /4c> :re"ter c"-"cit* to de"l 9it> co/-lex s*ste/s o& o--ression@ (* 9orkin: o4t t"r:ets t>"t de"l 9it> t>e so4rce o& -ro(le/s "s 9ell "s t"--in: into -o-4l"r concerns. 5 strike &or >i:>er -"* c"n (e v"l4"(le to ex-loited 9orkers (4t does not c>"llen:e t>e rel"tions>i- (et9een e/-lo*ers "nd 9orkers@ 9>ere"s " 9ork?in to de/"nd " :re"ter s"* in 9>"t is -rod4ced "i/s "t " /ore &4nd"/ent"l c>"n:e in t>e rel"tions>i-. UC'NCINB1%V C>is ric> in&or/"tion environ/ent -rovides ne9 c>"llen:es &or nonviolent "ctivists. C>e tr"dition"l 7"nd>i"n ->iloso->* o& s"t*":r">" involves seekin: t>e tr4t> t>ro4:> di"lo:4e@ 9it> nonviolent "ction "s " /e"ns o& enco4r":in: o--onents to en:":e in t>e di"lo:4e. C>"t "--ro"c> /"kes so/e sense 9>en t>e &"cts o& re-ression "nd o--ression "re re"son"(l* o(vio4s@ 9>ere t>ere is "n o(vio4s so4rce o& o--ression "nd 9>ere t>ere "re o--onents 9it> 9>o/ "ctivists c"n en:":e in di"lo:4e@ directl* or vi" inter/edi"ries. C>ese conditions no lon:er "--l*. P4c> o& t>e o--ression in c"-it"lis/ is (4ilt into t>e s*ste/ o& o9ners>i- "nd exc>"n:e6 t>ere "re &e9 o(vio4s Oo--onentsO 9>o (* t>eir "ctions c"n c>"n:e t>e s*ste/. 84rt>er/ore@ t>e s*ste/ &or -rod4cin: O4nre"lit*O >"s (eco/e so -erv"sive t>"t str"i:>t&or9"rd di"lo:4e see/s ever /ore el4sive. C>is is "not>er re"son 9>*@ &or nonviolent "ction to (e 4sed e&&ectivel* to tr"ns&or/ c"-it"lis/@ " dee-er "n"l*sis is reF4ired@ -l4s c"re&4l -l"nnin:. 5 s*ste/ (4ilt on " s4r&eit o& in&or/"tion Q9it> -lent* o& distortions "nd i/("l"ncesR reF4ires " di&&erent sort o& str"te:* t>"n " s*ste/ (4ilt -ri/"ril* on censors>i-.

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,2- 'iolence Inevitable


    T$r C *$estio i ! the i evita#ilit' of viole ce is a moral im&erative %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro&essor o& 3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?1,,3
    Bnderst"ndin: t>e s*ste/ t>"t cre"tes do/in"tion t>ro4:> violence (rin:s to li:>t t>e c>oice "v"il"(le to individ4"ls "nd societies6 eit>er contin4e in t>e co/-l"cenc* t>"t is co/-licit in its evil "nd t>e re"ction"r* violence t>"t &eeds it@ or en:":e t>e s*ste/ in " 9"* t>"t de/"nds " ne9 -ossi(ilit* &or )4stice ?? " -ossi(ilit* t>"t does not incl4de do/in"tion violence. It is -recisel* t>is -ossi(ilit* t>"t t>e s*ste/ in 9>ic> 9e live des-er"tel* tries to kee- >idden. In !"rt II o& t>is 5rticle@ 9e F4estion 9>et>er do/in"tion violence is re"ll* necess"r* &or t>e est"(lis>/ent "nd -ro-":"tion o& >4/"n societies. !"rt III disc4sses t>e ori:ins o& do/in"tion violence "nd t>e -erv"sive s*ste/ it &o4nded. !"rt I0 -rovides " (rie& sketc> o& t>e develo-/ent o& l"9 "nd its "ttend"nt ineF4"lit* "s instr4/ent "nd exe/-l"r o& t>is s*ste/ o& do/in"tion violence. !"rt 0 t>en o&&ers not "n "ltern"tive -"r"di:/@ (4t interi/ /et>ods &or extric"tin: o4rselves &ro/ t>e :ri- o& t>e c4rrent s*ste/ ?? " t"sk 9e (elieve to (e " /or"l i/-er"tive

    Viole ce Is I evita#le 8 less 4e Brea/ The C'cle Colonel ."niel 1mith@ B.%. 5r/* Q,et.R@ C.I C>ie& o& ,ese"rc>@ +eekl* .e&ense Ponitor@ <"n4"r* 7@ 1,,,@ >tt-6//999.cdi.or:/9eekl*/1###/iss4e$1.>t/l
    'nce ":"in >"--enst"nce >"s (ro4:>t to:et>er t9o di&&erent >4/"n str"nds t>"t s"* /4c> "(o4t o4r 9orld. C>e &irst str"nd is t>e "nn4"l s4rve* ?? re"ll* " sn"-s>ot ?? o& t>e n4/(er o& on:oin: /")or con&licts in t>e 9orld "t t>e st"rt o& 1###. C.ISs co4nt lists 23 /")or 9"rs. Post o& 9>ic> "re intern"l@ co/-"red 9it> 21 "t t>e st"rt o& 1##8 "nd "not>er 1# &l"s>-oints t>"t co4ld e"sil* t4rn into 9"rs. C>e second str"nd@ /ore r"ndo/ t>"n t>e &irst@ is t>e c4rrent -rod4ction in Ne9 Gork Cit* o& O1lectr"@O " -l"* 9ritten so/e 2@4$$ *e"rs ":o (* t>e 7reek tr":edi"n %o->ocles. C>e :ener"l stor* line is rel"tivel* str"i:>t&or9"rd6 5:"/e/non@ kin: o& P*cen"e "nd le"der o& t>e 7reeks in t>eir 9"r 9it> Cro*@ s"cri&ices one o& >is d"4:>ters to t>e :ods to ens4re &"vor"(le 9inds &or t>e 7reek &leet. C>is "n:ers >is 9i&e Cl*te/nestr" 9>o@ 9it> >er lover@ /4rders 5:"/e/non 9>en >e ret4rns ten *e"rs l"ter "&ter t>e &"ll o& Cro*. C>is /4rder enr":es 1lectr"@ t>e ot>er d"4:>ter o& 5:"/e/non@ 9>o revered >er &"t>er. 1vent4"ll*@ 9it> t>e "id o& >er (rot>er@ 1lectr" 9re"ks ven:e"nce on Cl*te/nestr" "nd >er lover. 5t t>e -l"*Ss endin:@ t>e :ods "re dee/ed "--e"sed@ )4stice done@ "nd t>4s@ &ro/ t>e 7reek -ers-ective@ 4nivers"l ("l"nce restored. 34t 9>"t is t>e o4tco/e i& t>ere "re no :ods@ onl* &les> "nd (lood >4/"nsJ O<4sticeO s4ddenl* >"s no extern"l re&erence -ointI it &"ils "s " -rocess o& "ssessin: res-onsi(ilit* &or "n "ct "nd /e"s4rin: " discrete "nd "--ro-ri"te re/ed*. C>4s c"n (e:in t>e 4nendin: c*cle o& violence@ o& 9ron:s never &or:otten@ never &or:iven@ "l9"*s reven:ed ?? s4c> "s t>ose t>"t drive so /"n* o& t>e 23 con&licts r":in: tod"* "nd t>e 1# &l"s>-oints t>"t co4ld er4-t "t "n* ti/e. C>e drive &or -erson"l -o9er is co//onl* cited "s t>e c"4se &or con&lict. C>is 4ndo4(tedl* is "l9"*s -resent. 34t closer ex"/in"tion /i:>t -oint to t>e /ore -ri/itive >4/"n /otive t>"t i/-els reven:e &or -"st "trocities@ -"st de-riv"tions@ -"st o/issions@ "ct4"l or -erceived. 5s /ere >4/"ns in " non?re-e"t"(le O-er&or/"nceO in " re"l 9orld@ r"rel* "re 9e "(le to "c>ieve t>e e/otion"ll* ne4tr"l -ers-ective 4s4"ll* "ttri(4ted to t>e "ncient :ods. 5nd l"ckin: t>is ne4tr"lit*@ t>e c*cle o& "ction "nd re"ction t"kes >old. 0iolence &l"resI )4stice is 9"r-edI killin: "nd reven:e killin:s rei:n. 5nd t>e* 9ill contin4e to rei:n "nd -l4n:e n"tions into c*cle 4-on c*cle o& 9"r 4ntil 9e le"rn to &or:ive "nd &or:et.

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,2 Per&
    The co sta t search to &ro&ose !oo( i(eas5 to act i the %orl(5 a ( to (o somethi ! is e"actl' ho% %e &reve t o$rselves from acce&ti ! o$r res&o si#ilit' for the %orl() Ref$sal of the affirmative is the first ste& to%ar(s artic$lati ! a e% ema ci&ator' ima!i atio 5 act$all' ca&a#le of (eali ! %ith their case harms) <"*"n Na'ar@ L"9 %t4dent "t t>e Bniversit* o& +"r9ick@ ,e?8r"/in: Intern"tion"l L"9 &or t>e 21st Cent4r*6 'rders o& In>4/"nit*@ # Cr"nsn"tion"l L"9 T Conte/-or"r* !ro(le/s 5##@ 8"ll 1#,,@ ln
    I 9onder i& t>e se"rc>in: &or co/&ort in t>e /ind relieves 9>"t is "lre"d* kno9n. +>en 9e s-e"k o& " c>"n:e in o4r 4nderst"ndin: o& t>e 9orld@ t>is >er"lded Oe-iste/ic tr"nsitionO t>"t is s4--osed to (e t>e >"ll/"rk o& O-ost?/odern kno9led:e@O 9>"t 9e "re re"ll* t"lkin: "(o4t is t>e 9"* in 9>ic> 9e 9>o "re "&r"id to "cce-t o4r o9n res-onsi(ilit* &or t>e /"n* ex-ressions o& violence in t>e 9orld@ "lt>o4:> 9e kno9 it@ seek to &ind " /e"ns o& /"kin: sense@ &ro/ " dist"nce@ o& violence@ o& /"dness. 3* c>"n:in: t>e 9"* in 9>ic> 9e 4nderst"nd t>e 9orld intellect4"ll* t>ere&ore 9e -ost-one ":"in t>"t ti/e 9>en -"in "nd )o* "re "llo9ed to &ilter into o4r >e"rts in lived e/"nci-"tion@ 9it> "ll t>eir /ess* re-erc4ssions. Inste"d 9e re/"in l"r:el* 4nto4c>ed 9it>in t>is re"l/ o& t>eori2ed e/"nci-"tion. It is not e"s* >o9ever to kee- o4r dist"nce. It reF4ires " lot o& e&&ort in order to not see "nd &eel. +e >"ve to kee- o4rselves const"ntl* (4s*. C>is s-ir"l o& const"nt reinter-ret"tions o& violence t>ro4:> so /"n* t>eories (eco/es "l/ost "n "n"est>etic. +>en I -l4nder t>ro4:> /* Ore"din:s@O "s I se"rc> &or &4rt>er "rtic4l"tions o& O:ood ide"s@O 9it> /* d"il* /4sin:s over Ot>eoretic"l &r"/e9orks@O "s I kee- /*sel& (4s*@ I "/ diverted &ro/ "skin: 9>*??9>"t is t>is "ll &orJ I kno9 t>"t i& I sto-@ i& I >"ve " /o/ent or t9o &or re&lection@ i& I den* /*sel& t>e distr"ctions o& O:ood ide"s@O t>"t F4estion re?e/er:esI in o4r F4iet /o/ents@ i& 9e "llo9 o4rselves F4iet /o/ents@ 9e c"nnot >ide &ro/ o4rselves. I& 9e t"ke "9"* t>e n4/(in: co/&ort "nd sec4rit* o& o4r -ro&ession"l re"son &or (ein:@ 9e "re &"ced 9it> t>e disconcertin: 4ncert"inties o& o4r res-onsi(ilit* in (ein:. C>is is not e"s*. Get@ -er>"-s@ it is onl* 9>en 9e "re -4lled in ever* direction 9it> do4(t@ conviction@ -"in "nd )o*@ t>"t 9e "re "(le to s>"re in t>e e/"nci-"tor* 9isdo/ o& >4/"nit* t>"t >"s (een t>e lived li&e o& :ener"tions (e&ore 4s "nd o& :ener"tions to co/e. Li&e t>en ce"ses to (e " -ro(le/ to (e solved. ,"t>er it reve"ls itsel& "s " )o4rne* to (e tr"veled@ "nd tr"v"iled. In "ll 9onder@ I t"ke /* &irst tent"tive ste-s. 5nd t>e directions &or t>ese ste-s /4st "l9"*s (e t>e s4()ect o& -erson"l "nd collective )4d:/ent@ n4rt4red t>ro4:> convers"tion r"t>er t>"n orders@ rel"tions>i-s r"t>er t>"n orderin:s@ in loc"ted 9orlds r"t>er t>"n in t>e "(str"cted O9orld@O in livin: r"t>er t>"n in "ctin:.

