The Problems of Peace All rebel (Confederate) leaders were pardoned by President Johnson in 1868.

Freedmen Define Freedom Emancipation took effect ne!enly in different parts of the con" ered Confederacy. #ome sla!es resisted the liberatin$ %nion armies d e to their loyalty to their masters. &he ch rch became the foc s of black comm nity life in the years followin$ emancipation. 'lacks formed their own ch rches past red by their own ministers. Ed cation also arose for the blacks d e to the emancipation proclamation. 'lacks now had the opport nity to learn to read and write.

The Freedmen's Bureau 'eca se many freedmen (those who were freed from sla!ery) were nskilled( nlettered( witho t property or money( and with little knowled$e of how to s r!i!e as free people( Con$ress created the Freedmen's Bureau on )arch *( 1865. +t was intended to pro!ide clothin$( medical care( food( and ed cation to both freedmen and white ref $ees. %nion $eneral ,li!er ,. -oward led the b rea . &he b rea .s $reatest s ccess was teachin$ blacks to read. 'eca se it was despised by the President and by #o therners( the /reedmen.s ' rea e0pired in 1872.

Johnson: The Tailor President Andrew Johnson was elected to Con$ress and ref sed to secede with his own state of &ennessee. Johnson was made 1ice 2emocrat to 3incoln.s %nion Party in 186 in order to $ain s pport from the 4ar 2emocrats and other pro5#o thern elements. Johnson was a stron$ s pporter of state.s ri$hts and of the Constit tion. -e was a #o therner who did not nderstand the 6orth and a 2emocrat who had not been accepted by the 7ep blicans.

Presidential !econstruction +n 186"( 3incoln stated his 81# $ercent8 !econstruction $lan which stated that a state co ld be reinte$rated into the %nion when 19: of its !oters in the presidential election of 1869 had taken an oath of alle$iance to the %nited #tates and pled$ed to abide by emancipation. &hen a formal state $o!ernment wo ld be constr cted within the state( and the state wo ld be re5admitted into the %nion.

2 e to 7ep blican fears o!er the restoration of planter aristocracy and the possible re5ensla!ement of blacks( Con$ress passed the %ade&Da'is Bill in 186 . +t re" ired that ;9: of a state.s !oters take the oath of alle$iance and it demanded stron$er safe$ ards for emancipation. President 3incoln ref sed to si$n the bill. &he disa$reement between the President and Con$ress re!ealed differences in 7ep blicans and t(o factions arose< a ma)orit* that a$reed with 3incoln and belie!ed that the seceded states sho ld be restored to the %nion as " ickly as possible( and a radical minorit* that felt the #o th sho ld s ffer $reatly before its re5admittance 5 this minority wanted the #o th.s social str ct re to be prooted( the planters to be p nished( and the newly5 emancipated blacks protected by federal power. President Johnson iss ed his own !econstruction $lan on )ay =>( 1865. +t called for special state con!entions which were re" ired to< repeal the decrees of secession( rep diate all Confederate debts( and ratify the sla!e5 freein$ 1"th +mendment.

The Baleful Blac, -odes &he Blac, -odes was a series of laws desi$ned to re$ late the affairs of the emancipated sla!es. .ississi$$i passed the first s ch law in 6o!ember 1865. &he 'lack Codes aimed to ens re a stable and s bser!ient labor force.

'lacks were forced to contin e to work the plantations after their emancipation d e to the system of 8sharecro$$in/.8 Plantation owners wo ld rent o t pieces of their land to blacks and make the cost of rent hi$her than the ret rn the land prod ced. &he renters of the land were bo nd by contract to contin e to work the land ntil debts were repaid to the plantation owner. %nable to repay the debts( blacks be$an to 8? mp8 their contracts. &he codes imposed harsh penalties on blacks who 8? mped8 their labor contracts( some of which s ally forced the blacks to work for the same employer for one year.

