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Chapter 8
1. Define salts
2. i!e " e#am$les of solu%le salt. ". i!e " e#am$les of insolu%le salt &. Des'ri%e an e#$eriment to $re$are a solu%le salt. (. Des'ri%e an e#$eriment to $re$are an insolu%le salt

T. 8.0

Synthesising salts

2.1

SALTS
Practising to be systematic and meticulous when carrying activities

2."

2.2

Synthesising qualitative analysis of salts

1. )tate the meaning of *ualitati!e analysis. 2. Des'ri%e the tests for P%2+, -n2+ and Mg2+. ". Des'ri%e 'onfirmatory tests for .e2+, .e"+, P%2+ and NH&+. &. Des'ri%e the test for )/&20 (. Plan *ualitati!e analysis to identify a sam$le of salt. 1. Des'ri%e the test for o#ygen gas.

Chemistry Module 2009 @ Hak Milik JPN Pahang

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8. 2.1 NaCl CuI2 BaSO4 Pb(NO3 2 (N!4 2CO3 Salt Nit*ate Sulphate Chlo*ide Ca*bonate Solubilit+ in ,ate* &ll soluble all except BaSO4 ' PbSO4 ' CaSO4 all except !(2Cl2' &(Cl' PbCl2 non soluble except )2CO3' Na2CO3' (N!4 2CO3

Salts are an ionic compound 4here ! from an a'id has %een re$la'e %y metal ion or ammonium ion. 3#am$les Definition

)olu%ility of salts

"#periment to %uild ion e*uation "#$%$1$1 %y 'ontinuous 'hange method

SALTS

Pre$aration of salt

Experiment

3#am$les 'al'ulations in!ol!ing salts

Crystal 1. Definition 5oni' e*uation 2. Pro$erties

Pre$aration of the solu%le salts

3#am$les

Pre$aration of insolu%le salts

Method6 1.7'id and alkali rea'tion 2.7'id and %ase rea'tion ".7'id and metal rea'tion &.7'id and 'ar%onate rea'tion$

Method$

%ouble decomposition solu%le salt + insolu%le

)olu%le salt + solu%le salt

Chemistry Module 2009 Method : Double decomposition @ Hak Milik JPN Pahang

salt

Soluble salt + soluble salt

soluble salt + insoluble salt

Examples

"|Page

%$- S&.#S
A. What is salt? Students should be able to explain the meaning of salt.

Common table salt is also kno4n as sodium chloride. %o you &now what is salt' 1. Com$lete the follo4ing diagram 6

Sodium chloride
.ormula 6 Consist o/ Non0metal ion anion Comes from

Metal ion

'ation Comes from

*om

%o you still remember that salt is formed in neutralisation'

3#am$le

9ase:alkali

&0id

NaO! + HCl NaCl + !2O Definition :

)alts are ;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;; formed 4hen ;;;;;;;;; ;;;;, H+ from acid is re$la'ed 4ith ;;;;;;; ;;;;;; or an ;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;, NH&+ from base or al&ali

Chemistry Module 2009 @ Hak Milik JPN Pahang

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2. 8he follo4ing diagrams sho4 the formation of salt from an a'id. .ill in the %o# 4ith the a$$ro$riate a'id and salt $rodu'e. a< .ormation of salt from hydro'hlori' a'id chloride salt

Na+ H Cl NH4+

Na

Cl

NH4

Cl

%< .ormation of salt from ;;;;;;;;;;;;; nitrate salt

+

H
NH4+
'< .ormation of salt from sul$huri' a'id ____________ salt

!"#+

NH4+
d< .ormation of salt from 'ar%oni' a'id ______________ salt

Na+

NH4+

Chemistry Module 2009 @ Hak Milik JPN Pahang

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(. Soluble and insoluble salt Students should be able to identify soluble and insoluble salts.

SA$%

soluble
A A A A 7ll -!, )a! and ) .! salts are solu%le. 7ll nitrate salts are solu%le. 7ll sul$hate salts are solu%le
EXCEPT

insoluble

ANa
P%)/&, Ca)/& and 9a)/&. P%Cl2, 7gCl and HgCl2

7ll 'hloride salts are solu%le

EXCEPT

-2C/", )a2C/" and @) .<2C/" (soluble)

1 7ll 'ar%onate salts are insolu%le

&C ' &A H

== 7ll metal o#ides and hydro#ides are insoluble in 4ater e#'e$t )a*+, -*+, )a+ , -+ and ) .+ . (a/+ 0* and Ca/+ 0* are slightly soluble in 4ater. 2. >rite do4n the 'hemi'al formula of salts6 Metal ion ?+ Na+ Ca2+ Mg2+ 7l"+ -n2+ .e2+ P%2+ Cu2+ 7g+ 9a2+ )
. !