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,2 Per&
    The &erm$tatio still li /s #eca$se it still attem&ts to or(er the %orl() Com&licit' %ith or(eri ! #a /r$&ts their &ro7ect) <"*"n Na'ar@ L"9 %t4dent "t t>e Bniversit* o& +"r9ick@ ,e?8r"/in: Intern"tion"l L"9 &or t>e 21st Cent4r*6 'rders o& In>4/"nit*@ # Cr"nsn"tion"l L"9 T Conte/-or"r* !ro(le/s 5##@ 8"ll 1#,,@ ln
    .es-ite t>e &ix"tion o& t>e (ene&ici"ries o& ordered 9orlds@ even t>e ordered Ocritic@O 9it> t>e -rescri(ed l"n:4":es@ visions "nd -ossi(ilities o& >4/"n soci"lities@ ot>er re"lities o& >4/"nit* nevert>eless -ersist. Not9it>st"ndin: t>e :lo("li2"tion o& soci"l concern "nd t>e tr"nsn"tion"li2"tion o& -ro&ession"li2ed critiF4e "nd re&or/"tor* "ction@ str4::les ":"inst violence re/"in ener:i2ed@ -ersistent "nd loc"ted. C>e* "re 9":ed t>ro4:> t>e (odies o& lives lived in ex-erienti"l loc"tions ":"inst re"l instr4/ents o& terror@ &4nctionin: 9it>in e/(odied sites o& violence. Non?in&or/"tion "nd non?re-resent"tion o& t>e existence o& s4c> str4::les@ "nd non?le"rnin: o& t>e 9isdo/s t>4s :ener"ted do not ne:"te t>eir tr4t>s or t>e vi(r"nc* o& t>eir soci"lities. n51 O+eO "re -"rtici-"nts in ordered 9orlds@ not /erel* o(servers. C>e c>oice is 9>et>er 9e 9is> to reco:ni2e o4r o9n loc"tions o& ordered violence "nd -"rtici-"te in t>e str4::le to resist t>eir orderin:s@ or 9>et>er 9e 9is> /erel* to o(serve violence in &"r?o&& 9orlds in order t>"t o4r intervention"r* -"rtici-"tion Oo4t t>ereO never dest"(ili2es t>e :ro4nd 4-on 9>ic> 9e st"nd. I s4::est t>"t 9e (etr"* t>e s-irit o& tr"ns&or/"tor* str4::le@ des-ite "ll o4r ex-ressions o& s4--ort "nd even "ctions o& -ro&ession"li2ed ex-ertise@ i& o4r o9n loc"tions@ 9it>in 9>ic> "re ordered "nd &ro/ 9>ic> 9e o4rselves order@ re/"in 4nscr4tini2ed.

    - ., -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,2 Per&
    The &erm$tatio reco! i0es o$r i (ivi($al com&licit' %ith viole ce5 a ( the (oes othi ! a#o$t that) Rather5 the' attem&t to resolve o$r local res&o si#ilit' %ith !lo#al actio ) O$r criticism is a#o$t starti ! &oi ts5 ot e (s) <"*"n Na'ar@ L"9 %t4dent "t t>e Bniversit* o& +"r9ick@ ,e?8r"/in: Intern"tion"l L"9 &or t>e 21st Cent4r*6 'rders o& In>4/"nit*@ # Cr"nsn"tion"l L"9 T Conte/-or"r* !ro(le/s 5##@ 8"ll 1#,,@ ln
    C>e OIO is seldo/ -resent in Oe/"nci-"tor*O -ro)ects to c>"n:e t>e 9orld. C>is is (ec"4se t>e Orel"tion"l IO? 9orld "nd t>e O:lo("lO?9orld "re ne:"tions o& one "not>erI t>e &or/er ne:"tes t>e conce-t o& t>e l"tter 9>ilst t>e l"tter ne:"tes t>e li&e o& t>e &or/er. 5nd conce-ts "re /ore "/en"(le to scr4tin* t>"n li&e. C>e "dv"nce in tec>nolo:ies o& i/":e?in: en"(les " dist"nci"tion o& scr4tin*@ &ro/ t>e OIO?9orld o& rel"tions>i-s to t>e O:lo("lO?9orld o& "(str"ctions. 5s 9e (eco/e &ix"ted 9it> t>e dist"nt@ "s 9e cons4/e t>e i/":es o& O9orldO "s ot>er t>"n >ere "nd no9@ "s 9e -ro)ect o4rselves t>ro4:> tec>nolo:ic"l ti/e?s-"ce into 9orlds "-"rt &ro/ o4r >ere "nd no9@ "s 9e (eco/e O:lo("l@O 9e "re relieved o& t>e :r"vit* o& o4r -resent. +e@ t>4s@ ce"se t>e "ctivis/ o& sel& Q(ein:R "nd t"ke on t>e /"ntle o& t>e O"ctivistO Qdoin:R. C>is is " si:ni&ic"nt dis-l"ce/ent. C>"t t>ere is s4&&erin: "ll over t>e 9orld >"s indeed (een /"de /ore visi(le (* t>e tec>nolo:ies o& i/":e in:. Get &or "ll its conseF4ent &osterin: o& Onet9orks@O i/":es o& O:lo("lO s4&&erin: >"ve "lso served to dise/-o9er. 3* t>is@ 9e /e"n not /erel* t>"t 9e "re &illed 9it> t>e sense t>"t t>e &orces ":"inst 9>ic> t>e str4::le &or e/"nci-"tions &ro/ in)4stice "nd ex-loit"tion "re 9":ed "re -erv"sive "nd@ t>ere&ore@ o&ten i/-enetr"(le@ (4t@ /ore i/-ort"ntl*@ t>"t it diverts o4r :"2e "9"* &ro/ t>e onl* tr4e -o9er t>"t is in o4r dis-os"l??t>e -o9er o& sel&?c>"n:e in rel"tions>i-s o& solid"rities. C>e O9orld@O "s 9e -erceive it tod"*@ did not exist in ti/es -"st. It does not exist tod"*. C>ere is no s4c> t>in: "s t>e :lo("l Oone 9orld.O C>e 9orld c"n onl* exist in t>e loc"tions "nd ex-eriences reve"led t>ro4:> "nd in >4/"n rel"tions>i-s. It is o&ten t>"t 9e t>ink t>"t to c>"n:e t>e 9orld it is necess"r* to c>"n:e t>e 9"* -o9er is exercised in t>e 9orldI so 9e :o "(o4t t>e (4siness o& ex-osin: "nd deno4ncin: t>e /"n* -o9er con&i:4r"tions t>"t do/in"te. !o9er indeed does lie "t t>e core o& >4/"n /iser*@ *et 9e (lind o4rselves i& 9e re:"rd t>is -o9er "s t>e -o9er o4t t>ere. !o9er@ 9>en "ll t>e co/-lex net9orks o& its re"c> "re 4nt"n:led@ is -erson"lI -o9er does not exist o4t t>ere@ W*63$X it onl* exists in rel"tions>i-. Co s"* t>e 9ord@ -o9er@ is to descri(e rel"tions>i-@ to "ckno9led:e -o9er@ is to "ckno9led:e o4r s4(servience in t>"t rel"tions>i-. C>ere c"n exist no -o9er i& t>e s4(servient rel"tions>i- is re&4sed??t>en -o9er c"n onl* "c>ieve its "/(itions t>ro4:> its n"ked &or/@ "s violence. C>"n:in: t>e 9orld t>ere&ore is " /isno/er &or in tr4t> it is rel"tions>i-s t>"t "re to (e c>"n:ed. 5nd t>e onl* rel"tions>i-s t>"t 9e c"n c>"n:e &or s4re "re o4r o9n. 5nd t>e const"nt in o4r rel"tions>i-s is o4rselves??t>e OIO o& "ll o& 4s. 5nd so@ to c>"n:e o4r rel"tions>i-s@ 9e /4st c>"n:e t>e OIO t>"t is e"c> o& 4s. Cr"ns&or/"tions o& Ostr4ct4resO 9ill soon &ollo9. C>is is@ -er>"-s@ t>e (e:innin: o& "ll e/"nci-"tions. C>is is@ -er>"-s@ t>e essenti"l /ess":e o& P">"t/"s. C>e -o9er o& 9orld?orderin: to sel&?s4st"in@ I s4::est@ lies -recisel* in t>is@ its "(ilit* to order t>e OvoicesO "nd t>e Ovoicin:O o& dissent. 8ro/ t>is -ers-ective@ t>e &"ct o& dissent or critiF4e is not@ in itsel&@ t>e si:ni&ic"nt indic"tor o& resist"nce t>"t 9e /i:>t consider it to (e. C>e -oint@ I "r:4e@ is not that dissent is re:istered@ (4t r"t>er@ >o9@ 9>ere "nd in 9>"t &or/ t>"t dissent is ex-ressed. 0oices o& dissent t>"t "re "(sor(ed into t>e c>"nnels o& voicin: "s -rovided (* t>e str4ct4res o& order@ in /* vie9@ >"ve t>e/selves (een ordered. ,"t>er t>"n -rovidin: ener:ies &or i/":in"tion@ t>e* "re dr"ined o& t>e/@ s4st"inin: inste"d t>e orders ":"inst 9>ic> t>e* -4r-ort to st"nd. In t>e str4::le to &ind " voice 9e@ t>ere&ore@ co/-l* 9it> t>e orders o& voicin:I t>e (est o& ti/es (ein: 9>en o4r voice is O>e"rd@O toler"ted@ so/eti/es even con:r"t4l"ted "nd re9"rded@ t>e 9orst o& ti/es (ein: 9>en it is "--ro-ri"ted "nd tr"ns&or/ed into &4rt>er le:iti/i2"tions o& violence@ "nd /ost co//onl*@ 9>en it is si/-l* i:nored. Co s4st"in O4s@O t>ere&ore@ sel&? re&erenti"l co//4nities o& voice "re &o4nded@ est"(lis>ed "nd -ro-":"ted@ F4otin: ("ck "nd &ort> t>e s"/e voices@ re-etition (ein: eF4"ted 9it> si:ni&ic"nce "nd i/-"ct. +>ile 9e kee- (4s* (ein: >e"rd@ O"c>ievin:O lots (* 9"* o& :ivin: vol4/e to Qo4rR voice@ little is c>"n:ed in t>e order?in: o& 9orlds. Ho9 /4c> o& t>e contin4in: violence 9it>in t>e /isorderin:s o& t>e 9orld >"s &ollo9ed &ro/ t>is ex-erienceJ