&he codes also so $ht to restore the pre5emancipation system of race relations. &he codes forbade a black to ser!e on a ? ry or to !ote. &he 'lack Codes mocked the idea of freedom and imposed terrible hardships on the blacks who were str $$lin$ a$ainst mistreatment and po!erty to make their way as free people. 'lack Codes < can@t testify a$ainst whites( can@t ser!e on ? ries( m st ha!e yearly contract or declared !a$rant. ) st own land to !ote( if owed debt( children co ld be indent red ntil they were ad lts

-on/ressional !econstruction +n 2ecember 1865( #o thern states represented themsel!es in Con$ress with former Confederate $enerals and colonels. &his inf riated the 7ep blicans who were apprehensi!e abo t embracin$ their Confederate enemies in Con$ress. &he 7ep blicans had en?oyed their s preme r le in Con$ress d rin$ the time of the Ci!il 4ar( b t now there wo ld be an opposin$ party. &his time( the #o th wo ld ha!e m ch more control in Con$ress d e to the fact that sla!es were now co nted as a whole person( not ? st *A;B $i!in$ the #o th a lar$er pop lation. 7ep blicans feared that the #o th wo ld take control of Con$ress. ,n 2ecember C( 186;( 7ep blicans sh t the door in the face of the newly5elected #o thern dele$ates. President Johnson anno nced on December 60 1865 that the #o thern states had met his conditions and that the %nion was now restored 5 this statement an$ered the 7ep blicans. D

Johnson -lashes (ith -on/ress &he clash between President Johnson and Con$ress eru$ted in Februar* 1866 when the president !etoed a bill e0tendin$ the life of the contro!ersial /reedmen.s ' rea (later re5passed). Con$ress (controlled by the 7ep blicans) passed the -i'il !i/hts Bill in )arch 1866( which $a!e blacks the pri!ile$e of American citiEenship and str ck at the 'lack Codes.

/earin$ that the #o therners mi$ht someday repeal the hated Ci!il 7i$hts 3aw( Con$ress passed the 1

th

+mendment in 1866. &he amendment< 15 $a!e ci!il ri$hts( incl din$ citiEenship( to the freedmenB =5 red ced proportionately the representation of a state in Con$ress and in the Electoral Colle$e if it denied blacks on the ballotB *5 dis" alified from federal and state offices former Confederates who( as federal officeholders( had once sworn to s pport the Constit tion of the %nited #tatesB and C5 $ aranteed the federal debt( while the %nion ass med all Confederate debts. Con$ress be$an to de!elop into the dominant role in controllin$ the $o!ernment.

All 7ep blicans a$reed that no state sho ld be welcomed back into the %nion witho t ratifyin$ the 1Cth Amendment.

1(in/in/ '!ound the -ircle (ith Johnson As President Johnson went on a to r of $i!in$ speeches deno ncin$ the radical 7ep blicans in Con$ress( his rep tation dropped. ,!er =A* of the ballots cast in the con/ressional elections of 1866 had $one to the 7ep blicans.

!e$ublicans Princi$les and Pro/rams Charles # mner led the 7ep blican radicals in the #enate for black freedom and racial e" ality. &hadde s #te!ens led the radicals in the -o se of 7epresentati!es. &he moderate 7ep blicans( the ma?ority in Con$ress( preferred policies that restrained the states from c ttin$ citiEens. ri$hts( rather than policies that directly in!ol!ed the federal $o!ernment in indi!id al li!es.

!econstruction b* the 1(ord ,n .arch 20 1867( Con$ress passed the !econstruction +ct. +t di!ided the #o th into 5 militar* districts( each commanded by a nion $eneral and policed by %nion soldiers. +t also re" ired that states wishin$ to be re5 admitted into the %nion had to ratify the 1Cth Amendment( and that states. constit tions had to allow former ad lt male sla!es to !ote. &he moderate 7ep blican $oal was to create !oters in #o thern states that wo ld !ote those states back into the %nion and th s free the federal $o!ernment from direct responsibility for the protection of black ri$hts. &he 15th +mendment was passed by Con$ress in 1862. +t $ranted black men the ri$ht to !ote.

.ilitar* !econstruction of the #o th took control of certain f nctions of the president( who was commander in chief( and set p a martial re$ime. +n 1877( the last federal arms were remo!ed from #o thern politics and the 2emocratic #o th was made.

3o %omen 4oters /eminists were an$ered that the 1*th( 1Cth( and 1;th Amendments $a!e ri$hts to black males( b t not to women.