Sulphate salt (from H2SO4)

Chloride salt (from HCl)

Nitrate salt (from HNO3)

Carbonate salt (from H2CO3)

8a%le 2.1

Chemistry Module 2009 @ Hak Milik JPN Pahang

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". .rom the a%o!e ta%le @8a%le 2.1< name si# e#am$les of solu%le salts and si# e#am$les of insolu%le salts. S+12(1" S31T 1. 2. ". &. (. 1. C. Preparing salt
Type of salt I. Soluble salts method a. to produce potassium,sodium and ammonium salts Detail -neutralisation process PART 1 1. easure !" cm# $a%& is and pour into a conical flas'. !. Add t(o drops of phenolphthalein)pin'* #. Add &+l from a burette until pin' colour chan,e to colourless. -. Record the .olume ) cm#* PART ! ". The titration is repeated (ithout an indicator usin, the .olume recored in step - abo.e /. &eat the mi0ture in an e.aporatin, dish until saturated 1. cool the mi0ture 2. 3ilter 4. Rinse 15. Dry (ith filter paper 1. heat !" cm# sulphuric acid !. add ) metal o0ides6 metals6metal carbonates * #. filter -.transfer to e.aporatin, dish and heat a,ain until saturated. ". cool to room temp. /. filter a,ain 1. Dry 1. add "5 cm# lead)II* nitrate in a bea'er !. add "5 cm potassium iodide into the bea'er. #. stir6mi0 the mi0ture -. filter ". rinse /. dry bet(een ! filter paper

4)S+12(1" S31T 1. 2. ". &. (. 1. 8a%le 2.2

b. r0n (ith o0ides,metals and metal carbonate

II. Insoluble salts

Precipitation method )t(o soluble salts are used* R0n 7 double decomposition.

Chemistry Module 2009 @ Hak Milik JPN Pahang

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Students should be able to describe the preparation of soluble salts and insoluble salts. 1. Com$lete the diagram on next page

P5"P354)6 S31T S($)'$E SA$% NH4++ Na++

+

*NS($)'$E SA$% Method III

Acid + al,ali ------ + -----Method I tit*ation

Neut*alisation

(ther than Double decomposition method. NH4++ Na++ + &recipitation reaction P%@N/ < @a*< + 2NaCl@a*< P%Cl2@s< + 2NaN/" @a* " 2 Acid + metal oxide ------ + -----Acid + metal ------ + ---------Acid + metal carbonate ------ + ------ + ------&dd metal2 base oxide2 metal 4ndissol5ed metal2 Method II 0a*bonate until 33333333333
base oxide2 metal 0a*bonate Salt solution heat heat Salt 0*+stal

7'id is titrated to alkali until neutral %y using an indi'ator. Ce$eat without the indi'ator to get ;;;;;;; salt.
heat 3333333333333 the /ilt*ate until satu*ated solution is /o*med$ Cool it at *oom tempe*atu*e until 3333333333 a*e /o*med$ 6ilte* the mixtu*e to sepa*ate 33333 333333333 3333333 the salt 0*+stal ,ith 333333333 3333333

Chemistry Module 2009 @ Hak Milik JPN Pahang

2.

Pre$aring insolu%le salts %y $re'i$itation rea'tion

7*ueous solution + a*ueous solution precipitate + a*ueous solution or solu%le salt solution + solu%le salt solution insoluble salt + solu%le salt solution e#am$les 6 Pre$aring lead @55< 'hloride salt Choose any solution 'ontaining Pb*! ion Choose any solution 'ontaining Cl7 ion

Pb@N/"<2 @a*< + 2NaCl @a*< PbCl* /s0 + 2NaN/" @a*<

p*e0ipitate (Insoluble salt)

&b#+ N(10 N(10 Na+

+
7*ueous solution 'ontaining P%2+ 7*ueous solution 'ontaining Cl0
Na+

Cl

Cl0

&b

#+

N(10 Cl0

8hite p*e0ipitate o/ lead (II 0hlo*ide

p*e0ipitate

Mix t/o ----------- --------- Sti* ,ith a 33333333 33333333 6ilte* 7 ,ash ,ith 3333333 333333 33333 the salts ,ith /ilte* pape*

". Com$lete the follo4ing ta%le and 4rite all the $ossi%le 'hemi'al e*uation and ioni' e*uation to $re$are salts 6 Type of salt

Salt

Chemical equation Mg/ @s<+ H2)/& @a*< Mg)/& @a*<+ H2/ @l<

4onic equation Mg/ + 2H+ + )/&20 Mg2+ + )/&20 + H2/

Magnesium sul$hate Pottasium nitrate Dead @55< 'hloride

)olu%le Mg @s< + H2)/& @a*< Mg)/& @a*< + H2 @g< MgC/" @s< + H2)/& @a*< Mg)/& @a*< + H2/ @l<+ C/2 @g< )olu%le Pb@N/"<2 @a*< + 2NaCl @a*< PbCl* @s< + 2NaN/" @a*< 5nsolu%le P%@N/"<2 @a*< + 2HCl @a*< P%Cl2 @s< + 2HN/" @a*<

Mg/ + 2H+ Mg2+ + H2/

H+ + /H0 H2/

P%2+ + Cl0 P%Cl2

Co$$er @55< sul$hate

Dead @55< nitrate 7mmonium sul$hate 7luminium 'ar%onate )il!er 'hloride

Salt

Type of salt

Chemical equation

4onic equation

5ron @55< nitrate

-in' 'hloride

9arium sul$hate )odium 'ar%onate 8a%le 2."

.. Physical characteristics of crystals ;;;;;;; geometri'al sha$es

.i#ed ;;;;;; %et4een t4o neigh%ouring surfa'es

Crystals ha!e ;;;;;;; surfa'es, straight edges and ;;;;;;;; angles.

Crystals of the same su%stan'e ha!e same ;;;;;;; %ut may %e in different ;;;;;;;.