    - 32 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,2 Per&
    The Aerm is co-o&tio ) T$r i ! eve the most locali0e( resista ce to%ar(s a !lo#al vie% e closes activism) It a&&ro&riates o$r critical (ista ci ! as a %a' to stre !the their or(er of the %orl(5 f$rther le!itimi0i ! viole ce) <"*"n Na'ar@ L"9 %t4dent "t t>e Bniversit* o& +"r9ick@ ,e?8r"/in: Intern"tion"l L"9 &or t>e 21st Cent4r*6 'rders o& In>4/"nit*@ # Cr"nsn"tion"l L"9 T Conte/-or"r* !ro(le/s 5##@ 8"ll 1#,,@ ln
    C>ere "re no9@ on one level@ >i:> de:rees o& O-ro&ession"li2"tionO "nd O:lo("li2"tionO o& Osoci"l "ctivis/.O 5t t>is level@ soci"l "ctivis/ (eco/es " c"reer c>oice 9it> Ointern"tion"lO -ossi(ilities@ &or 9>ic> s"l"ries@ )o( s-eci&ic"tions@ "nd -ro/otions (eco/e consider"tions &or Os"tis&"ction.O 3esides t>e s"tis&"ction o& t>e O)o(O o& O"ctivis/O t>"t is done@ ot>er necessities o& instit4tion"l loc"tion "nd "s-ir"tion incre"sin:l* :"in in i/-ort"nce??&4nds "cF4ired "nd &4nds ex-ended (eco/e i/-ort"nt -er&or/"nce indic"tors "lon:side t>e s4(st"ntive i/-"ct o& t>e -ro)ects 4ndert"ken@ Orese"rc>O -"-ers 9ritten@ con&erences or:"ni2ed "nd "ttended@ Onet9orksO est"(lis>ed??"ll (eco/e essenti"l /e"s4res o& t>e O)o(O 9ell?done "lon:side t>e "ct4"l tr"ns&or/"tions o& soci"l rel"tions en:endered. n47 C>e W*624X (otto/?line concern o& t>e c"reer rese"rc>er/"ctivist is "nd@ in &"ct@ /4st (e@ t>"t t>e c"reer re-resents " liveli>ood "ctivit*@ n48 t>is 9it>o4t 4nder/inin: t>e O"ctivistSsO o9n s-irit4"l co//it/ent to t>e "i/s o& t>e )o(. In t>is res-ect@ t>e Oc"reerO o& soci"l rese"rc>/"ctivis/@ like t>e instit4tions "nd cor-or"tions t>"t so o&ten re-resent t>e o()ection"(le &oc4s o& "ctivist "ctivities@ is en/es>ed 9it>in t>e tot"lit* o& t>e ordered O9orld@O itsel&@ i/-liedl*@ " co/-onent -"rt o& t>e ordered@ orderQin:R@ :lo("li2ed 9orld. C>e /4t4"lit* o& O-ro&ession"lO sensi(ilities (et9een t>e Ocritici2edO "nd t>e OcriticO (rin:s 9it> it " consider"(le de:ree o& clos4re. !ri/"r* "/on: t>e conseF4ences o& t>is &"/ili"rit* "nd@ t>ere&ore@ si/il"rit* (et9een t>e O-ro&ession"lO loc"tion o& (ot>@ is t>"t e/"nci-"tor* i/":in"tion is cont"ined 9it>in t>e s"/e "s-ir"tion"l Ol"n:4":esO t>"t "re co//onl* 4nderstood. C>ro4:> t>is clos4re o& l"n:4":e "nd@ t>ere&ore@ i/":in"tion@ e/"nci-"tion itsel& (eco/es "(sor(ed into "n enclosed conce-t4"l s-"ce &or "rtic4l"tion. C>e st"nd-oint o& t>e s"/e r>etoric"l devices o& civili2"tion"l -ro)ections (eco/e t>e tools &or entitle/ent cl"i/s. !4t di&&erentl*@ 9>"t 9e /i:>t see "s direction &or e/"nci-"tion is itsel& OorderedO (* o4r o9n conce-t4"l &r"/e9orks t>"t 9e derive &ro/ o4rselves "s s4()ects "nd o()ects o& orderin:. C>4s@ )4st "s t>e "s-ir"tions o& /ost "nti?coloni"l elite le"ders>i-s 9ere in&4sed 9it> t>e coloni2erSs visions o& >4/"n -ro:ress??t>e l"n:4":es o& Ost"te>ood@O o& O/oderni2"tion@O o& Oinstit4tion (4ildin:@ "nd t>e like??so too no9 t>e l"n:4":es o& t>e elites o& Ocivil societ*O re&lect t>e terr"in "s de/"rc"ted (* conte/-or"r* 9orld?orderists. .evelo-/ent@ de/ocr"c*@ >4/"n ri:>ts@ N7' Onet9orks@O even Oed4c"tionO "nd Ol"9@O "re "ll conte/-or"r* slo:"ns t>"t "re re-e"ted in t>e >o-e o& " -ro:ressive civili2"tion"l /ove/ent to9"rd >4/"n e/"nci-"tion. 5nd incre"sin:l*@ t>ese Otr"nsn"tion"l@O even O:lo("l@O l"n:4":es o& >4/"n e/"nci-"tion "re &or/4l"ted "nd "rtic4l"ted 9it>in -ro&ession"l sites o& resist"nce "nd "ctivis/ t>"t st"nd "s /irrors o& orderin: instit4tionsI &or t>e :overn/ent co//ittee t>ere "re t>e N7' &or4/s@ &or t>e /inisteri"l con&erence t>ere is t>e O"ltern"tiveO con&erence o& civil societ* dele:"tes@ &or t>e (4siness/cor-or"te co"lition 9it> :overn/ent t>ere "re t>e si/il"r N7' -"rtners>i-s. C>e -l"* o& critiF4e "nd le:iti/i2"tion@ o& co/-ro/ise "nd coo-er"tion@ o& revie9 "nd re&or/4l"tion@ is t>ere(* en"(led@ t"kin: on " W*625X /o/ent4/ "nd " r"tion"le o& its o9n@ (eco/in: "n "ctivit* o& :r"nd -ro-ortions 9>ere t>e "ctivit* itsel& (eco/es " re"son &or@ "nd o()ect o& -er-et4"tion. Co (e o4tside o& t>ese circles o& Oco//4nic"tionO is dee/ed to (e 9it>o4t Ovoice@O 9>ic> is &or t>e critic@ "n 4n"cce-t"(le silencin:. Co (e inside t>ese circles@ >o9ever@ ent"ils " const"nt tor/ent o& co?o-tion@ (etr"*"l "nd "--ro-ri"tion o& voice. C>e -o9er o& 9orld?orderin: to sel&?s4st"in@ I s4::est@ lies -recisel* in t>is@ its "(ilit* to order t>e OvoicesO "nd t>e Ovoicin:O o& dissent. 8ro/ t>is -ers-ective@ t>e &"ct o& dissent or critiF4e is not@ in itsel&@ t>e si:ni&ic"nt indic"tor o& resist"nce t>"t 9e /i:>t consider it to (e. C>e -oint@ I "r:4e@ is not that dissent is re:istered@ (4t r"t>er@ >o9@ 9>ere "nd in 9>"t &or/ t>"t dissent is ex-ressed. 0oices o& dissent t>"t "re "(sor(ed into t>e c>"nnels o& voicin: "s -rovided (* t>e str4ct4res o& order@ in /* vie9@ >"ve t>e/selves (een ordered. NADAR CONTIN8E19

    - 31 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,2 Per&
    NADAR CONTIN8ED9 ,"t>er t>"n -rovidin: ener:ies &or i/":in"tion@ t>e* "re dr"ined o& t>e/@ s4st"inin: inste"d t>e orders ":"inst 9>ic> t>e* -4r-ort to st"nd. In t>e str4::le to &ind " voice 9e@ t>ere&ore@ co/-l* 9it> t>e orders o& voicin:I t>e (est o& ti/es (ein: 9>en o4r voice is O>e"rd@O toler"ted@ so/eti/es even con:r"t4l"ted "nd re9"rded@ t>e 9orst o& ti/es (ein: 9>en it is "--ro-ri"ted "nd tr"ns&or/ed into &4rt>er le:iti/i2"tions o& violence@ "nd /ost co//onl*@ 9>en it is si/-l* i:nored. Co s4st"in O4s@O t>ere&ore@ sel&?re&erenti"l co//4nities o& voice "re &o4nded@ est"(lis>ed "nd -ro-":"ted@ F4otin: ("ck "nd &ort> t>e s"/e voices@ re-etition (ein: eF4"ted 9it> si:ni&ic"nce "nd i/-"ct. +>ile 9e kee- (4s* (ein: >e"rd@ O"c>ievin:O lots (* 9"* o& :ivin: vol4/e to Qo4rR voice@ little is c>"n:ed in t>e order?in: o& 9orlds. Ho9 /4c> o& t>e contin4in: violence 9it>in t>e /isorderin:s o& t>e 9orld >"s &ollo9ed &ro/ t>is ex-erienceJ

    - 32 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,2 ,ction .ood
    O$r criticism is a &rere+$isite to the t'&es of i terro!atio s i itiate #' the affirmative) 1ee/i ! o$t the %a's that %e are co ecte( to viole ce m$st &rece(e (isc$ssio s of !lo#al tra sformatio ) <"*"n Na'ar@ L"9 %t4dent "t t>e Bniversit* o& +"r9ick@ ,e?8r"/in: Intern"tion"l L"9 &or t>e 21st Cent4r*6 'rders o& In>4/"nit*@ # Cr"nsn"tion"l L"9 T Conte/-or"r* !ro(le/s 5##@ 8"ll 1#,,@ ln
    C>e descri-tion o& t>e contin4ities o& violence in %ection II in /"n* 9"*s is &"/ili"r to t>ose 9>o "do-t " critic"l -ers-ective o& t>e 9orld. O+eO "re "cc4sto/ed to n"rr"tin: >4/"n 9ron:s in t>is 9"*. C>e &"il4res "nd (etr"*"ls@ t>e victi/s "nd -er-etr"tors@ "re &"/ili"r to o4r critic"l 4nderst"ndin:. 8ro/ t>is -osition o& )4d:/ent@ co//onl* >eld 9it>in t>e O/"instre"/O o& t>e Onon?/"instre"/@O t>ere is "lso " &"/ili"rit* o& sol4tions co//onl* "dvoc"ted &or tr"ns&or/"tionI t>e O/"rket-l"ceO &or critiF4e is " t>rivin: one "s evidenced (* t>e "(4nd"nce o& liter"t4re in t>is res-ect. .es-ite t>is -roli&er"tion o& enli:>ten/ent "nd t>e -ro&ession o& so /"n* :ood ide"s@ >o9ever@ Ot>in:sO "--e"r to re/"in "s t>e* "re@ or@ 9orse still@ W*62$X deterior"te. 5nd so@ t>e c*cle o& critiF4e@ -ro-os"ls &or tr"ns&or/"tion "nd dis"--oint/ent contin4es. ,i:>tl*@ 9e "re concerned 9it> t>e F4estion o& 9>"t c"n (e done to "llevi"te t>e s4&&erin:s t>"t -rev"il. 34t t>ere "re necess"r* -rereF4isites to "ns9erin: t>e O9>"t do 9e doJO F4estion. +e /4st &irst "sk t>e inti/"tel* connected F4estions o& O"(o4t 9>"tJO "nd Oto9"rd 9>"t endJO C>ese F4estions@ o(vio4sl*@ i/-in:e on o4r vision "nd )4d:/ent. +>en 9e "tte/-t to i/":ine tr"ns&or/"tions to9"rd -re&erred >4/"n &4t4res@ 9e en:":e in t>e di&&ic4lt t"sk o& )4d:in: t>e -resent. C>is is di&&ic4lt not (ec"4se 9e "re o(livio4s to violence or t>"t 9e "re n4/( to t>e res4ltin: s4&&erin:@ (4t (ec"4se@ o4tr":e 9it> OeventsO o& violence "side@ -rocesses o& violence e/(roil "nd i/-lic"te o4r &"/ili"rities in 9"*s t>"t de&* t>e si/-licities o& str"i:>t&or9"rd i/-4t"(ilit*. .es-ite o4r (est e&&orts "t c"te:ori2in: violence into convenient co/-"rt/ents??into Odisci-linesO o& st4d* "nd "n"l*sis s4c> "s Odevelo-/entO "nd Osec4rit*O Q>e"lt>@ environ/ent@ -o-4l"tion@ (ein: ot>er ex"/-les o& s4c> co/-"rt/ent"li2"tionR??t>e encro"c>/ents o& orderQin:R &4nction "t /ore -erv"sive levels. 5nd 9it>o4t do4(t@ t>e -ers-ectives o& t>e o(server@ co//ent"tor@ "nd "ctor (eco/e cr4ci"l deter/in"nts. It is necess"r*@ I (elieve@ to F4estion t>is@ Oo4r@O -ers-ective@ to re&lect 4-on " -ers-ective o& violence 9>ic> not onl* loc"tes violence "s " >"--enin: Oo4t t>ereO 9>ile 9e st"nd "s det"c>ed o(servers "nd critics@ (4t is "lso one in 9>ic> 9e "re o4rselves i/-lic"ted in t>e violence o& ordered 9orlds 9>ere 9e st"nd ver* /4c> "s -"rtici-"nts. 8or t>is -4r-ose o& " critiF4e o& critiF4e@ it is necess"r* to consider t>e Otec>nolo:iesO o& orderin:.