The !ealities of !adical !econstruction in the 1outh After $ainin$ the ri$ht to !ote from the 1;th Amendment( blacks be$an to or$aniEe politically. &hey were stron$ participators in the 5nion 6ea/ue( ori$inally a pro5%nion or$aniEation. /reedmen t rned the %nion 3ea$ e into a network of political cl bs that ed cated members and campai$ned for 7ep blican candidates. &he 3ea$ e also took p b ildin$ black ch rches and schools( representin$ black $rie!ances before local employers and $o!ernment( and recr itin$ militias to protect black comm nities from white retaliation. /rom 1868518F6( blacks be$an to hold ma?or offices in $o!ernment (senator( con$ressmen). 81cala(a/s8 were #o therners who were acc sed of pl nderin$ the treas ries of the #o thern states thro $h their political infl ence in the radical $o!ernments. 8-ar$etba//ers8 were sleaEy 6ortherners who had come to the #o th to seek power and profit.

The 7u 7lu8 7lan &he 89n'isible :m$ire of the 1outh8( otherwise known as the 7u 7lu8 7lan( was fo nded in &ennessee in 1866. +t was formed by dis$r ntled white #o therners who were an$ered by the s ccess of black le$islators. &he $ro p worked thro $h intimidation.

Con$ress passed the Force +cts of 187# and 1871 in response to the m rders the Glan had committed. &hey enabled /ederal troops to stop the atrocities of the G Gl 0 Glan. &he Acts came too late( tho $h( after the intimidation of the Glan had already been accomplished.DD

Johnson %al,s the 9m$eachment Plan, Con$ress passed the Tenure of ;ffice +ct in 1867. +t re" ired the president to sec re the consent of the #enate before he co ld remo!e his cabinet members once they had been appro!ed by the #enate. +ts p rpose was to keep the secretary of war( Edwin ). #tanton( in the president.s cabinet. 4hen Johnson dismissed #tanton in 1868( the -o se of 7epresentati!es !oted to im$each Johnson for 8hi$h crimes and misdemeanors.8

+ 3ot&<uilt* 4erdict for Johnson &he -o se of 7epresentati!es prosec ted the president( while the #enate ser!ed as the co rt to try Johnson on the impeachment char$es. President Johnson ar$ ed that the &en re of ,ffice Act was nconstit tional and that he had fired #tanton in order to brin$ a case before the # preme Co rt so the Co rt co ld r le on the Act.s constit tionality. ,n .a* 160 1868( the #enate !oted the president 8not $ ilty8 by a mar$in of one !ote. &he radical 7ep blicans failed to $ain the necessary =A* ma?ority !ote in the #enate to remo!e the president. /ears of creatin$ a poor precedent and opposition to ab sin$ the checks and balances system ca sed #enators to !ote 8not $ ilty.8 &hese #enators also considered his presidential replacement( 'en 4ade. 4ade was disliked by many for his economic policies.

The Purchase of +las,a

+n 1867( #ecretary of #tate 4illiam #eward si$ned a treaty with 7 ssia that $a!e +las,a to the %nited #tates for HF.= million. 7 ssia sold Alaska to the %.#. beca se it felt that it was o!er5e0panded in 6orth America. 7 ssia also wanted to stren$then the %nited #tates as a barrier a$ainst its enemy( 'ritain. Altho $h the American people were concentrated on 7econstr ction and anti5e0pansion( they s pported the p rchase of Alaska beca se they did not want to offend the 7 ssians( who had helped them d rin$ the Ci!il 4ar. 7 ssia had formally s pported the 6orthern fi$ht a$ainst sla!ery and offered shippin$ and forei$n aide to the %nion. &hey also protected American shippin$ so the %# 6a!y co ld blockade the #o th.

The =erita/e of !econstruction )any white #o therners felt that 7econstr ction was more of a painf l process that the war itself. &he 7ep blican Party wanted to protect the freed sla!es and to promote the fort nes of the 7ep blican Party. +n doin$ this( tho $h( it e0tin$ ished itself in the #o th for nearly 199 years. 2espite $ood intentions by the 7ep blicans( the ,ld #o th was in many ways more res rrected than reconstr cted. &hadde s #te!ens had a radical pro$ram of drastic economic reforms and heftier protection of political ri$hts. &his pro$ram was ne!er enacted.