%. Constructing ionic equation using the continuous variation method. 8he ioni' e*uation for the formation of an insolu%le salt 'an %e 'onstru'ted if 4e kno4 the num%er of 8888888 of cation and anion rea'ted together to form 888888 of insoluble salt. @Refer next page) 3#am$les 6 9 mole of sil!er 'hromate @E5< is formed from * moles of 3g! ions and 9 mole of Cr+.*7 ions. 4onic "quation 6 27g+ @a*< + Cr/&20 @a*< 7g2Cr/& @s< T5: T 4S $ 9 mole of lead @55< iodide is formed from 9 moles of Pb*! ions and * mole of 47 ions. 4onic "quation $

>T. 8.9.9 !ei(ht o/ P*e0ipitate (0m

#est tube
$otassium 'hromate 0.( M @E 'm"< %arium 'hloride 0.( M @E 'm"< Height of $re'i$itate @'m<

1 9 1 1$1

2 9 2 2$2

3 9 3 3$3

4 9 4 4$4

9 9 9 9$9

= 9 = 9$9

< 9 < 9$9

"#periment6 Pre'i$itation of %arium 'hromate @E5<

.rom gra$h6 < cm= of ?2Cr/& rea'ted e*ui!alent to < cm= 9aCl2 No. of mole Cr/&20 F ME:1000 F 0.( # (:1000 F 0.002( mole No. of mole 9a2+ F ME:1000 F 0.( # (:1000 F 0.002( mole No. of mole 9a2+6 No. of mole Cr/&20 0.002( moles 6 0.002( moles /r 1 6 1 8herefore ioni' e*uation is, 9a2+ + Cr/&20 9aCr/& Chemi'al e*uation, ?2Cr/& + 9aCl2 9aCr/& + 2?Cl

8he ratio of the num%er of moles of cation and anion rea'ted together to form 9 mole of insoluble salt.

4+)4C ";23T4+) /2sing continuous variation method0

8*itin( ion e:uation; 1$ 2$

>riting the ioni' e*uation

T5: T 4S $ 10 'm" of 0.2( mol dm0" lead@55< nitrate solutions rea't 'om$letely 4ith 10'm" of 0.( mol dm0" $ottasium 'hloride solution. 7 4hite $re'i$itate of lead @55< 'hloride is formed. Constru't the ioni' e*uation for the formation of lead @55< 'hloride. Solution : Num%er of moles of P%2+ ions in lead @55< nitrate solution 6 n F ME 1000 F F ;;;;;;;;;;; mol Num%er of moles of Cl0 ions in $otassium 'hloride solution 6 n F ME 1000 F F ;;;;;;;;;;; mol .rom the 'al'ulation the ratio of Pb*! ions $ Cl7 ions ? 888888888 $ 888888888 )o, the simplest ratio of Pb*! ions $ Cl7 ions ? 88888888 $ 88888888 4onic equation $

". )umerical problems involving stoichiometric reactions in the preparation of salts

Do you still remember..

%he relationship bet/een the number o2 moles+ mass+ the number o2 particles+ 3olume o2 "as and concentration o2 reactants and products?

Complete the relationship in the following diagram $ Concentration

)umber of particles

)umber of moles

@olume of gas

Aass

+B T+ S+1@" T " )2A"54C31 P5+(1"A '''' Calculation steps $ )1 6 )2 6 )" 6 )& 6 )( 6 )1 6 >rite the %alan'ed e*uations >rite the information from the *uestion %elo4 the e*uation >rite the information from the e*uation %elo4 the 'hemi'al in!ol!ed Change )2 information into mol using the mole 'on'e$t Com$are the mole ratio %et4een the rea'tants and the $rodu'ts in!ol!ed in the rea'tion. Change the information into the re*uired unit using the a$$ro$riate formula.

3#am$le 6 7 student $re$ares 'o$$er @55< nitrate %y rea'ting 'o$$er @55< o#ide $o4der 4ith 100'm" of 1.( mol dm0" nitri' a'id. Cal'ulate the mass of 'o$$er @55< o#ide needed to rea't 'om$letely 4ith the a'id. GCelati!e atomi' mass 6 Cu, 1&H /, 11I )1 6 Cu/ + 2HN/" Cu@N/"<2 + H2 / )" 6 1 mol 2 mol )2 6 EF100'm" MF1.( mol dm0" )& 6 the num%er of moles of HN/" FFJ n F M E 1000 F 1.( # 100 1000 F 0.1( mol )( 6 .rom the 'hemi'al e*uation, 2 mol of HN/" rea'ted 4ith 1 mol of Cu/ 8herefore, 0.1( mol of HN/" rea'ted 4ith 0.0B( mol of Cu/ )1 6 8he mass of Cu/ F 0.0B( mol # @1& + 11< gmol0 F 1.0 g

T5: T 4S $ 1. 7'id rea'ts 4ith 'al'ium 'ar%onate in limestone to form a salt and 'ar%on dio#ide. 7 $ie'e of limestone rea'ted 'om$letely 4ith (0'm" 0.1moldm0" hydro'hlori' a'id. GCelati!e atomi' mass 6 H, 1H C, 12H Cl, "(.(H /, 11H Ca, &0H

Mola* 5olume; 24dm3 mol>1 at *oom tempe*atu*e?

a< Cal'ulate the mass of salt $rodu'ed.