    - 3. -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ____________ **/ra&e0ork

    - 33 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    /ra&e0ork
    Their frame%or/ of &rete (i ! is (ama!i ! E a &olic'-foc$se( frame%or/ ma/es $s #elieve that the o l' a!e ts of co ti $it' a ( cha !e i the %orl( are !over me ts or moveme ts >o$t there?) As (e#aters5 %e for!et a#o$t o$r i (ivi($al com&licit' i &ro#lems5 a ( la&se i to ihilism o$tsi(e of the ro$ () <"*"n Na'ar@ %c>ool o& L"9@ Bniversit* o& +"r9ick@ # Cr"nsn"tSl L. T Conte/-. !ro(s. 5##@ 8"ll@ 1#,,.
    C>e O9orld@O "s 9e -erceive it tod"*@ did not exist in ti/es -"st. It does not exist tod"*. C>ere is no s4c> t>in: "s t>e :lo("l Oone 9orld.O C>e 9orld c"n onl* exist in t>e loc"tions "nd ex-eriences reve"led t>ro4:> "nd in >4/"n rel"tions>i-s. It is o&ten t>"t 9e t>ink t>"t to c>"n:e t>e 9orld it is necess"r* to c>"n:e t>e 9"* -o9er is exercised in t>e 9orldI so 9e :o "(o4t t>e (4siness o& ex-osin: "nd deno4ncin: t>e /"n* -o9er con&i:4r"tions t>"t do/in"te. !o9er indeed does lie "t t>e core o& >4/"n /iser*@ *et 9e (lind o4rselves i& 9e re:"rd t>is -o9er "s t>e -o9er o4t t>ere. !o9er@ 9>en "ll t>e co/-lex net9orks o& its re"c> "re 4nt"n:led@ is -erson"lI -o9er does not exist o4t t>ere@ W*63$X it onl* exists in rel"tions>i-. Co s"* t>e 9ord@ -o9er@ is to descri(e rel"tions>i-@ to "ckno9led:e -o9er@ is to "ckno9led:e o4r s4(servience in t>"t rel"tions>i-. C>ere c"n exist no -o9er i& t>e s4(servient rel"tions>i- is re&4sed??t>en -o9er c"n onl* "c>ieve its "/(itions t>ro4:> its n"ked &or/@ "s violence. C>"n:in: t>e 9orld t>ere&ore is " /isno/er &or in tr4t> it is rel"tions>i-s t>"t "re to (e c>"n:ed. 5nd t>e onl* rel"tions>i-s t>"t 9e c"n c>"n:e &or s4re "re o4r o9n. 5nd t>e const"nt in o4r rel"tions>i-s is o4rselves??t>e OIO o& "ll o& 4s. 5nd so@ to c>"n:e o4r rel"tions>i-s@ 9e /4st c>"n:e t>e OIO t>"t is e"c> o& 4s. Cr"ns&or/"tions o& Ostr4ct4resO 9ill soon &ollo9. C>is is@ -er>"-s@ t>e (e:innin: o& "ll e/"nci-"tions. C>is is@ -er>"-s@ t>e essenti"l /ess":e o& P">"t/"s.

    - 3- -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    /ra&e0ork,2 "ron1 /or+&


    De#ate %ith fol/s is #est to &romote NV FatC %ro ! for$m shitG 3ri"n @arti @ %C% A B o& +ollon:on: 2221MNonviolence 0ers4s C"-it"lis/M >tt-6//999.4o9.ed4."4/"rts/sts/(/"rtin/-4(s/$1nvc/nvc"ll.>t/l
    C>e -ro&ession"lis"tion o& intellect4"l 9ork@ es-eci"ll* in 4niversities "nd rese"rc> l"(or"tories@ >"s led to incredi(le s-eci"lis"tion. C>is is /ost tr4e o& tec>nic"l &ields s4c> "s (ioc>e/istr* "nd co/-4ter en:ineerin:. C>e onl* :ro4-s t>"t c"n t"ke "dv"nt":e o& /ost s4c> rese"rc> "re t>ose 9it> l"r:e reso4rces@ es-eci"ll* :overn/ents "nd /")or cor-or"tions@ 9>ic> "re "(le to >ire rese"rc>ers "nd set t>e ":end" &or /4c> o& t>e rese"rc>. In contr"st@ -rotest :ro4-s >"ve little /one* or c"-"cit* to >ire rese"rc>ers or to &4nd ex-ensive investi:"tions. +it> " (4d:et even one tent> o& t>"t devoted to /ilit"r* rese"rc> "nd develo-/ent@ enor/o4s "dv"nces in nonviolent str4::le co4ld (e /"de.W5X L"ckin: t>e c"-"cit* to >ire rese"rc>ers or &4nd t>eir o9n rese"rc>@ soci"l /ove/ents rel* >e"vil* on investi:"tions c"rried o4t (* s*/-"t>isers@ es-eci"ll* "c"de/ics. C>ere "re /"n* "c"de/ics 9>o st4d* iss4es o& interest to "ctivists@ (4t 4n&ort4n"tel* /ost o& t>e/ "i/ to co//4nic"te -ri/"ril* to ot>er "c"de/ics. C>e "c"de/ic s*ste/ re9"rds sc>ol"rs 9>o -4(lis> in re&ereed )o4rn"ls@ n"/el* t>ose rel*in: on critic"l scr4tin* o& s4(/issions (* -eers@ 9>ic> is " reci-e &or de"lin: onl* 9it> 9>"t i/-resses sc>ol"rs "nd not 9it> 9>"t is (ene&ici"l to "ctivists. C>is >"s led to " 9"* o& t>inkin: t>"t "&&ects even t>ose sc>ol"rs 9>o "re s*/-"t>etic to "ction. C>e ("sic "--ro"c> is to :et t>e t>eor* ri:>t "nd t>en dr"9 concl4sions. C>e /"in orient"tion is to "n"l*sis "nd critiF4e@ 9it> ver* little on "ltern"tives or str"te:ies. C>is sort o& 9ork c"n (e F4ite v"l4"(le ?? so/e o& it is tr4l* ins-irin: ?? (4t it is not likel* to (e t>e &o4nd"tion &or -"rtici-"tor* 4nderst"ndin:. +>"t is needed is not t>eor* &ro/ on >i:>@ develo-ed (* t>eoretici"ns "nd dis-ensed (* /ove/ent :4r4s@ (4t t>eor* t>"t c"n (e 4sed "nd re&ined d"il* (* r"nk?"nd?&ile "ctivists.W6X +it>in so/e soci"l /ove/ents@ t>is occ4rs ro4tinel*. P"n* &e/inist "ctivists >"ve so/e &"/ili"rit* 9it> ide"s &ro/ &e/inist t>eories@ incl4din: so/e conce-tion o& -"tri"rc>*@ "ltern"tives "nd str"te:iesI &or t>is sort o& O-r"ctic"l &e/inis/@O /4c> "c"de/ic &e/inis/ is irrelev"nt.

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    /ra&e0ork 2+estion ,ss+&$tions


    *$estio i ! the ass$m&tio of viole ce is the o l' mea s of esca&e %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro&essor o& 3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?1,,3
    C>e c4rrent disc4ssion is "n "tte/-t to -ost4l"te t>e -ossi(ilit* o& "n W*372X "ltern"tive -"r"di:/. n127 C>e di&&ic4lt* is t>"t "r:4/ents l"4nc>ed &ro/ o4tside " -rev"ilin: c4lt4r"l -"r"di:/ "re :ener"ll* nonsensic"l to t>ose 9it>in it. n128 %4c> ide"s re/"in o4tside t>e co:nitive context "s "no/"lies o& t>e s*ste/@ like t>e extr"?di/ension"l 9orld o& t>ree di/ensions 9"s to 8l"tl"nd ?? t>e l"nd o& t9o di/ensions. n12# 5ccordin:l*@ o4r t"sk is to en:":e t>e do/in"tion s*ste/ 9it>o4t s4cc4/(in: to t>e del4sion o& t>e s*ste/ or t>e sed4ction o& violence. +e /4st >"ve " di&&erent kind o& convers"tion or tell " di&&erent kind o& stor*I one t>"t r"t>er t>"n "&&ir/in: t>e s*ste/@ en"(les individ4"ls " :li/-se (e*ond t>e s*ste/. +itt:enstein re&erred to " si/il"r -rocess6 P* -ro-ositions serve "s el4cid"tions in t>e &ollo9in: 9"*6 "n*one 9>o 4nderst"nds /e event4"ll* reco:ni2es t>e/ "s nonsensic"l 9>en >e >"s 4sed t>e/ "s ste-s to cli/( (e*ond t>e/. He /4st@ so to s-e"k@ t>ro9 "9"* t>e l"dder "&ter >e >"s cli/(ed 4- on it. He /4st s4r/o4nt t>ese -ro-ositions@ t>en >e sees t>e 9orld ri:>tl*. n13$

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    #e$resentations of 'iolence Ke!