%< >hat is the !olume of 'ar%on dio#ide li%erated at room 'onditionsK

reen .e2+, CuC/" 9ro4n .e"+ 9lue Cu2+ >hite most of salts

Carbonate Car%onate salts )itrate @i< Nitrate salts

8. 2.2
metal o#ide + C/2 metal o#ide + N/2 + /2 metal Nitrite + /2

@ii< Potassium M sodium nitrate

Colour of salts

)olu%ility @C3.3C 8.2.1< as test

@iii< 7mmonium nitrate N2/ + H2/ Sulphate @i< )ul$hate salts metal o#ide + )/" and: )/2 @ii<)ul$hate salts of rou$ 1 and 2 are not de'om$ose Chloride Not de'om$ose e#'e$t the ammonium 'hloride 3ffe't of heat on salts Lsing Na/H and NH&/H in e#cess Cation test Confirmation test

3arly o%ser!ation

89ALITATI:; A$AL<SIS %3 SALTS

8o kno4 the unkno4n salt

The ion test

Experiment
7nion 'onfirmation test6

7nion test 7nion introdu'tion test6

C. ;ualitative 3nalysis 1. 2. ". Nualitati!e analysis is a series of tests 'ondu'ted on a 'hemi'al su%stan'e to;;;;;;;; the ;;;;;;;;; 'om$onent or 'om$onents in it. 8hrough *ualitati!e analysis, the ;;;;;;; and ;;;;;;; $resent in a salt are determined. 8o identify the 'ation and anion in a salt, the follo4ing tests are usually 'ondu'ted. Com$lete the diagram.

)N N(WN SA$% 3. 7dd ;;;;;;;;

4ater

1. Physi'al
$ro$erties

2$ /%ser!ed
;;;;;;; of salts

4$ 3ffe't of
;;;;;;;; Solubl e'

9$ 8est for gases

Gas released Reagent Inference : Presence of

@es

No

C/2 Cl2
Bamp blue litmus pape*

C/"20

5on in a*ueous solution

)/&20 N/2 N/" 0

=$ Confirmatory
tests for ions

<$ 8est
for anions

%$ 8est for 33333333

2. a< Lsing Na/H

A$ 8est for
s$e'ifi' 'ations

2. %< Lsing NH" @a*<

&. Colour of )alts a. %. Most salts are 'olourless or ;;;;;;; salts. )alts of ;;;;;;;;;;; metals are 'oloured %e'ause they form 'oloured ions.

3#am$les 6 @a< @%< @'< 4on 'o$$er @55< ions, Cu2+ iron @55< ions, .e2+ iron @555< ions, .e"+ 8a%le 2.& Colour

'.

Com$lete the follo4ing ta%le 6 Solid 3queous Colourless reen 5nsolu%le .e2+ e#am$le6 .e)/& ,.eCl2 ,.e@N/"<2 9lue 9ro4n .e"+ Cu/ -n/ SaltsDAetal o#ide ?+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, 7l"+, -n2+, P%2+, NH+

Dight green 9lue

9la'k ;;;;;;;;;; 4hen 5nsolu%le hot ;;;;;;;;; 4hen 'old 9ro4n 4hen hot 5nsolu%le yello4 4hen 'old

8a%le 2.(

(. Comfirmatory test for se!eral gases.

a< Com$lete the follo4ing ta%le 6 "ffect on 5eagent damp litmus used paper 0 Dighted s$linter

6as

Colour

Smell

Confirmatory test Method 6 9ring a lighted s$linter to the mouth of test tu%e. Observation 6 i!es O;;;;;;O sound Method 6

Hydrogen Colourless

/#ygen

/dourless 0 Observation 6

Car%on dio#ide

/dourless

Method 6 9u%%le the gas $rodu'ed into ;;;;;;;;;;;. Observation 6 Method 6 Di$ a glass rod into 'on'entrated ;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;. Observation 6 >hite fumes formed 9lue to red, then ;;;;;;; Method 6 Observation 6 Method 6

7mmonia Colourless

reenish Chlorine yello4

Pungent

Nitrogen dio#ide

Pungent Observation 6 8urns a'idified ;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;; solution from $ur$le to ;;;;;;;;;;;. Method 6

)ul$hur dio#ide

Colourless Pungent

9lue to red

Hydrogen Colourless Pungent 'hloride

9lue to red Observation 6 8a%le 2.1

1. 3ffe't of Heat on )alts a< Most 'om$ounds 4hi'h de'om$ose lea!e %ehind o#ides. )alt P metal o#ide + @residue identifi'ation refers to s$e'ifi' 'ation only< gas @gas identifi'ation refers to anion<

%<

#+pe o( (as *eleased salt Can p*edi0t the identit+ o/ -----p*esen0e in salt heat

Colou* o/ *esidue

Can p*edi0t the identit+ o/ -------p*esen0e in salt

'< Dra4 the 'orre't la%eled diagram for the set0u$ to test 'ar%on dio#ide gas li%erated 4hen the 'ar%onate salt is heated strongly.

d< >rite do4n the 'hemi'al e*uations for the rea'tions that o''ur 6 4on Carbonate salt s not decomposed b! heat -! )a! "ecompose into metallic o$ide and CO2 Ca*! Ag*! 39=! &nSO4% CuSO4 and 'e2(SO4)3 decompose (hen heated to produce metal o$ide and SO3 En*! Ce
*!

)itrate salt "ecompose into O2 #as and metal nitrite

Sulphate salt Sulphate salts usuall! do not decompose

Chloride salt Chloride salts do not decompose e$cept NH4Cl

"ecompose into metal o$ide% NO2 and O2

2.e)/&.BH2/@s< P .e2/"@s< +)/2 @g< + )/"@g< +1&H2/ @g<

Ce=! Pb*! Cu*! "ecompose into metal% NO2 and O2 3g! "ecompose into NH3% CO2 and (ater )
. !

"ecompose into N2O and (ater

Sublimes (hen heated to produce NH3 (#) and H2SO4 (#)

Sublimes (hen heated to produce NH3 (#) and HCl (#)

NH&+ No $re'i$itate

Ca2+ , .e2+ , .e"+ Cu2+ , Mg2+

.ormation of precipitate M Non0solu%le in e#'ess + Na/H a little and then in e#cess

=8. 2.2.1
-n2+ , 7l"+ , P%2+ 8a%le 2.B .ormation of Bhite precipitate M and then solu%le in e#'ess

6e2+ ?2.e@55<@CN<1 ?.e@555<@CN<1 )SCN Dight %lue $re'i$itate Dark %lue $re'i$itate No 'hange

6e3+ 9lue $re'i$itate 9ro4n solution Ced solution

Cations test + NH&/H a little and then in e#cess

6e2+' 6e3+
Dn2+ ' Cu2+

+ HCl, white precipitate o''urs and dissolved in hot water

N!4+' Ca2+ No p*e0ipitate

6e2+ ' 6e3+ ' M(2+ &l3+ ' Pb2+ P*e0ipitate is /o*med 7 not dissol5ed in ex0ess$

Con/i*mation test Pb2+

P*e0ipitate is /o*med 7 dissol5ed in ex0ess

4+)S T"ST

N!4+

Examples &nion CO3

2>

&nions to be test; CO32> ' Cl> ' SO42> NO3> Obse*5ation Cas /o*m ,hite p*e0ipitate ,ith lime ,ate* 8hite p*e0ipitate is /o*med 8hite p*e0ipitate is /o*med B*o,n *in( is /o*med 3nion test

+ )l' 4ello/ precipitate o00u*s and dissol3ed in hot /ate*

#est + !Cl + !Cl + BaCl2 + !NO3 + &(NO3 + !2SO4 (dil$$$ + 6eSO4 + !2SO4 (0on$

+ Nessle* *ea(ent' b*o,n p*e0ipitate is /o*m P*e>test

SO42> Cl> NO3>

Con/i*mation test Ca*bonate + a0id (as CO2 Cas e5ol5ed /*om the Chlo*ide +*ea0tion !2SO4 ,ith salt$ (as !Cl Nit*ate + 0on0$!2SO4 (as NO2

B. Confirmatory test for anions

C(1#0 7

Cl0 #

S(4#0 1

N(10 4

H+

H+ A"+

H+ 'a#+

H+ 5e#+ H+

Ha6at Hati A"on" 'ali, Ha6i Henda, 5itrah Harta

a< Com$lete the follo4ing diagram 6

)n,no/n Salt solution

+ dilute a0id + !NO3 + 333333 + 333333 + 333333 + !2SO4 dilute + 3333333 + 3333333333333

Cas tu*ns lime,ate* 33333333333 33333333 ion 0on/i*med

333333333 p*e0ipitate /o*med

33333333 *in( /o*med

33333333 ion 0on/i*med

SO42> ion 0on/i*med

333333333 ion 0on/i*med

2. Confirmatory test for 'ations a< 8he $resen'e of 'ation 'an %e dete'ted %y using t4o 'ommon %en'h alkalis namely i< ii< ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;, ;;;;;;; solution and ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;, ;;;;;;; solution.

#he /un0tion o/ the alEalis is to p*odu0e a precipitate' that is 3333333333 3333333333333333$

%< >rite the ioni' e*uation for the rea'tion of cations and sodium h!dro$ide 6

Metal ion + h+d*oxide ion metal h+d*oxide

4on 7luminum ion Dead @55< ion -in' ion Magnesium ion Calsium ion Co$$er @55< ion .erum @55< ion .erum @555< ion

4onic equation for the reaction of cations and sodium hydro#ide

'< Com$lete the diagram %elo4 6

! e#cess sodium hydro#ide

8888888888 in e#cess forming Colourless solution

8888888888 in e#cess forming 8888888888888888

8888888888 in e#cess forming 8888888888888888

)on7soluble in e#cess d< Com$lete the diagram %elo4 6

'< Confirmatory tests for Ce*!, Ce=!, Pb*! and )

! .

+ damp

d< Com$lete the follo4ing diagram to summarises the *ualitati!e analysis of 'ations in salts.

e. 5f a salt Q is gi!en as Rin' nitrate, ho4 'an 4e test the 'om$ound to 'onfirm the $resen'e of -n2+ and N/"0 ions in that saltK Condu't the e#$eriment as follo4s 6 "#periment 1. /%ser!ed the 'olour of salt Q 2. ;;;;;;; some solid Q in a test tu%e and o%ser!e 6 @a< the 'olour of gases released @%< the effe't on dam$ ;;;;; litmus @'< the effe't on ;;;;;;;;; s$lint d< o%ser!ed the 'olour of residue 4hen hot and 'ool. +bservation gas. ;;;;; litmus turns ;;;;;. ;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;; s$lint. >hite salt ;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;; gas released. 7'idi' gas. /2 released. )robabl! NO3* present+ 4nference