    The +$estio of ho% %e re&rese t realit' is of ce tral im&orta ce %4s"nne Ka&&eler@ 5ssoci"te !ro& A 5l?5k>"9"*n Bniversit*@ C>e +ill to 0iolence6 C>e !olitics o& !erson"l 3e>"vior@ 1#,-@ -:. 6#?71
    C>e c>oice o& &or/4l"tion is -olitic"lI it is "n ex-ression o& oneEs -olitic"l "ttit4de. Not onl* does it reve"l >o9 t>e s4()ect constit4tes itsel& 9>o/ it c>ooses to "ddress "nd to constit4te "s t>e D9eE o& its disco4rse@ "nd 9>o/ "nd 9>"t it c>ooses to /"ke "n o()ect o& s-eec>. It "lso s>o9s 9>"t t>e s4()ect considers to (e t>e D9>oleE o& t>e s-eec> or "ction context "nd 9>"t it c>ooses to excl4de &ro/ it. C>"t is@ it reve"ls t>e s4()ectEs co//4nic"tive intention. I& 9e lock ot>ers into t>e st"t4s o& Dt>e ot>ersE@ &or ex"/-le@ it is " si:n t>"t 9e do not 9is> to enter into co//4nic"tion "nd di"lo:4e 9it> t>e/. 5lloc"tin: Dt>e/E t>e st"t4s o& t>e Dot>erE@ D9eE "re s-e"kin: to Do4rselvesE. 5s "ndrocentric disco4rse is s-eec> &ro/ /en to /en "nd "(o4t 9o/en@ "nd 14rocentric disco4rse is s-eec> "/on: 14ro-e"ns "t t>e DcentreE o& t>e 9orld "nd "(o4t t>ose "t t>e D-en->er*E@ so " 9>ite 9o/en centric disco4rse is " 9>ite 9o/en s soliloF4*@ -o9er s-e"kin: to itsel&. Its "ddressees "re D9>ite 9o/en not ot>er 9>ite 9o/en "ddressed "s co//4nic"nts in " di"lo:4e@ (4t D9>ite 9o/enE "s t>e -l4r"l o& t>e 9>ite 9o/"n s4()ect 9e "s t>e -l4r"l o& /*sel&@ t"lkin: "(o4t Dt>e/E. It "lso /e"ns t>"t@ 9>ile 9e "c4tel* o()ect to (ein: o()ecti&ied t>ro4:> /enEs sexist disco4rse@ considerin: it to (e " &or/ o& violence@ 9e do not "--"rentl* consider it "n "ct o& violence i& 9e o4rselves o()ecti&* ot>er 9o/en "ll t>e less so i& t>ose 9o/en "re "(sent &ro/ t>e s-eci&ic s-eec> context. C>"t is to s"*@ 9e do not consider t>ose 9e o()ecti&* "nd s-e"k "(o4t to (e " relev"nt -"rt o& t>e s-eec> "nd "ction context@ nor do 9e consider o4r "ct o& o()ecti&*in: t>e/ to >"ve "n* conseF4ences &or t>e/ 9ort> t>inkin: "(o4t. 5 DkindE inter-ret"tion o& t>is disc4rsive (e>"vio4r 9o4ld see it "s " res4lt o& -"tri"rc>"l soci"li2"tion "cF4ired &ro/ do/in"nt disco4rse "s 9e "cF4ired o4r D/ot>er ton:4eE &ro/ t>e s-eec> o& o4r /ot>ers@ so t>"t 9e >"ve 4nconscio4sl* intern"li2ed r"cis/@ sexis/@ cl"ssis/ "nd scienti&icness@ 9>ic> no9 tr"- "nd i/-lic"te 4s in o4r o9n s-eec>. It is "n ex-l"n"tion 9>ic>@ )4st "s 5lice +"lker critici2es@ st"rts &ro/ t>e "ss4/-tion o& 9o/enEs 9e"kness "nd d"/":edness@ "--e"lin: &or ind4l:ence on "cco4nt o& di/inis>ed res-onsi(ilit*. It is "n ex-l"n"tion 9>ic> "lso >"s its res-ect"(le /odel in t>e D>i:>E t>eor* o& se/iolo:*@ 9>ic> "s .e(or"> C"/eron -oints o4t Dsees ex-erience "nd indeed t>e individ4"l >ersel&@ "s " -rod4ct "nd &4nction o& "n instit4tion"lised s*ste/ o& si:nsE@ 9>ere l"n:4":e Dde&ines o4r -ossi(ilities "nd li/it"tions@ W"ndX constit4tes o4r s4()ectivitiesE.E 5s "n ex-l"n"tion o& li/it"tions "nd t>eir c"4ses@ it is closer to exc4sin: inc"-"(ilit* "nd in"deF4"c* t>"n to -ositin: t>e/ "s " -ro(le/ to (e overco/e. 5s &e/inists or +"lkerEs 9o/"nists@ >o9ever@ 9e 9ill st"rt &ro/ t>e "ss4/-tion o& 9o/enEs tr"dition"l co/-etence "nd "(ilit* "nd "ttri(4te res-onsi(ilit* to o4rselves. 8or o4r "i/ is less to descri(e t>ese s*/-to/s in t>e interest o& " -recise di":nosis "nd "etiolo:* o& o4r s-eec> i/-edi/ents@ t>"n to "n"l*se t>e -o9er o& disco4rse "nd t>e "(4se o& t>is -o9er@ in t>e interest o& overco/in: t>e/. Not>in: -revents 4s &ro/ F4estionin: l"n:4":e 4se@ le"st o& "ll o4r o9n@ &ro/ "skin: 9>o 9e "re s-e"kin: to 9>en 9e s"* D9eE@ 9>o is /e"nt "nd 9>o is not@ "nd 9>et>er 9>"t 9e s"* "--lies to t>is :ro4-I 9>en 9e s"* D9o/enE@ &ro/ "skin: D"ll 9o/en@ or 9>ic> 9o/enJE@ "nd 9>en 9e descri(e &"cts@ 9>et>er t>e* "re "s 9e s"*@ "nd i& 9e "re in " -osition to )4d:e t>e/. Not>in: sto-s 4s "skin: "(o4t t>e "ctin: s4()ects 9>ic> >"ve dis"--e"red &ro/ -"ssive "nd "d)ectiv"l constr4ctions re-resentin: "ctions@ or &ro/ st"te/ents concernin: -erce-tions@ (* 9>o/ Dexcl4dedE@ (* 9>o/ Do--ressedE@ to 9>o/ Dinvisi(leE@ "nd so &ort>. C>"t is@ not>in: sto-s 4s &ro/ "tte/-tin: to render concrete ":"in 9>"t >"s lin:4istic"ll* (een "(str"cted. 8or >ere 9e c"n t"ke " &irst steto9"rds c>"n:in: -olitic"l re"lit*@ "n"l*sin: t>e contexts o& "ction "nd n"/in: t>e ":ents. 'nl* 9>en 9e reco:ni2e t>e connections "nd kno9 t>ose res-onsi(le &or "ction c"n 9e (e:in to intervene in -olitic"l re"lit* "nd to kno9 9>ere to -4t 4- resist"nce. 5ll t>e /ore so i& t>e "ctions concerned "re o4r o9n 9>ic> 9e >"ve t>4s tried to 9it>dr"9 &ro/ Qo4rR vie9. I& 9e nevert>eless &"il to do so@ i& 9e contin4e to tre"t co//4nic"tive "nd disc4rsive (e>"vio4r "s i& t>e* 9ere " n"t4r"l "nd individ4"l "ttri(4te o& o4rselves like@ s"*@ t>e colo4r o& o4r >"ir@ it /4st (e -olitic"l intention. I& 9e "re 4n9illin: to F4estion o4r 4se o& l"n:4":e "nd to "n"l*se t>e -o9er rel"tions in o4r lin:4istic (e>"vio4r@ it (etr"*s o4r 9illin:ness to 4se t>e rel"tive -o9er o& ed4c"tion"l "nd "c"de/ic -rivile:e "nd to "(4se it in o4r o9n interest. Co t>e extent t>"t o4r l"n:4":e con&or/s to t>e str4ct4res o& do/in"nt disco4rse in -"rtic4l"r@ its "(str"ction 9>ic> conce"ls t>e s4(st"nti"l connections "nd rel"tions o& re"lit* it (etr"*s "n intention con&or/in: to t>e /e"nin: "nd &4nction o& t>"t disco4rse6 to le:iti/"te "nd /"int"in -o9er "nd t>e distri(4tion o& -o9er in societ*.

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    _______________ **,2 ,// ,ns0ers

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,2 Pacifis& (scalation
    That Claim Aer&et$ates Viole ce) 4eBre The O l' @ea s To Esca&e %te->en 4i /5 5ssoci"te "t Cle"r*@ 7ottlie(@ %teen T H"/ilton@ a ( +"lter 4i /@ !ro&essor o&
    3i(lic"l Inter-ret"tion@ 54(4rn C>eolo:ic"l %e/in"r*I %"int Lo4is Bniversit* L"9 <o4rn"l@ +inter@ 1##3?

    1#,3
    C>e /ost &4nd"/ent"l stories o& o4r :lo("l c4lt4re "re "(o4t violence. 0iolence is so dee-l* i/(edded in t>ese stories t>"t even 9>en 9e F4estion /"n* ot>er det"ils 9it>in t>e/@ 9e tend to "cce-t t>e violence 9it>o4t c>"llen:e. 0iolence is -"rt o& n"t4re "nd -"rt o& o4r n"t4re "s (ein:s. '4r notions o& l"9 "nd )4stice "re inti/"tel* 9r"--ed 4- 9it> violence. 0iolence (re"ks t>e -e"ce "nd violence kee-s t>e -e"ce. 0iolence is t>e >enc>/"n o& do/in"tion. It kee-s t>e -o9er&4l in -o9er "nd t>e o--ressed o--ressed. +>en violence is 4sed to overt>ro9 t>e -o9er&4l@ t>e old re:i/e is re-lic"ted in t>e ne9. C>e -l"* o& -o9er re/"ins t>e s"/eI onl* t>e "ctors c>"n:e. %ociet* contin4"ll* retells t>e stor* o& o4r c4lt4r"l cos/olo:* ?? " stor* "(o4t do/in"tion. C>e contention t>"t violence is inevit"(le is one o& t>e :re"t 4nex"/ined "ss4/-tions o& societ*. C>e "ss4/-tion o& violence -reserves t>e s*ste/ t>"t do/in"tes ot>ers. It is t>e lock to t>e cell o& o4r existence. C>e &"ct t>"t violence see/s so inevit"(le@ so inti/"tel* "nd intrinsic"ll* rel"ted to t>e s-ecies@ o(str4cts even t>e notion o& "not>er -ossi(ilit*. It is -recisel* t>is &"ct t>"t /"kes t>e ex"/in"tion o& t>is "ss4/-tion so i/-ort"nt. 1x"/inin: violence "s "n "ss4/-tion initi"tes t>e -ossi(ilit* o& "n existence 9it>o4t violence. In ot>er 9ords@ (e&ore esc"-e &ro/ t>e cell c"n (e "ddressed 9e /4st est"(lis> t>e -ossi(ilit* o& t>e existence o& "n o4tside o& t>e cell.

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ,2- So&e 'iolence is ok


    4e m$st ot co (o e a ' act of /illi !) 6$ll' a(vocati ! o -viole ce is the focal &oi t for the (evelo&me t of a ethics of love a ( the &ath to &eace) ,"*/ond 3. @arci @ !ro& o& L"9 A C"t>olic Bniversit* o& 5/eric" %c>ool o& L"9@ +INC1,@ 1#<3@
    33 C"t>. B.L. ,ev. 363@ ln +e -4nis> t>ieves@ (ec"4se 9e t>ink t>e* >"r"ss 4s. C>e* /"* le"ve 4s "loneI (4t t>e* 9ill onl* tr"ns&er t>eir "ttentions to "not>er victi/. C>is ot>er victi/ >o9ever is "lso " >4/"n (ein:@ o4rselves in " di&&erent &or/@ "nd so 9e "re c"4:>t in " vicio4s circle. C>e tro4(le &ro/ t>ieves contin4es to incre"se@ "s t>e* t>ink it is t>eir (4siness to ste"l. In t>e end 9e see t>"t it is (etter to end4re t>e t>ieves t>"n to -4nis> t>e/. C>e &ore(e"r"nce /"* even (rin: t>e/ to t>eir senses. 3* end4rin: t>e/ 9e re"li2e t>"t t>ieves "re not di&&erent &ro/ o4rselves@ t>e* "re o4r (ret>ren@ o4r &riends@ "nd /"* not (e -4nis>ed. 34t 9>ilst 9e /"* (e"r 9it> t>e t>ieves@ 9e /"* not end4re t>e "&&liction. C>"t 9o4ld onl* ind4ce co9"rdice. %o 9e re"li2e " &4rt>er d4t*. %ince 9e re:"rd t>e t>ieves "s o4r kit> "nd kin@ t>e* /4st (e /"de to re"li2e t>e kins>i-. 5nd so 9e /4st t"ke -"ins to devise 9"*s "nd /e"ns o& 9innin: t>e/ over. C>is is t>e -"t> o& ">i/s". ;. C>ose &"/ili"r 9it> <es4sS %er/on on t>e Po4nt 9ill -ro("(l* note t>"t t>e -"t> o& ">i/s" is "lso t>e -"t> to t>e kin:do/ o& >e"ven6 HCONTIN8E1I 7"nd>i@ o& co4rse@ 9illin:l* "nd &reF4entl* "ckno9led:ed >is de(t to <es4sS %er/on on t>e Po4nt. ;- 'ne need not (e " c"re&4l re"der to notice " si/il"rit* (et9een 7"nd>iSs O">i/s"O "nd <es4sS love o& ene/ies. <es4s did not sto- "t t>e nonresist"nce in)4nction. 'ne is told t>"t one /4st not resist evil Qor Ot>e evil oneO or O"n evil oneO in so/e tr"nsl"tionsR. 5nd t>en one is told 9>"t one /4st "&&ir/"tivel* do. %i/il"rl*@ 4nder 7"nd>iSs O">i/s"O one does not sto- "t nonresist"nce. 'ne /4st t"ke ste-s to "&&ir/"tivel* "--rise t>e evildoer o& >is or >er >4/"n identit*. 7"nd>iSs O">i/s"O >"s (een re&erred to not "s "n et>ic o& N'N?resist"nce to evil@ (4t r"t>er "s "n et>ic o& nonviolent Q7"nd>i >i/sel& disliked t>e "d)ective O-"ssiveOR ;: ,1%I%C5NC1 to evil. C>e n"/e one :ives to t>e et>ic@ >o9ever@ see/s &"r less i/-ort"nt t>"n its -"r"doxic"l /ess":e6 1vil is /ost e&&ectivel* resisted t>ro4:> non?resist"nce. 7"nd>iSs discover* 9"s t>"t (* "cce-tin: t>e ->*sic"l conseF4ences o& t>e 4n)4st "ct@ (4t "lso Q"nd t>is /ost i/-ort"ntl*R (* (rin:in: t>e &"ct o& t>"t in)4stice "nd t>e &"ct o& s>"red >4/"n identit* to t>e "ttention o& t>e evildoer@ i.e.@ (* O&irst en:":in: conscience@O ;; one 9"s (rin:in: "(o4t " sit4"tion o& tr4e@ t>oro4:>@ "nd 4lti/"te )4stice inste"d o& t>e &orced ->*sic"l re-resent"tion o& )4stice 9it> 9>ic> co4rts "nd l"9/"kers /4st content t>e/selves. ;<

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    ______________ **,// ,ns0ers