)robabl! ______ Cesidue present+ 'olour 6 Hot 6 ;;;;;;;;; Cool 6 ;;;;;;;;; ". 7dd ;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;; to Q to make ;;;;;;;;;;;; Q is solu%le salt solution. in 4ater &. 7dd ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;; solution, follo4ed %y ;;;;;;;;. Mi#. )lo4ly, add (01 dro$s of ;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;; along test tu%e side. @Do not shake< (. 8o salt solution, ;;;;;;;; a little Na/H@a*<, then add it to;;;;;;;;;. 1. 8o salt solution, add a little ;;;;;; @a*<, then add it to ;;;;;;;;;. ;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;; formed. Confirms presence of ;;;;;;;;, ;;;; Ma!be ____% ____% or ,l3-. ;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;, Confirms solu%le in e#'ess NH". presence of ______ ion+

C+)C12S4+) 6 8he ions $resent in salt Q are 'onfirmed as ;;;;; and ;;;;; ions.

"F"5C4S"S 1. 7mong the follo4ing 'ation solutions, 4hi'h 4ill $rodu'e $re'i$itate 4hen mi#ed 4ith e#'ess ammonia solution K 5 55 555 5E 7 9 C D 2. 7*ueous solution -n 2+ 7*ueous solution P% 2+ 7*ueous solution Mg 2+ 7*ueous solution 7l "+ 5 only 5 and 5E only 5,55 and 5E only 55, 555, and 5E only

7mong the follo4ing 'om$ounds, 4hi'h is solu%e in 4aterK 7 9 C D lead@55< 'hloride Rin' 'ar%onate lead@55< nitrate 9arium sul$hate

".

7mong the follo4ing ions, 4hi'h 4ill $rodu'e $re'i$itation 4hen added 4ith hydro'hlori' a'id solution K 5 55 555 5E 7 9 C D Ca 2+ ion P% 2+ ion 7g + ion 7l "+ ion 5 and 55 only 55 and 555 only 5, 55 and 555 only 5, 55, 555 and 5E

&. Diagram 9 sho4s the set u$ a$$aratus of an e#$eriment. Rajah 9 enunju!!an susunan radas bagi satu e!speri en

>hat is the $ro'ess sho4n in Diagram 9K "pa!ah proses yang ditunju!!an dala Rajah 9# a. Pre$aration of insolu%le salt %. Pre$aration of solu%le salt '. Purifi'ation of insolu%le salt d. Purif'ation of solu%le salt

(. Sou are asked %y your tea'her to !erify the 'ation and anion in a sam$le of ammonium 'hloride salt solution.>hat su%stan'e 'an you use to !erify the 'ation and anion K "nda di inta oleh guru anda untu! engesah!an !ation dan anion dala satu sa ple larutan gara a oniu !lorida."pa!ah bahan yang anda boleh guna!an untu! engesah!an !ation dan anion# 7 9 C D 1. Cation Nessler reagent Nessler reagent Potassium thio'yanate Potassium thio'yanate 7nion Dilute nitri' a'id and sil!er nitrate Dilute hydro'hlori' a'id and %arium 'hloride Dilute nitri' a'id and sil!er nitrate Dilute hydro'hlori' a'id and %arium 'hloride

.igure " sho4s a flo4 'hart for a series of rea'tions.

!ot h+d*o0hlo*i0 a0id is added

F !eated up

Bla0E solid

Blue solution

7mong the follo4ing, 4hi'h may %e 'om$ound Q K 7 9 C D B. 'o$$er@55< o#ide iron@555< nitrate 'o$$er@55< 'ar%onate lead@55< nitrate

8he rea'tion %et4een sil!er nitrate solution and $otassium 'ar%onate $rodu'es an insolu%le salt Q. 7mong the follo4ing solutions, 4hi'h 'an dissol!e salt Q K 7 9 C D ammonia solution sodium hydro#ide solution dilute sul$huri' a'id %arium 'hloride solution

2.

.igure ( sho4s tests $erformed on 'om$ound

C

&dded ,ith dilute h+d*o0hlo*i0 a0id and /ilte*ed

P*e0ipitation

solution &dded ,ith ammonia solution until in ex0ess

8hite p*e0ipitate dissol5e

.igure ( is a mi#ture of t4o ty$es of salts. 7mong the follo4ing, 4hi'h is found in 7 9 C D 9. sil!er sul$hate and 'o$$er@55< 'ar%onate lead@55< nitrate and Rin' 'ar%onate lead@55< nitrate and aluminium nitrate magnesium sul$hate and lead@55< 'ar%onate K

>hi'h of the follo4ing ions form a 4hite $re'i$itate that dissol!es in e#'ess sodium hydro#ide solution K 5 55 555 5E 7 9 C D 7l "+ Mg 2+ P% 2+ -n 2+ 5 and 555 only 55 and 5E only 5,55 and 555 only 5,555 and 5E only

10

7 $re'i$itate is formed 4hen solution Q is added to solution S. 7mong the follo4ing, 4hi'h re$resents solution Q and S K Solution $ 7 9 C D sul$huri' a'id sil!er nitrate Rin' nitrate aluminium sul$hate solution % sodium 'ar%onate hydro'hlori' a'id $otassium iodide sodium 'hloride

11.

8a%le 2 sho4s the results of tests $erformed on a 'om$ound S. Test Hydro'hlori' a'id is added. Produ't formed is heated u$ slo4ly 9arium hydro#ide solution is added >hat is 'om$ound S K 7 9 C D Rin' sul$hate lead@55< 'hloride sil!er nitrate lead@55< sul$hate +bservation >hite $re'i$itate formed dissol!es 4hen heated u$ >hite $re'i$itate formed 8a%le 2

Test )odium hydro#ide solution is slo4ly added until e#'ess. 7 fe4 dro$s of sul$huri' a'id is added

+bservation >hite $re'i$itate formed. 8he 4hite $re'i$itate dissol!es in e#'ess sodium hydro#ide solution. >hite $re'i$itate formed.

11.

8he ta%le a%o!e sho4s the o%ser!ations made for a test 'ondu'ted on a 'olorless solution. 7mong the ions %elo4, 4hi'h ion 4ill $ro%a%ly e#ist in the solutionK 7 7l "+ 9 Mg 2+ C P% 2+ D -n 2+

Structural question 1. .igure 2 sho4s a flo4 'hart summariRing the series of 'hanges for a 'om$ound 8.
Solid #

!eated up

+ dilute nit*i0 a0id

Solid 4

Cas G

Solution @

Cas G

+ dilute h+d*o0hlo*i0 a0id

!eated up

Solution 8

Solid 4

Cas @

Cas D

+ ammonia solution

8hite p*e0ipitate soluble in ex0ess

)olid L is yello4 in 'olour 4hen hot and 4hite in 'olour 4hen 'ooled. @a< @%< @' < >hat is solid LK G 1 mark I Name the 'ation and anion in solid 8. G 2 marks I @i< Name gas E. G 1 mark I @ii< >hat is o%ser!ed 4hen gas E is $assed through lime4aterK G 1 mark I @iii< >rite the 'hemi'al e*uation for rea'tion %et4een gas 8 4ith lime4ater. G " marksI >rite the 'hemi'al e*uation to re$resent the effe't of heat on solid 8. G 1 mark I

@d<

@e<

@i< @ii< @f<

@g<

@i< @ii<

Name solution S. G 1 mark I Des'ri%e %riefly a 'hemi'al test to identify the anion in solution S. G " marks I Name the ty$e of rea'tion 4hi'h o''urs 4hen solid L rea'ts 4ith dilute hydro'hlori' a'id to form solution >. G 1 mark I >hat are gas S and gas - K G 2 marks I >rite the %alan'e 'hemi'al e*uation for the effe't of heat on solution S. G 1 mark I

2.

.igure " summarises the series of rea'tions that in!ol!es lead 'om$ounds. Heated u$ )olid J
+

Dead@55< nitrate

Mi# of gases ? and D

7dd dilute hydro'hlori' a'id

7dd dilute nitri' a'id

>hite $re'i$itate M

)olution N

.igure " @a< @%< @' < @d< >hat is solid J K G 1 mark I >hat is the 'olour of solid J 4hen hot and 'ooled K G 1 mark I >rite a %alan'e 'hemi'al e*uation to re$resent the effe't of heat on lead@55< nitrate to form solid J and a mi#ture of gas ? and N. G " marks I @i< Name $re'i$itate M. G 1 mark I @ii< )tate a 4ay to test 'om$ound M. G 1 mark I @iii< >rite the ioni' e*uation to sho4 then formation of $re'i$itate M. G 1 mark I )odium hydro#ide solution is added little %y little into solution N until there is no more 'hange. >hat 'an %e o%ser!ed K G 1 mark I Ho4 'an you o%tain dry 'rystal salt, N , from solution N K G " marks I 7 $ie'e of Rin' is $ut into solution N. @i< Predi't the o%ser!ation. G 1 mark I @ii< >rite the 'hemi'al e*uation to re$resent the rea'tion 4hi'h has o''urred. G 1 mark I

@e< @f< @g<

Com$ound J

Heat

as ? G9ro4n 'olour and a'idifiedI +

Dissol!ed in 4ater

as D GColourlessI +

>hite $re'i$itate N Dissol!ed in e#'ess sodium hydro#ide solution

)olid M

Cea'tion 5 + Na/H @a*< Colourless J solution

Cea'tion 55 + Na2)/& @a*< >hite $re'i$itate C

Cigure = =. @a< .igure " sho4s a series of $ro'ess done %y a student to identify a 'om$ound J. >ith refer to rea'tion 5, 4hite $re'i$itate N is formed 4hi'h is solu%le in e#'ess sodium hydro#ide solution. Name all the ions 4hi'h are $ro%a%ly $resen'e in solution J. G 1 mark I Ceferring to rea'tion 5 and 55, name the 'ation $resen'e in solution J.G 1 mark I >rite do4n the ioni' e*uation for the rea'tion forming the 4hite $re'i$itate, C. G " marks I @d< @i< Name t4o 'ations 4hi'h $rodu'ed 4hite $re'i$itate that 4ill not dissol!e in e#'ess sodium hydro#ide solution. G 1 mark I )tate one 'onfirmatory test for one 'ation $resen'e in @d<@i<. G " marks I

/%< @' <

@ii<

)PM200(@7< &. 8a%le & sho4s the $ositi!e and negati!e ions in three salt solutions &adual ' enunju!!an ion positif dan ion negatif bagi tiga larutan gara . )ame of Salt Co$$er@55< sul$hate )odium sul$hate Dead@55< nitrate Positive 4on Cu2+ Na+ P%2+ )egative 4on )/&20 )/&20 N/"0