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    'iolence .ood
    No viole ce is a tactic) It ca =t #e treate( as a a#sol$te r$le) +illie He (erso @ Bniversit* o& 3ir/in:>"/ %enior Lect4rer@ 5&ric"n 5&&"irs@ 5-ril@ 1,,:@ - 288
    P"ndel" s4--orts t>e notion t>"t 7"nd>i"n non?violence is " t"ctic to (e 4sed r"t>er t>"n " s"cred -rinci-le. C>e c"/-"i:n (oosts t>e /e/(ers>i- (4t "lso (oosts :overn/ent le:isl"tion "i/ed "t &4rt>er levels o& s4--ression. 8"cin: -olice@ co4rts "nd -rison@ t>e 5NC /"n":es to /"ke S:oin: to -rison . . " ("d:e o& >ono4r. . .S Q-. 12#R. He &inds in >is exertions@ rele"se &ro/ S"n* lin:erin: sense o& do4(t or in&eriorit* I /i:>t still >"ve &eltI it li(er"ted /e &ro/ t>e &eelin: o& (ein: over9>el/ed (* t>e -o9er "nd see/in:l* invinci(ilit* o& t>e 9>ite /"n . . .S. P"ndel" is t>4s@ in >is o9n e*es@ no9 &4ll* /"t4red. His sel&?"ssertion is s>o9n l"ter 9>en >e st"nds 4- to " r4de cross? ex"/in"tion (* " -olice o&&icer@ " re"ction 9>ic> did not i/-ress t>e tr"dition"l "4t>orities in >is >o/e "re" 9>o/ >e is tr*in: to convince to re)ect 3"nt4 54t>orities

    A#sol$te &acficism is im&ossi#le Po>"ndes Ja (hi@ "s F4oted in C>e !"ci&ist Conscience@ ed. (* !eter P"*er@ 1#::@ 214
    I do (elieve t>"t@ 9>ere t>ere is onl* " c>oice (et9een co9"rdice "nd violence@ I 9o4ld "dvise violence. C>4s 9>en /* eldest son "sked /e 9>"t >e s>o4ld >"ve done@ >"d >e (een -resent 9>en I 9"s "l/ost &"t"ll* "ss"4lted in 1#$8@ 9>et>er >e s>o4ld >"ve n/ "9"* "nd seen /e killed or 9>et>er >e s>o4ld >"ve 4sed >is ->*sic"l &orce 9>ic> >e co4ld "nd 9"nted to 4se@ "nd de&ended /e@ I told >i/ t>"t it 9"s >is d4t* to de&end /e even (* 4sin: violence. Hence it 9"s t>"t I took -"rt in t>e 3oer +"r@ t>e so c"lled Y4l4 re(ellion "nd t>e l"te +"r. Hence "lso do I "dvoc"te tr"inin: in "r/s &or t>ose 9>o (elieve in t>e /et>od o& violence. I 9o4ld r"t>er >"ve Indi" resort to "i/s in order to de&end >er >ono4r t>"n t>"t s>e s>o4ld in " co9"rdl* /"nner (eco/e or re/"in " >el-less 9itness to >er o9n dis>ono4r.

    - -3 -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    'iolence So&eti&es 3+stified


    4e (o =t a(vocate viole ce5 7$st (efe se a!ai st o&&ressio H"ns @assa+$oi@ 1(on*@ 8e(r4"r* 1#,.@ -. 36
    No9 t>e re-orter 9"nts to kno9 9>et>er P"lcol/ \ s4::ests 4sin: violence. C>e (eni:n ex-ression v"nis>es "nd >is e*es (eco/e &ierce. L+e donEt "dvoc"te violence@ (4t non?violent t"ctics ("sed solel* on /or"lit* c"n onl* s4cceed 9>en *o4 "re de"lin: 9it> " ("sic"ll* /or"l -eo-le@M >e ex-l"ins. L5 /"n 9>o o--resses "not>er /"n (ec"4se o& >is color is not /or"l. It is t>e d4t* o& ever* 5&ro? 5/eric"n to -rotect >i/sel& W>ersel&X ":"inst /"ss /4rderers@ (o/(ers@ l*nc>ers@ &lo::ers@ (r4t"li2ers "nd ex-loiters. I& t>e :overn/ent is 4n"(le or 4n9illin: to -rotect 4s@ 9e reserve o4r ri:>t "s citi2ens to de&end o4rselves (* 9>"tever /e"ns necess"r*. 5 /"n 9it> " ri&le or cl4( c"n onl* (e sto--ed (* " -erson "r/ed 9it> " ri&le or cl4(.M
    W>ersel& is /* &e/inist editin:@ ceoX

    - -- -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Pacifis& fails 4 la0 is violent


    All la% is viole ce) The criti+$e of militarism fails) <"cF4es Derri(a5 in .econstr4ction "nd t>e !ossi(ilit* o& <4stice@ .r4cill" Cornell@ ed@ ,2@ -. 4$?2.
    Co disc4ss t>e conserv"tive violence o& l"9@ 3en)"/in sticks to rel"tivel* /odern -ro(le/s@ "s /odern "s t>e -ro(le/ o& t>e :ener"l strike 9"s " /o/ent ":o. No9 it is " F4estion o& co/-4lsor* /ilit"r* service@ t>e /odern -olice or t>e "(olition o& t>e de"t> -en"lt*. I&@ d4rin: "nd "&ter +orld +"r I@ "n i/-"ssioned critiF4e o& violence 9"s develo-ed@ it took "i/ t>is ti/e "t t>e l"9?conservin: &or/ o& violence. Pilit"ris/@ " /odern conce-t t>"t s4--oses t>e ex-loit"tion o& co/-4lsor* /ilit"r* service@ is t>e &orced 4se o& &orce@ t>e co/-ellin: Qt9"n:R to 4se &orce or violence QGewalt) in t>e service o& t>e st"te "nd its le:"l ends. Here /ilit"r* violence is le:"l "nd conserves t>e l"9@ "nd t>4s it is /ore di&&ic4lt to critici2e t>"n t>e -"ci&ists "nd "ctivists (elieveI 3en)"/in does not >ide >is lo9 estee/ &or t>ese decl"i/ers. C>e ine&&ectiveness "nd inconsistenc* o& "nti?/ilit"r* -"ci&ists res4lts &ro/ t>eir &"il4re to reco:ni2e t>e le:"l "nd 4n"ss"il"(le c>"r"cter o& t>is violence t>"t conserves t>e l"9. Here 9e "re de"lin: 9it> " double bind or " contr"diction t>"t c"n (e sc>e/"ti2ed "s &ollo9s. 'n t>e one >"nd@ it "--e"rs easier to critici2e t>e violence t>"t &o4nds since it c"nnot (e )4sti&ied (* "n* -reexistin: le:"lit* "nd so "--e"rs s"v":e. 34t on t>e ot>er >"nd@ "nd t>is revers"l is t>e 9>ole -oint o& t>is re&lection@ it is more difficult, /ore ille:iti/"te to critici2e t>is s"/e violence since one c"nnot s4//on it to "--e"r (e&ore t>e instit4tion o& "n* -reexistin: l"96 it does not reco:ni2e existin: l"9 in t>e /o/ent t>"t it &o4nds "not>er. 3et9een t>e t9o li/its o& t>is contr"diction@ t>ere is t>e F4estion o& t>is 4n:r"s-"(le revol4tion"r* inst"nt t>"t (elon:s to no >istoric"l@ te/-or"l contin44/ (4t in 9>ic> t>e &o4nd"tion o& " ne9 l"9 nevert>eless -l"*s@ i& 9e /"* s"* so@ on so/et>in: &ro/ "n "nterior l"9 t>"t it extends@ r"dic"li2es@ de&or/s@ /et"->ori2es or /eton*/i2es@ t>is &i:4re >ere t"kin: t>e n"/e o& 9"r or :ener"l strike. 34t t>is &i:4re is "lso " cont"/in"tion. It e&&"ces or (l4rs t>e distinction@ -4re "nd si/-le@ (et9een &o4nd"tion "nd conserv"tion. It inscri(es iter"(ilit* in ori:in"rit*@ in 4nicit* "nd sin:4l"rit*@ "nd it is 9>"t I 9ill c"ll deconstr4ction "t 9ork@ in &4ll ne:oti"tion6 in t>e Ot>in:s t>e/selvesO"nd in 3en)"/inSs text. 5s lon: "s t>e* do not :ive t>e/selves t>e t>eoretic"l or ->iloso->ic"l /e"ns to t>ink t>is co?i/-lic"tion o& violence "nd l"9@ t>e 4s4"l critiF4es re/"in n"ive "nd ine&&ect4"l . 3en)"/in does not >ide >is disd"in &or t>e decl"/"tions o& -"ci&ist "ctivis/ "nd &or t>e -rocl"/"tions o& OF4ite c>ildis> "n"rc>is/O t>"t 9o4ld like to exe/-t t>e individ4"l &ro/ "ll constr"ints. C>e re&erence to t>e c"te:oric"l i/-er"tive QO5ct in s4c> " 9"* t>"t "t "ll ti/es *o4 4se >4/"nit* (ot> in *o4r -erson "nd in t>e -erson o& "ll ot>ers "s "n end@ "nd never /erel* "s " /e"ns@O -. 285R@ >o9ever 4ncontest"(le it /"* (e@ "llo9s no critiF4e o& violence. L"9 droit) in its ver* violence cl"i/s to reco:ni2e "nd de&end s"id >4/"nit* "s end@ in t>e -erson o& e"c> individ4"l. 5nd so " -4rel* /or"l critiF4e o& violence is "s 4n)4sti&ied "s it is i/-otent. 8or t>e s"/e re"son@ 9e c"nnot -rovide " critiF4e o& violence in t>e n"/e o& li(ert*@ o& 9>"t 3en)"/in >ere c"lls !gestaltlose "reiheit,! O&or/less &reedo/@O t>"t is@ in s>ort@ -4rel* &or/"l@ "s e/-t* &or/@ &ollo9in: " P"rxist?He:eli"n vein t>"t is &"r &ro/ "(sent t>ro4:>o4t t>is /edit"tion. C>ese "tt"cks ":"inst violence l"ck -ertinence "nd e&&ectiveness (ec"4se t>e* re/"in "lien to t>e )4ridic"l essence o& violence@ to t>e #echtsordnung, t>e order o& l"9 droit). 5n e&&ective critiF4e /4st l"* t>e (l"/e on t>e (od* o& droit itsel&@ in its >e"d "nd in its /e/(ers@ in t>e l"9s "nd t>e -"rtic4l"r 4s":es t>"t l"9 "do-ts 4nder -rotection o& its -o9er Macht). C>is order is s4c> t>"t t>ere exists one uni$ue &"te or >istor* nur ein ein%iges &chic'sal, Oonl* one &"te@O -. 285R. C>"t is one o& t>e ke* conce-ts o& t>e text@ (4t "lso one o& t>e /ost o(sc4re@ 9>et>er itSs " F4estion o& &"te itsel& or o& its "(sol4te 4niF4eness. C>"t 9>ic> exists@ 9>ic> >"s consistenc* das (estehende) "nd t>"t 9>ic> "t t>e s"/e ti/e t>re"tens 9>"t exists das )rohende) (elon: inviol"(l* unverbriichlich) to the same order "nd t>is order is inviol"(le (ec"4se it is 4niF4e. It c"n onl* (e viol"ted in itself. C>e notion o& t>re"t is i/-ort"nt >ere (4t "lso di&&ic4lt@ &or t>e t>re"t doesnSt co/e &ro/ o4tside. L"9 is (ot> t>re"tenin: "nd t>re"tened (* itsel&6 C>is t>re"t is neit>er inti/id"tion nor diss4"sion@ "s -"ci&ists@ "n"rc>ists or "ctivists (elieve. C>e l"9 t4rns o4t to (e t>re"tenin: in t>e 9"* &"te is t>re"tenin:. Co re"c> t>e Odee-est /e"nin:O o& t>e indeter/in"c* Unbestimmtheit, O4ncert"int*@O -. 28%R o& t>e le:"l t>re"t der #echtsdrohung), it 9ill l"ter (e necess"r* to /edit"te 4-on t>e essence o& &"te "t t>e ori:in o& t>is t>re"t.