Lse the information in 8a%le & to ans4er the follo4ing *uestions (una!an a!lu at dala &adual ' untu! enja)ab soalan* soalan beri!ut. @a< >hat is another name for a $ositi!ely 'harged ionK "pa!ah na a lain bagi ion bercas positif # @%< Name the ions in 'o$$er@55< sul$hate solution +a a!an ion*ion yang terdapat dala larutan !upru @'< >rite the formula for sodium sul$hate -ulis!an for ula bagi natriu sulfat @d< >hen 10 'm of 0.( mol dm sodium sul$hate solution is added to e#'ess lead@55< nitrate solution,a 4hite $re'i$itate is formed "pabila ./ c 0 larutan natriu sulfat /.1 ol d dica pur!an !epada larutan plu bu (,,) nitrat berlebihan 2suatu enda!an putih terbentu!. @i< >rite the 'hemi'al e*uation for the rea'tion. -ulis!an persa aan !i ia bagi tinda! balas yang berla!u @ii< @iii< @i!< Des'ri%e the 'hemi'al e*uation in d@i< 3erihal!an persa aan !i ia di(d)(i) Name the 4hite $re'i$itate +a a!an enda!an putih itu Cal'ulate the num%er of mole of sodium sul$hate in the solution. Lse the formula 6 Num%er of mole F Eolume # Con'entration 4itung!an bilangan ol natriu sulfat yang terdapat dala larutan itu. (una!an ru us 56ilangan ol7,sipadu x 8epe!atan Cal'ulate the mass of $re'i$itate formed. i!en that the relati!e atomi' mass of /F11H)F"2HP%F20B. Lse the formula 6 Mass Fnum%er of mole # Celati!e atomi' mass 4itung!an jisi enda!an yang terbentu!. 9iberi jisi ato relatif bagi O7 .:2S70;23b 7 ;/< (,,) sulfat.

@!<

"ssay questions 1. @a< @%< >hat is the meaning of salt K G 1 mark I @i< )tate four ty$es of $re$aration rea'tion for insolu%le iron@55< 'hloride. G & marks I @ii< .or ea'h ty$e of rea'tion in @%<@i<, 4rite a 'hemi'al e*uation for salts $re$ared through the rea'tions mentioned. G & marks I Sou are re*uired to $re$are Rin' sul$hate salt. Chemi'al 'om$ounds $ro!ided are listed as follo4s6 Dilute sul$huri' a'id )odium 'ar%onate solution -in' nitrate solution

@' <

Des'ri%e a la%oratory e#$eriment ho4 you 'an $re$are Rin' sul$hate salt that is dry. 5n your des'ri$tion, in'lude the 'hemi'al e*uations in!ol!ed. G 11 marks I 2. @a< @%< >hat is meant %y $re'i$itation rea'tion K G 1 mark I Des'ri%e ho4 you 'an use ammonia solution to differentiate the follo4ing solutions. @' < Potassium nitrate solution -in' sul$hate solution Magnesium 'hloride solution

7 solution 'ontains iron@55< ion 'ation. De'ri%e %riefly three la%oratory e#$eriment for you to 'onfirm the $resen'e of iron@55< ion in the solutions. G 1 marks I @d< Des'ri%e a la%oratory e#$eriment to $re$are lead@55< nitrate 'rystal salt in the la%oratory. 5n your des'ri$tion, 4rite the 'hemi'al e*uations for the rea'tions in!ol!ed. G 9 marks I

)PM200B (. 8he follo4ing are three e#am$les of sul$hate salts that 'an %e $re$ared in the la%oratory @i< @ii< @iii< Potassium sul$hate Dead@55< sul$hate -in' sul$hate .rom these e#am$les,identify the solu%le and insolu%le salts. G 2 marksI )tate the rea'tants for the $re$aration of the insolu%le salt in "@i< G 2 marksI >ith the aid of a la%eled diagram ,e#$lain the 'rystalliRation method for $re$aring an insolu%le salt from its saturated solution G 1 marksI

)$m 200& &. 8a%le 1 sho4s 3#$eriment 5 and 3#$eriment 55 in the $re$aration of salt.

8a%le 1 @a< )tate one o%ser!ation in 3#$eriment 5. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

9ased on 3#$eriment 55 6 @i< )tate the reason 4hy 'o$$er@55< o#ide $o4der is added in e#'ess. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; @ii< )tate ho4 the e#'ess 'o$$er@55< o#ide $o4der 'an %e se$arated from the $rodu'ts ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; )tate the 'hemi'al e*uation for the rea'tion that takes $la'e in 3#$eriment 55 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Cal'ulate the ma#imum mass of the salt formed Lse the information that the relati!e atomi' mass of /F11 H ) F "2H and Cu F1& . ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

@iii<

@i!<

@%<

3#$eriment 5 is re$eated . )ul$huri' a'id is re$la'ed %y hydro'hlori' a'id of the same 'on'entration. Predi't the !olume of hydro'hlori' a'id re*uired for a 'om$lete rea'tion. ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; 8here are se!eral ste$s in the $re$aration of the salts in ea'h of the e#$eriments 5 and 55 . )tate one differen'e in the ste$s %et4een the t4o e#$eriments. 3#$eriment 5 3#$eriment 55

@'<

@d<

@i<

)tate the ty$e of rea'tion in the $re$aration of a salts in 3#$eriment 5 and 3#$eriment 55 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; )tate one ty$e of rea'tion in the $re$aration of a salt other than that in @e<@i< ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

@ii<