    - -: -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Civil %isobedience /ails


    Civil Diso#e(ie ce ca$ses mar!i ali0atio 5 (is&ro&ortio al &$ ishme t5 a ( fails to have tra sformative effects ,"c>"el 1. 1ch%art0@ <... 1#81 7eor:eto9n Bniversit* L"9 Center@ 3'%C'N BNI01,%ICG INC1,N5CI'N5L L5+ <'B,N5L@ 8"ll 1#,3@ -. 256?257.
    ,ecent dec"des >"ve seen "n i/-ressive ex-"nsion o& t>e extent to 9>ic> intern"tion"l l"9 reco:ni2es &4nd"/ent"l individ4"l ri:>ts. !4(lic intern"tion"l l"9 no lon:er concerns itsel& solel* 9it> t>e s4()ect o& rel"tions (et9een st"tes. Ho9ever@ t>e est"(lis>/ent o& " l"9 o& individ4"l re/edies "nd t>e "cco/-"n*in: en&orce/ent instit4tions to "ss4re vindic"tion o& t>ese ri:>ts >"s not ke-t "s s9i&t " -"ce "s t>e reco:nition o& t>e existence o& t>e ri:>ts t>e/selves. 5s " res4lt@ /"n* -eo-le >"ve ("re ri:>ts 9it> no le:"l s4(st"ntive ("sis or -rocess &or o(t"inin: redress &or viol"tions o& t>ese ri:>ts. 8"ced 9it> s4c> " st"te o& "&&"irs@ sever"l o-tions "re "v"il"(le to t>e "::rieved individ4"l. 'ne /"* si/-l* resi:n oneSs sel& to oneSs &"te. +>ile it is 4nderst"nd"(le t>"t so/e /"* t"ke t>is ro4te "s " /e"ns o& s>ort? ter/ sel&?-reserv"tion@ it is 4n"cce-t"(le to /"n*. 5ltern"tivel*@ one /"* "tte/-t to "v"il oneSs sel& o& t>ose li/ited le:"l "ven4es 9>ic> "re o-en. C>is is "d/ir"(le@ (4t 4lti/"tel* /"* 9ell -rove " &4tile riskI t>e individ4"l /"* :"in not>in: onl* to (eco/e kno9n to t>e :overn/ent "s " Otro4(le/"ker.O 5 t>ird -ossi(ilit* is civil diso(edienceI t>"t is@ o-en "nd non?violent (re"kin: o& t>e l"9 o& " st"te 9it> vol4nt"r* "cce-t"nce o& s4c> -4nis>/ent "s /"* (e i/-osed -4rs4"nt to t>"t l"9. !ro/inent -r"ctitioners o& civil diso(edience incl4de Henr* ."vid C>ore"4@ Po>"nd"s 7"nd>i@ "nd P"rtin L4t>er Kin:@ <r. C>is too >"s o(vio4s risks6 t>ere /"* (e little c>"nce t>"t t>e -4nis>/ent 9ill (e &"ir or t>"t t>ose in "4t>orit* 9ill (e -ers4"ded (* " dis-l"* o& /or"l inte:rit* to correct t>eir (e>"vior r"t>er t>"n ret"li"te. Nonviolent c>"n:e is te/-or"r*. C>e 1#8# -rode/ocr"c* /ove/ent in C>in" 9"s cr4s>ed in t>e 3ei)in: /"ss"cre. In 1l %"lv"dor 1#44@ t>e nonviolent ins4rrection ":"inst t>e P"rt]ne2 dict"tors>i- didnEt le"d to lon: ter/ i/-rove/ent. Ir"ni"n non?violent revol4tions >"ve (een 4lti/"tel* 4ns4ccess&4l@ "s 9"s <e9is> -"ci&is/. 7>"ndiEs non?violence 9"s onl* s4ccess&4l in t>e context o& :lo("l "r/ed resist"nce to 3ritis> coloni"lis/. 8or ever* P"rtin L4t>er Kin:@ t>ere is " co4nter?ex"/-le

    - -; -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Civil %isobedience *ad


    4e m$st #e &ra!matic &acifists to e ( state viole ceKa#sol$te &acifism fails to challe !e the &olicies of the state #' o&ti ! o$t of the !ame e tirel' ,o(ert L. Ahilli&s@ -ro&essor o& ->iloso->*@ +"r "nd <4stice@ 1#<3@ -. 114?6
    It conceiv"(le t>"t :overn/ents /i:>t :r"nt selective o()ection t>e s"/e le:"l st"t4s "s it :ives to -"ci&is/J C>e "ns9er@ I &e"r@ is no. 5nd t>"t tells 4s so/et>in: i/-ort"nt "(o4t -"ci&is/. 7overn/ents "re -re-"red to toler"te -"ci&is/@ (ec"4se it -oses no t>re"t eit>er to t>eir -olitic"l -olicies or to t>e /"nner in 9>ic> 9"rs "re cond4cted. C>e -"ci&ist o()ects eF4"ll* to "ll 9"rs 9":ed (* "ll :overn/ents. In t>is sense >e o-ts o4t o& t>e :"/e "lto:et>er. 3* contr"st@ t>e selective o()ector 9ill (e &orced to "n"l*2e (ot> t>e -olic* decisions o& t>e :overn/ent "s 9ell "s t>e cond4ct o& t>e "r/ed &orces. He 9ill (e -4(licl* c"rr*in: o4t "n o&&ici"ll* s"nctioned co/-"rison (et9een /4t4"ll* ":reed )4st?9"r criteri" "nd t>e "ct4"l -er&or/"nce o& t>e :overn/ent. C>"t is " lot to ex-ect o& :overn/ents "s 9e kno9 t>e/@ (4t t>ere is still /ore. +>"t 9o4ld (e t>e i/-lic"tion o& " st"te :r"ntin: "n exe/-tion on selective :ro4ndsJ 84nd"/ent"ll*@ t>e st"te 9o4ld (e ":reein: 9it> t>e cl"i/ t>"t its 9"r -olicies /"* (e re"son"(l* inter-reted "s 4n)4st. C>e (elie& t>"t "ll 9"r is 9ron: is " -ro-osition 9>ic> st"tes /i:>t ":ree is de("t"(le "/on: r"tion"l /en@ "nd@ t>ere&ore@ cl"i/s to exe/-tion on t>is ("sis /"* (e "llo9ed. It is " ver* di&&erent /"tter@ >o9ever@ to :r"nt exe/-tion &or " -"rtic4l"r 9"r@ &or >ere 9e "re &"ced not 9it> t9o ->iloso->ic"l t>eories "(o4t violence (4t 9it> " &"ct4"l dis-4te. %elective o()ection -res4--oses t>"t (ot> t>e :overn/ent "nd t>e cl"i/"nt ":ree 4-on t>e criteri" &or 4ndert"kin: " )4sti&ied 9"r "nd t>e r4les &or cond4ctin: it. C>e cl"i/"nt 9o4ld >"ve to s>o9@ in order to F4"li&* &or "n exe/-tion@ t>"t >is :overn/ent is en:":ed in "cts o& 9"r 9>ic> " -erson /i:>t re"son"(l* c>"r"cteri2e "s i//or"l. 5s s4c> "n "d/ission is inse-"r"(le &ro/ -olic* F4estions@ it is inconceiv"(le t>"t "n* :overn/ent 9o4ld (e 9illin: Qor -olitic"ll* "(leR to 9":e 9"r 9>ile -4(licl* ":reein: t>"t t>ere is s4&&icient re"son to do4(t t>e /or"lit* o& t>"t 9"r to :r"nt exe/-tions &ro/ it. C>is is not to s"* t>"t individ4"ls s>o4ld not re&4se to &i:>t in 9"rs 9>ic> t>e* (elieve "re i//or"l (4t to "ckno9led:e t>"t :overn/ents c"nnot (e ex-ected to instit4tion"li2e s4c> " -r"ctice. C>e even>"ndedness o& t>e -"ci&ist 9>o o()ects to "ll 9"rs does not t>re"ten t>e -"rtic4l"r -olicies o& "n* st"te. In conde/nin: t>e/ "ll eF4"ll*@ -"ci&is/ exe/-ts itsel& &ro/ -olitic"l re"lit*6 +>"t is needed@ t>en@ is not " :ener"l -"ci&is/ (4t " discri/in"tin: conscientio4s re&4s"l to en:":e in 9"r in cert"in circ4/st"nces. %t"tes >"ve not (een lo"t> to reco:ni2e -"ci&is/ "nd to :r"nt it " s-eci"l st"t4s. C>e re&4s"l to t"ke -"rt in "ll 9"r 4nder "n* conditions is "n 4n9orldl* vie9 (o4nd to re/"in " sect"ri"n doctrine. It no /ore c>"llen:es t>e st"teEs "4t>orit* t>"n t>e celi("c* o& -riests c>"llen:es t>e s"nctit* o& /"rri":e. 3* exe/-tin: -"ci&ists &ro/ its -rescri-tions t>e st"te /"* even see/ to dis-l"* " cert"in /":n"ni/it*. 34t conscientio4s re&4s"l ("sed 4-on t>e -rinci-les o& )4stice "s t>e* "--l* to -"rtic4l"r con&licts is "not>er /"tter. 8or s4c> re&4s"l is "n "&&ront to t>e :overn/entEs -retensions@ "nd 9>en it (eco/es 9ides-re"d@ t>e contin4"tion o& "n 4n)4st 9"r /"* -rove i/-ossi(le.

    - -< -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Civil %isobedience *ad


    Their otio of (iso#e(ie ce ceme ts the state=s mo o&ol' of viole ce <ord"n <. Aa$st@ !ro&essor o& L"9@ Bniversit* o& Ho4ston@ 1P',G L5+ <'B,N5L@ %-rin: 1#<.@ -. 54#?55$.
    +it> s4c> " &oc4s@ one s>o4ld discover t>"t -riv"te individ4"ls "nd :ro4-s c"n "nd do en:":e in n4/ero4s &or/s o& -er/issi(le violence. It is too si/-listic to s"*@ t>ere&ore@ t>"t "4t>orit"tive violence c"n onl* (e en:":ed in (* Ot>e :overn/entO or (* :overn/ent"l elites "nd &4nction"ries. 5s !ro&essor ,eis/"n st"ted@ t>e notion t>"t onl* st"te instit4tions c"n -er/issi(l* 4se >i:> levels o& violent coercion Ois " cr4ci"l sel&? -erce-tion "nd dece-tion o& st"te elites.O C>4s@ t>e 4se&4l F4estion is not 9>et>er -riv"te violence is -er/issi(le@ (4t 9>"t &or/s o& -riv"te violence "re -er/issi(le@ 9>en@ in 9>"t soci"l context@ "nd 9>*. 5s !ro&essor ,eis/"n &4rt>er s4::ests6 LWIXnsistence on non?violence "nd de&erence to "ll est"(lis>ed instit4tions in " :lo("l s*ste/ 9it> /"n* in)4stices c"n (e t"nt"/o4nt to con&ir/"tion "nd rein&orce/ent o& t>ose in)4stices. In cert"in circ4/st"nces@ violence /"* (e t>e l"st "--e"l or t>e &irst ex-ression o& de/"nd o& " :ro4- or 4nor:"ni2ed str"t4/ &or so/e /e"s4re o& >4/"n di:nit*.M '& co4rse@ s4c> "n in)4nction c"n "lso >"ve -"rtic4l"r relev"nce concernin: t>e F4estion o& revol4tion"r* soci"l violence. Here@ "s else9>ere@ no &"cile Or4leO or si/-listic -ro>i(ition 9ill do.

    - -, -

    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Pacifis& Ca+ses 'iolence


    Aacifism ca$ses imme(iate escalatio of viole ce ,o(ert L. Ahilli&s@ -ro&essor o& ->iloso->*@ +"r "nd <4stice@ 1#<3@ -. 1$2?3
    N"rveson "r:4es t>"t 9>"t I >"ve c"lled intrinsic"lis/ is " :en4ine /or"l -osition in virt4e o& its cl"i/ t>"t t>e 4se o& &orce in sel&?de&ense is in itsel& evil "nd t>"t -"ci&is/ is inc4/(ent on ever*one@ not )4st t>ose 9>o >"--en to (elieve t>"t t>e 4se o& &orce is evil. %o intrinsic"lis/ s"tis&ies t>e K"nti"n test &or c"llin: " -"rtic4l"r -rinci-le " /or"l i/-er"tive. N"rvesonEs o()ection to -"ci&is/ is directed to9"rd 9>"t >e cl"i/s "re lo:ic"l inconsistencies in t>e -rinci-le itsel&. 8or t>e (elie& t>"t t>e 4se o& &orce is in>erentl* evil /4st /ini/"ll* ent"il t>"t -eo-le >"ve " ri:>t not to (e t>e o()ect o& violent "tt"cks. 5t le"st -"rt o& 9>"t /4st (e /e"nt (* s"*in: t>"t " -"rtic4l"r "ction is 9ron: is t>"t -eo-le >"ve " ri:>t not to >"ve t>"t sort o& t>in: done to t>e/I t>e* >"ve " ri:>t to t"ke ste-s to -revent t>e "(rid:e/ent o& t>"t ri:>t. C>is is "n interestin: line o& "r:4/ent (ec"4se its e&&ectiveness de-ends not 4-on "n o--osed set o& /or"l -rinci-les (4t 4-on "n "n"l*sis o& 9>"t it /e"ns to -ossess " ri:>t in :ener"l. I& t>e notion o& L>"vin: " ri:>tM is to /"ke "n* sort o& sense@ i& it is not (e (e /erel* "n ex-ression@ t>en to s"* t>"t so/eone >"s " ri:>t /4st "lso (e to s"* t>"t >e is )4sti&ied in t"kin: ste-s to -revent t>"t ri:>t &ro/ (ein: "(rid:ed. C>e L/4stM is " lo:ic"l /4st6 Co s"* t>"t *o4 >"ve " ri:>t to \ (4t no one >"s "n* )4sti&ic"tion 9>"tever &or -reventin: -eo-le &ro/ de-rivin: *o4 o& it@ is sel&?contr"dictor*. I& *o4 cl"i/ " ri:>t to \@ t>en to descri(e so/e "ction "s "n "ct o& de-rivin: *o4 o& \@ is lo:ic"ll* to i/-l* t>"t its "(sence is one o& t>e t>in:s *o4 >"ve " ri:>t to.8 5 -"ci&ist /i:>t 9ell re-l* t>"t t>is lo:ic"l -oint@ 9>ile so4nd@ is not " descri-tion o& >is -osition. +>"t N"rveson s>o9s is t>"t i& " -erson >"s " ri:>t@ Wt>e*X c"nnot "lso >"ve " d4t* to (e -4rel* -"ssive in t>e &"ce o& "n "tt"ck 4-on t>"t ri:>t. '& co4rse@ t>e -"ci&ist 9ill insist t>"t >is is not " doctrine o& -"ssivit* or &"t"lis/. 5s " /or"l ":ent@ >e is concerned 9it> et>ic"l i/-er"tives@ 9it> :4idin: "ction. %o t>e F4estion (eco/es not 9>et>er " -erson does or does not >"ve " d4t* to "cF4iesce in t>e re/ov"l o& one o& >is ri:>ts (4t@ r"t>er@ 9>"t level o& &orce is "--ro-ri"te in &"ce o& " violent "tt"ck. N"rveson /i:>t 9ell re-l* t>"t t>e co//it/ent "l9"*s to re&r"in &ro/ violence is in e&&ect " -er/ission to "(ro:"te >is ri:>ts. 8or i& "n o--onent kno9s in "dv"nce t>"t t>e -"ci&ist 9ill onl* resist 4- to t>e level o& "ct4"l &i:>tin:@ t>en Wt>e*X 9ill si/-l* esc"l"te >is "tt"cks (e*ond t>"t -oint. C>is is -recisel* 9>"t >"--ened 9>en nonviolent resist"nce 9"s tried (rie&l* in N"2i?occ4-ied Nor9"*.

    4e m$st a(o&t a i tri sic form of &acifismKa#sol$te &acifism 7$stifies &assivit' i the face of atrocio$s acts li/e ra&e or !e oci(e ,o(ert L. Ahilli&s@ -ro&essor o& ->iloso->*@ +"r "nd <4stice@ 1#<3@ -. 1$1?2
    Let 4s l"(el t>is -osition Lintrinsic"lis/M "nd contr"st it 9it> 9>"t I s>"ll c"ll Lt"ctic"lM -"ci&is/. %o/eone 9>o (elieves t>"t it is /or"ll* -er/issi(le to 4se &orce to resist or -revent violence /i:>t "do-t t>e -"ci&ist st"nce "s " -4rel* t"ctic"l /"tter. He /i:>t )4d:e t>"t -"ci&is/ is likel* to (e t>e (est /e"ns o& (rin:in: "(o4t -e"ce. C>is co4ld >"--en in "t le"st t9o 9"*s. It /i:>t (e t>o4:>t t>"t -"ci&is/ is t>e "--ro-ri"te res-onse (ec"4se o& -ec4li"r >istoric"l circ4/st"nces. C>4s@ Indi" in 1#46 "nd t>e Bnited %t"tes in t>e 1#6$s co4ld (e seen "s -l"ces 9>ere nonviolent resist"nce 9o4ld (e "n "--ro-ri"te t"ctic. In (ot> o& t>ose -l"ces t>e r4le o& l"9 o(t"ined to t>e de:ree t>"t t>e -en"lties &or s4c> diso(edience 9ere rel"tivel* /ild@ "nd t>ere 9"s " c>"nce t>"t s4c> t"ctics /i:>t s4cceed. Ho9ever@ t>e s"/e -erson co4ld 9ell decide t>"t -"ci&is/ 9"s not o(li:"tor* in N"2i 7er/"n* or %t"linist ,4ssi". %o/eone /i:>t "lso "do-t t"ctic"l -"ci&is/ ("sed 4-on " )4d:/ent "(o4t t>e "ct4"l -ossi(ilit* o& 4sin: &orce )4stl* in t>e /odern er". +>ile "d/ittin: t>e t>eoretic"l -ossi(ilit* o& )4sti&ied &orce@ it /"* (e t>o4:>t t>"t "s lon: "s cert"in sorts o& 9e"-ons "re ret"ined@ or "s lon: "s terror is o&&ici"ll* s"nctioned@ t>en " )4sti&ied 9"r si/-l* c"nnot (e &o4:>t. 3ot> o& t>ese versions o& t"ctic"l -"ci&is/ "re co/-"ti(le 9it> (ell4/ )4st4/I indeed@ t>e* "re ent"iled (* t>"t doctrine. Neit>er /"kes "n " -riori co//it/ent to t>e -osition t>"t t>e 4se o& &orce 9ill "l9"*s@ 4nder "ll conceiv"(le circ4/st"nces@ (e 9ron:. C>e (e>"vior o& t>e t"ctic"l -"ci&ist /"* (e indistin:4is>"(le &ro/ t>"t o& t>e intrinsic"list on /"n* occ"sions@ (4t t>e &or/er le"ves o-en t>e F4estion o& 9>et>er &orce is )4sti&ied in " :iven circ4/st"nce@ "nd t>is /"rks "n i/-ort"nt /or"l di&&erence. C>4s@ intrinsic"lis/ is t>e onl* version o& -"ci&is/ 9>ic> c"n (e descri(ed "s " /or"l -osition o--osed to (ell4rn )4st4/. In N"rvesonEs 9ords@ LCo >old t>e -"ci&ist -osition "s " :en4ine@ &4ll?(looded /or"l -rinci-le is to >old t>"t no(od* >"s " ri:>t to &i:>t ("ck 9>en "tt"cked@ t>"t &i:>tin: ("ck is in>erentl* evil@ "s s4c>. It /e"ns 9e "re /ist"ken in s4--osin: 9e >"ve " ri:>t o& sel&?-rotection.

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    'iolence Ca+ses C5an1e


    VIOLENT REVOL8TION I1 NECE11ARD TO 6ORCE 1OCIETAL CHANJE 74*or" Bi (er@ !ro&essor o& L"9@ %t"te Bniversit* o& Ne9 Gork "t 34&&"lo@ C1\5% L5+ ,10I1+@ <4ne 1#,1@ -. 2$$8?2$$#.
    C9entiet>?cent4r* r"dic"lis/ >"s seen revol4tion "s centr"l to t>e notion o& r"dic"l tr"ns&or/"tion o& >4/"n n"t4re (ec"4se it >"s seen revol4tion"r* violence "s enco4r":in: solid"rit* "nd sel&?s"cri&ice. 3* /ilit"ri2in: t>e con&lict (et9een "n 4n-o-4l"r :overn/ent "nd " -"ssivel* dis"&&ected -eo-le@ :4errill"s >o-e to i/-ose on t>e -o-4l"ce " c>oice (et9een "ctive s4--ort o& t>e re:i/e "nd "ctive resist"nce. ,e/ovin: t>e /iddle :ro4nd o& :r4d:in: "nd c*nic"l "cF4iescence &orces "n existenti"l crisis in 9>ic> t>e s4()ect /4st rede&ine "nd res4rrect >er civic identit*. C>e /o(ili2"tion o& t>e -o-4l"ce is not onl* " /e"ns o& re"li2in: t>e revol4tion"r* -ro:r"/ ?? it is t>e revol4tion"r* -ro:r"/@ t>e desired r"dic"l c>"n:e.

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    CAL DEBATE REKHI

    NONVIOLENCE KRITIK

    Non6'iolence 3+stifies .enocide


    6ail$re to tr' is morall' e+$ivale t to !e oci(e <4d:e 7"(rielle Kirk @cDo al(@ !resident o& t>e ICCG@ Nov. 1#@ 1#,< 5ddress to t>e B.N. 7ener"l 5sse/(l*. 'nline. U>tt-6//999.4n.or:/ict*/-ressre"l/%!1#8111#.>t/V 5ccessed 1$/7/$2.
    8ollo9in: t>e r"v":es o& +orld +"r II@ t>e N4re/(er: Cri(4n"l 9"s cre"ted to -4t t>e 9orld on notice t>"t t>e intern"tion"l co//4nit* 9o4ld not "llo9 s4c> "trocities to :o 4n-4nis>ed. Hence t>e ->r"se@ ONever ":"in.O Get@ O":"inO "nd O":"inO s4c> ("r("rit* co/es ("ck to >"4nt 4s. +it>o4t " &ir/ rene9"l o& t>e co//it/ent to t>e i/-ort"nt -rinci-les 4nderl*in: t>e 9ork o& t>e Cri(4n"l@ t>ose 9>o 9o4ld sl"* innocents /"ke " /ocker* o& o4r -led:e@ ONever ":"in.O C>is cent4r* >"s (een t>e (loodiest in >4/"n >istor*. %"dl*@ t>e 9orld co//4nit* >"s (een sc>i2o->renic in its res-onse. .es-ite t>e Bnivers"l .ecl"r"tion o& H4/"n ,i:>ts@ t>e "do-tion o& t>e 7enocide Convention@ "nd n4/ero4s tre"ties -roscri(in: s4c> 4nl"9&4l "cts@ intern"tion"l "nd non?intern"tion"l con&licts@ 9>ere t>e t"r:ets "re innocent civili"ns@ >"ve occ4rred 9it> "l"r/in: &reF4enc* "nd &erocit*. +e c"nnot st"nd (* 9>ile s4c> "trocities "re co//itted. 8or i& 9e do@ s4rel*@ 9e "re "s :4ilt* "s t>e -er-etr"tors. C>e >eino4s cri/es co//itted (* t>e N"2i re:i/e 9ere "llo9ed to >"--en (ec"4se /"n* (*st"nders looked t>e ot>er 9"*. C>e* kne9 9>"t 9"s >"--enin:@ (4t t>e* &ei:ned i:nor"nce. C>e* did not 9"nt to kno9. It 9"s e"sier "nd s"&er &or t>e/ not to kno9. C>e* kne9 "nd t>e* did not>in:. 1r9in %tr"4(@ t>e "4t>or o& C>e ,oots o& 1vil 9rites t>"t " re"l d"n:er o& "ll H4/"n ,i:>ts viol"tions is not t>e -er-etr"tor@ (4t t>e (*st"nder??(ec"4se >e kno9s "nd does not>in:. C>e intern"tion"l co//4nit* /4st de/onstr"te@ not /erel* 9it> 9ords@ (4t 9it> deeds@ its rene9ed co//it/ent to tr"ns&or/ t>ese instr4/ents -rescri(in: intern"tion"l nor/s into e&&ective tools o& deterrence. It is 9orse to conde/n (e>"vio4r "nd t>en toler"te it t>"n to not conde/n it "t "ll. Not onl* is t>is "n exercise in >*-ocris*@ (4t t>e e&&ect is to render t>ese instr4/ents not>in: /ore t>"n "s-ir"tion"l st"te/ents??not>in: /ore t>"n O-"-er ti:ers.O

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    i ii iii iv

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